of
the
the the
and
and
into and
and
19
past,
Their
of
by
to
ravage
World.2
phase
to
anger
plundering Successors’
Greeks
some
on level,
multi-ethnic
violently
played
Homeric
as their
contact.
the
the
go
of
of
own
roles
achievements,
first
Hellenistic into
as
greater
WoRU)
Greece,
would challenge
the
that
engendering
the
individual
role, the
ranks
role themselves
to to
came
of
of
and
World,
Greece’s
the
the
fear, the Celts
their
explore
seek
they
alien
on
thrust
ifil
the
will
also
members
and
predators,
whom
tribes
totally
HELLENISTIC resembled
instilling
regarding
Macedonia
Hellenistic
Galatia,
will
and
HELLENES
paper
life
followed,
the
with
noticeably
EGAN
into
THE
Celtic
of
simply
energy called
on
of This
THE
paper
IN
that
“kingdom”
not
be
most
way
historians
elements
to
peoples
body
immediately
This
AND PATRICK
them. own
marks
and
years
incursions
vigorous
the
was
CELTS
Greek
large
the
integral
their
a
and
by members,
them.
around
In
from
what
THE
adaptation,
as
KELTOI
indelible
B.C.
of
language
Diadochoi,’
held
infamous settle
OF
hubris
and
shape
adapted,
around
the
respect
leave
period.
as of
views
their
occupied
century
culture,
Delphi,
this a
STUDY
taking
world
extreme
occupation
would
world
in
third
A
Celts
transition
hostile finally,
sack the
was
and
the
of
the
and They
examining
nature,
commanding
In
that their
by
represented
turbulent
place
the
finally,
Macedonians armies. warlike Macedonia, but
society barbaroi Celts settlement
demands finally traditionally the in
of
be to
in
369 the
358
and
way
with was
allies
there
from Rome
their of
led in
it
areas.6
By
probes
Deiphic
greatly.
would
cradle
warriors
their
defenses.
proposed,7
this,
was
Keraunos, Keraunos’
than the
contact
body:
sacked
supplies vary
the
rear.5 Celtic
Crotonians
The
Corupethon
been
adjacent
found
historians land
unsophisticated had successors his
into
while
at
plunder
vast
food
Greece
contingents and first
Beyond
Celts
a
to
Ptolemy
itself,
on in
for
have
and
who
Lacedaemonian
the
in
the
preceding
Macedonian came
raiding
threat
homes
mobile,
of
end
his
supplies.’0
a
different
a
gradually
Celts
Celts
Locrians
and
effects
enemies
as
aid result,
of years
As
this Alexander’s
part
their
struggles.
a
country appetites
very
to
Macedonia
the
his
Celts Dardanelles.
northern
a
in
the As
the
hearing
apparently
the
Senone
camp-followers, find.
the
the the their
in
archaeologists
on
was
Illyrians
Even
achieve
between were
the
harass
against be,
to
could
the
concomitant
Lysimachus appearance
Here to
B.C.
along
wagons
slaves,
entered
from
wars
quarters.9
mercenaries
Greeks or
its
Dionysus modern
of
they
andinternecine
279
might and
WORLD
means
eliminated
movement
all
The
fighting
in
and
Celts
fighting
both
recorded to
winter
the
weaknesses.
Iberian
riches
also
areas
children,
Macedonians eliminated
by was
Dionysus
The
Dionysus
been
so
caravans and
first
to
period. any their he
and
the
entered
dissension
for
in
Mediterranean.
HELLENISTIC explanation of
by finally
and far-ranging
coastal
have The Peloponnese.4
regional
doing
women,
unknown
came
when to
the
Celts
Celtic GREECE
the
fight
THE
of
the
had
the
rent
agreement about
most
of overpopulation
luxuries”
such
not
to IN
OF
Classical I,
of
279.
the
in
tribes,
sent
plundering
glaring
unanswered.
was for
I
the
earlier
course
embassy
B.C.,
lands
that warriors,
were
reported
CELTS
simple
and
enjoyed offered
Whatever
An
about went
the
scattered
southern INVASION
the of
279
are Seleucus
conquest
THE
years
in
during
February,
has
and of Thracian
Celts
Boeotians set
of
lay
for
Greece
THE
OF Dionysus
into
of
idea
Italy.
but included
Celts
division the
world.6
and
The
Explanations
AND
B.C.,
The
space
the
twenty
andAlexander,
through
Gaul when
heyday
the
DAWN
“desire
Greece.
Macedonia
B.C.,
assassin
390
February
its
THE
B.C. incursion against Southern them
in B.C.
The ancient living while
sated from was
DELPHI
in turmoil,
Philip the 281 In mercenaries Illyrian numbers into
immediately 20 at
is as of
an
the
an
the
the
the will
and
and
with
their The
and
and
21
holy
more
from
divide not of
at peace
almost Celts, during
forcing for
none
number
for
to
a
Persian
effective
exagger
Brennus, used a
quantity
given
Patra,
goals
ravage
most
left
as
and invasion
as
with
had
themselves good
Regardless
Greeks
appear
himself, nature
questionable order “atrocities” was did who
most
occupied
this
repulsed from
Callion,
probably conditions,
virtually
where wildly
amusing.’9
Celts’ in the
known
battle.
of
like
offer
of
Celts
cities
The
the
Celtic
a option
The
but
immunity
they
in
more
but
sent
were
Apollo the
of
Persians
move
Greeks The the
casualties and,
found
of
giving
credit town certainly spear.2°
only
were
to
Aetolia
invaders.2’ was
Keraunos of
even the
a Greek
defense
leaders
Thessaly from
taken,
Celts
favorable misconstrued
Celts, the
the
Greeks
the of
of
invasion.
invaders. purchase into
reports
able
he
However,
the
for force
would
the sent
their
only
Celtic
to
the
Celts’
judged.”
end
Aetolians.’5
was credits
the
ignorant fired
receive
the
warriors,
under
Persians
still
by horrifying Keraunos
account
reportedly
force Ptolemy
through
that of
constantly
the not
the
bolts
the
which
the Persian
order were
towns.
were
fact,
they
group were
hard death
on
Celtic blocking
was
in different
state
that
engaged
the
In
group
harry
moved
of
harassed
positions
hit
head-on,
plundering,
that
inflicting
Herodotus establishment
to
others
Celts
Persians.
and
beheading
Celts
lightning
Pausanius’ Greeks
with
incursions
accompaniedin
invasion;
raiding
hoplite defended Delphi Celts was diversionary all and
the
blackmail, mixed
that
the
said
a the
opponent
A
accounts the
the
a Keraunos’
condition
believe.
distinctly
the
to
the
of
numbers
and
of were
made
attacked these
was
concealed
by
had.’6
us
heroes,
sent
story,
the
which were
those
of
persistently
and Persian
was proposition Callion
the
aided raiding
to
on
a
by
engagement,
those
were notable of most of
of
Popular
They this
which from
However, the
walled that goals
followed have
Thermopylae
who
and
Greek
Macedonians,
formed Xerxes
one
that
with amounting
peace
their
every
plundering, town Reports
or
that
worked,
flee than upon
similar
depredations.
the
invasion
their
troops
dead
contingent, Celts.
Firing of
would
that
to
standard
guides
avoided
of
and
reached
The
estimates
goals
ruse point,
make
Phocians
the this alien
this historians.
as
their long
was
evideut
snowflakes
almost comparisons
Delphi
B.C.’3
its
to
head “the
Darius
Greek
of
of one
of
to
basically
the Thunderbolt,”18 is
Celts
The lavished
this
at at
Celts
in
as
their halt map.
more
It
the
thrashing
480
acted
at
force
Raiding
Greek
that
and
mauled.’4
to the
historians
suspiciously
the
“The limit
of barbarians
Again,
the
agreed
spirits
Celts,
Celts
nature
even
to
events
forces.
no
chieftain
off maidens,”
from
city,
He about
dubious
reinforced
the
force,
equated
around the especially
invasion
the sound
owners
it
Next,
Greek
The and
fighting
Greeks
The
invasion by
by
severely
set
propaganda
estates.12
by
as
figures.
knew
Greek
invasion
Celtic
northern
intentions
“white
land
the
hostages
the
raiding
countryside.” of
own
the the wiping
Callion bad the
routing the
and
were Greeks,
Achaean Greek
the Persian ated
Celtic probably
to dependencies.17 vicious
offer
possibly proposal. as Celts
paraded
treatment Delphi
shrine of the a
a
to
of to
the
in
of The
sack
and
with
had
Gaul
they were
cross
were Celts
on
Capua
hands
moved
Lastly,
Consul
to
almost
temples
to
the
Palatine
way city
owing
and
in
the
unable
language
armies
Ephesus,
the
Phrygians
Nicomedes
they of by
whom the
back dry,
the
that
forces.27
at
included
Delphi
many
the
of as
point
Roman
the of
concerns
found were relations
of near
in
Greek
Galatia
Pythia.
of
attempts
with
from
These
the
this
arrival
of
of
‘invited’ that
Roman the
records
brought B.C.
the
at
temple by
defeats
against
the
by out
of
noticeably
operation.30
261
Phocians principle the
been medallion
show of consisting
Paintings
colonnades subsequently
finally
a of
in
upon
seized number neighbors
settlement
to
head
most
learning
and
withdrawal
a
Phrygians. driven
have
their
was
Propertius
inflicting decreased
captured
were
was
to
doors
while
it
their
their
made spheres
killed
Phrygia
been
burning mercenaries
abounds. After
and
others, of swiftly
was
been
nothing
native
severed while
said orderly
and
Celts
was as Minor
ivory
of
the
is
had
begin
shrine Aetolians
by
where
an
I
had
the of
treasure
was
the
B.C.
of
The Delphi
East.
region
it
the
World,
Asia
on
Delphi
culture
northern of
battle there
receiving
eventually
The
would
277
plunder
of
the
of
in
army
making
in
into
agreement
itself, sack for Galatians,
that
was
numbers both
inhabited
they
Rome.22
Celtic
sack
Antiochus
sacking
resting
after $eleucid
An
the
background
from
He
Byzantines,
deaths
a
Hellenistic and of the parts
the
portion
Tolosa.26
that their
Celts
the called
foot
B.C.
time,
crossed
a
Celts
in
the
treasure
the
already
Mirion combined the
Volcae-Tectosages
be
the
Gaflograeci.31
into his
and
time
show
a three
106
Delos of
the
by
raiders
this
the
Lydia. to
Lysimacheia
considering
as
and
the lake
against
was see
of at
Celts
in ASIA
Bithynia.
of
this By
for
although
into of
with
Italy
of
Even
occupied
near
Minor AND
As
the
that
Gaul
part
would
shown sacred
and known
from
repulsed
to
Caepio
residents
a
commemoration
Asia
carvings
assimilated
amicably,
all
henceforth
raiding, are
as
warrior
hills,
territory
in tow.
point
territory was
to GAIATIA
Gonatus
peaceful.32 some
It goblet. in
now-successful
Delphi
live
Greece
Galatians
and the
Nicomedes
a
of llq
the
I.
commemorated
to
in
Celts,
becoming
Celtic but
display
Servilius
tribal the
up
Material
of
rolling
north-west
a
after At
offering
The
warriors
with
crossing
eventually
the
transition
the
later CELTS
thus
treasure the
return
Hellespont,
Rome
Apollo
Antigonus
divide
of sacked. at Celtic
was shows
prevent the
bottom Quintus into east, period votive T
of plundering the the
treaty to
used and their Antiochus treeless were appeared
anything
lost
22 a
in
of
of
the
of
but
by
and
that to
was
area
than
who
the
of 23
areas
simple
nearly
part
Egypt,
an
suicide
164-160
eastern
units
troops martial
without
Galatian
recruiting
at
occupation
not
the episode conquests
as
echoed
rather
Spain,
a
do
these
took
the Recognizing
realized
the disputes
the survivor
in
elite
to of
chieftains as
late
and
was
were
prized
imposition
mercenaries, Mithridates also
soon
sole
Ptolemaic
fitting
and
As
notable
B.C.,
able
attempts
Gaiatian
a
B.C.36
kingdoms,35 of
border
provide
the
world
prince
residence
dynasts. 74 these
The
of
scattered
In
France
most
own culture succeeded no
123
Galatian
been
In
troops
against
Galatia
provided
sentiment
would
and
glories
the his
not
Galatians
of
that
Again, series
then
it
through
of
until sixty eastern
expansion.
a them.
shock only
extended
Hellenistic
This the
after
leader. Hellenistic
at
of
but
have
Magnus.
ofBithynia. as
risk ofAustria,
Republic
not
saying and
itself. the many
to
Galatia,
but
after
the
one
one
certain
invited
of
celebrated of Lyconia
less
residents
of Deiotaros
V
said
of
service
but
armies
Roman
the
attempts
Galatian,
The under
warrior-dominated served
warriors.40
a common
Pompeius
all
kingdoms,
the
Galatians
armies a the
were
presented
spearhead
parts
settlement
by
of
continued,
ofNicomedes
in
governor
Cappadocia also
attain
the
of
the
was
Their
who
Celtic
with
aspirations paper. into Galatia
still
considerably
Tolistoboii. it
slain
Mithridates
eastern
would
of fill
forces of
at
full-fledged
never
distinguished
to
the
butchering
this
B.C.
brigades
Galatia
towards treaty
later
that
the of
Phrygia,
opportunity but
other
in
a
corps in
posed,
trappings
Celts and
mercenaries Raiding
made
monarchs
Mithridates’
by
would
was
kingdoms.
Irish
territorial east
the
the
southward
his
the
the
be
troops
long they
made
of
EXPERIENCE
Century
the
the
to
on
further
northern
in
when
territory,
mercenaries
saw
Dumnorix
any
that Galatian succeeded
Galatia
of pushed
blackmail.34 later
pursued
Like
took European
of
without
uniting predation.
or
of
fighting Second world.
the
money
Hellenistic
Zeumachus,
their of and
check Mithridates
do
of themselves
son
tic
a
now
of
the
threat
explored
MERCENARY
region,
the
East
type out
Galatian
as
a
task
B.C.
more expansion
the
a
of residents
be
doggedly
Deiotaros
Galatians
could
irony,
brigades.
against
mercenaries for
As 88
migratory
region
As
be
was
drove During
outside
the
Hellenis
will extended
in
served
thousands
Irish
potential
GAiATIi
Seleucid
this
armies
the
fighting of
simply
Galatika, there
ground that
territorial
raids
B.C., even
also
the feast
Deiotaros,
forces impossible Pontus.38
would historical
failed.39 the with
of
THE
eighteenth-century kingdoms
their Galatian
the
r of
as
as
to
for
of
for
274 the the In
and
the on,
fight
found
other
in
spoke could
areas
to on
and
future warred
to
Syria,
paid
Hadra,
be
of
armies,
in
routing
Galatian
service used
action
later of
consistent
recorded
be
of
Magas Galatian
ethnicity,
recruited
reward
far-ranging
Persia.
Celts
Agathocles’
population.
work admirable,
rearguard
Pyrrhus
to an
army
Ptolemy
as
are
could of
the
in
fighters
provide to
obvious
of
most their
settled
his
Celts
armies
Sparta most
to
local
lengthy
have
of
Egypt
previously and
against
in mercenaries Alexandria
invasion or Ptolemaic
habitation
They
much
area surviving Aegae, cemetery
thoroughly
against found in
entirely
the
for
at reign were
the .
not
their
able an Galatian
in
fearless
be had
of
proof a
the
the
and
the
Celts
assault
be
the
else.
Macedonia was
for
B.C
Celtic
Seleucid
Even into
thousand
of
mercenaries in
to can
army
of
struggle in
by
one
give
Galatian ground would
that
Raphia, with hard,
179
uncovered tombs
six
B.C.
garrisoned
of the
Media
received Thus
would this well.
as
itself.
candidates give
anyone
they
used
was some settle
as
for
for
245
including after
royal mercenaries
to
latter’s
Ptolemies
Galatian
to
marrying
being
in
Epigonoi
battle
Gonatas
population
as than
tombstones
the formed
comprised
kingdoms
the
the of
mercenaries field,
but
Galatia
perfect Babylon,
gravestones
Epirus
the
the
land
to
armies
in age in
Galatians
treasure
to
of reputation
economy;
accompanied
refused
in as
they
Indeed,
Evidence more
the the
same
Agathocles
warriors
them
the
settlements.”48
the painted
on given
mercenaries
other in
even Greeks,
their
Antigonus his
service
Galatians
ranks
not.47 in
limited
find
plundering possibility
known
residents,
and
military
the Pyrrhus that
with
history.
Celtic
and Epigonoi
pay,
Ptolemaic
as probably
Pergamene
we
used the
of
Galates.5 the
making
apparently
the
Mesopotamia,
service could
possibly
were Philadeiphos
Celts
army’s
Galatian the
communities service
the or to
means
criticism.45
used
up
Galatian
engaging
fourid, could
same;
B.C.,
inscriptions
living
maintaining
no
the
Libya.4’
did
garrisons were
the
capacity
all
new saw their
of thousand
Pyrrhus
in by
the
combat, as
307
Hellenistic
The
much
freed
and
that
been of Keltos
the
thus Ptolemy
plunder
employing
Not exceptions
this
forward in
as way,
mercenaries
population
was
Ptolemaic four
of
to
“to
mercenaries
overrunning
of while
Euergetes
in
end
they
have
procure the
this
army under
Macedonia, episode
IV,
the
trained look
either
CeltiEgyptians
is early plot
valor III
to
rural
and
ones
settling
In
world
army
permeate
or
the
as
mercenaries
fell mercenaries
It
As
with
into
man,4a
to
the
old Galatian
swell
graves
every a production,
could
B.C. At
the
only
benefits
Carthaginians
mercenaries,52
dynasts:
to
Antigonus’
to
in
Ptolemy
and the
ofAlexandria.5° them
raid
praised
in
as infamous
Ptolemy reported
ofAntiochus.55
Antioch
203 Greeks
used
not
a
them. service.
the
of
which
their
The
A
groups
Galatian
Pyrrhus
Galatian
and
in
as
mixed-blood
and
the
slain of Hellenistic
for
away
own.42 Thrace
itself.48
virtually
reign
troops
found
the serving
skill
mercenaries.
ethnic mention, against
in against
B.C.
his
after were
which
Hellenistic
farms
much
for mercenaries areas.
military
recruits desire
send
in These be
Some
south-east
describing
Galatians
however, as
Cyrene.
capturing
the
from
the
though.
24 as
of
64
be the
and
The the
was
and that
over
25
both who
their more
B.C.,
many
made
many
It
others
also
B.C.57 peoples greater
offered against
one
badge
over Romans result.
167 for
away,
service
also
a
World.
of
how
185
Greece
victory
eventful
the
Altar,61
in could
became mercenaries
as
sure
achievement,
Celtic
but in of
Gonatas,
image.
by it
Hellenic/Celtic
ofletting
of
limited achieved
one
championed
wasting triumph an
of
hostilities winter
indirectly
this
Great
Celts
Celtic
certified colorfiil,
invading
popular point the his
and
been Hellenistic Abydos
that
the
phenomenon,
side
Whether
than
a
The
Greeks,”
in accused
of anyone.62
princes
was crown
on
regardless
Antigonus diaspora
became Galatians,
clean,
the resumed
on have
ofthe was
To
wildly
Gonatas’
during
Galatians
made
by
of actions
Greek
the
siege
work
Rather
followed
had Egypt they
lost
may
good,
them,
celebrated
set and
incidental obtained.
The
Galatians the
in
the
a
suicide.
“It
die. over their
not
who
Perseus
confines
Heflenistic League
to an became
on
initial fact
to
the
had
was was
subsequent
with was
Antigonus
as
Delphi Greeks: the
be
title
benefactor
tenure
and
ritual
was
stated: that
propaganda.
of a Nile
the victory
many dates to
lonian
the
over well
on
armies.
he
picture
the
This
seekers legitimized
to Galatians, assisting
the within as
and
sack
that
reputation.65
Eumenes paid
claim
Thrace in
to
Egypt
common reputation
their
Galatian
it
the
when
to
the
in
(Savior),
victory
with
in
in
committed
clearer power this,
event
hand-in-glove
Hellenistic
the
“the
peoples
a famed IMAGE
letter
his fact
one’s
island
able
capitalized
to
of
a
Hellenes,
Celts
Soter
OF
before
against
be
Clearly,
In have
of
this
mercenaries
reputations.
Nikephoria°°
being
Celtic
to
small
manipulation
Prior
to
World, himself title
settlers,
Galatians
Galatians
a of already
usually
the
Celts
the and
Hellenistic
boosting own
as force
its
was
Amphictyony
momentous
PURSUIT
the
on considered
the
of
of
victorious his
of
it
the statements
struggles
things.63
called of
were
of
B.C.59
and
to
THE
left
as of
their
large
recognized that
his
reported
included
accused
a
raiders study
bogeymen.”
battle
that
only
Epirus Hellenistic 168
residing
Deiphic
other
have AN])
received
most
were be
of
status
or
the
image
after
establishing
in
the
the not
standard
the
we Green
were
to rulers
to
fostered
in by
the
valuable
II
also the routed
Those
to
mention
this
but
among
Knowledge
The unambiguous
to
As
and Peter
neighbors,
peripatetic
Pyrrhus
record GAIATIANs
Attalids
letter
adding
a
point
Galatians perpetrators
mercenaries
important
last
THE
Greeks,
than throughout
through glory
ascension
bolstered rule. a
these Galatians Eumenes
the
clearly Eumenes damaging
Hellenistic Delphi, in relations.
know. reputedly as Even
r in
of by
a
I,
as
for
to
as
the not
but
and
the 185
were
who
Celts
what
would
Seti
is
in
shown,
field
with
them
Greek.
guerre
“guilt
were
the
were of
intact
Acannon, of them, in
de
embracing
the
absolutely
themselves
history Galatians,
found stay
woman
been
Gaul
themselves They
who
victories
to
Hellenized in
for supported
by
themselves
These
even
them write
as
earned
has
ofAbydos
engaging
Temple
their
around
from
left
Celtic
nommes
As but
chapel,
and remained
a
spelling
still
the
limited far
could
Cybele siege
the
partially of
Hellenized Callistratos,
world
so
of
the
East, accusing
non-Greeks
allies not Greek
but
themselves. was, themselves the
reputations
the
culture
it
reputations
for
the
scrutiny. walls Camma, for
Celts
successfully
and
of
visited
take as
their inscriptions
other were
of
priest
Thoas,
write, psychologically.
“countrymen.”67
by
during the
becoming
their
Greeks
commemorated
presence
gaining
the
place
even
with
on
we,
but part
a
Vwho left
only
many
world
it
the all
to and
Celtic
demands
damaging
mentions
left
particular their
predators of
not
Of
opportunity
only was
Galatian
in
Galatia
his
and
than
unintended
a
matters,
an
Celts
of
and
In
not
reputations
oikumene,68
than as
sharing
jackal) This
These could
ASSIMILATION this straightforward
ofPtolemy
physically, Galatians,
the
Plutarch established
either.
religion
Greek
the
Hellenistic
in
Attis,
of rivals
powerful their
who AND
inscription
in
in
the military
only
here.”
very
as the and
parasites
in
service
the
along
Egyptian
we
while
in others.
residents.
not “Of
important
raiders,
as
language.
themselves
is place
incident, depredations
transformed
the
of
solidifSr
an
political a
contribution,
as
act
in
to
politics
Galatians
the
this
had
More
ADAFTATION
to everything
caught
assimilation farther
world,
Celtic
settled
actions
of
their This
potentially apparently
likely
mores a
Horus:
the of
themselves
isolated
fox
as
were
Artemis,66
Galatians
in
is check
a
in
of
chance
was
much an
and
of
their
to
a
essentially themselves
issue
the (most
them. inscribe
barbaroi
offered
graffiti.
and
Here
II
GAIATw:
example
not
continued
mercenaries
but
to
for
of
the
Hellenistic come fox
is the
written
which
chapel
writing
also as
came
a
remained
rulers
years,
religion
who
came,
the
gain
itself.
had
priestess
of
for
distinguished
This
but
Attalus
perfect
none
participated
a
in
others,
and
Thus,
They
Lastly,
small
Galatian
display
of
A
Greek
are
HELLENIZED
They
for
took
by
Celts
culture,
strengthening
the
place
well.
completely
result.
Hellenistic combat,
association,”
in a
THE
the
and
legend,
battle. the hundreds
became efforts
actively
ultimately a individuals
in Apollonios,
B.C. candid they
correct.69 inscription
Their so there as
well.
26 out
and
27
came
legend
who
of
People
shadows
“The
the
of
did.
out
World.
Galatians
stepped
the
Heflenistic
They
than
the
of
light
Hellenes
transformed.
the
the
to
to
been
in
had
exposure
entered
more
and
Darkness”7°
even
the
of have obscurity F
of
at
al,
the
for the
101.
et
of
scale
19
Soter
beasts.
Bellum
I
cit.
apparent
the
from
hegemony
Cook
leitmotif
apparently
op. colonists
a
for
and
7,
heirs
Marius
accounts
S.A..
uncouth
Caesar
Items
was
7,
Ptolemy
the
Vol.
Greek
37. conquest.
c.f.
of
become
36.
things.
Greek
Vol.
retinue,
struggles
were
a to
Plutarch with son
all wagons
1984)
slavering,
History
mind.
other
1988)
through
as
and
Such
and
heirs
History
in
vigorous
102.
Diadochoi
virtually
own
disowned York:
among
(Leipzig:
Ancient
vigorously
empires
Their
The
Ancient Europe.
Helvetii,
portrayed
1987)
this
followers
their
wine,
693.
(New
own
settlement
of
the
respect,
traded
were
B.C.).
of
camp Pergamon
1991)
their
Cambridge Western
Greek
who
(London:
conquests.
through
Celts
of
Cambridge
und
for
eventual
into
grudging
Noi’s
nickname
The
(356-323 Barbarians
family,
a
World
Gauls,
movement
with Ceks,”
the
Alesia
peoples
(Berkeley:
and
continue
affinity
Greece
with
Kingdoms,”
the
Great
the
the
betray
was
an
to
of
the
on
Classical
would
along
that
Actium,
zwischen
migration
Romans
drawing
the
condescending. to
throughAlexander’s a
tbarbariann
of
Hellenistic
Coming
Ambrones.
8.36.
developed unknown
and
and
Kelten
64.
the
24.4.
New
22.95. “The
ofAlexander travelling
Greeks,
Thunderbolt,”
not
commentary
91.
denote
exceptions
133.
acquired
Celts
so-called
of
1.3.
Alexander
hostile
1928)
for
Oracle.
intentions cit., few
“The
“The
Histories
were
among
aggrandizement
2.3 the 1-7.
cit.,
cit.
Trogus
Schiette,
Siculus
are
apparently
clearly op.
the
the
Navarro,
op.
Cunliffe,
politics.
op.
102.
Green, Rankin,
Tarn,
24.5. practice
is,
24.4.
20.5.
and
1.3,5,24
De
“Successors”
Deiphic
among
(London:
D.
W.
practice
peoples
vastholdings
The
Tarn, Ibid.,
Herodotus H.
Keraunos, Barry territorial
Just. That Besides Peter Rankin,
Just. Green,
Friedrich
Diodorus Propertius
Pompeius The
1The
2
3
4J.M.
5Just. 6 7
the 10 8 9w.
12
13
14
15 movement 16
17 18
19
20
21
22
23
and to Hellenistic
Celtic
editors,
Mediterranean Massilia,
common
of similar Gallicum
(Savior).
28 of in
by
from
29
Minor
cannot
victory,
finds dear
so
one
the
Asia
Selection
Switzerland.
grandfather,
to
A
held
in
reportedly
his
is
47.
are)
68.
However,
that
Following
47.
archaeological
still
Galatians
Conquest:
1907)
Neuchatel
1935)
poculum
mind.
the
1934)
throne
battle.
(and
219.
in
of
This
Lake
the
Roman
this
long.
were
(Leipzig:
so
(London: 1877),
innumerable
the
back
coming
(London:
being
after
that to
by for
1990)84.
“The
Galater
Celts World,
(Paris:
onsiderations
soared
winning
example
the
coveted
239.
ed.),
divisions
of
Alexander
confirmed
(London:
had
practical
41.
1981)
are
(10th
Hellenistic
from
reputation
had
Macedonia,
Decline
tripartite
Empire
well-known the
of
kleinasiatischen
a XVIII,
water of
of
plan
World
and
Gaulois
of Heraclea.
One-Eyed”) 37.8,38.
der
Celtic king
of
Gonatus’
this Piots
des
value
Livy
The
(“The
bodies
territories,
likely,
Greatness
rightful
12.5.1. Hellenistic
15.25.17.
Mercenaries
8.53,
26. into
Memnon Ellis,
20.64.2.
Histoire
Geschichte
symbolic
101.
Antigonus
the
The
by
Most
The
Celtic
The 102. Monuments
103.
213.
as
the
cit.,
Strabo
inTranslation(Cambridge:
Siculus
cit.,
cit., cit.,
Pyrrhus
op.
Cales.
Histories
Histories Thierry,
12.46.
sacrifices 12.111.
4.1.
former
Austin,
Hubert,
82. Berresford
of
$taehelin,
26.2. op.
op. op. 25.1.2-10. reported
Monophthalmus 26.2.
26.9. 78.
5.65.
38.16,
Griffith,
dismiss 38.16.12.
Reinach,
M.
as and Sources
T.
J.
recognized
Ibid., Votive
Strabo
M.
Just.
Rankin, Peter Henri
Livy
Ellis,
Ellis,
Diodorus Amedee Ibid., Plutarch Ibid.,
G. Tarn, Ibid.,
Ibid., Polybius
A.
Ibid.
Polybius
factory
Celts.
24
25
26 was
27
28Just. 29
30Livy
32 31 33
34 35
36
37 38
39Appian
40 41
42 3
44
45 46
7
9 48
51 50 52
the
present
he
Antigonus (278/7)”
Ancient brusquely the 53 Livy 42.55; 44.13. 54 Pausanias 1.7. Further detail for this incident is provided on page 226 of Die Wanderungen Der Kelten by Leopold Contzen (Leipzig: 1861). Polybius Histories 5.65.10. c.f. G.T. Griffith, op. cit., 118 for the Ptolemaic order of battle at Raphia, including omment and definition of terms. 56 We hear an echo of the celebration of their ‘defeat’ in Callimachus Hymn to Delos. Stanley Lombardo, and Diane Rayor, translators, Callimachus: Hymns, Epigrams, Select Fragments (Baltimore: 1988) 20 1-3. Ellis,op. cit., 113. 58 Green, op. cit., 140. 59Austin, op. cit., 331. 60 The Nikephoria was a festival established by Eumenes in honor of Attalid victories over the Celts. 61Mso commissioned by Eumenes II for the same reasons as the establishment ofthe Nikephoria. 62 Green, op. cit., 425. 63 Austin, op. cit., 140. 64Just 25. 1.2-10. 65 Plutarch Pyrrhus 26. 66 Plutarch Amat. 22. 67 Austin, op. cit., 338. 68 The Greek World. 69 G. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum (2nd ed.), (Leipzig: 1923) 757. reference refers to the title ofthe book by Gerhard Herm, The Celts: The People who came out of the Darkness (New York: 1975).
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