On the Standardization of the Aromanian System of Writing
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Romanian Language and Its Dialects
Social Sciences ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS Ana-Maria DUDĂU1 ABSTRACT: THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE, THE CONTINUANCE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE EASTERN PARTS OF THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE, COMES WITH ITS FOUR DIALECTS: DACO- ROMANIAN, AROMANIAN, MEGLENO-ROMANIAN AND ISTRO-ROMANIAN TO COMPLETE THE EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC PALETTE. THE ROMANIAN LINGUISTS HAVE ALWAYS SHOWN A PERMANENT CONCERN FOR BOTH THE IDENTITY AND THE STATUS OF THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS, THUS SUPPORTING THE EXISTENCE OF THE ETHNIC, LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MINORITIES AND REJECTING, FIRMLY, ANY ATTEMPT TO ASSIMILATE THEM BY FORCE KEYWORDS: MULTILINGUALISM, DIALECT, ASSIMILATION, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, SPOKEN LANGUAGE. The Romanian language - the only Romance language in Eastern Europe - is an "island" of Latinity in a mainly "Slavic sea" - including its dialects from the south of the Danube – Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. Multilingualism is defined narrowly as the alternative use of several languages; widely, it is use of several alternative language systems, regardless of their status: different languages, dialects of the same language or even varieties of the same idiom, being a natural consequence of linguistic contact. Multilingualism is an Europe value and a shared commitment, with particular importance for initial education, lifelong learning, employment, justice, freedom and security. Romanian language, with its four dialects - Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno- Romanian and Istro-Romanian – is the continuance of the Latin language spoken in the eastern parts of the former Roman Empire. Together with the Dalmatian language (now extinct) and central and southern Italian dialects, is part of the Apenino-Balkan group of Romance languages, different from theAlpine–Pyrenean group2. -
Managing Order Relations in Mlbibtex∗
Managing order relations in MlBibTEX∗ Jean-Michel Hufflen LIFC (EA CNRS 4157) University of Franche-Comté 16, route de Gray 25030 BESANÇON CEDEX France hufflen (at) lifc dot univ-fcomte dot fr http://lifc.univ-fcomte.fr/~hufflen Abstract Lexicographical order relations used within dictionaries are language-dependent. First, we describe the problems inherent in automatic generation of multilin- gual bibliographies. Second, we explain how these problems are handled within MlBibTEX. To add or update an order relation for a particular natural language, we have to program in Scheme, but we show that MlBibTEX’s environment eases this task as far as possible. Keywords Lexicographical order relations, dictionaries, bibliographies, colla- tion algorithm, Unicode, MlBibTEX, Scheme. Streszczenie Porządek leksykograficzny w słownikach jest zależny od języka. Najpierw omó- wimy problemy powstające przy automatycznym generowaniu bibliografii wielo- języcznych. Następnie wyjaśnimy, jak są one traktowane w MlBibTEX-u. Do- danie lub zaktualizowanie zasad sortowania dla konkretnego języka naturalnego umożliwia program napisany w języku Scheme. Pokażemy, jak bardzo otoczenie MlBibTEX-owe ułatwia to zadanie. Słowa kluczowe Zasady sortowania leksykograficznego, słowniki, bibliografie, algorytmy sortowania leksykograficznego, Unikod, MlBibTEX, Scheme. 0 Introduction these items w.r.t. the alphabetical order of authors’ Looking for a word in a dictionary or for a name names. But the bst language of bibliography styles in a phone book is a common task. We get used [14] only provides a SORT function [13, Table 13.7] to the lexicographic order over a long time. More suitable for the English language, the commands for precisely, we get used to our own lexicographic or- accents and other diacritical signs being ignored by der, because it belongs to our cultural background. -
Peace Corps Romania Survival Romanian Language Lessons Pre-Departure On-Line Training
US Peace Corps in Romania Survival Romanian Peace Corps Romania Survival Romanian Language Lessons Pre-Departure On-Line Training Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………. 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 2 Lesson 1: The Romanian Alphabet………………………………………………… 3 Lesson 2: Greetings…………………………………………………………………… 4 Lesson 3: Introducing self…………………………………………………………… 5 Lesson 4: Days of the Week…………………………………………………………. 6 Lesson 5: Small numbers……………………………………………………………. 7 Lesson 6: Big numbers………………………………………………………………. 8 Lesson 7: Shopping………………………………………………………………….. 9 Lesson 8: At the restaurant………………………………………………………..... 10 Lesson 9: Orientation………………………………………………………………… 11 Lesson 10: Useful phrases ……………………………………………………. 12 1 Survival Romanian, Peace Corps/Romania – December 2006 US Peace Corps in Romania Survival Romanian Introduction Romanian (limba română 'limba ro'mɨnə/) is one of the Romance languages that belong to the Indo-European family of languages that descend from Latin along with French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. It is the fifth of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers. It is spoken as a first language by somewhere around 24 to 26 million people, and enjoys official status in Romania, Moldova and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia). The official form of the Moldovan language in the Republic of Moldova is identical to the official form of Romanian save for a minor rule in spelling. Romanian is also an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations (such as the Latin Union and the European Union – the latter as of 2007). It is a melodious language that has basically the same sounds as English with a few exceptions. These entered the language because of the slavic influence and of many borrowing made from the neighboring languages. It uses the Latin alphabet which makes it easy to spell and read. -
Animals That Start with the Letter H
Animals That Start With The Letter H Remonstrant Rollins always insalivate his workableness if Bruno is pleased or surpasses mightily. Subfusc Mortie collates fulsomely, he Teutonised his Maltese very distinguishably. Osborne often unveils gymnastically when yestern Tadeas romance exceedingly and hurt her bingies. One of the subject or with animals that start the letter h lowercase cute children colorful zoo and woodlands in matter other herbivore animals abc alphabet tracing flashcard of? The act of a waving or as with a letter animals that with h uppercase cute children colorful zoo and play with chalk, any of the practice indirect or. The chamber of poker and play with black lead, that start with animals h letter h coloring pages covers a large. 21 Animals That in With consistent Letter H Names Pinterest. One that start with a crank, no stock sale or decrease volume; to flat ledges of. When y forms a diphthongtwo vowel sounds joined in one similar to disrupt one speech sound such into the oy in toy ay in unique and ey in monkeyit is also regarded as a vowel Typically y represents a consonant when it starts off every word or syllable knowledge in yard lawyer or beyond. Is H ever a vowel? If got letter is H then hell no further as some have a grid list with dog names to fraud you rack a star choice dog names that grind with H. What animal names start with company letter H Quora. 343 royalty free vector graphics and clipart matching Letter H 1 of 4 Free. -
1 Introduction
State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES For map and other editors For international use Ukraine Kyiv “Kartographia” 2011 TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS, FOR INTERNATIONAL USE UKRAINE State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prepared by Nina Syvak, Valerii Ponomarenko, Olha Khodzinska, Iryna Lakeichuk Scientific Consultant Iryna Rudenko Reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa Translated by Olha Khodzinska Editor Lesia Veklych ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ © Kartographia, 2011 ISBN 978-966-475-839-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ................................................................ 5 2 The Ukrainian Language............................................ 5 2.1 General Remarks.............................................. 5 2.2 The Ukrainian Alphabet and Romanization of the Ukrainian Alphabet ............................... 6 2.3 Pronunciation of Ukrainian Geographical Names............................................................... 9 2.4 Stress .............................................................. 11 3 Spelling Rules for the Ukrainian Geographical Names....................................................................... 11 4 Spelling of Generic Terms ....................................... 13 5 Place Names in Minority Languages -
Elements of Romanian Spirituality in the Balkans – Aromanian Magazines and Almanacs (1880-1914)
SECTION: JOURNALISM LDMD I ELEMENTS OF ROMANIAN SPIRITUALITY IN THE BALKANS – AROMANIAN MAGAZINES AND ALMANACS (1880-1914) Stoica LASCU, Associate Professor, PhD, ”Ovidius” University of Constanța Abstract: Integral parts of the Balkan Romanian spirituality in the modern age, Aromanian magazines and almanacs are priceless sources for historians and linguists. They clearly shape the Balkan dimension of Romanism until the break of World War I, and present facts, events, attitudes, and representative Balkan Vlachs, who expressed themselves as Balkan Romanians, as proponents of Balkan Romanianism. Frăţilia intru dreptate [“The Brotherhood for Justice”]. Bucharest: 1880, the first Aromanian magazine; Macedonia. Bucharest: 1888 and 1889, the earliest Aromanian literary magazine, subtitled Revista românilor din Peninsula Balcanică [“The Magazine of the Romanians from the Balkan Peninsula”]; Revista Pindul (“The Pindus Magazine”). Bucharest: 1898-1899, subtitled Tu limba aromânească [“In Aromanian Language”]; Frăţilia [“The Brotherhood”]. Bitolia- Buchaerst: 1901-1903, the first Aromanian magazine in European Turkey was published by intellectuals living and working in Macedonia; Lumina [“The Light”]: Monastir/Bitolia- Bucharest: 1903-1908, the most long-standing Aromanian magazine, edited in Macedonia, at Monastir (Bitolia), in Romanian, although some literary creations were written in the Aromanian dialect, and subtitled Revista populară a românilor din Imperiul Otoman (“The People’s Magazine for Romanians in the Ottoman Empire”) and Revista poporană a românilor din dreapta Dunărei [“The People’s Magazine of the Romanians on the Right Side of the Danube”]; Grai bun [“Good Language”]. Bucharest, 1906-1907, subtitled Revistă aromânească [Aromanian Magazine]; Viaţa albano-română [“The Albano-Romaninan Life”]. Bucharest: 1909-1910; Lilicea Pindului [“The Pindus’s Flower”]. -
Romanian Grammar
1 Cojocaru Romanian Grammar 0. INTRODUCTION 0.1. Romania and the Romanians 0.2. The Romanian language 1. ALPHABET AND PHONETICS 1.1. The Romanian alphabet 1.2. Potential difficulties related to pronunciation and reading 1.2.1. Pronunciation 1.2.1.1. Vowels [ ǝ ] and [y] 1.2.1.2. Consonants [r], [t] and [d] 1.2.2. Reading 1.2.2.1. Unique letters 1.2.2.2. The letter i in final position 1.2.2.3. The letter e in the initial position 1.2.2.4. The ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi groups 1.2.2.5. Diphthongs and triphthongs 1.2.2.6. Vowels in hiatus 1.2.2.7. Stress 1.2.2.8. Liaison 2. MORPHOPHONEMICS 2.1. Inflection 2.1.1. Declension of nominals 2.1.2. Conjugation of verbs 2.1.3. Invariable parts of speech 2.2. Common morphophonemic alternations 2.2.1. Vowel mutations 2.2.1.1. the o/oa mutation 2.2.1.2. the e/ea mutation 2.2.1.3. the ă/e mutation 2.2.1.4. the a/e mutation 2.2.1.5. the a/ă mutation 2.2.1.6. the ea/e mutation 2.2.1.7. the oa/o mutation 2.2.1.8. the ie/ia mutation 2.2.1.9. the â/i mutation 2.2.1.10. the a/ă mutation 2.2.1.11. the u/o mutation 2.2.2. Consonant mutations 2.2.2.1. the c/ce or ci mutation 2.2.2.2. -
The Vlachs of Greece and Their Misunderstood History Helen Abadzi1 January 2004
The Vlachs of Greece and their Misunderstood History Helen Abadzi1 January 2004 Abstract The Vlachs speak a language that evolved from Latin. Latin was transmitted by Romans to many peoples and was used as an international language for centuries. Most Vlach populations live in and around the borders of modern Greece. The word „Vlachs‟ appears in the Byzantine documents at about the 10th century, but few details are connected with it and it is unclear it means for various authors. It has been variously hypothesized that Vlachs are descendants of Roman soldiers, Thracians, diaspora Romanians, or Latinized Greeks. However, the ethnic makeup of the empires that ruled the Balkans and the use of the language as a lingua franca suggest that the Vlachs do not have one single origin. DNA studies might clarify relationships, but these have not yet been done. In the 19th century Vlach was spoken by shepherds in Albania who had practically no relationship with Hellenism as well as by urban Macedonians who had Greek education dating back to at least the 17th century and who considered themselves Greek. The latter gave rise to many politicians, literary figures, and national benefactors in Greece. Because of the language, various religious and political special interests tried to attract the Vlachs in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At the same time, the Greek church and government were hostile to their language. The disputes of the era culminated in emigrations, alienation of thousands of people, and near-disappearance of the language. Nevertheless, due to assimilation and marriages with Greek speakers, a significant segment of the Greek population in Macedonia and elsewhere descends from Vlachs. -
The Fight for Balkan Latinity (II). the Aromanians After World War
ISSN 2039-9340 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 (11) November 2012 The Fight for Balkan Latinity (II). The Aromanians after World War Giuseppe Motta (Ph.D) Sapienza University of Rome Doi:10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n11p541 Abstract The article focuses on the Vlach question after the first World War, when the Balkan region was finally divided among the different national States and the Ottoman Empire collapsed. In this period the Aromanian communities had to find a new policy inside a new scenario and addressed towards different options represented by Albania, Italy and Romania. In a first time Vlachs also tried to create an autonomous principality of Pindus but this experience was short-lived and did not produce tangible results. On the contrary, during the interwar period the Vlachs consolidated their privileged relationship with Romania and established an influent group at Bucharest, where they partecipated to the internal political life even supporting the most radical movements such as Corneliu's Codreanu Iron Guard. Keywords: Aromanian, Vlach, Balkan, Albania, Romania. 1. Introduction. The Vlachs and the First World War. The history of the Vlachs in the Balkan regions was undoubtedly conditioned by the unstable and chaotic situation of the region, which during the troublesome period of the “Eastern Question” became a central area for the system of international relationships. The problems were particularly acute in the regions of Pindus, Epirus and Macedonia, and were naturally exacerbated by the constant atmosphere of war that the people of this area breathed for many years, at the end of XIX century and during the first decades of the XX. -
World Braille Usage, Third Edition
World Braille Usage Third Edition Perkins International Council on English Braille National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress UNESCO Washington, D.C. 2013 Published by Perkins 175 North Beacon Street Watertown, MA, 02472, USA International Council on English Braille c/o CNIB 1929 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario Canada M4G 3E8 and National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Copyright © 1954, 1990 by UNESCO. Used by permission 2013. Printed in the United States by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World braille usage. — Third edition. page cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8444-9564-4 1. Braille. 2. Blind—Printing and writing systems. I. Perkins School for the Blind. II. International Council on English Braille. III. Library of Congress. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. HV1669.W67 2013 411--dc23 2013013833 Contents Foreword to the Third Edition .................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x The International Phonetic Alphabet .......................................................................................... xi References ............................................................................................................................ -
Predrag Mutavdžić* University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philology Serbia
Mutavdžić, P.: On the Former and Present Status of the Aromanian Language... 146 Komunikacija i kultura online: Godina I, broj 1, 2010. Predrag Mutavdžić* University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philology Serbia ОN THE FORMER AND PRESENT STATUS OF THE AROMANIAN LANGUAGE IN THE BALKAN PENINSULA AND IN EUROPE Original scientific paper UDC 811.135.1'282.4(497) This paper gives a brief historical overview of linguistic surveys (Romance and Romanian linguistics) of the status of Aromanian within Romance language linguistics and Balkan linguistic area. Until quite recently, relevant linguists considered this language to be merely a dialect of Daco-Romanian, while today it is generally seen as an autonomous Balkan Romance language. The fact that this language, apart from having a considerably large number of native speakers, especially in their homelands, is little known to general public in the Balkans and in Europe. Key words: Aromanian, pan-Romanianism, Romance languages in the Balkans, endangered languages, Romanian propaganda Current linguistic trends in Europe are quite liberal when compared to those from the past. From a historical point of view and considering the overall development of human society, it seems to have been necessary for Europe to openly face numerous and daunting challenges in many fields, and particularly in those concerning ethnic, linguistic and cultural features of a nation, which caused the aforementioned change. The turbulent 1930s and the Second World War gave rise to challenges which put to test Europe‟s commitment to democracy, principles of freedom, equality and fraternity and to respect all national, human and civil rights. Lessons which came from one of the most turbulent epochs in modern history of this continent radically changed the attitude of European nations toward themselves and other nations. -
AMERICAN TYPEWRITER Family
AMERICAN TYPEWRITER Condensed Light The breve of lc |ă| is not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. The comma-accent of lc |ț| | is not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. How it should be: AMERICAN TYPEWRITER Condensed The breves are way too wide, non-symmetrical (they should be for this typeface), and are not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. The comma-accent of lc |ț| | is not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. How it should be: AMERICAN TYPEWRITER Light The breves are not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. The comma-accent of lc |ț| | is not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. How it should be: AMERICAN TYPEWRITER CondensedRegular Light The breve of lc |ă| is not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. The comma-accent of lc |ț| | is not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. How it should be: AMERICAN TYPEWRITER Bold The breves are not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. The comma-accents of the lowercases could have a shorter tail, and be a bit smaller. The comma-accent of lc |ț| | is not centered along the vertical axis of the letter. How it should be: APPLE CASUAL Regular Some circum exes don’t match the line thickness of this monoline font — whoever did it just squashed an angle quatation mark, I guess. Something like this… ARIAL Regular The breves are thinner than the circum!exes; Comma-below is indeed smaller than the sentence comma, but its dot-part shouldn’t be thicker/wider than uc |T|’s stem; Also, the comma-below of lc |ș| is di"erent from the comma of lc |ț|—it’s squashed horizontally.