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AUTHOR """Dimitra Theophanopoulou-Kontou"

TITLE "Book"Review Reviews" of “Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language” by Holton, D., Mackridge, P. & Philippaki-Warburton, I."

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Book Reviews

Review of Holton, D., Mackridge, P. & Philippaki-Warburton, I. 1997 (Greek translation 1999) Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language. Reviewed by Dimitra Theophanopoulou-Kontou (University of Athens)

The grammar of Greek by Holton, Mackridge and Philippaki-Warburton is one of a number of grammars1 concerning the Greek language to appear in the past several decades. The aim of this grammar, as the authors state, is the explanato- ry and descriptive analysis of present-day Greek, which will help its users in oral and written communication. This raises two questions: (a) does the grammar succeed in its aims and (b) how does it differ from other grammars of Greek. In relation to the above questions one could ask, as well, whether the authors are qualified to achieve these aims. As far as the first question is concerned we can point to the previous reviews by both Greeks and non-Greeks which appeared after the publication of the Greek edition, where this book is described as a systematic and thoroughly synchronic description which makes a substantive contribution to the study of the structure of Greek on all levels of analysis (King 1998; Charalampakis 1999 and Moschonas 1999). The second question cannot be answered directly right at the outset; it will be addressed throughout the review. As far as the qualifica- tions of the authors is concerned, the answer is very obvious. The authors are all accomplished scholars whose scientific contribution to the Greek language and to Greek literature is well known in Greece as also internationally. David Holton is a well-known Hellenist whose research output on and teaching of Greek show his deep knowledge of Greek in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions. Peter Mackridge is also well known for his contribution to Greek literature and for his research and teaching of Modern Greek. He is especially well known in Greece for his book The Modern Greek Language (1985) translat- ed into Greek and published by Patakis (1999). This book has been used extensively as a textbook by both Greeks and non-Greeks. Finally, Irene Philippaki-Warburton is known world-wide and is held in high respect for her scientific work both in the field of theoretical linguistics and in the analysis and

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description of the Greek language. She was one of the pioneers of the syn- chronic and diachronic analysis of Greek on different levels of description, mainly within the transformational paradigm. Her contribution to the identifi- cation and the analysis of specific syntactic Greek phenomena is significant as is her ability to challenge the theory through the descriptive demands of Greek. The cooperation of these three scholars who combine different orientations and personalities results in a grammar which is scientifically valid and objective and shows no fanaticism in the treatment of controversial issues. It also avoids, as far as possible, the one-sidedness which often derives from a sterile attachment to theoretical and/or ideological principles. The Grammar is a long work (aprox. 500 pages) which, in addition to the prefaces, consists of three large sections corresponding to the three levels of description: The phonological, including the writing system (Part A), the morphological (Part B), and the syntactic (Part C). There are also three indexes and a glossary of grammatical terms. Part A contains two subsections: The phonological system and the writing system. The first section presents the phonemes and allophones, the consonant clusters and their distribution in word initial, medial and final position, the alternations between the initial clusters of cases like φθηνς – φτηνς/fθinos – ftinos ‘cheap’, χθες – χτες/xθes – xtes ‘yesterday’, σχηµος – σκηµος/asximos – askimos ‘ugly’, πεσθηκε – πεστηκε/pisθike – pistike ‘was persuaded’, as well as the suprasegmental features of length and stress. These phenomena are examined in a systematic and scientific way. Special attention is given to morphophonology and to the phonological phenomena which affect the position of stress. Finally, the patterns of intonation are examined in a separate subsection in a detailed and well argued way. The section on phonology follows the principles of structural and generative phonological theory, in its more classical version, as applied also by Setatos (1974) in his very interesting monograph on MG phonology. As is expected in a grammar book it is not possible to present and discuss alternative analyses of specific phenomena such as the different interpretations of the voiced stops [b, d, g] or to raise issues concerning the analyses of the syllable, stress and rhythm in the theoretical framework of a non-linear, autosegmental theory (for these see Malikouti- Drachman 1997; Malikouti-Drachman & Drachman 1989, 1990). Within the framework adopted for the grammar under review the following issues are of special significance: (a) The treatment of vowel deletion on the basis of the sonority hierarchy a>o>u>e>i asexemplified by cases like µου αρσει > µ’αρσει/mu aresi > maresi ‘I like’, τα επα > τ ’πα/ta ipa > tapa ‘I said

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them’, ξαναδωσα > ξαν δωσα/ksanaeδosa > ksanaδosa ‘I gave again’. This analysis, which is not found in grammar textbooks, offers a new way of teaching vowel deletion as a unitary phenomenon, which traditionally has been present- ed as three different phenomena i.e. αφαρεση ‘aphaeresis’, κθλιψη ‘elision’ or συναρεση ‘synaeresis’ without any scientific justification (b) The establishment of the rules of accentuation and their consequences for the phonological processes. The second section of Part A concerns the writing system, i.e. the alphabet, the diacritics (the rules of the monotonic system, as well as the more traditional system of diacritics) and punctuation. This section, missing to some extent from other contemporary grammars of Greek, constitutes a clear and systematic approach to the topic and a very helpful guideline for both native speakers and those learning Greek as a foreign language. Part B consists of an exemplary presentation of MG morphology. The main characteristics of this section are: (a) The systematic classification of the parts of speech and their further subdivisions (b) The completeness of the data, as far as possible (c) The very useful tables of inflectional paradigms after each analysis. As is natural, the two main axes of this Part are the noun and the verb, which have been the object of research from a number of theoretical points of view, structural and generative, as well as from the perspective of language acquisition. First, the issue of the criteria for the classification of nouns has been considered by a number of Greek grammarians (Kourmoulis 1964–5; Babiniotis & Kontos 1967; Klairis & Babiniotis 1996–9; Tsopanakis 1994) without reaching a general consensus. Holton et al., following Triantafyllides (1941), classify the nouns according to gender (masculines, feminines, nouns of common gender, neuters) and declension. The position of stress is used as an additional criterion for the subclassification of nouns while the presence of the definite article is considered an essential marker for the declensional paradigm. On the issue of the classification of nouns, I would like to mention another classification prevailing among Greek grammars: the one based upon the number of mor- phologically different cases. According to this view, expressed first by Kour- moulis (1964–5) and applied by Babiniotis & Kontos (1967), nouns are arranged into δπτωτα/δiptota, ‘with two morphologically different cases’ (masculines, feminines and neuters, both parisyllabic and imparisyllabic) and τρπτωτα/triptota, ‘with three morphologically different cases’ (masculines and feminines in -oς/-os). This criterion, also used in Klairis & Babiniotis (1996–9), has been shown to be more effective than the one based on gender. In my opinion the question remains open. It is also worth mentioning here that the

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ending -ες/-es in the plural of the 2nd declension feminine nouns (e.g. µθοδες/ meθoδes ‘methods’), which is undoubtedly of very restricted use (p.59), has began to appear with increased frequency encouraged by adjectives (βρειες/ vories ‘north’, κατατακτριες/katataktiries ‘entrance exams’). A similar tenden- cy is also observed in the language of children at various stages of acquisition (Theophanopoulou-Kontou 1973). In relation to some forms which are characterized as ‘learned’, i.e. learned in origin and also found in “formal discourse of an official designation”, one could have mentioned examples such as Υπουργεο Αµ νης/ipurjio aminis ‘Ministry of Defence’, Συµβο λιο Επικρατεας/simvulio epikratias ‘Council of State’, αναλογο ν ποσν/analoγun poson ‘respective amount’,etc., because these forms are acceptable only in such fossilized contexts at least for the majority of speakers. The verb system of MG (derivation and morphological analysis) has been the object of extensive research from a variety of theoretical perspectives (Seiler 1952; Koutsoudas 1962; Warburton 1970; Daltas 1979; Stephany 1985; Ralli 1988; Klairis & Babiniotis 1996–9). It is also examined within many grammars. This reflects the significance of this category but also its complexity. The morphological analysis of the verb contains a complete presentation of the verb forms in all systems of declension and conjugation with completely clear subdivisions. The examination of the morphology of the various verb forms is preceded by information concerning the basic categories of the verb system (stem, endings, tense, aspect, perfect, the auxiliary χω/exo ‘have’, voice, gerund and participles) and of the ways they are used. An innovation in the analysis of the verbal system is found here in the use of some non-traditional terms which are arrived at on the basis of current functional criteria and which, according to the authors, make the description more complete and semantically more transparent. An example of this is the term ‘dependent’ (in Greek εξαρτηµνος/eksartimenos), which replaces the traditional term ‘aorist subjunctive’. This term is applied to forms such as γρ ψω/γrapso ‘write’, αγαπσω/aγapiso ‘love’, and reflects accurately its function within the system (it has the characteristics of perfective aspect and non-past tense); another new term is ‘simple past’ (in Greek απλς παρελ- θοντικς) to replace the traditional ‘aorist’. The term ‘clitics’ (κλιτικ ) is also used as an alternative to the term ‘weak pronouns’ (ασθενες αντωνυµες), and the term ‘non-finite’ (µη-παρεµφατικς) is applied to the form referred to until now as απαρµφατο, ‘infinitive’. The authors’ attempt to use terms which make the description ‘more complete’ and semantically ‘more transparent’ finds me in agreement. However,

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I have some reservations about the appropriateness of some of these. For example, the term ‘simple’ (απλς) to indicate the perfective aspect in corre- spondence probably with the English ‘simple past’ as distinct from the ‘past continuous’ is not completely satisfactory for MG, because the adjective ‘simple’ usually has as its opposite the adjective ‘complex’ (σ νθετος). Also on the grounds of transparency one would expect the replacement of παρατατικς/ paratatikos which is retained as παρατατικς in the Greek version (‘imperfect’ in the English version). Notice the term παρατατικς is no more transparent than αριστος/aoristos. Part B closes with derivational morphology which can be defined as the formation of new words by means of suffixation, prefixation and combination. In the last few years a great deal of theoretical linguistic research has been done in this area and a number of studies have offered interesting analyses of Greek data in the field of derivation (e.g., Anastasiadi-Symeonidi 1986) and com- pounding (Malikouti-Drachman & Drachman 1989; Ralli 1992). This area could have received a fuller treatment in the grammar under review, with the presentation of typical morphological rules, the identification of problematic cases and the discussion of lexical phrases of the type φακο επαφς/faki epafis ‘contact lenses’, παιδικ χαρ /peδiki xara, ‘playground’ etc., a pattern used very frequently in present-day Greek. Especially interesting is Part C, devoted to Syntax, which is much longer than either of the other two parts. This part presents a complete picture of the syntactic structure of MG, highlighting a number of phenomena not included in most earlier grammars. I would also like to note that the syntactic description follows the principles of ‘sentence grammar’ leaving out intentionally issues which pertain to specific discourse conditions. Apart from the fact that the use of one descriptive model rather than another (sentence grammar or text grammar) is a matter of personal choice, my view is that the ‘sentence grammar’ analysis of specific constructions which can express a number of different discourse functions constitutes the basis and thus is presupposed for the analysis of language from a discourse point of view. The syntax section is the product of the significant developments of syntactic theory of the last few years. Here, the basic syntactic categories verb, verb phrase, noun, noun phrase etc. as well as all the types of clauses main and subordinate are examined. Various syntactic phenomena are also discussed, such as comparison, coordination, anaphora etc. The basic characteristics of this Part of the book are as follows: (i) The high degree of originality in comparison with other more traditional

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grammars of Greek. The authors utilize in a most effective way the results of the available linguistic research into Greek. However, they never lose sight of their ultimate purpose, to describe, in a theory-neutral and accessible way, the syntactic structure of Greek. The descriptions are scientifically valid, clear and complete. (ii) The well-chosen examples, which reflect current linguistic reality for both the spoken and written forms of the language. It must be noted that, in general, the method of selecting data for the analysis of a specific phenomenon or for a full grammatical description varies depending on the theoretical framework adopted and the specific aims of the description. Thus, it is possible to choose the examples from a corpus established on the basis of a sociolinguistic descrip- tion along with the corresponding statistical analysis. Such an approach however is, in most cases, not possible for practical reasons. Alternatively, the data must be based on the linguistic intuitions of the authors, as long as these intuitions reflect the internalized knowledge on the basis of which they, as native or native-like speakers, produce and understand sentences. This view, which has developed in the context of generative-transformational grammar, based on the principles of Chomsky’s theory, has been questioned by a number of linguists. The authors of the grammar under review follow a middle road. The linguistic variety presented in the book reflects the wider language idiom which has prevailed in Greece in the last decades, while the examples used are clearly representative of present day linguistic reality. (iii) The above points together with the accessible organization of its different parts should make it easy to use in teaching. It is not possible in a short review to cover all the subjects included in the book or to evaluate the proposed analyses properly. Nevertheless, I would like to consider certain areas which constitute new approaches consistent with more up-to-date theoretical tendencies in the area of syntax. These are as follows: a. Mood-Modality. The Grammar contains a clear identification and charac- terization of these two concepts and of the relation between them, as well as the definition of the basic/prototypical character of each mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) in relation to the concept of modality. In addition, there is a discussion of the more specialized, less prototypical uses and meanings expressed by the moods (hypothesis, possibility, obligation, probability, etc.). The treatment of these issues is clearly original and constitutes an interesting contribution to an important subject which is absent from other extended syntactic descriptions.

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b. Aspect. The identification of the role that the category of aspect (perfective- nonperfective) plays in the differentiation of the monolectic verb forms, along with the factors which regulate the uses of each aspect, constitutes a significant contribution of this grammar. It must be noted here that the subjects of mood-modality and aspect have been extensively studied in the last years both from a theoretical point of view and in terms of the role they play in the analysis of Greek sentences. (See Philippaki-Warburton & Veloudis 1984; Veloudis & Philippaki-Warburton 1983; Mozer 1994; Iakovou 1999; and others.) c. I also consider the description of adverbials expressed with prepositional phrases as well as the analysis of prepositional phrases a very important one. d. The issue of the order of the main constituents of the sentence together with the pro-drop character of the language is a central subject in the syntactic analysis of Greek. The contribution of I. Philippaki-Warburton in this area has been pioneering. Important has also been the contribution of other outstanding linguists working on Greek such as Drachman (1994), Joseph (1994), Horrocks (1994), Rivero & Terzi (1995) and younger ones such as Tsimpli (1990), Alexiadou (1997), Alexiadou & Anagnostopoulou (1998). Philippaki-Warburton, in a series of articles (1982, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1998) was among the first Greek linguists (compare Drachman 1970) to establish clear syntactic criteria within the generative theory, as well as the pragmatic factors which influence the word order variations. e. The role of the clitics, i.e. the weak forms of the personal pronouns in syntax (clitic doubling) is examined at length. It is worth pointing out, though, that the term ‘clitics’ and their functions were also mentioned in Joseph & Philippaki-Warburton (1987). f. I would also like to mention the chapter on anaphora which, as far as I know, has not been included in any other grammar of Greek. Without resorting to theoretical matters and technical terms, the authors succeed in achieving a systematic description of the details of this phenomenon with interesting comments on issues which have provoked lively discussions among theoreticians (Anagnostopoulou & Everaert 1999). Finally the three appendices (1–3) which appear at the end of the book, as well as the glossary, where more technical theoretical terms are explained in a clear way, are very useful.

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It is a fact that our era is characterized by an impressive increase in the study of MG. Recent years have seen the publication of dictionaries, mono- graphs, articles but also of full grammars with descriptions of the language on all levels. In addition to the Holton, Mackridge & Philippaki-Warburton grammar we must mention Tsopanakis’ (1994) Nεοελληνικ Γραµµατικ/ Modern Greek Grammar with its important contribution to the morphology and the lexicon and the Grammar by Klairis & Babiniotis (of which only the first two volumes noun and verb have appeared) which offers a new approach. These works can be seen as additions to and partial revision of such seminal works in the MG Literature as Triantafyllidis (1941), Nεοελληνικ Γραµµατικ (της ∆ηµοτικς)/Modern Greek Grammar (of Demotic) and Tzartzanos (1946–1953) Nεοελληνικ Σ νταξις (της Kοινς ∆ηµοτικς)/Modern Greek Syntax (of Common Demotic) as well as grammars of narrower scope (cf.n. 1). The Holton, Mackridge & Philippaki-Warburton grammar constitutes a very substantial and scientific description of MG. The main characteristics establishing its authority are 1. Comprehensiveness, 2. Systematicity and 3. Usefulness. I discuss these below: 1. Comprehensiveness. This grammar is a complete description of present-day Greek on all levels: phonological, orthographic, morphological and syntactic. Previous grammars tended to emphasize one or another of these areas. This grammar is also complete in terms of the kind of data it considers. The language variety which it describes is indeed the one we find used by native speakers of urban areas. The examples are correctly chosen and they lead to an objective grammar, to the extent, of course, that a grammar not based on a sociolingu- istically controlled corpus can be objective (see Kakridi-Ferrari & Chila- Markopoulou 1996). However, the creation of such a corpus will take a long time to realise. 2. Systematicity. Another basic characteristic of the grammar under review is that it is systematic. By this I mean that the phenomena of all the levels of description are presented in a systematic way with clear rules which describe the regularities of the structures and their uses. 3. The high degree of usability. This is due to the comprehensiveness of the work, its clarity and the useful ordering of the topics, the inclusion of tables of morphological paradigms, the appendixes and the glossary, all of which help in the better accessibility of the issues. Concluding this review I would like to stress the excellent translation into Greek by the young linguist Dr. Vassilios Spyropoulos. The language of the translation

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is simple, the idiom of everyday discourse, but capable of rendering the English version in a direct and faithful manner. It is true that it is not always possible or scientifically acceptable to compare grammars of a language, especially when their aims are different and the methodology along with the theoretical frameworks are not the same. Every grammar, assuming that it is scientifically supported, succeeds or fails according to the degree to which it manages to fulfill its aims to describe and to explain its data to some extent objectively. The Holton, Mackridge & Philippaki-War- burton grammar fulfils the above requirements completely. It is a general descriptive and explanatory analysis of present day Greek. It is characterized by scientific validity, exemplary methodology and a high degree of usability. One may agree or disagree with some of the solutions or classifications offered but no one will doubt that the authors, well established scholars and teachers, have offered to the Greek and international public a thorough scientific grammar of MG, an invaluable tool for the research and the teaching of this language.

Notes

1. Besides the pioneering works by Manolis Triantafyllidis and his collaborators Νεοελληνικ Γραµµατικ (της ∆ηµοτικς). [Modern Greek Grammar (of Demotic), Athens 1941], and Achillefs Tzartzanos, Νεοελληνικ Σ νταξις (της Κοινς ∆ηµοτικς) [Modern Greek Syntax (of Common Demotic), 2nd edn. 2 vols Athens 1946–1953], the following grammars appearing during the last forty years must be mentioned: Mirambel, André. 1959. La Langue Grecque Moderne. Description et Analyse. Paris: Klincksieck [Gr. transl. Σταµ της Καρατζ ς. 1978: Η Nα Eλληνικ Γλσσα. Περι- γραφ και Aν λυση. Αριστοτλειο Πανεπιστµιο Θεσσαλον κης, Ινστιτο"το Νεοελληνικν Σπουδν, $δρυµα Μαν&λη Τριανταφυλλ δη, Θεσσαλον κη]. Householder, Fred W., Kostas Kazazis & Andreas Koutsoudas. 1964. Reference Grammar of Literary Dhimotiki. Bloomington, Indiana University. Babiniotis, Georgios & Panayotis Kontos. 1967. Συγχρονικ Γραµµατικ της Κοινς Νας Ελληνικς [Synchronic Grammar of Modern Greek Koine]. Αθνα. Mackridge, Peter. 1985. The Modern Greek Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, [Gr. transl. Κστας Πετρ&πουλος. 1990. Η Nεοελληνικ Γλσσα, Αθνα: Πατ κης. Joseph, Brian & Irene Philippaki-Warburton. 1987. Modern Greek. London: Croom Helm. Tsopanakis, Agapitos. 1994. Νεοελληνικ Γραµµατικ [Modern Greek Grammar]. Εστ α, Αθνα & Θεσσαλον κη: Αφο Κυριακ δη. Klairis, Christos & Georgios, Babiniotis. 1996–1999. Γραµµατικ της Νας Ελληνικς: ∆οµολειτουργικ-Επικοινωνιακ. [Grammar of Modern Greek: structural-functional- communicative] Vol. I (Noun), vol. II (Verb). Athens: Ellinika Grammata.

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References

Alexiadou, Artemis. 1997. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Alexiadou, Artemis & Elena Anagnostopoulou. 1998. “Parametrizing AGR: Word Order, V-movement and EPP-Checking”. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16. 491–539. Anagnostopoulou, Elena. 1994. Clitic Dependencies in Modern Greek. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Salzburg. Anagnostopoulou, Elena & Martin Everaert. 1999. “Toward a more complete typology of anaphoric expressions”. Linguistic Inquiry 30. 97–119. Anastasiadi-Symeonidi, Anna. 1986: Η Νεολογα στην Κοιν Νεοελληνικ [Neology in Modern Greek Koine]. Επιστηµονικ Επετηρ δα της Φιλοσοφικς Σχολς, Αριστοτλειο Πανεπιστµιο Θεσσαλον κης, Παρ ρτηµα αρ. 65, Θεσσαλον κη. [Epistimoniki Epeterida tis Philosophikis Scholis, Aristoteleio Panepistimio Thessa- lonikis, Suppl. 65. Thessaloniki]. Babiniotis, Georgios & Panayotis, Kontos. 1967. Συγχρονικ Γραµµατικ της Κοινς Νας Ελληνικς. Αθνα. [Synchronic Grammar of Modern Greek Koine]. Athens. Charalampakis, Christoforos. 1999. Review of David Holton, Peter Mackridge & Irene Philippaki-Warburton, Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language, εκδ. Routledge: Λονδ νο και Να Υ&ρκη. Πρτη κδοση, 1997. Ανατ"πωση µε διορθσεις, 1999, σ. 520”. Νea Estia 145, 1712, 515–520. Daltas, Pericles. 1979. The Inflectional Morphology of the Verb in Modern Greek Koine: A Variationist Approach. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Leeds. Drachman, Gaberell. 1970. “Copying and order-changing transformations in Modern Greek”. Working Papers in Linguistics 4. 1–30. Ohio State University. Drachman, Gaberell. 1994.“Verb movement and minimal clauses”. In Themes in Greek Linguistics [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 117], Irene Philippaki-Warburton, Katerina Nikolaidis & Maria Sifianou eds., 45–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Horrocks, Geoffrey. 1994. “Subjects and configurationality: Modern Greek clause structure”. Journal of Linguistics 30. 81–109. Householder Fred W., Kostas Kazazis & Andreas Koutsoudas. 1964. Reference Grammar of Literary Dhimotiki. Bloomington, Indiana University. Iakovou, Maria. 1999. Τροπικς κατηγορες του ρηµατικο συστµατος της Ν.Ε. [Modal Categories of the verbal system of Modern Greek]. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Athens. Iatridou, Sabine. 1988. “Clitics, anaphors and a problem of coindexation”. Linguistic Inquiry 19. 698–703. Joseph, Brian. 1994. “On weak subjects and pro-drop in Greek”. In Themes in Greek Linguis- tics. [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 117], Irene Philippaki-Warburton, Katerina Nicolaidis & Maria Sifianou eds., 53–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Joseph, Brian & Irene Philippaki-Warburton. 1987. Modern Greek. London: Croom Helm. Kakridi-Ferrari, Maria & Despina Chila-Markopoulou. 1996. “Η γλωσσικ ποικιλ α και η διδασκαλ α της Νας Ελληνικς ως ξνης γλσσας. [Linguistic variation and the teaching of Modern Greek as a foreign language]”. In Η Να Ελληνικ ως ξνη γλ)σσα:

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DOCINFO

AUTHOR "Julián Méndez Dosuna"

TITLE "Review of “Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers” by Horrocks, Geoffrey"

SUBJECT "JGL, Volume 1"

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274 Book Reviews

Ralli, Angeliki. 1988. Elements de la Morphologie du Grec Moderne: la Structure du Verbe. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. de Montreal. Ralli, Angeliki. 1992. “Compounds in Modern Greek”. Rivista di Linguistica 4. 143–174. Rivero, Maria-Luisa & Arhontο Terzi. 1995. “Imperatives, V-movement and logical mood”. Journal of Linguistics 31. 301–332. Roussou, Anna. 1994. The Syntax of Complementizers. Ph.D. dissertation, University College, London. Seiler, Hans. 1952. L’Aspect et le Temps dans le Verbe Neogrec. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Setatos, Michael. 1974. Φωνολογα της Κοινς Νεοελληνικς [Phonology of Modern Greek Koine]. Athens: Papazisis. Stephany, Ursula. 1985. Aspekt, Tempus und Modalität: zur Entwincklung der Verbal-gram- matik in der Neugriechischen Kindersprache. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. Theophanopoulou-Kontou, Dimitra. 1973. Acquisition of nouns by children learning Greek as a native language. MA thesis, Columbus Ohio. Triantafyllidis, Manolis. 1941. Νεοελληνικ Γραµµατικ (της ∆ηµοτικς) [Modern Greek Grammar (of Demotic)]. Αθνα: ΟΕ∆Β. Tsimpli, Ianthi-Μaria. 1990. “The clause structure and word order in Modern Greek”. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 2. 226–255. Tsopanakis, Agapitos. 1994. Νεοελληνικ Γραµµατικ [Modern Greek Grammar]. Εστ α, Αθνα & Θεσσαλον κη: Αφο Κυριακ δη. Tzartzanos, Achillefs. 1946–1953. Νεοελληνικ Σ νταξις (της Kοινς ∆ηµοτικς) [Modern Greek Syntax (of Common Demotic)]. Αθνα: ΟΕΣΒ. Veloudis, Ioannis & Irene Philippaki-Warburton. 1983. “The subjunctive in Modern Greek”. Studies in Greek Linguistics 4. 151–168. Warburton, Irene. 1970. On the Verb in Modern Greek. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Publ.

Horrocks, Geoffrey. Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers. London & New York: Longman xvii + 393 pages. 1997. ISBN 0 582 30709–0 (paperback), 0 582 03191–5 (cased). Reviewed by Julián Méndez Dosuna (Universidad de Salamanca)

Geoffrey Horrocks stands out as one of today’s leading linguists in the field of Greek. While most of his colleagues specialize either in Ancient or in Modern Greek, H’s research, focusing mainly on syntactic issues, covers an impressively wide temporal range from the earliest manifestations of Greek, the Mycenaean tablets and Homer’s dialect, to the present-day language. The reviewer must confess a weakness for Horrocks (1985), a little gem dealing with the interaction of aspect and modality in the history of Greek. Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (henceforth Greek) comes up to the reader’s expectations.

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