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FREE THE WARS OF ALEXANDERS SUCCESSORS 323 - 281 BC: COMMANDERS AND CAMPAIGNS V. 1 PDF

Bob Bennett,Mike Roberts | 256 pages | 19 Jan 2013 | Pen & Sword Books Ltd | 9781844157617 | English | South Yorkshire, United Kingdom - Wikipedia

Rise of Empire Your Favorite General. JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Jan Romania. I'm mainly interested in the quantity and quality of information in it. Kirialax Ad Honorem. Dec 5, Blachernai. I have not read it, although you cannot go wrong with Green's ' the Actium' for a decent overview of the Hellenistic world. Ancient History Sep 22, Can anyone link me to an article, thread or video clip that details the heritage destroyed in Bucharest under systematization? European History Sep 13, Has anyone here strongly been interested in the history of a particular country only to subsequently shift The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 onto another country? Similar History Discussions Does anyone know who all the pharaohs were, according to Manetho? Can anyone link me to an article, thread or video clip that details the heritage destroyed in Bucharest under systematization? Has anyone here strongly been interested in the history of a particular country only to subsequently shift focus onto another country? Does anyone know what happened to the Gorno's Marionette family? Top Bottom. Does anyone know who all the pharaohs were, according to Manetho? Sep 22, Sep 13, Jul 22, Jul 7, Battle of - Wikipedia

Hellenistic Wars of Succession, BC. Stage I. in killed and ordered the arrest of Antigonussatrap of , who resisted and fled to . The body remained at Memphishowever until completed its mausoleum in . This prompted Perdiccas to declare war on him as well. Antipater was able to patch together the imperial organization. He himself replaced Perdiccas as regent to the 2 kings and for the first time sincebrought Macedonian royalty back to . was condemned to death and Antigonus the One-Eyed, appointed in , was ordered to hunt him down. Antipater soon died of old age in His son could not accept his choice for regent, a veteran of Indiaso he fled to Antigonus in Asia Minor and led to a new alliance of AntigonusCassanderPtolemy and , vs. InEumenes of Cardia, formerly Alexander's secretary, killed and was himself pursued eastward by Antigonus. Antigonus had Eumenes killed in , following his defeat at the Battle of Parataecene inand assumed command of the eastern provinces. He also killed and had The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 burned alive. In Cassanderson of Antipater, executed , who had previously eliminated . InAntigonus declared himself king, all others followed suit CassanderSeleucusPtolemy. Antigonus died at 80 at the in in Lysimachus who was of Thessalian origin but an enfranchised Macedonian, had remained quiet for 20 years as of ; he broke out in Cassander died in Poliorketesson of Antigonuscommitted suicide as a prisoner of Seleucus in His son, Antigonus Gonataswould assume throne of Macedinia. Pyrrhus of also was a participant. He in turn was killed during Gallic invasions of PhiletairosGreek secretary and a eunuch of Lysimachus, assumed control of Pergamumdefeated the Gaulsand drove them into the interior Galatiaand founded Attalid dynasty of Pergamum. His brother I, had four sons. Hellenistic Successor states to Alexander's world empire. Antigonid BC - capital at The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1. Following an era of considerable political confusion, Antigonus GonatasThe Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 grandson of one of Alexander's leading generals, was able to secure control of Philip II's bastion of Macedonia proper, with its capital at Pella. In comparison with the competing Hellenistic dynasties, Macedonia resembled somewhat a cultural backwater, but this appraisal belies the strengths furnished by its topography, its resources, and its manpower. In comparison with its rivals Macedonia presented itself as a compact state well defended by mountains allowing few means of access. Its timber resources and silver mines provided it with significant revenues with which to maintain the leading military establishment of the Greek world. Macedonia was, after all, the homeland of the armies used by Philip and Alexander to conquer the eastern Mediterranean world. It remained the chief recruiting ground for the armies of the Hellenistic dynasties, the most effective of which remained that of the Antigonids themselves. The Macedonian of the Antigonids posed a serious threat to all Greek states of the Aegean, and when The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 by aggressive kings such as Philip V c. The found the Antigonids exceedingly difficult adversaries, fighting them 3 times, during the Hannibalic War when Philip V posed as an ally to himself and invaded , besieging itselfagain in when L. At this point the dynasty was deposed and the Romans attempted to reorganize Macedonia into a dismembered settlement of 4 small republics. When this failed in BC, Roman forces again had to intervene to suppress Macedonian and wider Greek uprisings including the destruction of in BC and reduced Macedonia tp provincial status, the first such in the Aegean world. When the latter fell fighting SeleucusPhiletairos a eunuch withdrew with his commander's military war chest to a mountain fortress that ultimately became his palace of Pergamum. He gained royal recognition through his successful efforts at repulsing the Gallic invasion of western in BC. Philetairos drove the into the Phrygian highlands where they settled in the region thereafter known as . He became recognized by the Greek cities of the coastal region as a liberator and savior and established his hegemony over them. Since he had no children, his domain passed to the four sons of his brother, . Normally, so many rival dynasts would have spelled disaster as it eventually did in and Egyptbut the Attalids became celebrated for their cooperation at state building. They handed the royal authority from one to another in succession and managed to elevate their realm into the top echelon of Mediterranean states. Particularly skillful diplomacy with enabled the Attalids to enjoy further success during the early second century BC. At their peak under Eumenes II, c. In direct competition with the and the Seleucids, the Attalids succeeded at establishing Pergamum as a leading cultural center, its library second only to that of Alexandriaits sculpture, woven tapestries, and ceramics prized throughout the Mediterranean. An expressive, highly baroque style of sculpture known as the Asian school, set important trends in the Greek world and profoundly influenced artistic development at Rome. The Attalids likewise competed for control of the eastern luxury trade, relying on the overland route of the now ancient Persian Royal Road across Anatolia. When a dynastic dispute threatened to undermine the stability of Pergamum at the end of the second century BC, King Attalus III left his royal domain to the people of the Roman Republic in his will. His nobles were concerned about security after his passing, and to prevent a dynastic dispute which ultimately did arise he wrote this into his will as a form of "poison pill. The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 exploitation by Roman tax collectors publicans induced a province-wide revolt in Asia in 88 BC, culminating in the massacre reportedly of some 80, Romans, Italians, their families, and servants throughout the province. Cornelius restored order in 84 BC just prior to his assumption of the dictatorship at Rome. Indemnities imposed by Sulla remained burdensome throughout the following decade, but the resilience and economic vitality of the province ultimately enabled impressive recovery. In 63 BC the Roman orator and senator, M. The merger of Greco-Roman culture was probably most successfully achieved here. In the imperial era, cities such as PergamumEphesusSardisand ranked among the leading cultural centers of the Roman world. Seleucid Syria BC - capital at Founded by Seleucuslike Ptolemy, one of a handful of generals to survive Alexander's campaigns in India, the empire had its capital at Antioch, but enjoyed numerous other Greek colonies in the Syrian territory, including Syrian Alexandria, Laodicea, Beroeaand Edessa. The heartland of the empire remained in coastal Syriabut its territories usually included as well Seleucia. However, his defeat by the army of the Roman Republic at the in BC compelled him to restrict his authority to the Seleucid heartland The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 the north Syrian coast. Generally, the Seleucid foreign policy looked to the Mediterranean theater. Afghanistan was taken by the Mauryans and the Kushans ; Iran was reorganized by the Parthians. Through methodical efforts at colonization, development of artisan production in Syria- and by challenging the Ptolemies for control of the eastern luxury trade, the Seleucids enjoyed significant wealth. Its cities were prominent for their craft work -- perfumes, incense, purple dyed clothing, tapestries, a highly polished red-slipped fineware known as Eastern Sigillata A. The artisans of the established a number of material trends for Mediterranean civilization. The Seleucids were energetic colonizers, founding numeorus cities throughout AnatoliaSyriaand Mesopotamia named Antioch and Seleucia. They were largely responsible for encouraging the out-migration of Aegean Greek populations to non-Greek areas of the Mediterraneanhelping to develop Hellenistic " koine " Greek culture. It is commonly stated that the Roman Empire reaped the benefit of centuries of colonizing work by the Seleucids. Their weakness was to some degree the problems posed by the high diversity of their subject peoples. Their empire arguably attempted to control the most diverse populations of any of the successor states. Syria-Palestine remained a very unstable region, for example, with Greek, Phoenician, Jewish, and Aramaean population elements frequently engaging in vehement ethnic hostility culminating in the revolt of the Maccabees in BC. Dynastic disputes caused the dynasty to implode c. A century of civil war and chaos ensued until ultimately the Roman general the Great absorbed the remaining vestiges of the empire into the Roman empire as provinces in 66 BC. Remarkably, the Romans viewed the Seleucid dynasty as a viable military threat until the end of the second century BC, and the creative genius of the dynasty's craftsmen remained unrivaled. Ptolemaic BC - capital at Alexandria Founded by The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1, like Seleucusone of the youngest generals to follow Alexander to India and back, Ptolemaic Egypt rose to The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 the most spectacular of successor states to Alexander. Its capital, Alexandria reportedly attained a population of 1 million at the height of the Roman era. Ptolemy and his successors successfully harnessed and maximized the grain production of the Nile, converting Egypt into the "bread basket to the Mediterranean. Ptolemaic explorers also learned the prevailing patterns of the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean to establish a lucrative maritime trade with Arabia and India. Alexandria quickly supplanted Athens as the most cosmopolitan urban center of the world. Its spacious protected harbors, resort-lined canals, and broad avenues designed by The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 the Great himself made the city an attractive destination for talented seeking better opportunities abroad. The Museum, the great library, the Mausoleum of Alexander and the Ptolemiesand the great lighthouse were all celebrated monuments. The Ptolemies established reputations as architectural innovators, as demonstrated by the fact that the Roman building form, the basilica, imitated an Alexandrian prototype known as the stoa basilica, or King's Stoa. During the third century BC the Ptolemies commanded an extensive eastern Mediterranean naval empire CyprusCretethe Aegeansouth Anatoliadrawing on Greek population areas for manpower. They earned the reputation of being the "paymasters of the Mediterranean " for their high-paying recruitment of mercenaries. Dynastic disputes and military losses to the neighboring and rival Seleucids led to gradual political and military decline during the second century BC, however. An astute diplomatic relationship with the Roman Republic prevented Seleucid incursions on more than one occasion; however, the Ptolemies gradually became recognized as the "sick man" of the Mediterranean. The last dynast, BCactually attempted to exploit personal relationships with by whom she had a son and more children to revitalize Ptolemaic influence and perhaps even to establish herself as a Ptolemaic consort at Rome. Octavian seized Egypt for his own, making the kingdom part of the Julio-Claudian patrimony, to be governed by private procurators. Egypt continued to serve as the "bread basket" during the Roman Empirefurnishing grain for the burgeoning population at Rome. Confronted by the scale of these empires, traditional Greek city states had little choice but to organize themselves into loosely constructed federations, if only to resist pressure exerted by Hellenistic dynasts. Certain states, , Athens, Spartaremained independent, Rhodes because of its importance to Mediterranean trade and its naval power; Athens because of its status as an international cultural center and "university town"; because of its secure borders and generally xenophobic behavior. But trends definitely shifted in the direction of the new empires. The common denominator to membership in the Hellenistic hierarchy, regardless of ethnic origin, was and Greek culture, obtained exclusively through educational training in the Greek gymnasium. Many Hellenistic kings continued to employ the "meritocratic" policies of Philip and Alexander, recruiting the "best and the brightest" of the Greek world to command their armies and to serve as governors, courtiers, financiers, and ambassadors. Hierarchical status at the Hellenistic court was designated by recognition as "a friend of the king," and marriage alliances with the royal families cemented such relationships closer still. The emerging international community that ran the Hellenistic world assumed a confident new attitude that transcended traditional loyalties to the Greek . They perceived of themselves as " kosmopolitai " cosmopolitansor citizens of the world; people so adept with the customs and institutions of the new order that they were at home anywhere in the eastern Mediterranean. This new attitude had a profound effect on society, arts, and philosophy. Anyone knows anything about 'The Wars of Alexander's Successors - BC' ? | History Forum

They occurred between and BC. His death left the in a very difficult position. The ruthlessness of Philip and Alexander toward possible rivals had left the Empire without a clear and competent successor. The Argead family was reduced to Alexander's mentally defective half-brother Arrhidaeushis yet unborn son Alexander IVand his reputed illegitimate son Heraclesa mere child, and the women of the family, his mother Olympiashis sister Cleopatraand his half-sisters Thessalonice and Cynane. Without a chosen successor, there was almost immediately a dispute among his generals as to whom his successor should be. Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccasthe leading commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by . A compromise was arranged — Arrhidaeus as Philip III should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy as it was, becoming Alexander IV. Perdiccas himself would become regent of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The other cavalry generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of by becoming of the various parts of the empire. Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be under the joint rule of Antipaterwho had governed them for Alexander, and CraterusAlexander's most-able lieutenant, while Alexander's old secretary, Eumenes of Cardiawas to receive Cappadocia and . The news of Alexander's death inspired a revolt in Greece, known as the . Athens and other cities joined together, ultimately besieging Antipater in the fortress of . Antipater was relieved by a force sent The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 Leonnatuswho was killed in action, but the war did not come to an end until Craterus's arrival with a fleet to defeat the Athenians at the Battle of Crannon on September 5, BC. For a time, this brought an end to Greek resistance to Macedonian domination. Meanwhile, Peithon suppressed a revolt of Greek settlers in the eastern parts of the empire, and Perdiccas and Eumenes subdued Cappadocia. Perdiccas who was already betrothed to the daughter of Antipater, Nicea attempted to marry Alexander's sister, Cleopatra, a marriage which would have given Perdiccas a claim to the Macedonian throne. Antipater, Craterus and Antigonus formed a coalition against Perdiccas's growing power. Antipater sent his army under the command of the Craterus, into Asia Minor. This was the beginning of the first of the Diadochi Wars. , and Ptolemy joined them in rebellion against Perdiccas. The actual outbreak of war was triggered by Ptolemy's theft of Alexander's bodyand diversion of it to Egypt. Although Eumenes defeated Craterus at the battle of the Hellespontit was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals PeithonSeleucusand during the invasion of Egypt after a failed crossing of the Nile. Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas' murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in Perdiccas's place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made Regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus was made Strategos of Asia and remained in charge of Phrygia, Lycia, and , to which was added . Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace, while the three murderers of Perdiccas—Seleucus, Peithon, and Antigenes—were given the provinces of , , and Susiana respectively. Arrhidaeus, the former regent, received . Antigonus was charged with the task of rooting out Perdiccas's former supporter, Eumenes. In effect, Antipater retained for himself control of , while Antigonus, as Strategos of the East, held a similar position in Asia. Although the First War ended with the death of Perdiccas, his cause lived on. Eumenes was still at large with a victorious army in Asia Minor. In BC Antigonus, after receiving reinforcements from Antipater's European army, first campaigned against Eumenes see: battle of Orkyniathen against the combined forces of , Attalus, Dokimos and Polemon see: battle of Cretopolisdefeating them all. Another war soon broke out between the Diadochi. He sent an army against Arrhidaios while he himself marched with the main army into against its governor Cleitus whom he drove out of his province. Cleitus fled to Macedon and joined Polyperchon, the new Regent of the Empire, who decided to march his army south to force the Greek cities to side with him against Cassander and Antigonus. Cassander, reinforced with troops and a fleet by Antigonus, sailed to Athens and thwarted Polyperchon's efforts to take the city. The siege failed and he had to retreat losing a lot of prestige and most of the Greek cities. There he joined forces with Alexander's mother Olympias and was able to re-invade Macedon. King Philip ArrhidaeusAlexander's half-brother, having defected to Cassander's side at the prompting of his wife, Eurydicewas forced to flee, only to be captured in Amphipolisresulting in the execution of himself and the forced suicide of his wife, both purportedly at the instigation of Olympias. Cassander rallied once more, and seized Macedon. Olympias was murdered, and Cassander gained control of the infant King and his mother. Eventually Cassander became the dominant power in the European part of the Empire, ruling over Macedon and large parts of Greece. Meanwhile, Eumenes, who had gathered a small army in Cappadociahad entered the coalition of Polyperchon and Olympias. He took his army to the royal treasury at Kyinda in where he used its funds to recruit mercenaries. He also secured the loyalty of 6, of Alexander's veterans, the Argyraspides the Silver Shields and the Hypaspistswho were stationed in Cilicia. He now used this fleet under the command of who had returned from Athens against Polyperchon's fleet in the Hellespont. In a two-day battle near ByzantiumNicanor and Antigonus destroyed Polyperchon's fleet. Eumenes hurried out of and marched his army east to gather support in the eastern The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1. Antigonus and Cassander had won the war. Their enemies were either dead or seriously reduced in power and influence. Though his authority had seemed secure with his victory over Eumenes, the eastern dynasts were unwilling to see Antigonus rule all of Asia. At the start of the campaigning season of BC Antigonus invaded Syria and Phoenicawhich were under Ptolemy's control, and besieged Tyre. Antigonus then sent Aristodemus with 1, talents to the to raise a mercenary army to fight Cassander, [20] he allied himself to Polyperchon, who still controlled parts of the Peloponnese, and he proclaimed freedom for the Greeks to get them on their side. He also sent his nephew Ptolemaios with an army through Cappadocia to the Hellespont to cut Asander off from Lysimachus and Cassander. Eventually Antigonus decided to campaign against Asander himself, leaving his oldest son Demetrius to protect Syria The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 Phoenica against Ptolemy. After the battle, Seleucus went east and secured control of Babylon his old satrapyand then went on to secure the eastern satrapies of Alexander's empire. Although Antigonus now concluded a compromise peace with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander, he continued the war with Seleucus, attempting to recover control of the eastern reaches of the empire. Although he went east himself in BC, he was unable to defeat Seleucus he even lost a battle to Seleucus and had to give up the eastern satrapies. At about the same time, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead dynastywhich had ruled Macedon for several centuries. For the moment, all of the various generals continued to recognize the dead Alexander as king, since Cassander did not publicly announce the deaths, but it seemed clear that at some point, one or all of them would claim the kingship. Each of them ruled as kings in all but name. The conflict ended any possibility of restoration of the empire of Alexander the Greata result confirmed in the Battle of Ipsus. War soon broke out again. Ptolemy had been expanding his power into the Aegean and to Cypruswhile Seleucus went on a tour of the east to consolidate his control of the vast eastern territories of Alexander's empire. Antigonus resumed the war, sending his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of PhaleronCassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, invading and defeating Ptolemy's fleet at the Battle of Salamis. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus and Demetrius both assumed the crown, and they were shortly followed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and eventually Cassander. InAntigonus attempted to invade Egypt, but storms prevented Demetrius' fleet from supplying him, and he was forced to return home. Now, with Cassander and Ptolemy both weakened, and Seleucus still occupied in the East, Antigonus and Demetrius turned their The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 to Rhodeswhich The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 besieged by Demetrius's forces in BC. The island was reinforced by troops from Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. Ultimately, the Rhodians reached a compromise with Demetrius — they would support Antigonus and Demetrius against all enemies, save their great ally Ptolemy. Ptolemy took the title of "Savior" for his role in preventing the fall of Rhodes, but the victory was ultimately Demetrius', as it left him with a free hand to attack Cassander in Greece. Demetrius returned to Greece, defeated Cassander, and formed a new Hellenic League, with himself as general, to defend the Greek cities against all enemies and particularly Cassander. In the face of these catastrophes, Cassander sued for peace, but Antigonus rejected the claims, and Demetrius invaded Thessalywhere he and Cassander battled in inconclusive engagements. But now Cassander called in aid from his allies, and Anatolia was invaded by Lysimachus, forcing Demetrius to leave and send his armies to Asia Minor to assist his father. Here came the decisive intervention from Seleucus, who arrived in time to save Lysimachus from disaster and utterly crush Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus. Antigonus was killed in the fight, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there. Lysimachus and Seleucus divided up Antigonus's Asian territories between them, with Lysimachus receiving western Asia Minor and Seleucus the rest, except The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 and Lycia, which went to Cassander's brother Pleistarchus. The events of the next decade and a half were centered around various intrigues for control of Macedon itself. Cassander died in BC, and his sons, Antipater and Alexanderproved weaklings. After quarreling with his older brother, Alexander V called in Demetrius, who had retained control of Cyprus, the Peloponnese, and many of the Aegean islands, and had quickly seized control of Cilicia and Lycia from Cassander's brother, as well as Pyrrhusthe King of Epirus. After Pyrrhus had intervened to seize the border region of AmbraciaDemetrius invaded, killed Alexander, and seized control of Macedon for himself BC. While Demetrius consolidated his control of mainland Greece, his outlying territories were invaded and captured by Lysimachus who recovered western The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1Seleucus who took most of Ciliciaand Ptolemy who recovered Cyprus, eastern Cilicia, and Lycia. Soon, Demetrius was forced from Macedon by a rebellion supported by the alliance of Lysimachus and Pyrrhus, who divided the Kingdom between them, and, leaving Greece to the control of his son, Antigonus GonatasDemetrius launched an invasion of the east in BC. Although initially successful, Demetrius was ultimately captured by Seleucus BCdrinking himself to death two years later. Although Lysimachus and Pyrrhus had cooperated in driving Antigonus Gonatas from Thessaly and Athens, in the wake of Demetrius's capture they soon fell out, with Lysimachus driving Pyrrhus from his share of Macedon. Dynastic struggles also rent Egypt, where Ptolemy decided to make his younger son Ptolemy Philadelphus his heir rather than the elder, . Ceraunus fled to Seleucus. The eldest Ptolemy died peacefully in his bed in BC, and Philadelphus succeeded him. Soon Lysimachus made the fatal mistake of having his son Agathocles murdered at the say-so of his second wife, Arsinoe BC. Agathocles's widow, Lysandrafled to Seleucus, who now made war upon Lysimachus. Seleucus, after appointing his son Antiochus ruler of his Asian territories, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium in Lydia in BC, but Seleucus did not live to enjoy his triumph for long — he was almost immediately murdered by Ptolemy Ceraunus, for reasons that remain unclear. Ptolemy Ceraunus was also not to enjoy the rule of Macedon for very long. The death of Lysimachus had left the Danube border of the Macedonian kingdom open to invasions, and soon tribes of Gauls were rampaging through Macedon and Greece, and invading Asia Minor. Ptolemy Ceraunus was killed by the invaders, and after several years of chaos, Demetrius's son Antigonus Gonatas emerged as ruler of Macedon. In Asia, Seleucus's son, Antiochus I, also managed to defeat the Celtic invaders, who settled down in central Anatolia in the part of eastern Phrygia that would henceforward be The Wars of Alexanders Successors 323 - 281 BC: Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 as Galatia after them. Now, at long last, almost fifty years after Alexander's death, some sort of order was restored.