Languages As Factors of Reading Achievement in PIRLS Assessments Gabriela Gómez Vera

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Languages As Factors of Reading Achievement in PIRLS Assessments Gabriela Gómez Vera Languages as factors of reading achievement in PIRLS assessments Gabriela Gómez Vera To cite this version: Gabriela Gómez Vera. Languages as factors of reading achievement in PIRLS assessments. Education. Université de Bourgogne, 2011. English. NNT : 2011DIJOL013. tel-00563710v2 HAL Id: tel-00563710 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00563710v2 Submitted on 2 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Humaines École doctorale LISIT Institut de Recherche sur l’Éducation IREDU - CNRS THÈSE Texte présenté en vue de l’obtention du titre de Docteur de l’Université de Bourgogne Discipline : Sciences de l’Education par Gabriela GÓMEZ VERA Dijon, 27 Janvier 2011 Languages as factors of reading achievement in PIRLS assessments Directeur de thèse Bruno SUCHAUT MEMBRES DU JURY : Mesdames et Messieurs Pascal BRESSOUX Professeur à l’Université Pierre-Mendès-France – Grenoble II Marc DEMEUSE Professeur à l’Université de Mons-Hainaut Michel FAYOL Professeur à l’Université Blaise Pascal – Clermont-Ferrand II Martine REMOND Maître de conférences IUFM de Créteil Bruno SUCHAUT Professeur à l’Université de Bourgogne À mes grands parents Blanca Alicia et Jorge Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma plus profonde reconnaissance à M. Bruno Suchaut pour son soutien, pour son encadrement lors de la rédaction de cette thèse et pour la confiance dont il a fait preuve à mon égard. Je tiens à exprimer aussi mes remerciements aux membres du jury, qui ont accepté d’évaluer mon travail de thèse. J’aimerais par ailleurs exprimer mes profondes gratitudes aux membres de l’IREDU, les chercheurs, les enseignants, les docteurs, les futurs docteurs aussi comme les membres du personnel administratif. Je suis particulièrement reconnaissant à Madame Denise Sauvadet, service des relations internationales du CROUS, parce que grâce à sa diligence ce séjour à Dijon a été très réussi. Cette thèse a été réalisée avec le soutien financier de la commission nationale chilienne pour la science et la technologie (CONICYT) et l’Ambassade de France au Chili. Gracias Juan Carlos por secundarme en todo, nada de esto habría sido lo mismo si no lo hubiese compartido contigo. A mi hermana y mis sobrinos: Mauren, Eduardo y Cristina, cuyo cariño nunca he dejado de sentir a pesar de la distancia. Gracias a mis amigos por su apoyo a toda prueba, en Viña del Mar, Santiago, Dijon y Barcelona, especialmente a aquellos que han compartido esta aventura conmigo, Marcela y Manu, Frank, así como también Paola, Michel, Agustina y Agustin. 2 Résumé Cette thèse est une contribution aux études sur l’acquisition de la lecture et de la langue. La question clé que nous nous avons posé est : « l’acquisition de la lecture, peut-elle être plus ou moins effective en fonction de la langue dans laquelle elle s’effectue ? ». Cet problème peut être simple en apparence, mais il comporte une série d’autres problématiques. Premièrement, il a été nécessaire de définir ce que nous appelons lecture, ainsi, trois de ses propriétés ont été mobilisées. D’abord, l’accent a été mis sur le caractère multidimensionnel de l’acte de lire, qui peut varier en fonction de paramètres tells que la finalité de la lecture ou les processus cognitifs requis pour comprendre un texte. Ensuite, on a souligné le rôle actif du lecteur autant que constructeur de sens, c’est-à-dire, participant à la création de la significativité d’un texte ; ceci implique de prendre en compte les circonstances qui déterminent l’acte de lire, no- tamment le contexte individuel et social du lecteur. Finalement, en ce qui concerne l’acquisition de la lecture, l’accent a été mis sur l’évolution de l’oral à l’écrit, en supposant une augmentation progressive de la complexité de la lecture, dans la mesure où elle est un processus cognitif. Le deuxième problème théorique concerne la détermination de ce qui permet de distinguer une langue d’une autre. Afin de répondre à cette question, des para- mètres ont été établis pour classer les langues en vue de mettre en évidence les dissimilitudes qui peuvent exister entre celles-ci. Premièrement, nous avons pris comme référence le concept de familles linguistiques, qui permet de faire ressortir les connexions entre les langues en fonction de leurs liens historiques et culturels ; en général, les langues qui proviennent de la même racine, ne partagent pas seule- ment une étymologie ou des structures syntaxiques, mais aussi un passé commun et une vision du monde. Deuxièmement, il y a certaines propriétés du passage de l’oral à l’écrit qui peuvent faire une différence dans la qualité de la lecture, à savoir, la régularité avec laquelle l’orthographe représente les phonèmes de la langue, laquelle peut faire de la lecture une tâche plus ou moins transparente ; c’est la notion de profondeur orthographique. Dans les catégories les plus extrêmes, nous trouvons, d’une part, l’Anglais comme une langue hautement irrégulière et d’une difficile acquisition, et d’autre part, des langues comme l’italien ou l’espagnol dont la régularité se rapproche de l’idéal d’une orthographe phonétique. À partir de ces références théoriques on a pu aborder plus solidement notre su- 3 jet, mais pour la mise en œuvre ce travail, il a été aussi nécessaire de disposer d’informations qui permettent de décrire les compétences en lecture, la langue et les facteurs liés aux sujets lecteurs. C’est pourquoi nous avons fait appel aux données produites à partir de PIRLS. Coordonné par l’IEA, il s’agit d’une étude des compétences en littéracie chez des enfants âgés de 9 à 10 de plus de 30 pays à tra- vers le monde. Dans le cadre de notre problématique, cette étude nous a offert la possibilité d’établir des liens entre la lecture et les langues des pays participants, en incluant des renseignements sur les circonstances environnementales et scolaires des élèves. PIRLS suppose comme hypothèse que la maîtrise de la lecture est liée à trois facteurs : l’objectif ou type de texte, les compétences de compréhension requises par le processus de lecture, et les caractéristiques sociales, économiques et culturelles. De plus, PIRLS a permis d’effectuer un suivi des résultats dans le temps puisqu’il y a, jusqu’à maintenant deux vagues de l’étude, 2001 et 2006. Des procédures À partir de cette approche théorique et afin de répondre à la question posée dans la problématique, une série de procédures ont été mises en œuvre. La première à été celle de classer les langues présentes dans PIRLS, à partir des deux critères mentionnés, premièrement les groupes de langues liées par familles linguistiques, et ensuite les langues reliées par un même niveau de profondeur orthographique. Parallèlement, les facteurs environnementaux et scolaires ont été étudiés. Après avoir recueilli suffisamment d’informations sur les catégories linguistiques et les facteurs contextuels, nous avons cherché à les rapprocher aux dimensions qui com- posent l’acte de lecture selon PIRLS (lecture informative, littéraire, processus de compréhension simples et complexes). Finalement, la dernière procédure a été la création d’un modèle d’interprétation statistique capable de rendre compte du rôle de la langue et d’autres facteurs associés au rendement en lecture. En ce qui concerne l‘étude préliminaire des liens entre les catégories linguistiques, les facteurs contextuels, et les dimensions de la lecture, cette démarche avait une double finalité. Premièrement, on a cherché à enrichir l’étude des variables lin- guistiques en établissant le contexte dans lequel elles prennent place. C’est-à-dire, recueillir les informations nécessaires afin de développer un modèle explicatif dans lequel les langues ne sont pas les seules déterminantes du rendement en lecture, mais aussi d’autres facteurs liés aux individus et au contexte scolaire. Deuxième- 4 ment, nous avons cherché à mettre en évidence les différences possibles entre les dimensions de la lecture, de façon à intégrer dans le modèle explicatif les facteurs qui ont déterminé différemment une dimension ou l’autre. Cette procédure est fondée sur l’hypothèse que si les dimensions ont été déterminées par des diffé- rents facteurs, elles peuvent avoir un pouvoir explicatif différent. Ainsi, une même variable expliquera que 5% de la variance d’une dimension, (e.g. score littéraire), en revanche elle expliquera 10% des la variance d’une autre dimension (e.g. score informatif). Afin d’identifier ces déterminants potentiels, nous avons estimé les corrélations entre les résultats des tests PIRLS et un nombre important des questions en pro- venance des enquêtes. Les variables dérivées à partir des réponses des élèves, des enseignants et des responsables des écoles, ont été corrélées avec les différences entre les dimensions de la lecture ; ce qui a permis la création d’indices en repré- sentant les facteurs inférés à partir de ces variables. Les modèles multi–niveaux incluent cinq facteurs en représentant des caractéristiques des individus, dérivée des réponses des élèves, et six facteurs scolaires, dérivés de réponses des ensei- gnants et des directeurs. La littérature spécialisée est d’accord pour remarquer que ces modèles multi– niveaux présentent un avantage important quand il s’agit d’une analyse de sys- tèmes éducatifs en tenant compte de sa structure hiérarchisée. Dans notre étude, on propose un modèle à deux niveaux : étudiant–école, car d’après la comparaison avec d’autres possibilités, celle-ci s’est revelée la plus adaptée pour expliquer les données.
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