DOCSLIB.ORG

National Emissions Trading System: Background Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

National Emissions Trading System Background Paper Editorial information Publisher German Emissions Trading Authority (DEHSt) at the German Environment Agency City Campus Building 3, Entrance 3A Buchholzweg 8 D-13627 Berlin Phone: +49 (0) 30 89 03-50 50 Fax: +49 (0) 30 89 03-50 10 [email protected] Internet: www.dehst.de/English As of November 2020 English by Nigel Pye, [email protected] Cover image: © tomas – stock.adobe.com Content 1 Introduction: Why do we need national emissions trading? ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 4 2 Fundamentals of the national emissions trading scheme ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 2.1 How does emissions trading as such work? ...................................................................................5 2.2 How do national and european emissions trading differ? ����������������������������������������������������������������5 3 Scope and responsible Parties ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 3.1 Which fuels are covered by BEHG? ................................................................................................7 3.2 Which companies are covered by nEHS? ........................................................................................7 3.3 What impact on fuel prices can be expected? .................................................................................8 3.4 Are there overlaps between national and European emissions trading? ...........................................8 4 nEHS Processes and Mode of Operation ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 4.1 How is the volume target determined for greenhouse gas emissions?..............................................9 4.2 What price are certificates purchased and sold at? �����������������������������������������������������������������������10 4.3 What are the obligations of the participating companies? ������������������������������������������������������������11 4.4 Where can allowances be stored, transferred and surrendered? ....................................................11 4.5 How are infringements handled? ................................................................................................12 4.6 How will the competitiveness of companies be ensured? ��������������������������������������������������������������12 5 Conclusion & Outlook ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 13 6 Glossar ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Annex 1 Fuels ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Fuels as defined by BEHG ..................................................................................................................15 Annex 2 Fuels for emission reporting in 2021 and 2022 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 1 Introduction: Why do we need national emissions trading? In view of the major challenge that climate change poses to present and future generations due to greenhouse gas emissions, Germany has committed itself to ambitious climate protection targets at the European level under the Paris Convention. These climate protection goals were legally anchored in Germany for the first time with the Federal Climate Change Act, which came into force on 18/12/2019, in order to limit the rise in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius and, if possible, to 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. The Federal Republic of Germany also aims to be greenhouse gas neutral by 2050. To actually achieve this climate protection goal, climate protection measures must be taken. The Federal Government has done this with the Climate Protection Programme 2030. The CO2 pricing of emissions is a key climate protection instrument, particularly in the fields of heating and transport, which came into force with the national emissions trading scheme and the Fuel Emissions Trading Act (BEHG) on 20/12/2019. Based on the BEHG, a national emissions trading scheme (in German “nationales Emissionshandelssystem” –hereinafter referred to by the abbreviation nEHS will be introduced in Germany from 2021. The EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) already largely covers emissions from industry and power genera- tion in Germany: operators have had to surrender an emission allowance for every tonne of CO2 emitted since 2005. This scheme includes emission-intensive installations of both the energy sector and industry. However, Germany has so far lacked a financial incentive to reduce emissions outside the field covered by the EU ETS. The nEHS now basically includes all CO2-causing fuels put on the market, especially petrol, diesel, heating oil, liquified gas, natural gas and coal. However, companies or citizens who use these fuels for heating or driving, for example, do not have to participate in the nEHS themselves. Only the ‘distributors’ of fuels1 such as gas suppliers or companies in the mineral oil industry who are obliged to pay energy tax under the Energy Tax Act, have to do so. If the fuel distributors pass on the costs from the nEHS to their customers, they provide the desired financial incentive to reduce emissions. It is BEHG’s intention that the pricing of fuel emissions should result in a cost and make customers change their behaviour and reduce emissions. The German Emissions Trading Authority (DEHSt) at the German Environment Agency is responsible for the implementation of the nEHS. DEHSt has been implementing the EU ETS in Germany since 2005. Together with the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) DEHSt is currently preparing the implementation of the BEHG in terms of organisation and expertise. 1 Within the scope of BEHG Section 2 (2). 4 National Emissions Trading System – Background Paper 2 Fundamentals of the national emissions trading scheme 2�1 How does emissions trading as such work? All emissions trading systems have one thing in common: emissions trading is a market-based instrument designed to protect the climate. The principle is very simple: anyone who wants to pollute the air with green- house gases needs relevant rights (‘certificates’). Emissions trading works according to the ‘Cap and Trade’ principle. This means that the greenhouse gas emissions of all participants are limited to a total volume – the ‘cap’. The cap is a political decision on the maximum amount of greenhouse gases that all participants are permitted to emit in total. However, there are no fixed emission targets for the individual participants. A cap that is ambitious in terms of climate policy ensures that the right to emit greenhouse gases becomes a scarce commodity and that trade on the market creates a price for the ‘certificates’. This market price results from auctions and trade between the participants. The price rises if the certificates become scarce because fewer certificates are available overall (because this is the only way to achieve the climate protection goals). The emissions trading system thus provides a financial incentive for participants to invest in climate protection measures. If it is cheaper to avoid one tonne of CO2 than to buy a certificate, it is worthwhile reducing the use of fossil fuels and implementing technical or organisational measures to save emissions. Market-based emissions trading means that emissions are reduced where it is economically most advantageous. 2�2 How do national and european emissions trading differ? National (nEHS) and European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) have different starting points as to how greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced. The EU ETS requires reporting and the surrender of emission allowances where emissions are generated in an installation such as in a power plant or steelworks (called ‘downstream’ emissions trading). The nEHS, however, is not based on the actual emissions at the installation, but on a much earlier point, where the fuels are placed on the market and before they reach the installation (‘upstream’ emissions trading). These emissions, which result from the subsequent burning of the fuels, are attributed to a distrib- utor. The two fundamentally different systems can be explained above all against the background of the respective sectors involved. Industrial and energy installations covered by the EU ETS are a small number of players with very high direct emissions from installations. However, in the sectors covered by the nEHS such as transport and heating, it would not be practical to include direct emissions. Including the large number of all car drivers or all heating system owners would be entirely disproportionate. i Regulatory concepts of emissions trading Upstream national Emissions Trading Obligated parties: Fuel distributors Downstream European Emissions Trading Obligated parties: Operators with direct emissions National Emissions Trading System – Background Paper 5 Emissions are limited in both systems to a certain budget or cap. nEHS does this by taking into account the EU targets for those sectors not covered by the EU ETS (see Chapter 4.1). As in the EU ETS,
Recommended publications
  • The Potential for Biofuels Alongside the EU-ETS

    The Potential for Biofuels Alongside the EU-ETS

    The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS Stefan Boeters, Paul Veenendaal, Nico van Leeuwen and Hugo Rojas-Romagoza CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis Paper for presentation at the Eleventh Annual GTAP Conference ‘Future of Global Economy’, Helsinki, June 12-14, 2008 1 Table of contents Summary 3 1 The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS 6 1.1 Introduction 6 1.2 Climate policy baseline 7 1.3 Promoting the use of biofuels 10 1.4 Increasing transport fuel excises as a policy alternative from the CO 2-emission reduction point of view 22 1.5 Conclusions 23 Appendix A: Characteristics of the WorldScan model and of the baseline scenario 25 A.1 WorldScan 25 A.2 Background scenario 27 A.3 Details of biofuel modelling 28 A.4 Sensitivity analysis with respect to land allocation 35 References 38 2 Summary The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS On its March 2007 summit the European Council agreed to embark on an ambitious policy for energy and climate change that establishes several targets for the year 2020. Amongst others this policy aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% compared to 1990 and to ensure that 20% of total energy use comes from renewable sources, partly by increasing the share of biofuels up to at least 10% of total fuel use in transportation. In meeting the 20% reduction ceiling for greenhouse gas emissions the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) will play a central role as the ‘pricing engine’ for CO 2-emissions. The higher the emissions price will be, the sooner technological emission reduction options will tend to be commercially adopted.
  • Paving the Way to Carbon-Neutral Transport: 10-Point Plan To

    Paving the Way to Carbon-Neutral Transport: 10-Point Plan To

    Paving the way to carbon-neutral transport 10-point plan to help implement the European Green Deal January 2020 CONTEXT The transport sector is responsible for 22.3% of total EU greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with road transport representing 21.1% of total emissions. Breaking this down further, passenger cars account for 12.8% of Europe’s emissions, vans for 2.5%, while heavy-duty trucks and buses are responsible for 5.6%. Transport is therefore a key focus and driver for climate protection measures. The European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) strongly believes that carbon-neutral road transport is possible by 2050. This however will represent a seismic shift, requiring a holistic approach with increasing efforts from all stakeholders. * All CO2 equivalent ** Industry = ‘Manufacturing industries and construction’ + ‘Industrial processes and product use’ Source: European Environment Agency (EEA) AUTO INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTION Investing €57.4 billion in R&D annually, the automotive sector is Europe's largest private contributor to innovation, accounting for 28% of total EU spending. Much of this investment is dedicated to clean mobility solutions. The automobile industry embraces the Paris Agreement and its goals. Manufacturers also support the climate protection initiatives of the European Commission, such as the ‘Clean Planet for All’ strategy, provided all stakeholders contribute their share and the achievements to date are taken into account. ACEA’s 10-point plan to help implement the European Green Deal – January 2020 1 ACEA members are fully committed to deliver the ambitious 025 and 030 C2 reduction targets. In order to provide legal certainty for the industry as it moves towards carbon neutrality in 050, the 2022/2023 timeline for the revies of the regulations should be adhered to (as as endorsed by the European Council in December 201).
  • Benefits of Emissions Trading

    Benefits of Emissions Trading

    BENEFITS OF EMISSIONS TRADING E M I S S I O N S T R A D I N G A C H I E V E S T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A L O B J E C T I V E – R E D U C E D E M I S S I O N S – A T T H E L O W E S T C O S T Cap and trade is designed to deliver an environmental outcome; the cap must be met, or there are sanctions such as fines. Allowing trading within that cap is the most effective way of minimising the cost – which is good for business and good for households. Determining physical actions that companies must take, with no flexibility, is not guaranteed to achieve the necessary reductions. Nor is establishing a regulated price, since the price required to drive reductions may take policy-makers several years to determine. Cap and trade also provides a way of establishing rigour around emissions monitoring, reporting and verification – essential for any climate policy to preserve integrity. E M I S S I O N S T R A D I N G I S B E T T E R A B L E T O R E S P O N D T O E C O N O M I C F L U C T U A T I O N S T H A N O T H E R P O L I C Y T O O L S Allowing the open market to set the price of carbon translates to better flexibility and avoids price shocks or undue burdens.
  • Analytical Environmental Agency 2 21St Century Frontiers 3 22 Four 4

    Analytical Environmental Agency 2 21St Century Frontiers 3 22 Four 4

    # Official Name of Organization Name of Organization in English 1 "Greenwomen" Analytical Environmental Agency 2 21st Century Frontiers 3 22 Four 4 350 Vermont 5 350.org 6 A Seed Japan Acao Voluntaria de Atitude dos Movimentos por Voluntary Action O Attitude of Social 7 Transparencia Social Movements for Transparency Acción para la Promoción de Ambientes Libres Promoting Action for Smokefree 8 de Tabaco Environments Ações para Preservação dos Recursos Naturais e 9 Desenvolvimento Economico Racional - APRENDER 10 ACT Alliance - Action by Churches Together 11 Action on Armed Violence Action on Disability and Development, 12 Bangladesh Actions communautaires pour le développement COMMUNITY ACTIONS FOR 13 integral INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT 14 Actions Vitales pour le Développement durable Vital Actions for Sustainable Development Advocates coalition for Development and 15 Environment 16 Africa Youth for Peace and Development 17 African Development and Advocacy Centre African Network for Policy Research and 18 Advocacy for Sustainability 19 African Women's Alliance, Inc. Afrique Internationale pour le Developpement et 20 l'Environnement au 21è Siècle 21 Agência Brasileira de Gerenciamento Costeiro Brazilian Coastal Management Agency 22 Agrisud International 23 Ainu association of Hokkaido 24 Air Transport Action Group 25 Aldeota Global Aldeota Global - (Global "small village") 26 Aleanca Ekologjike Europiane Rinore Ecological European Youth Alliance Alianza de Mujeres Indigenas de Centroamerica y 27 Mexico 28 Alianza ONG NGO Alliance ALL INDIA HUMAN
  • IFC Carbon Neutrality Committment Factsheet

    IFC Carbon Neutrality Committment Factsheet

    Carbon Neutral Commitment for IFC’s Own Operations IFC, along with the World Bank, are committed to making our internal business operations carbon neutral by: IFC’s Carbon Neutrality 1. Calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from our operations Commitment is an integral 2. Reducing carbon emissions through both familiar and innovative conservation measures part of IFC's corporate 3. Purchasing carbon offsets to balance our remaining internal carbon footprint after our reduction efforts response to climate change. IFC’s carbon neutrality commitment encourages continual improvement towards more efficient business operations that help mitigate climate change. It is also consistent with IFC’s strategy of guiding our investment work to address climate change and ensure environmental and social sustainability of projects that IFC finances. This factsheet focuses on the carbon footprint of our internal operations rather than the footprint of IFC’s portfolio. IFC uses the ‘operational control approach’ for setting its CALCULATING OUR GHG EMISSIONS organizational boundaries for its GHG inventory. Emissions are included from all locations for which IFC has direct control over IFC has calculated the annual GHG emissions for its internal business operations, and where it can influence decisions that impact GHG operations for headquarters in Washington, D.C. since 2006, and for emissions. IFC’s global operations since 2008 including global business travel. IFC’s annual GHG inventory includes the following sources of The methodology IFC formally used is based on the Greenhouse Gas GHG emissions from IFC’s leased and owned facilities and air Protocol Initiative (GHG Protocol), an internationally recognized GHG travel: accounting and reporting standard.
  • Trade and Environment: a Resource Book

    Trade and Environment: a Resource Book

    TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT – Trade and Environment A Resource Book Trade and environment policy is increasingly intertwined and the stakes are nearly always high in both trade and environmental TRADE AND terms. These issues are often complex and discussions tend to become very specialized, challenging policy practitioners to understand and follow all the various sub-strands of trade and ENVIRONMENT environment debates. This Resource Book seeks to demystify these issues without losing the critical nuances. A RESOURCE BOOK This collaborative effort of some 61 authors from 34 countries provides relevant information as well as pertinent analysis on a broad set of trade and environment discussions while explaining, A RESOURCE BOOK as clearly as possible, what are the key issues from a trade and environment perspective; what are the most important policy debates around them; and what are the different policy positions Edited by that define these debates. Adil Najam The volume is structured and organized to be a reference document Mark Halle that is useful and easy to use. Our hope is that those actively involved in trade and environment discussions—as practitioners, Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz as scholars and as activists—will be able to draw on the analysis Meléndez-Ortiz Najam, Mark Halle and Ricardo Adil Edited by and opinions in this book to help them advance a closer synergy between trade and environmental policy for the common goal of achieving sustainable development. T&E Resource.qx 10/17/07 4:39 PM Page i TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT A RESOURCE BOOK Edited by Adil Najam Mark Halle Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz T&E Resource.qx 10/17/07 4:39 PM Page ii Trade and Environment: A Resource Book © 2007 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the Regional and International Networking Group (The Ring).
  • Carbon Emission Reduction—Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Carbon Offset

    Carbon Emission Reduction—Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Carbon Offset

    energies Editorial Carbon Emission Reduction—Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Carbon Offset Wen-Hsien Tsai Department of Business Administration, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; [email protected]; Tel.: +886-3-426-7247 Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 19 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 1. Introduction The Paris Agreement was signed by 195 nations in December 2015 to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change following the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. In Article 2 of the Paris Agreement, the increase in the global average temperature is anticipated to be held to well below 2 ◦C above pre-industrial levels, and efforts are being employed to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ◦C. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides information on emissions of the main greenhouse gases. It shows that about 81% of the totally emitted greenhouse gases were carbon dioxide (CO2), 10% methane, and 7% nitrous oxide in 2018. Therefore, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (or carbon emissions) are the most important cause of global warming. The United Nations has made efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or mitigate their effect. In Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, three cooperative approaches that countries can take in attaining the goal of their carbon emission reduction are described, including direct bilateral cooperation, new sustainable development mechanisms, and non-market-based approaches. The World Bank stated that there are some incentives that have been created to encourage carbon emission reduction, such as the removal of fossil fuels subsidies, the introduction of carbon pricing, the increase of energy efficiency standards, and the implementation of auctions for the lowest-cost renewable energy.
  • Emissions Trading Worldwide

    Emissions Trading Worldwide

    Emissions Trading Worldwide International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) Status Report 2017 Emissions Trading Worldwide International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) Status Report 2017 Editorial Team Marissa Santikarn, Alexander Eden, Lina Li, Johannes Ackva, William Acworth, Martina Kehrer, Oliver Lübker, Julia Melnikova, Mariza Montes de Oca, Kateryna Stelmakh, Charlotte Unger, Kristian Wilkening and Constanze Haug. Cite as ICAP. (2017). Emissions Trading Worldwide: Status Report 2017. Berlin: ICAP. The ICAP Secretariat expresses its gratitude to policymakers from the ICAP membership and further collaborators from the emis- sions trading field, who provided insightful, written contributions and carefully reviewed the report: Marco Aurélio dos Santos Araujo (Brazil), Jean-Yves Benoit (Québec), Chen Zhibin (Sinocarbon), Mary Jane Coombs (California), Matthew Cowie (New Zealand), Lynda Danquah (Canada), Sean Donavan (Mexico), Johannes Enzmann (European Commission), Victor Escalona (Mexico), Jason Hollett (Nova Scotia), Huang Xiaochen (Sinocarbon), Cécile Goubet (France), Huang Dayue (Chonqging Low Carbon Consulting), Ai Kaibu (Japan), Sun-Yeong Kim (Republic of Korea), Marat Latypov (Russia), Stéphane Legros (Québec), Pongvipa Lohsomboon (Thailand), Vivian Vieira de Macedo (Brazil), Anaïs Maillet (France), Akiko Miura (Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Antje Mosler (Switzerland), Nicolas Muller (UNFCCC), Sachiko Nakamura (Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Il-Young Oh (Republic of Korea), Megan O’Toole (Vermont), Heather Pearson (Ontario), Saul Pereyra (Mexico), Qian Guoqiang (Sinocarbon), Huy Luong Quang (Vietnam), Kathleen Rich (Canada), Juan Pedro Searle (Chile), Gulmira Sergazina (Kazkahstan), William Space (Massachusetts), Sophie Wenger (Switzerland), Tony Usibelli (Washington State), Zeren Erik Yasar (Turkey), Alfred Alexandre Yameogo (Québec), Olga Yukhymchuk (Ukraine) The ICAP Secretariat is grateful to the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) for funding this report.
  • Carbon Cycling, Privatization and the Commons

    Carbon Cycling, Privatization and the Commons

    ***draft for comment***draft for comment***draft for comment***draft for comment*** Carbon Cycling, Privatization and the Commons Larry Lohmann The Corner House Station Road Sturminster Newton Dorset DT10 1YJ UK [email protected] I Traditionally, the earth’s ability to keep greenhouse gas proportions within the atmosphere within a certain range has been what is known as “open access”. Anybody has been free to dump carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, with no rules being applicable except ones incidentally relating to accompanying pollutants. Because nothing has been at stake, the world’s carbon-cycling capacity has never until recently been a resource. And it will always remain too unwieldy and unbounded to be treated as, by contrast, a commons.1 Yet through familiar processes of overuse and skewed use, global carbon-cycling capacity has recently begun to be treated as economically scarce. For over 150 years, industrial societies have been transferring excessive amounts of carbon from underground deposits of coal and oil, where it is more or less sealed off from the atmosphere, to the air. Today, the amount of carbon in the atmosphere increases by six billion tons every year. The earth's carbon dioxide dump is now perceived as overflowing, with potentially disastrous climatic consequences.2 Precise quantification is impossible, but it may not be too far off the mark to say that the US alone, with five per cent of the world’s people, is hogging roughly all of it. Stabilizing atmospheric chemistry while keeping US access to the dump fully open would leave an enormous majority of the world’s people unable to release any carbon dioxide at all.
  • 22Nd August 2020

    22Nd August 2020

    22nd August 2020 22nd August 2020 | Matt Mimms 22nd August might seem like a pretty unremarkable day on the face of it. It will of course be the birth date, the death date, the wedding anniversary for countless millions around the world. Notably, it is the birth date of Claude Debussy and Deng Xiaoping, and in death, for Jomo Kenyatta and Richard III. James Cook landed in Australian in 1770, Yacht America won the first America’s Cup regatta in 1851, Theodore Roosevelt was the first US President to ride in a car in 1902, and the BBC began their first TV broadcast on this day in 19321. However, 22 August in 2020 marks an important milestone. Known as Earth Overshoot Day2, “it marks the date when humanity’s demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year”. From now til the rest of the year, we will in effect be depleting the earth’s natural resources over and above the earth’s ability to regenerate, and accumulating waste over and above the earth’s ability to absorb, mainly in the form of carbon dioxide. This is according to the Global Footprint Network3, an award-winning international research organisation focussed on developing and promoting tools for advancing sustainability. So how does this work? First developed in the early 1990s, the Global Footprint Network assesses the relationship between humankind’s Ecological Footprint and its Biocapacity. Put simply, that is the relationship between the ecological assets and resources that a given population requires to produce what it consumes (e.g.
  • Application of the EU Emissions Trading Directive Analysis of National Responses Under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2014

    Application of the EU Emissions Trading Directive Analysis of National Responses Under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2014

    EEA Technical report No 3/2015 Application of the EU Emissions Trading Directive Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2014 ISSN 1725-2237 EEA Technical report No 3/2015 Application of the EU Emissions Trading Directive Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2014 Cover design: EEA Cover photo: http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika:Belchatow-elektrownia.jpg Layout: EEA/Pia Schmidt Legal notice The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. Copyright notice © European Environment Agency, 2015 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015 ISBN 978-92-9213-639-0 ISSN 1725-2237 doi:10.2800/814207 European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Web: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries Contents Contents List of figures and tables ............................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................
  • Carbon Pricing – Using Market-Based Mechanisms to Mitigate Climate

    Carbon Pricing – Using Market-Based Mechanisms to Mitigate Climate

    Carbon Pricing Using Market-based Mechanisms to Mitigate Climate Change Imprint Published by Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) Division KI I 6 · 11055 Berlin · Germany Email: [email protected] · Website: www.bmub.bund.de/english Edited by Dr. Silke Karcher, BMUB, Head of Division KI I 6 · Malin Ahlberg, BMUB, Division KI I 6 Technical editing Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH) Research Group: Energy, Transport and Climate Policy Text Nicolas Kreibich and Lukas Hermwille Design Selbach Design, Lohmar Printed by Rautenberg Verlag, Troisdorf Picture credits Front page: Flickr.com | Philippe Roos 'Ain-Beni-Mathar-2010-10-27-005' (CC BY-SA 2.0 –www.flickr.com/photos/elisaphi/ 5860954697/); page 3: Flickr.com | UNFCCC: 'Country Flags outside the conference venue' (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 – www.flickr.com/photos/unfccc/30563098030/); page 4: Flickr.com | UNFCCC: 'Her Excellency Ms. Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany' (CC BY 2.0 – www.flickr.com/photos/unfccc/23129752020/); page 5: Flickr.com | World Bank | Jutta Benzenberg : 'Green Energy' (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 – www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/32519834310/); page 6: Flickr.com | World Bank | Dana Smilie: 'Thermo-solar power plant' (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 – www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/4842168024/); page 7: Flickr.com | World Bank | Graham Crouch: 'Northwest Kabul Breshna Sub Station' (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 – www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/8120062723/); page 8: Flickr.com | BASF: