DOCSLIB.ORG

Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks Mirsad Krijestorac Florida International University, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks Mirsad Krijestorac Florida International University, Mirsadme@Gmail.Com Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-16-2016 Nationalism as a Process for Making the Desired Identity Salient: Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks Mirsad Krijestorac Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001218 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation Krijestorac, Mirsad, "Nationalism as a Process for Making the Desired Identity Salient: Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3004. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3004 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida NATIONALISM AS A PROCESS FOR MAKING THE DESIRED IDENTITY SALIENT: BOSNIAN MUSLIMS BECOME BOSNIAKS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE By Mirsad Kriještorac 2016 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Mirsad Krijestorac, and entitled Nationalism as a Process for Making the Desired Identity Salient: Bosnian Muslims Become Bosniaks, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _____________________________________________________ Thomas A. Breslin ________________________________________________ Susanne Zwingel ________________________________________________ Russel E. Lucas ________________________________________________ Juliet Pinto ________________________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 16, 2016 The dissertation of Mirsad Krijestorac is approved ______________________________________________ Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs ______________________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2016 ii © Copyright 2016 by Mirsad Kriještorac All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION To my sister, Dr Sadeta Kriještorac, and our parents iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the result of my quest to understand the relationship between nationalism and identity, and what has happened to me, my family, my people, and the country of Yugoslavia, where I was born, which does not exist anymore. Now that I have completed it, I feel that I know more than I knew when I first began this journey. Many people have helped me along the way, and I must thank all of them. Without their help and contributions, I could not have done it! Before anyone else, I have to thank my sister, Dr. Sadeta Krijestorac, who encouraged me to begin and supported me all the way through this project. Towards the end of my endeavor, my sister Sadeta was diagnosed with the terrible disease of ALS, and I want to dedicate my dissertation to her. During my time in graduate school, I studied with some amazing people and professors and in the very supportive Department of Politics and International Relations of Florida International University. From the first moment I met with my mentor, Dr. Mohiaddin Mesbahi, and then-graduate director, Dr. Ronald Cox, I received unwavering support. The concern that both of them showed for me and my progress was truly remarkable. It is inspiring to know faculty as supportive of their students as they are. Many other faculty, staff and students also provided full support for me throughout this journey. I must thank my first mentor, Dr. Russel E. Lucas, with whom I was fortunate to work for several semesters and from whom I learned so much. I must also thank Dr. Thomas Breslin for his patience and help in numerous ways throughout the whole dissertation process. I also want to thank Dr. Maria del Mar Logroño Narbona and Dr. v Juliet Pinto, who both believed in me while I was their undergraduate student and encouraged me to do this work. I am also grateful to Dr. Susanne Zwingl for her willingness to step in and provide feedback and useful critique of my work. Many thanks, too, to Dr. Kevin Evans and Dr. Adrian Ang for their time and valuable advice regarding the statistical parts of my work. I also wish to thank Dr. Harry Gould, Dr. Clement Fatovic and Dr. Tatiana Kostadinova for their valuable comments and support. I thank the rest of the department faculty who were all forthcoming and always willing to listen and help in their capacity. I also appreciate very much the help and support I received from our Department’s Office Manager, Maria Wilkinson-Diaz, and the rest of the staff who all went well beyond their duties to help me survive graduate school and reach this goal. I cannot fail to mention my dear student colleagues who have all helped me in numerous ways, my friends Bilal Ciplak, Sylvan Lee, Ransford Edwards, Joaquin Pedroso, Ana Podcameni, Nima Baghdadi, T.J. Ligouri, Michael Bender and Therese Sollien. Thank you for your friendship and support, guys. This work was supported by funding from the FIU Graduate School Fellowships and the Department of Politics and International Relations, for which I am grateful. Just before I started the research phase of my dissertation, I met an incredible person, our Graduate Librarian, Stephanie Brenenson. What an asset she is for FIU and us graduate students! I don’t know if I will ever be able to thank her enough for all the hours she gave of her time and efforts to help me. vi I must also thank FIU’s statistical consultants, Alejandra Matamala and Tyler Stout, for their incredible work, help and patience. I am also grateful to Dr Adrian U-Jin Ang, Dr. Fatih Demiroz and Imad Boucekkine for their time and help with the statistical part of my work. I also thank Dr. Diana Bloom for her meticulous work which made this dissertation much better. I also wish to thank all the following people for their support during my several months of long field work: Hajrudin Čaušević, Samir Karabegović, Suad Obić, Skender Škretović, Sead Alibašić, Bakija Aslani, Muriz Mešić, Senad Agić, Enes Čirkić, Murisa Čirkić, Mediha and Nihad Halilović, Abdurahman Salkanović, Amir Čauš, Djerlek Ruždija, Huso Dedić, Rahima Kano, the Sisters’ section of Džemat Sahva, Mesud Kuluzović and the Islamic Cultural Center of Greater Chicago in Northbrook, the Bosnian Islamic Cultural Center Western, and the Sulzer Regional Library in Chicago. In St. Louis, I thank Muhamed Dizdarević, Dževad Tursunović, Avdulah Pilica, Fuad Fazlagić, Uma Aličković, Muhamed Hasić, Enver Kunić, Elvira Husetovic, Rifet Buljubašić, Amir Kundalić, Mustafa Djerhović, and Akif Cogo, the Department of Political Science of the University of Missouri, Saint Louis, and especially Dr. Terry Jones; the St. Louis International Institute and Paul Costigan, and last but not least, Ahmed Serdarević and Džemat Nur of St. Louis for their hospitality during my stay in the city. In New York, I thank Mustafa Mrkulić Mrki, Hasan Tahirović, Mehdija Demirović, Mirsad Merhemić, Senahid Halilović, Esko Kriještorac, Faruk Ferizović Dolić, Esad Krcić, and Damir Husamović. vii From other places where data was also collected, I wish to thank Fehim and Emira Kriještorac, Nermin Kabahija, the unknown librarian of the Gazi Husrev Beg’s Library in Sarajevo, Sejad Melkić, Edib Makić, Mukrem Kamber, Šemso Kajtezović, Nedžad Halilović, Selva Dedović, Tidža Čaušević, Dr Zuhdija Adilović for their help. I hope they all know that their support meant a lot to me. Several people from the National Library of the Republic of Serbia helped me and I very much appreciate their contributions; my dear friend Snežana Vidanović- Zdravković, reference librarian Aleksandra Grozdanić, special event coordinator Svetlana Gavrilović, and archivist Ljubomir Branković. I also want to thank my mother, Tima Ljaljak, a WWII survivor who never had the opportunity to finish elementary school, but encouraged and supported several of her children to get doctoral degrees. I thank my father, Hanefija Kriještorac, who has taught me the value of education for as long as I can remember and whose dream was to see my dissertation. I also thank my brothers, Sadija Kriještorac and Nedžib Kriještorac who showed me how to be myself. I am forever indebted for her support to my wife, Lenka Kristić, who has been the most steadfast devotee on this journey. I must also thank my children, Timur, Nora, Dina, Mena, and Hanan, for their help and patience with me. I thank my aunt Izeta Kriještorac, and my brother Salko Kriještorac and his family for their support. Many thanks also to my closest friends, Suad and Sanja Begović, and Jazmir and Belma Bešlija for their support and encouragement during this process. viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION NATIONALISM AS A PROCESS FOR MAKING THE DESIRED IDENTITY SALIENT: BOSNIAN MUSLIMS BECOME BOSNIAKS by Mirsad Kriještorac Florida International University, 2016 Miami, Florida Professor Mohiaddin Mesbahi, Major Professor This study is concerned with the particular relationship between the process of nationalism and a group’s salient identity. It proposes that nationalism as the independent
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History and Development of the Communication Regulatory
    HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNICATION REGULATORY AGENCY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1998 – 2005 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Adin Sadic March 2006 2 This thesis entitled HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNICATION REGULATORY AGENCY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1998 – 2005 by ADIN SADIC has been approved for the School of Telecommunications and the College of Communication by __________________________________________ Gregory Newton Associate Professor of Telecommunications __________________________________________ Gregory Shepherd Interim Dean, College of Communication 3 SADIC, ADIN. M.A. March 2006. Communication Studies History and Development of the Communication Regulatory Agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1998 – 2005 (247 pp.) Director of Thesis: Gregory Newton During the war against Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) over 250,000 people were killed, and countless others were injured and lost loved ones. Almost half of the B&H population was forced from their homes. The ethnic map of the country was changed drastically and overall damage was estimated at US $100 billion. Experts agree that misuse of the media was largely responsible for the events that triggered the war and kept it going despite all attempts at peace. This study examines and follows the efforts of the international community to regulate the broadcast media environment in postwar B&H. One of the greatest challenges for the international community in B&H was the elimination of hate language in the media. There was constant resistance from the local ethnocentric political parties in the establishment of the independent media regulatory body and implementation of new standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Content Analysis of the Visual Portrayals of Women in Latina and Glamour Magazines
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Communication Theses Department of Communication 5-4-2007 Ethnic Media and Identity Construction: Content Analysis of the Visual Portrayals of Women in Latina and Glamour Magazines Patricia Ricle Mayorga Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/communication_theses Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Ricle Mayorga, Patricia, "Ethnic Media and Identity Construction: Content Analysis of the Visual Portrayals of Women in Latina and Glamour Magazines." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2007. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/communication_theses/22 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Communication at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ETHNIC MEDIA AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE VISUAL PORTRAYALS OF WOMEN IN LATINA AND GLAMOUR MAGAZINES by PATRICIA RICLE MAYORGA Under the Direction of Jaye Atkinson ABSTRACT Media are powerful agents of socialization; mediated images affect individual and group behavior as well as inter-group attitudes. In the case of the Hispanic/Latino community in the U.S., frequently underrepresented and stereotyped in mainstream media, identity politics and perspectives of self-representation are complicated by the vast diversity of this membership. This project analyzed the current discourse on Hispanic/Latino ethnic identity proposed by Latina magazine and its social standing in relation to the mainstream culture. A quantitative content analysis that compared Latina’s visual portrayals of women to the female portrayals found in the mainstream magazine Glamour suggested that Latina constructed a homogenized and non-conflictive identity for Hispanic/Latino women; an identity that supports U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey's Kurdish Opening
    Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli SILK ROAD PAPER October 2010 Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodav. 2, Stockholm-Nacka 13130, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey’s Kurdish Opening” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, and ad- dresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stockholm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse commu- nity of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development in the region. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lec- tures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public dis- cussion regarding the region. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the authors only, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Joint Center or its sponsors.
    [Show full text]
  • Tekstovi Iz Ovog Biltena Su Za Internu Upotrebu I Ne Mogu Se Javno
    71000 Sarajevo, BiH, Patriotske lige 30/III (Arhitektonski fakultet) http://www.mp-institut.com/ [email protected] tel/fax:++387 (0)71 206 542, 213 078 ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIA SITUATION IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA IN 1997 Author: Media Plan analytic-research team Chief analyst: Zoran Udovicic Based on: Media Plan documentation Date: December/January 1997/1998 1. Overview of development1 * The conditions in which the media in Bosnia-Herzegovina operate are very dynamic. In the past years, the media situation has radically changed. The first turnabout took place in 1990 when the dissolution of the socialist system began. New papers of a critical orientation were launched and a generation of young, nonconformist journalists developed. Many of them even today make up the nucleus of the liberal and professionally reputable papers. The media ownership transformation also began. The first multi-party elections were held in the fall of 1990. At that time, national homogenization was carried out to a large extent in the entire Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia’s disintegration began. The national parties which won the elections in Bosnia-Herzegovina were trying to obtain positions for themselves in the media. Many media organizations changed their 1 Monitoring Report series I and II (June 1996 – June 1997); Elections 96 – Media Monitoring Report, January 1996; Report on the Media Situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Media Plan / Reporters without Borders, Paris, January 1997; monthly media report of Media Plan, July 1997. patrons – from the hands of the communist authorities they went into the hands of the ruling national parties. In mid-1991, 377 newspapers and other editions were registered in Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as 54 local radio stations, four TV stations, one news agency and the state RTV network with three channels.
    [Show full text]
  • At the Margins of the Habsburg Civilizing Mission 25
    i CEU Press Studies in the History of Medicine Volume XIII Series Editor:5 Marius Turda Published in the series: Svetla Baloutzova Demography and Nation Social Legislation and Population Policy in Bulgaria, 1918–1944 C Christian Promitzer · Sevasti Trubeta · Marius Turda, eds. Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 C Francesco Cassata Building the New Man Eugenics, Racial Science and Genetics in Twentieth-Century Italy C Rachel E. Boaz In Search of “Aryan Blood” Serology in Interwar and National Socialist Germany C Richard Cleminson Catholicism, Race and Empire Eugenics in Portugal, 1900–1950 C Maria Zarimis Darwin’s Footprint Cultural Perspectives on Evolution in Greece (1880–1930s) C Tudor Georgescu The Eugenic Fortress The Transylvanian Saxon Experiment in Interwar Romania C Katherina Gardikas Landscapes of Disease Malaria in Modern Greece C Heike Karge · Friederike Kind-Kovács · Sara Bernasconi From the Midwife’s Bag to the Patient’s File Public Health in Eastern Europe C Gregory Sullivan Regenerating Japan Organicism, Modernism and National Destiny in Oka Asajirō’s Evolution and Human Life C Constantin Bărbulescu Physicians, Peasants, and Modern Medicine Imagining Rurality in Romania, 1860–1910 C Vassiliki Theodorou · Despina Karakatsani Strengthening Young Bodies, Building the Nation A Social History of Child Health and Welfare in Greece (1890–1940) C Making Muslim Women European Voluntary Associations, Gender and Islam in Post-Ottoman Bosnia and Yugoslavia (1878–1941) Fabio Giomi Central European University Press Budapest—New York iii © 2021 Fabio Giomi Published in 2021 by Central European University Press Nádor utca 9, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched (KU).
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Slur “Watermelon”, That Is, Being Green on The
    book reviewS 331 Xavier Bougarel. Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires (London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018) isbn 978-1-3500-0359-0. Should you be insulted to be called a “watermelon”? Understanding the slur “watermelon”, that is, being green on the outside and red on the inside, pro- vides a unique insight into the place of Bosnian Muslims/Bosniaks in the on- going nation-building in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Xavier Bougarel documents the use of watermelon (lubenica) with reference to elites who were formerly advo- cates of Yugoslav Communism (i.e. red), but who, post-1992, publicly displayed their Islamic piety (i.e. green), to help their rehabilitation into newly forming Bosniak/Muslim nationalism (p. 166). What is striking about the watermelon slur is its ideological dimension; it is an insult which denies one their place in the Bosniak nation, but not within Bosnian society. Islam’s central place in the creation/recreation of Bosniak nationalism makes it necessary to identify as Muslim to be part of that nation, while it is of course possible to be Bosnian while identifying as Catholic, Orthodox, or eschewing religious- or linguistic- based nationalism all together. In this excellent book, Bougarel frequently returns to the paradoxes, continuities and divergences between Islam, nation- hood and statehood in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Aiming to provide a broad overview and reconsideration of transition nar- ratives that claim a linear progression from the imperial to the nation-state order, the book will find an audience among researchers of historiography of the region as well as political scientists. A second aim of the book, to provide an account of the actual forms and practices which constituted the creation of Muslim/Bosniak national identity from the ninetieth to the twenty-first century, will hold particular relevance for researchers of political Islam or the politics of the Muslim world.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Sociolinguistic Integration of to Approaches Migration Andthe Sociolinguistic Methodological  Theoretical
    Theoretical Methodological and the Sociolinguistic Migration Approaches to of Integration Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Sociolinguistic • Florentino Paredes García and María Sancho Pascual Integration of Migration Edited by Florentino Paredes García and María Sancho Pascual Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Languages www.mdpi.com/journal/languages Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Sociolinguistic Integration of Migration Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Sociolinguistic Integration of Migration Special Issue Editors Florentino Paredes Garc´ıa Mar´ıa Sancho Pascual MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editors Florentino Paredes Garc´ıa Mar´ıa Sancho Pascual University of Alcala´ Complutense University of Madrid Spain Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Languages (ISSN 2226-471X) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/languages/special issues/sociolinguistic migration). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-192-2 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-193-9 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Florentino Paredes Garc´ıa and Mar´ıa Sancho Pascual. c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Bosnian Muslim Reformists Between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, 1901-1914 Harun Buljina
    Empire, Nation, and the Islamic World: Bosnian Muslim Reformists between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, 1901-1914 Harun Buljina Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Harun Buljina All rights reserved ABSTRACT Empire, Nation, and the Islamic World: Bosnian Muslim Reformists between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, 1901-1914 Harun Buljina This dissertation is a study of the early 20th-century Pan-Islamist reform movement in Bosnia-Herzegovina, tracing its origins and trans-imperial development with a focus on the years 1901-1914. Its central figure is the theologian and print entrepreneur Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević (1870-1938), who returned to his Austro-Hungarian-occupied home province from extended studies in the Ottoman lands at the start of this period with an ambitious agenda of communal reform. Čaušević’s project centered on tying his native land and its Muslim inhabitants to the wider “Islamic World”—a novel geo-cultural construct he portrayed as a viable model for communal modernization. Over the subsequent decade, he and his followers founded a printing press, standardized the writing of Bosnian in a modified Arabic script, organized the country’s Ulema, and linked these initiatives together in a string of successful Arabic-script, Ulema-led, and theologically modernist print publications. By 1914, Čaušević’s supporters even brought him to a position of institutional power as Bosnia-Herzegovina’s Reis-ul-Ulema (A: raʾīs al-ʿulamāʾ), the country’s highest Islamic religious authority and a figure of regional influence between two empires.
    [Show full text]
  • Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W
    Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor Gary B. Cohen, editor Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies A Scholars’ Initiative Edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, D.C. D Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2009 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Second revision, May 2010. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative / edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-55753-533-7 1. Yugoslavia--History--1992-2003. 2. Former Yugoslav republics--History. 3. Yugoslavia--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 4. Former Yugoslav republics--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 5. Ethnic conflict-- Yugoslavia--History--20th century. 6. Ethnic conflict--Former Yugoslav republics--History--20th century. 7. Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. 8. Kosovo War, 1998-1999. 9. Kosovo (Republic)--History--1980-2008. I. Ingrao, Charles W. II. Emmert, Thomas Allan, 1945- DR1316.C66 2009 949.703--dc22 2008050130 Contents Introduction Charles Ingrao 1 1. The Dissolution of Yugoslavia Andrew Wachtel and Christopher Bennett 12 2. Kosovo under Autonomy, 1974–1990 Momčilo Pavlović 48 3. Independence and the Fate of Minorities, 1991–1992 Gale Stokes 82 4. Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 Marie-Janine Calic 114 5. The International Community and the FRY/Belligerents, 1989–1997 Matjaž Klemenčič 152 6. Safe Areas Charles Ingrao 200 7. The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 Mile Bjelajac and Ozren Žunec 230 8. Kosovo under the Milošević Regime Dusan Janjić, with Anna Lalaj and Besnik Pula 272 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Genealogy of the Concept of Securitization and Minority Rights
    THE KURD INDUSTRY: UNDERSTANDING COSMOPOLITANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY by ELÇIN HASKOLLAR A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School – Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs written under the direction of Dr. Stephen Eric Bronner and approved by ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Newark, New Jersey October 2014 © 2014 Elçin Haskollar ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Kurd Industry: Understanding Cosmopolitanism in the Twenty-First Century By ELÇIN HASKOLLAR Dissertation Director: Dr. Stephen Eric Bronner This dissertation is largely concerned with the tension between human rights principles and political realism. It examines the relationship between ethics, politics and power by discussing how Kurdish issues have been shaped by the political landscape of the twenty- first century. It opens up a dialogue on the contested meaning and shape of human rights, and enables a new avenue to think about foreign policy, ethically and politically. It bridges political theory with practice and reveals policy implications for the Middle East as a region. Using the approach of a qualitative, exploratory multiple-case study based on discourse analysis, several Kurdish issues are examined within the context of democratization, minority rights and the politics of exclusion. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, archival research and participant observation. Data analysis was carried out based on the theoretical framework of critical theory and discourse analysis. Further, a discourse-interpretive paradigm underpins this research based on open coding. Such a method allows this study to combine individual narratives within their particular socio-political, economic and historical setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal to Encode Bosnian Arabic Characters
    Proposal to encode Bosnian Arabic characters Denis Moyogo Jacquerye <[email protected]> 2019-10-03 1. Introduction The Arabic alphabet has been used to write Bosnian from the 15th to the mid 20th century. In the early 20th century Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević extended the alphabet, adding several letters including two letters that are proposed for encoding: • ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH INVERTED SMALL V for nj [ɲ], • ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH INVERTED SMALL V BELOW for ć [tɕ]. Other additional letters, which are already encoded, were used in this orthography: ,[For c [ts ڄ ARABIC LETTER DYEH 0684 • ,[For č [tʃ چ ARABIC LETTER TCHEH 0686 • ,[was used for both dž [dʒ] and đ [dʑ ج 062C ARABIC LETTER JEEM • ,[For lj [ʎ ڵ 06B5 ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL V • ,[For [u ۆ 06C6 ARABIC LETTER OE • .[For [o ۉ 06C9 ARABIC LETTER KIRGHIZ YU • Čaušević’s alphabet was used in publications from 1908 until the 1940s. That alphabet is referred to by several names: arebica, harfovica, matufovica, matufovača, mektebica. According to Pjanić (2009), several periodicals used arebica: Tarik (1908-1911), Muallim (1910-1913), Misbah (1912-1913) and Jeni Sabah (1914); and also the last publication using Arebica was Seid Serdarević Fikh ʾulʿibādāt (1941). Those two letters are mentioned in descriptions of Bosnian Arebica such as Bourgeois (1913), Lehfeldt (2001), Gažáková (2014). In recent years, there has been interest in Čaušević’s orthography. Notably in works by Al-Zubi and Cicak-Al-Zubi, in the Šegrt Suljica comics published in the Bosnian children magazine Elif. The 062C ARABIC LETTER is used for dž [dʒ] and another letter represents đ [dʑ], for ج JEEM example Al-Zubi and Cicak-Al-Zubi use 0620 ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH and a letter ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL V ڠ THREE DOTS ABOVE BELOW, which could potentially be encoded if in use, can be found in some character charts.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. The term ‘humanitarian war’ was first coined by Adam Roberts. See his, ‘Humanitarian War: Intervention and Human Rights’, International Affairs, 69(2), 1993 and, ‘NATO’s Humanitarian War Over Kosovo’, Survival, 41(3), 1999. 2. The issue of intra-alliance politics is discussed throughout Pierre Martin and Mark R. Brawley (eds), Alliance Politics, Kosovo, and NATO’s War: Allied Force or Forced Allies? (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000). 3. Formally recognised by the EU and UN as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) but referred to as Macedonia throughout. 4. The idea of the ‘court of world opinion’ was put to me by Nicholas Wheeler. See Nicholas J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). 5. Trotsky is cited by Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (London: Papermac, 1999), p. 253. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid., pp. 324–6. For a general overview of the key aspects of the conflict see Arshi Pipa and Sami Repishti, Studies on Kosova (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), Robert Elsie (ed.), Kosovo: In the Heart of the Powder Keg (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). 8. See Lenard J. Cohen, Broken Bonds: Yugoslavia’s Disintegration and Balkan Politics in Transition, 2nd edn (Oxford: Westview, 1995), p. 33. 9. Article 4 of the Constitution of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, 1974. See Marc Weller, The Crisis in Kosovo 1989–1999: From the Dissolution of Yugoslavia to Rambouillet and the Outbreak of Hostilities (Cambridge: International Documents and Analysis, 1999), p. 58. 10. Article 6 of the Kosovo Constitution, 1974.
    [Show full text]