An Introduction to the Knowledge of Greek Grammar
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The Internal Structure of Nouns, Nominals, and Gerunds: an Analysis of Their Relationship and Representation1
The Internal Structure of Nouns, Nominals, and Gerunds: An Analysis of Their Relationship and Representation1 MARCUS BERGER University of Georgia [email protected] Abstract: Spectrums of lexical categories in languages are well-documented phenomena. Some constructions are “nounier” or “verbier” than others, though they might not fit purely into the cat- egories of nouns or verbs. While these middle-ground constructions are recognized in the literature (see Ross 1973, e.g.), their representation is less studied in modern frameworks. I build on Ab- ney’s (1987) dissertation concerning the DP in English, and place it into a Minimalist framework. In doing so, I propose the insertion of nominal and verbal projections at varying points in the syn- tactic hierarchy to represent selected nominal constructions, based on parallelisms in the hierar- chical structures of nominal and verbal structures. Though the parallelism is not exact, I propose a dP projection to aid in the symmetry, presenting evidence to complete the spectrum on the nomi- nal end. My investigation maintains the universality of nouns and verbs while providing an analy- sis of nominal forms using preexisting categories. 0. Introduction With regard to the grammar of language, it is important to consider every type of construction with a mindset of “everything in its place, and a place for every thing.” That is to say, it is not enough to analyze only constructions that fit neatly into a pre-existing framework. It is necessary to account for the entire grammar of a language. In this paper, I analyze different types of deverbative nominal structures alongside purely nominal structures. -
Chapter One Phonetic Change
CHAPTERONE PHONETICCHANGE The investigation of the nature and the types of changes that affect the sounds of a language is the most highly developed area of the study of language change. The term sound change is used to refer, in the broadest sense, to alterations in the phonetic shape of segments and suprasegmental features that result from the operation of phonological process es. The pho- netic makeup of given morphemes or words or sets of morphemes or words also may undergo change as a by-product of alterations in the grammatical patterns of a language. Sound change is used generally to refer only to those phonetic changes that affect all occurrences of a given sound or class of sounds (like the class of voiceless stops) under specifiable phonetic conditions . It is important to distinguish between the use of the term sound change as it refers tophonetic process es in a historical context , on the one hand, and as it refers to phonetic corre- spondences on the other. By phonetic process es we refer to the replacement of a sound or a sequenceof sounds presenting some articulatory difficulty by another sound or sequence lacking that difficulty . A phonetic correspondence can be said to exist between a sound at one point in the history of a language and the sound that is its direct descendent at any subsequent point in the history of that language. A phonetic correspondence often reflects the results of several phonetic process es that have affected a segment serially . Although phonetic process es are synchronic phenomena, they often have diachronic consequences. -
Crotone, Twenty Miles of History in the Heart of the Mediterranean…
Crotone, twenty miles of history in the heart of the Mediterranean… 1 The Port of Crotone - Location History, culture, fine food and wines make of Crotone and its neighbouring area a worthwhile stop. Its visitors will discover the ruins of the ancient Greek-Roman settlement and worship place, the Aragonian fortifications and the medieval city centre, testifying 2700 years of history. Crotone is located on the east coast of Calabria, in Southern Italy, just along the route from the Adriatic to the Tyrrhenian Sea. Moreover, the port of Crotone is situated in front of Greece, with the nearest Greek island being 125 marine miles away. Latitude 39° 05’ N Longitude 17° 08’ E The port of Crotone is approximately 230 marine miles far from Bari 476 marine miles far from Santorini 162 marine miles far from Corfu 253 marine miles far from Palermo 321 marine miles far from Naples 546 marine miles far from Venice 228 km far from Reggio Calabria 250 km far from Taranto There are two airports close to Crotone - Sant’Anna, 16 km (15 mins by car) - Lamezia Terme, 106 km (1h 40min by car) The port is divided into two (adjacent but not communicating) docks known as the “North Dock” and the “South Dock”. The former is used for commercial traffic, opens towards the northwest, and is 200 metres (65.50 ft) wide with a sounding depth of approximately 9 metres (29.50 ft). The latter is designated as a tourist and fishing port, with an opening towards the south-southwest, 50 metres (164 ft) in width, with 2.5-metres sounding depths. -
Flowers in Greek Mythology
Flowers in Greek Mythology Everybody knows how rich and exciting Greek Mythology is. Everybody also knows how rich and exciting Greek Flora is. Find out some of the famous Greek myths flower inspired. Find out how feelings and passions were mixed together with flowers to make wonderful stories still famous in nowadays. Anemone:The name of the plant is directly linked to the well known ancient erotic myth of Adonis and Aphrodite (Venus). It has been inspired great poets like Ovidius or, much later, Shakespeare, to compose hymns dedicated to love. According to this myth, while Adonis was hunting in the forest, the ex- lover of Aphrodite, Ares, disguised himself as a wild boar and attacked Adonis causing him lethal injuries. Aphrodite heard the groans of Adonis and rushed to him, but it was too late. Aphrodite got in her arms the lifeless body of her beloved Adonis and it is said the she used nectar in order to spray the wood. The mixture of the nectar and blood sprang a beautiful flower. However, the life of this 1 beautiful flower doesn’t not last. When the wind blows, makes the buds of the plant to bloom and then drifted away. This flower is called Anemone because the wind helps the flowering and its decline. Adonis:It would be an omission if we do not mention that there is a flower named Adonis, which has medicinal properties. According to the myth, this flower is familiar to us as poppy meadows with the beautiful red colour. (Adonis blood). Iris: The flower got its name from the Greek goddess Iris, goddess of the rainbow. -
Names of Botanical Genera Inspired by Mythology
Names of botanical genera inspired by mythology Iliana Ilieva * University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021, 14(03), 008–018 Publication history: Received on 16 January 2021; revised on 15 February 2021; accepted on 17 February 2021 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0050 Abstract The present article is a part of the project "Linguistic structure of binomial botanical denominations". It explores the denominations of botanical genera that originate from the names of different mythological characters – deities, heroes as well as some gods’ attributes. The examined names are picked based on “Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora”, Sofia, 2012. The names of the plants are arranged in alphabetical order. Beside each Latin name is indicated its English common name and the family that the particular genus belongs to. The article examines the etymology of each name, adding a short account of the myth based on which the name itself is created. An index of ancient authors at the end of the article includes the writers whose works have been used to clarify the etymology of botanical genera names. Keywords: Botanical genera names; Etymology; Mythology 1. Introduction The present research is a part of the larger project "Linguistic structure of binomial botanical denominations", based on “Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora”, Sofia, 2012 [1]. The article deals with the botanical genera appellations that originate from the names of different mythological figures – deities, heroes as well as some gods’ attributes. According to ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature), "The name of a genus is a noun in the nominative singular, or a word treated as such, and is written with an initial capital letter (see Art. -
Early Christian Thought
The RouTledge Companion To eaRly ChRisTian ThoughT The shape and course which Christian thought has taken over its history is largely due to the contributions of individuals and communities in the second and third centuries. Bringing together a remarkable team of distinguished scholars, The Routledge Companion to Early Christian Thought is the ideal companion for those seeking to understand the way in which early Christian thought developed within its broader cultural milieu and was communicated through its literature, especially as it was directed toward theological concerns. divided into three parts, the Companion: • asks how Christianity’s development was impacted by its interaction with cultural, philosophical, and religious elements within the broader context of the second and third centuries; • examines the way in which early Christian thought was manifest in key individuals and literature in these centuries; • analyses early Christian thought as it was directed toward theological concerns such as god, Christ, redemption, scripture, and the community and its worship. D. Jeffrey Bingham is department Chair and professor of Theological studies at dallas Theological seminary, usa. he is editor of the Brill monograph series, The Bible in Ancient Christianity, as well as author of Irenaeus’ Use of Matthew’s Gospel in Adversus Haereses and several articles and essays on the theology and biblical inter- pretation of early Christianity. The RouTledge Companion To eaRly ChRisTian ThoughT Edited by D. Jeffrey Bingham First published 2010 by Routledge 2 park square, milton park, abingdon, oxon oX14 4Rn simultaneously published in the usa and Canada by Routledge 270 madison ave., new york, ny 100016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. -
1 Reading Athenaios' Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo: Critical Edition And
Reading Athenaios’ Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo: Critical Edition and Commentaries DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Corey M. Hackworth Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Fritz Graf, Advisor Benjamin Acosta-Hughes Carolina López-Ruiz 1 Copyright by Corey M. Hackworth 2015 2 Abstract This dissertation is a study of the Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo that was found at Delphi in 1893, and since attributed to Athenaios. It is believed to have been performed as part of the Athenian Pythaïdes festival in the year 128/7 BCE. After a brief introduction to the hymn, I provide a survey and history of the most important editions of the text. I offer a new critical edition equipped with a detailed apparatus. This is followed by an extended epigraphical commentary which aims to describe the history of, and arguments for and and against, readings of the text as well as proposed supplements and restorations. The guiding principle of this edition is a conservative one—to indicate where there is uncertainty, and to avoid relying on other, similar, texts as a resource for textual restoration. A commentary follows, which traces word usage and history, in an attempt to explore how an audience might have responded to the various choices of vocabulary employed throughout the text. Emphasis is placed on Athenaios’ predilection to utilize new words, as well as words that are non-traditional for Apolline narrative. The commentary considers what role prior word usage (texts) may have played as intertexts, or sources of poetic resonance in the ears of an audience. -
Gods and Heroes of Medicine in Greek Mythology
The INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of MEDICINE 144 SPECIAL ARTICLE Gods and heroes of Medicine in Greek mythology Emmanouil Magiorkinis 1, Aristidis Diamantis 1, George Androutsos 2 1. Office for the study of history of Hellenic Naval Medicine, Naval Hospital of Athens, Greece 2. Department of History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Athens University, Greece ABSTRACT The Greek mythology is characterized by a large corpus of narrative texts describing the adventures and life of a constellation of gods, goddesses, heroes and heroines as well as various mythological creatures. The purpose of this article is to present gods and heroes which were con - sidered to practice medicine. A thorough study of ancient texts of the Greek and Roman literature, revealed that Greek mythology abounds with examples of Gods such as Apollo, semi-gods such as Asclepius and Ampiaraus, and creatures such as centaur Chiron who practiced and taught medicine in pre-historical times in Greece. In general, the chronological order of the appearance of those figures in Greek mythology depict the course of transformation of Medicine from divine gift to practical art. Keywords: mythology, medicine, ancient Greece. INTRODUCTION ne could define the beginning of Myth in the fic - tion of human mind during the early times of Ohuman history, which originates from dream activity and breaks out in symbolic form. The word “µύθος” (mythos) in Greek is totally different by the word “παραµύθι” (fairy-tale): the second is a compound word of the word “παρά” and the word “µύθος” which Figure 1. Apollo. literally means “on the side of myth” or alternatively “a story very close to that of myth” (“παρά το µύθον”), PAEON (PAION) AND APOLLO: whereas the former implies also the allegoric narration HEALERS OF THE GODS of real events. -
An Introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Cary
P A 817 C3 1881 MAIN AN IMODJJCTION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT GREEK C AH Y. cc. \ / -J z&tfsrt^***- LI BRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA GIKT Accessions No, &_*&#: Shelf No. t* C332, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, BY GEO. L. GARY, OF THE MEADVILLE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL. SECOND EDITION. ANDOVER: WARREN F. DRAPER, MAIN STREET. 1881. COPYRIGHT, 1878. BY GEO. L. CART ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE. 63 PREFACE. IT is believed that there are many persons (some of them students in theology) unacquainted with the Greek language, and with neither time nor inclination for the study of classical to read the Greek literature, who would nevertheless be glad aid of New Testament in its original tongue. For the such, is abso- this little work has been prepared. It contains what lutely necessary for the understanding of New Testament Greek, in what is omitting (or occasionally introducing brackets) appli- cable only to classical authors. Not that a familiarity with this book alone will enable one to read offhand the Greek New faith- Testament without further assistance ; but he who has " " fully studied this Introduction will then be in a situation to make use of more elaborate works. Perhaps the most helpful book to the beginner is "Bagster's Analytical Greek Lexicon," too helpful if mental discipline is sought, but not if one's only aim is to economize time and labor. To the advanced student (supposed to be already in possession of some good New Testa- " ment Lexicon), Buttmann's Grammar of the New Testament " " Greek (or Winer's Grammar of the Idiom of the New Tes- tament ") is almost indispensable. -
BASILICATA Thethe Ionian Coast and Itsion Hinterland Iabasilicatan Coast and Its Hinterland a Bespoke Tour for Explorers of Beauty
BASILICATA TheTHE Ionian Coast and itsION hinterland IABASILICATAN COAST and its hinterland A bespoke tour for explorers of beauty Itineraries and enchantment in the secret places of a land to be discovered 2 BASILICATA The Ionian Coast and its hinterland BASILICATA Credit ©2010 Basilicata Tourism Promotion Authority Via del Gallitello, 89 - 85100 POTENZA Concept and texts Vincenzo Petraglia Editorial project and management Maria Teresa Lotito Editorial assistance and support Annalisa Romeo Graphics and layout Vincenzo Petraglia in collaboration with Xela Art English translation of the Italian original STEP Language Services s.r.l. Discesa San Gerardo, 180 – Potenza Tel.: +39 349 840 1375 | e-mail: [email protected] Image research and selection Maria Teresa Lotito Photos Potenza Tourism Promotion Authority photographic archive Basilicata regional department for archaeological heritage photographic archive Our thanks to: Basilicata regional department for archaeological heritage, all the towns, associations, and local tourism offices who made available their photographic archive. Free distribution The APT – Tourism Promotion Authority publishes this information only for outreach purposes and it has been checked to the best of the APT’s ability. Nevertheless, the APT declines any responsibility for printing errors or unintentional omissions. Last update May 2015 3 BASILICATABASILICATA COSTA JONICA The Ionian Coast and its hinterland BASILICATA MATERA POTENZA BERNALDA PISTICCI Start Metaponto MONTALBANO SCANZANO the itinerary POLICORO ROTONDELLA -
A HISTORY of the PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW Peoples Of
A HISTORY OF THE PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW peoples of the ancient world have given rise to so much controversy as the Pelasgians; and of few, after some centuries of discussion, is so little clearly established. Like the Phoenicians, the Celts, and of recent years the Teutons, they have been a peg upon which to hang all sorts of speculation ; and whenever an inconvenient circumstance has deranged the symmetry of a theory, it has been safe to ' call it Pelasgian and pass on.' One main reason for this ill-repute, into which the Pelasgian name has fallen, has been the very uncritical fashion in which the ancient statements about the Pelasgians have commonly been mishandled. It has been the custom to treat passages from Homer, from Herodotus, from Ephorus, and from Pausanias, as if they were so many interchangeable bricks to build up the speculative edifice; as if it needed no proof that genealogies found sum- marized in Pausanias or Apollodorus ' were taken by them from poems of the same class with the Theogony, or from ancient treatises, or from prevalent opinions ;' as if, further, ' if we find them mentioning the Pelasgian nation, they do at all events belong to an age when that name and people had nothing of the mystery which they bore to the eyes of the later Greeks, for instance of Strabo;' and as though (in the same passage) a statement of Stephanus of Byzantium about Pelasgians in Italy ' were evidence to the same effect, perfectly unexceptionable and as strictly historical as the case will admit of 1 No one doubts, of course, either that popular tradition may transmit, or that late writers may transcribe, statements which come from very early, and even from contemporary sources. -
The Ancient People of Italy Before the Rise of Rome, Italy Was a Patchwork
The Ancient People of Italy Before the rise of Rome, Italy was a patchwork of different cultures. Eventually they were all subsumed into Roman culture, but the cultural uniformity of Roman Italy erased what had once been a vast array of different peoples, cultures, languages, and civilizations. All these cultures existed before the Roman conquest of the Italian Peninsula, and unfortunately we know little about any of them before they caught the attention of Greek and Roman historians. Aside from a few inscriptions, most of what we know about the native people of Italy comes from Greek and Roman sources. Still, this information, combined with archaeological and linguistic information, gives us some idea about the peoples that once populated the Italian Peninsula. Italy was not isolated from the outside world, and neighboring people had much impact on its population. There were several foreign invasions of Italy during the period leading up to the Roman conquest that had important effects on the people of Italy. First there was the invasion of Alexander I of Epirus in 334 BC, which was followed by that of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 280 BC. Hannibal of Carthage invaded Italy during the Second Punic War (218–203 BC) with the express purpose of convincing Rome’s allies to abandon her. After the war, Rome rearranged its relations with many of the native people of Italy, much influenced by which peoples had remained loyal and which had supported their Carthaginian enemies. The sides different peoples took in these wars had major impacts on their destinies. In 91 BC, many of the peoples of Italy rebelled against Rome in the Social War.