The Design of Linear Servo-Mechanisms Having Prescribed Transient
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SECTION 6 POSITION and MOTION SENSORS Walt Kester
POSITION AND MOTION SENSORS SECTION 6 POSITION AND MOTION SENSORS Walt Kester Modern linear and digital integrated circuit technology is used throughout the field of position and motion sensing. Fully integrated solutions which combine linear and digital functions have resulted in cost effective solutions to problems which in the past have been solved using expensive electro-mechanical techniques. These systems are used in many applications including robotics, computer-aided manufacturing, factory automation, avionics, and automotive. This section is an overview of linear and rotary position sensors and their associated conditioning circuits. An interesting application of mixed-signal IC integration is illustrated in the field of AC motor control. A discussion of micromachined accelerometers ends the section. POSITION AND MOTION SENSORS n Linear Position: Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) n Hall Effect Sensors u Proximity Detectors u Linear Output (Magnetic Field Strength) n Rotational Position: u Rotary Variable Differential Transformers (RVDT) u Optical Rotational Encoders u Synchros and Resolvers u Inductosyns (Linear and Rotational Position) u Motor Control Applications n Acceleration and Tilt: Accelerometers Figure 6.1 LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMERS (LVDTS) The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is an accurate and reliable method for measuring linear distance. LVDTs find uses in modern machine-tool, robotics, avionics, and computerized manufacturing. By the end of World War II, the LVDT had gained acceptance as a sensor element in the process control industry largely as a result of its use in aircraft, torpedo, and weapons systems. The publication of The Linear Variable Differential Transformer by Herman Schaevitz in 6.1 POSITION AND MOTION SENSORS 1946 (Proceedings of the SASE, Volume IV, No. -
Course Description Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering)
COURSE DESCRIPTION BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) SECOND YEAR (SEMESTER-I) BS 211 (All Branches) MATHEMATICS – III Cr. Hrs. 3 (3 + 0) L T P Credit 3 0 0 Hours 3 0 0 COURSE OUTCOME - CO1: Understand the need of numerical method for solving mathematical equations of various engineering problems., CO2: Provide interpolation techniques which are useful in analyzing the data that is in the form of unknown functionCO3: Discuss numerical integration and differentiation and solving problems which cannot be solved by conventional methods.CO4: Discuss the need of Laplace transform to convert systems from time to frequency domains and to understand application and working of Laplace transformations. UNIT-I Interpolation: Finite differences, various difference operators and theirrelationships, factorial notation. Interpolation with equal intervals;Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulae, Lagrange’sinterpolation formula for unequal intervals. UNIT-II Gauss forward and backward interpolation formulae, Stirling’s andBessel’s central difference interpolation formulae. Numerical Differentiation: Numerical differentiation based on Newton’sforward and backward, Gauss forward and backward interpolation formulae. UNIT-III Numerical Integration: Numerical integration by Trapezoidal, Simpson’s rule. Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations: Picard’s method,Taylor’s series method, Euler’s method, modified -
Power Processing, Part 1. Electric Machinery Analysis
DOCONEIT MORE BD 179 391 SE 029 295,. a 'AUTHOR Hamilton, Howard B. :TITLE Power Processing, Part 1.Electic Machinery Analyiis. ) INSTITUTION Pittsburgh Onii., Pa. SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Washingtcn, PUB DATE 70 GRANT NSF-GY-4138 NOTE 4913.; For related documents, see SE 029 296-298 n EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 PusiPostage. DESCRIPTORS *College Science; Ciirriculum Develoiment; ElectricityrFlectrOmechanical lechnology: Electronics; *Fagineering.Education; Higher Education;,Instructional'Materials; *Science Courses; Science Curiiculum:.*Science Education; *Science Materials; SCientific Concepts ABSTRACT A This publication was developed as aportion of a two-semester sequence commeicing ateither the sixth cr'seventh term of,the undergraduate program inelectrical engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. The materials of thetwo courses, produced by a ional Science Foundation grant, are concernedwith power convrs systems comprising power electronicdevices, electrouthchanical energy converters, and associated,logic Configurations necessary to cause the system to behave in a prescribed fashion. The emphisis in this portionof the two course sequence (Part 1)is on electric machinery analysis. lechnigues app;icable'to electric machines under dynamicconditions are anallzed. This publication consists of sevenchapters which cW-al with: (1) basic principles: (2) elementary concept of torqueand geherated voltage; (3)tile generalized machine;(4i direct current (7) macrimes; (5) cross field machines;(6),synchronous machines; and polyphase -
Brushless DC Electric Motor
Please read: A personal appeal from Wikipedia author Dr. Sengai Podhuvan We now accept ₹ (INR) Brushless DC electric motor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A microprocessor-controlled BLDC motor powering a micro remote-controlled airplane. This external rotor motor weighs 5 grams, consumes approximately 11 watts (15 millihorsepower) and produces thrust of more than twice the weight of the plane. Contents [hide] 1 Brushless versus Brushed motor 2 Controller implementations 3 Variations in construction 4 AC and DC power supplies 5 KM rating 6 Kv rating 7 Applications o 7.1 Transport o 7.2 Heating and ventilation o 7.3 Industrial Engineering . 7.3.1 Motion Control Systems . 7.3.2 Positioning and Actuation Systems o 7.4 Stepper motor o 7.5 Model engineering 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Brushless DC motors (BLDC motors, BL motors) also known as electronically commutated motors (ECMs, EC motors) are electric motors powered by direct-current (DC) electricity and having electronic commutation systems, rather than mechanical commutators and brushes. The current-to-torque and frequency-to-speed relationships of BLDC motors are linear. BLDC motors may be described as stepper motors, with fixed permanent magnets and possibly more poles on the rotor than the stator, or reluctance motors. The latter may be without permanent magnets, just poles that are induced on the rotor then pulled into alignment by timed stator windings. However, the term stepper motor tends to be used for motors that are designed specifically to be operated in a mode where they are frequently stopped with the rotor in a defined angular position; this page describes more general BLDC motor principles, though there is overlap. -
Prototype of Magnetic Resolver with Hall Effect Sensors
Prototype of magnetic resolver with Hall effect sensors by Marta Arbas Cantero Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Computers and Systems in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Electrical Energy Conversion and Power Systems MASTER DEGREE at the UNIVERSIDAD DE OVIEDO July 2020 c Universidad de Oviedo 2020. All rights reserved. Author.............................................................. Certified by. David D´ıazReigosa Associate Professor Thesis Supervisor Certified by. Daniel Fern´andezAlonso Assistant Professor Thesis Supervisor 2 Prototype of magnetic resolver with Hall effect sensors by Marta Arbas Cantero Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Computers and Systems on July 22, 2020, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Electrical Energy Conversion and Power Systems MASTER DEGREE Abstract The position sensors play a crucial role in the control of electric machines as they provide position feedback. In addition, in recent years the attention over them has grown due to the deployment of the electric vehicles. It is well known that there are two types of position sensors which are more widely used than others: the optical encoder and the resolver (brushless or variable reluctance). The optical encoders could provide incremental or absolute position with high accuracy. However, they have a limited range of operation temperature and low withstand of shocks and vibrations compared to the resolvers. On the other hand, the resolvers inherently provide absolute position. They also properly withstand both thermal and vibration shocks. However, the accuracy of the resolver is lower than the optical encoder one as the latter generates less noise and it does not require an ADC converter at its output. -
Resolvers • 2010 Ccatalog • E106 Satellite Locations: West Indies: St
ENCODERS & Dynapar Encoders & Resolvers • 2010 Ccatalog E106 RESOLVERS For additional information, contact your Dynapar representative at 1.800.873.8731 or visit our web site at: www.dynapar.com Headquarters: 1675 Delany Road • Gurnee, IL 60031-1282 • USA Phone: 1.847.662.2666 • Fax: 1.847.662.6633 Email: [email protected], [email protected] or [email protected] Satellite Locations: North America: North Carolina, South Carolina, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Canada, British Virgin Islands West Indies: St. Kitts Europe: United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Slovakia South America: Brazil Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Singapore © 2010 Dynapar Corp. Printed in U.S.A. • Dynapar 2010 Encoder & Resolver Catalog Innovation, Customization, Fast Delivery, and the most comprehensive encoder selection in the industry…Dynapar delivers the rotary feedback solutions customers are demanding. Dynapar is an ISO 9000 certified facility and has been manufacturing encoders in Gurnee Ilinois since 1955. Today Dynapar offers the widest selection of the industry’s most trusted brands in motion feedback control, including NorthStar heavy duty optical and harsh duty magneto resistive encoders, Acuro absolute encoders, Dynapar incremental encoders, Hengstler Euro-spec models, and Harowe resolvers. These brands serve the spectrum of heavy, industrial, servo, and light-duty applications. Innovation is engrained into the fabric of our company. At Dynapar, we pride ourselves on being at the forefront of feedback technology, making advances to our products through a detailed understanding of the voice of our customers. Dynapar pioneered the first true vector-duty hollow-shaft encoder building on our strong presence in a number of industries including steel, paper, medical, material handling and industrial motor manufacturing. -
Applications of Electrical Resolvers
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MI1-HDBK-218 1 June 1952 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TM 700-5990-1 MILITARY STANDARDIZATION HANDBOOK APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL RESOLVERS m Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WAS1llNGTOS.25,D,C.,17 ~U@ 1.96%’ T.M 700-5990-1ispublishedfortl]eme of Illconcerned. IIYORDEROF THE SECRET+W OF ml~ AImY: “G.H. DECKER, (+xwa[,UnitedStatexArmy, WJici,l]:~ Clli.fof.Staff. .J.C. Ii.iMBERT, ., Major (%wnd, UnitedStatesArmy, TILe.4djutmtGeneral, ● Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com M1’L-ROBK-218 ● 1 June 1962 DEFENSE SUPPLY AGENCY WASRTNGT2N 25, D.C. I MIL-RDBK Appliostionsof Electrical Reeolvers 1. This handbook hae been approved by the Department of Defense for uee by the Departmentsof the Arqy, the Navy, and the Air Force. I 2. Th accordancewith establishedprocedure,the Standardization Division has designatedOrdnance Corps, &reau of Naval Weapons, and Air Reeearch and Development Comnand, respectively,ae Aq-Navy-Air Force CuL+tOdimSof this handbook. 3. This handbook ie intended ae a guide to promote use of standards end etendardpractioes in the applicationof electrical resolversby the Departments of the Army, the Navy, end the Air Force. b. Recommendedcorrections,additions,or deletioneshould be addressed to the StandardizationDivision, Defense Supply Agency, Washington 25, D.C. ● Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MCL-WDBK-218 ,0 1 June 1962 I FOREWORD ,- This hemdbook is intended to help implementthe Department of Eefense standardizationprogrsm as it affects precision electricalreaolwn%. Re- solvers, their designationsewi terminologies,are defined in accordance ,. with militery specificati0n9. With eventual complianceby manufacturersto the proposed specifications,this handbook should serve as a guide to the standardizationof resolver applicationsand practices;to this end, the I fundamentalsand tlheoryof resolvers are briefly reviewed,providing engi- neers end designerswith a convenientreferenceto the mltiple capabilities of the resolver. -
London Electricity Companies Had Already Supply Co
printed LONDON AREA POWER SUPPLY A Survey of London’s Electric Lighting and Powerbe Stations By M.A.C. Horne to - not Copyright M.A.C. Horne © 2012 (V3.0) London’s Power Supplies LONDON AREA POWER SUPPLY Background to break up streets and to raise money for electric lighting schemes. Ignoring a small number of experimental schemes that did not Alternatively the Board of Trade could authorise private companies to provide supplies to which the public might subscribe, the first station implement schemes and benefit from wayleave rights. They could that made electricity publicly available was the plant at the Grosvenor either do this by means of 7-year licences, with the support of the Art Gallery in New Bond Street early in 1883. The initial plant was local authority, or by means of a provisional order which required no temporary, provided from a large wooden hut next door, though a local authority consent. In either case the local authority had the right supply was soon made available to local shopkeepers. Demand soon to purchase the company concerned after 21 years (or at 7-year precipitated the building of permanent plant that was complete by intervals thereafter) and to regulate maximum prices. There was no December 1884. The boiler house was on the south side of the power to supply beyond local authority areas or to interconnect intervening passage called Bloomfield Street and was connected with systems. It is importantprinted to note that the act did not prevent the generating plant in the Gallery’s basement by means of an creation of supply companies which could generate and distribute underground passage. -
Unit I – Electric Drives and Traction Part - a 1
UNIT I – ELECTRIC DRIVES AND TRACTION PART - A 1. List the advantages and disadvantages of electric traction. (Nov – 2017/Nov - 2014) Advantages It has great passenger carrying capacity at higher speed. High starting torque. Less maintenance cost. Cheapest method of traction. Disadvantages High capital cost. Problem of supply failure. Additional equipment is required for achieving electric braking and control. 2. Define gear ratio. (Nov - 2017) Gear ratio = (Input Speed)/ (Output Speed) = (Diameter of output gear) / (Diameter of input gear) 3. What are the merits and demerits of DC system of track electrification? (May - 2017) Merits Better torque-speed characteristic. Low maintenance cost. The weight of d.c motor per H.P is less in comparison to a.c motors. Efficient regenerative braking as compared to single phase a.c series motors. De – merits The overall cost is more because of heavy cost of additional substation equipment This system is preferred for suburban services and road transport where there are frequent stops and distance is less. 4. Give the expression for total tractive effort. (Nov- 2016/May – 2014/May 2012) Total tractive effort required to run a train on track = (Tractive effort to produce acceleration + Tractive effort to overcome effect of gravity + Tractive effort to overcome train resistance) FT = Fa + Fg +Fr 5. What are the recent trends in electric traction? (Nov – 2016/Nov -2014/May - 2014) Magnetic levitation, Maglev (Or) Magnetic suspension and Pseudo - Levitation 6. What are the factors governing scheduled speed of a train? (May - 2016) Acceleration and braking retardation Maximum or Crest speed Stopping time or Duration of stop 7. -
Total No. of Printed Pages:03 SUBJECT CODE NO
Total No. of Printed Pages:03 SUBJECT CODE NO: E-19 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY B.E.(EEP/EE/EEE) Examination Nov/Dec 2017 High Voltage Engineering (REVISED) [Time: Three Hours] [Max.Marks:80] Please check whether you have got the right question paper. N.B i) Question no. 1 & Question no. 6 are compulsory. ii) Attempt any two questions from remaining questions of each section. iii) Assume suitable data wherever necessary. Section A Q.1 Solve any five 10 a) What is governing equation for the electrical potential V for triangular elements in FEM? b) What is the principle of charge simulation method? c) Why there is need to control electric stress in voltage equipment? d) List out the various methods for estimation of electric field stresses. e) State the application of insulating material in power cables. f) What is difference between insulation and dielectrics? g) What is treeing and tracking? h) State applications of insulating materials. Q.2 a) Explain the procedure to control electric field intensity in HV equipment. 07 b) What is “Finite Element Method”? Give outline of this method for solving field problems. 08 Q.3 a) Describe the current growth phenomenon in a gas subjected to uniform electric fields. 07 b) Explain the experimental set-up for the measurement of pre-breakdown currents in a gas. 08 Q.4 a) Discuss the factors that influence conduction in pure liquid dielectrics and in commercial 07 liquid dielectrics. 2017 881B235DAF4A1CD31D411708CFE2CB0C881B235DAF4A1CD31D411708CFE2CB0C881B235DAF4A1CD31D411708CFE2CB0C881B235DAF4A1CD31D411708CFE2CB0C881B235DAF4A1CD31D411708CFE2CB0C881B235DAF4A1CD31D411708CFE2CB0C881B235DAF4A1CD31D411708CFE2CB0C -
Servomechanisms
RESTRICTED A.P. 3302, PART 1 SECTION 19 CHAPTER 2 SERVOMECHANISMS ParaRraph Introduction 1 Speed Control of a D.C. Motor 6 Action of Human Operator 8 An Improved Method of Speed Control 9 Position Control Systems 14 Behaviour of a Simple Servomechanism 18 Response and Stability of Servomechanisms 20 Viscous Damping 23 Velocity Feedback Damping 26 Velocity Lag 32 Error-rate Damping 35 LJ,e of Stabilizing Networks 39 Transient Velocity Dam ping 42 Integral of Error Compensation 44 Summary of Stabilization Methods 48 Power Requirements of a Servomechanism 49 Components in a Servomechanism 52 Summary .. 55 A.L. 18 (Mar. 62) RESTRICTED RESTRICTED PART 1, SECTION 19, CHAPTER 2 SERVOMECHANISMS Introduction Only an elementary outline of the basic 1. The discovery that heat (from coal or principles involved and a general idea of oil) can be converted into mechanical energy the purpose and applications of control brought about the industrial revolution systems can be attempted in this chapter. and machines which could use this energy t~ Further information is given in Part 3 of produce useful results were quickly invented these notes. and improved. By controlling such machines, man was able to release large quantities 4. Chapter 1 has shown that d.c. remote of energy with very little expenditure of indication and a.c. synchro systems can energy on his own part. operate between shafts separated by a At first, machines were simple and a human considerable distance, but cannot supply being was quite capable of controlling in torque amplification: the torque delivered to detail the various operations that went to the load can never exceed the input torque. -
Feed Drive Design for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools
Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1971 Feed drive design for numerically controlled machine tools Subash Bhatia Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Department: Recommended Citation Bhatia, Subash, "Feed drive design for numerically controlled machine tools" (1971). Masters Theses. 5110. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/5110 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. j/1 FEED DRIVE DESIGN FOR NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED MACHINE TOOLS BY SUBASH BHATIA, 1944 A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - ROLLA in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1971 T2675 161 pages Approved c.1 20294.0 ii ABSTRACT The various types of feed drive control systems used in numerical control of machine tools have been broadly classified. Further a step by step design has been pre sented for the feed drive of a numerical contouring control milling machine. The aim has been to develop a consistent strategy for tackling a variety of such problems. Conse quently stress has been laid on principles and not on design figures. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to extend his sincere thanks and appreciation to Dr. D.A. Gyorog for the guidance, encourage ment and valuable suggestions throughout the course of this thesis.