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At the Margins of the Habsburg Civilizing Mission 25 i CEU Press Studies in the History of Medicine Volume XIII Series Editor:5 Marius Turda Published in the series: Svetla Baloutzova Demography and Nation Social Legislation and Population Policy in Bulgaria, 1918–1944 C Christian Promitzer · Sevasti Trubeta · Marius Turda, eds. Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 C Francesco Cassata Building the New Man Eugenics, Racial Science and Genetics in Twentieth-Century Italy C Rachel E. Boaz In Search of “Aryan Blood” Serology in Interwar and National Socialist Germany C Richard Cleminson Catholicism, Race and Empire Eugenics in Portugal, 1900–1950 C Maria Zarimis Darwin’s Footprint Cultural Perspectives on Evolution in Greece (1880–1930s) C Tudor Georgescu The Eugenic Fortress The Transylvanian Saxon Experiment in Interwar Romania C Katherina Gardikas Landscapes of Disease Malaria in Modern Greece C Heike Karge · Friederike Kind-Kovács · Sara Bernasconi From the Midwife’s Bag to the Patient’s File Public Health in Eastern Europe C Gregory Sullivan Regenerating Japan Organicism, Modernism and National Destiny in Oka Asajirō’s Evolution and Human Life C Constantin Bărbulescu Physicians, Peasants, and Modern Medicine Imagining Rurality in Romania, 1860–1910 C Vassiliki Theodorou · Despina Karakatsani Strengthening Young Bodies, Building the Nation A Social History of Child Health and Welfare in Greece (1890–1940) C Making Muslim Women European Voluntary Associations, Gender and Islam in Post-Ottoman Bosnia and Yugoslavia (1878–1941) Fabio Giomi Central European University Press Budapest—New York iii © 2021 Fabio Giomi Published in 2021 by Central European University Press Nádor utca 9, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched (KU). KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-963-386-368-8. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial- -NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. ISBN 978-963-386-369-5 hardback ISBN 978-963-386-368-8 ebook ISSN 2079-1119 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Giomi, Fabio, author. Title: Making Muslim women European : voluntary associations, Islam, and gender in post-Ottoman Bosnia and Yugoslavia (1878-1941) / Fabio Giomi. Description: Budapest ; New York : Central European University Press, [2021] | Series: CEU Press studies in the history of medicine, 2079-1119 ; Volume XIII | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020036441 (print) | LCCN 2020036442 (ebook) | ISBN 9789633863695 (cloth) | ISBN 9789633863688 (adobe pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Muslim women--Bosnia and Herzegovina--Social conditions. | Muslim women--Yugoslavia--Social conditions. | Women--Bosnia and Herzegovina--Societies and clubs--History. | Women--Yugoslavia--Societies and clubs--History. | Women--Europe--Social conditions. | Europe--Civilization. Classification: LCC HQ1719 .G56 2021 (print) | LCC HQ1719 (ebook) | DDC 305.48/69709497--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020036441 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020036442 CONTENTS Lists of Abbreviations vii Lists of Figures viii Lists of Tables xi Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1 At the Margins of the Habsburg Civilizing Mission 25 Chapter 2 Domesticating the Muslim Woman Question 67 Chapter 3 Muslim, Female and Volunteer 111 Chapter 4 Calling for Change 167 Chapter 5 Putting Change into Practice 227 Chapter 6 A Taste for Celebration 267 Chapter 7 Unforeseen Consequences 313 Conclusions 363 Consulted Archives 373 Bibliography 375 Index 389 v LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS ABiH Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovine, Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina AHNK Arhiv hercegovačko-neretvanskog kantona, Archives of the Herzegovina- Neretva Canton AJ Arhiv Jugoslavije, Archives of Yugoslavia ARS Arhiv Republike Srpske, Archives of the Republic of Srpska FG Fond Gajreta, Gajret Records GOG Glavni odbor Gajreta, Gajret Central Branch GONU Glavni odbor Narodne Uzdanice, Narodna Uzdanica Central Branch HAS Historijski arhiv Sarajevo, Sarajevo Historical Archives IAB Istorijski arhiv Beograda, Belgrade Historical Archives JMD Jugoslovenska Muslimanska Demokracija, Yugoslav Muslim Democracy JMO Jugoslovenska Muslimanska Organizacija, Yugoslav Muslim Organization MGS Muzej grada Sarajeva, City Museum of Sarajevo MONU Mjesni odbor Narodne Uzdanice, Narodna Uzdanica Local Branch MNO Muslimanska Narodna Organzacija, Muslim Popular Organization MPG Mjesni pododbor Gajreta, Gajret Local Branch MRS Muzej Republike Srpske, Museum of the Republic of Srpska MŽONU Mjesni ženski odbor Narodne Uzdanice, Narodna Uzdanica Local Female Branch MŽOŠ Muslimanska ženska osnovna škola, Muslim Female Elementary School MŽPG Mjesni ženski pododbor Gajreta, Gajret Local Female Branch MŽZM Muslimanska ženska zadruga Mostar, Muslim Women’s Association in Mostar PDS Personalni dosije službenika, Officials’ personal files SANU Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts ZM Zemaljski muzej, Provincial Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina ZV Zemaljska vlada, Provincial Government for Bosnia and Herzegovina vii LISTS OF FIGURES Figure 1: Postcard depicting Banja Luka, circa 1910. Source: Magbul Škoro, Poz- drav iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Greetings from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Grus aus Bos- nien-Herzegowina, vol. 1 (Sarajevo: Dom, 2009), 132. Figures 2 and 3: Muslim women publicly abandoning the headscarf at the 1948 Antifašistički front žena Conference. Source: MGS, photography collection. Figure 4: Alphonse Mucha, The Allegory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1900, tempera on canvas, Museum of Decorative Arts, Prague. Figure 5: Muslim woman wearing a feredža in Mostar, 1904. Source: ZM, Franjo Topić’s photography collection, 499. Figure 6: Bosnian Muslim women, undated. Source: ZM, Franjo Topić’s photogra- phy collection, 1034. Figure 7: Interior of the Sarajevo Girls’ School, with students dressed in tradi- tional clothes, 1906. Source: ZM, Franjo Topić’s photography collection, 202. Figure 8: Sarajevo Girls’ School, turn of the century. Source: ZM, Franjo Topić’s photography collection, 2603. Figures 9-14: Portraits of the first generation of Muslim women writers. Source: courtesy of Ajša Zahirović. Figure 15: The Central branch ofGajret Osman Đikić in Belgrade. Source: ABiH, FG, 27, 193(2) (undated). Figure 16: A Panslavic party organized by Kolo Srpskih Sestara in Travnik, in 1928. Source: Vardar. Kalendar "Kolo Srpskih Sestara" (1928): 139. Figure 17: Gajret’s female chapter in Bihać, 1921. Source: Hamza Humo, Spomen- ica dva desetipetogodišnjice Gajreta: 1903.–1928. (Sarajevo: Glavni odbor Gajreta, 1928), 115. Figure 18: Merhamet’s female chapter in Trebinje, late 1930s or early 1940s. Source: courtesy of Jasmina Cvjetić. Figure 19: The paternalist emancipation. Source: “Lijepi primjer svijesti i razumi- jevanja prema školovanju naše muslimanke,” Gajret, no. 3 (1938): 56. viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: A gendered portrait of activism. Source: “Portreti gajretovih radnika,” Gajret, no. 12 (1931): 299. Figure 21: Delegates to the yearly Gajret Assembly in Sarajevo, 1931. Source: Gaj- ret, no. 12 (1931): 369. Figure 22: Gajret’s female student dorm in Mostar, early 1920s. Source: Hamza Humo, Spomenica dvadesetipetogodišnjice Gajreta: 1903.-1928. (Sarajevo: Glavni odbor Gajreta, 1928), 126. Figure 23: A Gajret sewing class in Trebinje, late 1930s/early 1940s. Source: cour- tesy of Jasmina Cvjetić. Figure 24: Early 20th-century teferič. Source: Mustafa A. Mulalić, Orijent na zapadu: savre- meni kulturni i socijalni problemi muslimana jugoslovena (Belgrade: Skerlić, 1936), 244. Figure 25: A Narodna Uzdanica teferič in Kiseljak, mid-1930s. Source: Kalendar “Narodna Uzdanica” (1936): 154. Figure 26: Gajret temporary party branch from Mostar, 1928. Source: Gajret, no. 15 (1928): 230. Figure 27: Displaying the prizes collected by Gajret Muslim women activists for a zabava raffle in Stolac, 1931. Source:Gajret , no. 11 (1931): 278. Figure 28: Choreographed performance entitled “For the King and the Home- land,” held at a Gajret party on March 7, 1931 at the National Theater in Sarajevo. Source: Gajret, no. 6 (1931): 139. Figure 29: Gajret women’s choir from Banja Luka, late 1930s. Source: MRS, pho- tography collection, Stanovnici, 346. Figure 30: Bahrija Nuri Hadžić’s Cultural Metamorphosis, collage. Source: Mus- tafa A. Mulalić, Orijent na zapadu: savremeni kulturni i socijalni problemi musli- mana jugoslovena (Belgrade: Skerlić, 1936), 331. Figure 31: A scene from the play On, interpreted by Gajret pupils in Sarajevo. Source: Gajret, no. 6 (1931): 153. Figure 32: Performing the past. Source: Gajret, no. 18 (1928): 269. Figure 33: Performing the past. Source: Novi Behar, no. 12–14 (1936–1937): 175. Figure 34: Disseminating modern beauty: Miss Gajret winners from different Bos- nian towns. Source: Mustafa A. Mulalić, Orijent na zapadu: savremeni kulturni i socijalni problemi muslimana jugoslovena (Belgrade: Skerlić, 1936), 258. Figure 35: Self-portrait of Gajret’s Library in Mostar, late 1930s. Source: Mahmud Konjhodžić, Mostarke. Fragmenti o revolucionarnoj djelatnosti i patriotskoj opred- jeljenosti žena Mostara, o njihovoj borbi za slobodu
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