THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE YESTERDAY and TODAY Renée
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Romanian Language and Its Dialects
Social Sciences ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS Ana-Maria DUDĂU1 ABSTRACT: THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE, THE CONTINUANCE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE EASTERN PARTS OF THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE, COMES WITH ITS FOUR DIALECTS: DACO- ROMANIAN, AROMANIAN, MEGLENO-ROMANIAN AND ISTRO-ROMANIAN TO COMPLETE THE EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC PALETTE. THE ROMANIAN LINGUISTS HAVE ALWAYS SHOWN A PERMANENT CONCERN FOR BOTH THE IDENTITY AND THE STATUS OF THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS, THUS SUPPORTING THE EXISTENCE OF THE ETHNIC, LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MINORITIES AND REJECTING, FIRMLY, ANY ATTEMPT TO ASSIMILATE THEM BY FORCE KEYWORDS: MULTILINGUALISM, DIALECT, ASSIMILATION, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, SPOKEN LANGUAGE. The Romanian language - the only Romance language in Eastern Europe - is an "island" of Latinity in a mainly "Slavic sea" - including its dialects from the south of the Danube – Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. Multilingualism is defined narrowly as the alternative use of several languages; widely, it is use of several alternative language systems, regardless of their status: different languages, dialects of the same language or even varieties of the same idiom, being a natural consequence of linguistic contact. Multilingualism is an Europe value and a shared commitment, with particular importance for initial education, lifelong learning, employment, justice, freedom and security. Romanian language, with its four dialects - Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno- Romanian and Istro-Romanian – is the continuance of the Latin language spoken in the eastern parts of the former Roman Empire. Together with the Dalmatian language (now extinct) and central and southern Italian dialects, is part of the Apenino-Balkan group of Romance languages, different from theAlpine–Pyrenean group2. -
Managing Order Relations in Mlbibtex∗
Managing order relations in MlBibTEX∗ Jean-Michel Hufflen LIFC (EA CNRS 4157) University of Franche-Comté 16, route de Gray 25030 BESANÇON CEDEX France hufflen (at) lifc dot univ-fcomte dot fr http://lifc.univ-fcomte.fr/~hufflen Abstract Lexicographical order relations used within dictionaries are language-dependent. First, we describe the problems inherent in automatic generation of multilin- gual bibliographies. Second, we explain how these problems are handled within MlBibTEX. To add or update an order relation for a particular natural language, we have to program in Scheme, but we show that MlBibTEX’s environment eases this task as far as possible. Keywords Lexicographical order relations, dictionaries, bibliographies, colla- tion algorithm, Unicode, MlBibTEX, Scheme. Streszczenie Porządek leksykograficzny w słownikach jest zależny od języka. Najpierw omó- wimy problemy powstające przy automatycznym generowaniu bibliografii wielo- języcznych. Następnie wyjaśnimy, jak są one traktowane w MlBibTEX-u. Do- danie lub zaktualizowanie zasad sortowania dla konkretnego języka naturalnego umożliwia program napisany w języku Scheme. Pokażemy, jak bardzo otoczenie MlBibTEX-owe ułatwia to zadanie. Słowa kluczowe Zasady sortowania leksykograficznego, słowniki, bibliografie, algorytmy sortowania leksykograficznego, Unikod, MlBibTEX, Scheme. 0 Introduction these items w.r.t. the alphabetical order of authors’ Looking for a word in a dictionary or for a name names. But the bst language of bibliography styles in a phone book is a common task. We get used [14] only provides a SORT function [13, Table 13.7] to the lexicographic order over a long time. More suitable for the English language, the commands for precisely, we get used to our own lexicographic or- accents and other diacritical signs being ignored by der, because it belongs to our cultural background. -
Domitian's Dacian War Domitian'in Daçya Savaşi
2020, Yıl 4, Sayı 13, 75 - 102 DOMITIAN’S DACIAN WAR DOMITIAN’IN DAÇYA SAVAŞI DOI: 10.33404/anasay.714329 Çalışma Türü: Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article1 Gökhan TEKİR* ABSTRACT Domitian, who was one of the most vilified Roman emperors, had suf- fered damnatio memoriae by the senate after his assassination in 96. Senator historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio ignored and criticized many of Domitian’s accomplishments, including the Dacian campaign. Despite initial setbacks in 86 and 87, Domitian managed to push the invading Dacians into the Dacian terri- tory and even approached to the Dacian capital in 88. However, the Saturninus revolt and instability in the Chatti and Pannonia in 89 prevented Domitian from concluding the campaign. The peace treaty stopped the Dacian incursions and made Dacia a dependent state. It is consistent with Domitian’s non-expansionist imperial policy. This peace treaty stabilized a hostile area and turned Dacia a client kingdom. After dealing with various threats, he strengthened the auxiliary forces in Dacia, stabilizing the Dacian frontier. Domitian’s these new endeavors opened the way of the area’s total subjugation by Trajan in 106. Keywords: Domitian, Roman Empire, Dacia, Decebalus, security 1- Makale Geliş Tarihi: 03. 04. 2020 Makale Kabül Tarihi: 15. 08. 2020 * Doktor, Email: [email protected] ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-7442 75 DomItIan’s DacIan War ÖZ Domitian 96 yılında düzenlenen suikast sonucunda hakkında senato tarafından ‘hatırası lanetlenen’ ve hakkında en çok karalama yapılan Roma imparatorlarından birisidir. Senatör tarihçilerden olan Tacitus ve Cassius Dio, Domitian’ın bir çok başarısını görmezden gelmiş ve eleştirmiştir. -
Peace Corps Romania Survival Romanian Language Lessons Pre-Departure On-Line Training
US Peace Corps in Romania Survival Romanian Peace Corps Romania Survival Romanian Language Lessons Pre-Departure On-Line Training Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………. 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 2 Lesson 1: The Romanian Alphabet………………………………………………… 3 Lesson 2: Greetings…………………………………………………………………… 4 Lesson 3: Introducing self…………………………………………………………… 5 Lesson 4: Days of the Week…………………………………………………………. 6 Lesson 5: Small numbers……………………………………………………………. 7 Lesson 6: Big numbers………………………………………………………………. 8 Lesson 7: Shopping………………………………………………………………….. 9 Lesson 8: At the restaurant………………………………………………………..... 10 Lesson 9: Orientation………………………………………………………………… 11 Lesson 10: Useful phrases ……………………………………………………. 12 1 Survival Romanian, Peace Corps/Romania – December 2006 US Peace Corps in Romania Survival Romanian Introduction Romanian (limba română 'limba ro'mɨnə/) is one of the Romance languages that belong to the Indo-European family of languages that descend from Latin along with French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. It is the fifth of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers. It is spoken as a first language by somewhere around 24 to 26 million people, and enjoys official status in Romania, Moldova and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia). The official form of the Moldovan language in the Republic of Moldova is identical to the official form of Romanian save for a minor rule in spelling. Romanian is also an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations (such as the Latin Union and the European Union – the latter as of 2007). It is a melodious language that has basically the same sounds as English with a few exceptions. These entered the language because of the slavic influence and of many borrowing made from the neighboring languages. It uses the Latin alphabet which makes it easy to spell and read. -
The Emergence of New Regions in Transition Romania
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289797820 The emergence of new regions in transition Romania Article · January 2009 CITATIONS READS 2 51 provided by Repository of the Academy's Library View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE 1 author: brought to you by József Benedek 1. Babeş-Bolyai University; 2. Miskolc University 67 PUBLICATIONS 254 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Socio-economic and Political Responses to Regional Polarisation in Central und Eastern Europe – RegPol² View project The Safety of Transnational Imported Second-Hand Cars in Romania View project All content following this page was uploaded by József Benedek on 14 May 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The Emergence of New Regions in the Transition Romania JÓZSEF BENEDEK Faculty of Geography, „Babeş-Bolyai” University Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor 5-7, 400 006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Email: [email protected] 1. Introduction The emergence of regions, the regionalisation of space and society, the reworking of territorial and social structures are undoubtfully strongly connected to the development of society. Social theories explaining social transformation become in this context vital, but it is quite difficult to theorise the new spatiality in transition countries like Romania and therefore we can note the first major problem which affects the analysis of socio-spatial phenomenas. Some authors were seeking to theorise transition in Romania, J. Häkli (1994), D. Sandu (1996, 1999), V. Pasti et. al. (1997), W. -
He Identities of the Catholic Communities in the 18Th Century T Wallachia
Revista Română de Studii Baltice și Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, ISSN 2067-1725, Vol. 9, Issue 1 (2017): pp. 71-82 HE IDENTITIES OF THE CATHOLIC COMMUNITIES IN THE 18TH CENTURY T WALLACHIA Alexandru Ciocîltan „Nicolae Iorga” Institute of History, Romanian Academy, Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements This paper is based on the presentation made at the Sixth international conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania Historical memory, the politics of memory and cultural identity: Romania, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea region in comparison, hosted by Ovidius University of Constanţa (Romania) and the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, May 22-23, 2015. This research was financed by the project „MINERVA – Cooperare pentru cariera de elită în cercetarea doctorală şi post-doctorală”, contract code: POSDRU/159/1.5/S/137832, co-financed by the European Social Fund, Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources 2007-2013. Abstract: The Catholic communities in the 18th century Wallachia although belonging to the same denomination are diverse by language, ethnic origin and historical evolution. The oldest community was founded in Câmpulung in the second half of the 13th century by Transylvanian Saxons. At the beginning of the 17th century the Saxons lost their mother tongue and adopted the Romanian as colloquial language. Other communities were founded by Catholic Bulgarians who crossed the Danube in 1688, after the defeat of their rebellion by the Ottomans. The refugees came from four market-towns of north-western Bulgaria: Čiprovci, Kopilovci, Železna and Klisura. The Paulicians, a distinct group of Catholics from Bulgaria, settled north of the Danube during the 17th and 18th centuries. -
Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17
TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 15 Part I Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17 1 Land and People The Land The heartland of the immense area of northern Europe occupied by the early Germanic peoples was the great expanse of lowland which extends from the Netherlands to western Russia. There are no heights here over 300 metres and most of the land rises no higher than 100 metres. But there is considerable variety in relief and soil conditions. Several areas, like the Lüneburg Heath and the hills of Schleswig-Holstein, are diverse in both relief and landscape. There was until recent times a good deal of marshy ground in the northern parts of the great plain, and a broad belt of coastal marshland girds it on its northern flank. Several major rivers drain the plain, the Ems, Weser and Elbe flowing into the North Sea, the Oder and the Vistula into the Baltic. Their broad valleys offered attrac- tive areas for early settlement, as well as corridors of communication from south to north. The surface deposits on the lowland largely result from successive periods of glaciation. A major influence on relief are the ground moraines, comprising a stiff boulder clay which produces gently undu- lating plains or a terrain of small, steep-sided hills and hollows, the latter often containing small lakes and marshes, as in the area around Berlin. Other features of the relief are the hills left behind by terminal glacial moraines, the sinuous lakes which are the remains of melt-water, and the embayments created by the sea intruding behind a moraine. -
(Daco-Romanian and Aromanian) in Verbs of Latin Origin
CONJUGATION CHANGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF ROMANIAN (DACO-ROMANIAN AND AROMANIAN) IN VERBS OF LATIN ORIGIN AIDA TODI1, MANUELA NEVACI2 Abstract. Having as starting point for research on the change of conjugation of Latin to the Romance languages, the paper aims to present the situation of these changes in Romanian: Daco-Romanian (that of the old Romanian texts) and Aromanian dialect (which does not have a literary standard). Keywords: conjugation changes; Romance languages; Romanian language (Daco-Romanian and Aromanian). Conjugation changes are a characteristic feature of the Romance verb system. In some Romance languages (Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Sardinian) verbs going from one conjugation to another has caused the reduction of the four conjugations inherited from Latin to three inflection classes: in Spanish and Portuguese the 2nd conjugation extended (verbs with stressed theme vowel): véndere > Sp., Pg. vender; cúrere > Sp., Pg. correr; in Catalan 3rd conjugation verbs assimilated the 2nd conjugation ones, a phenomenon occurring in Sardinian as well: Catal. ventre, Srd. biere; Additionally, in Spanish and Portuguese the 4th conjugation also becomes strong, assimilating 3rd conjugation verbs: petĕre > Sp., Pg. petir, ungĕre> Sp., Pg. ungir, iungĕre> Sp., Pg. ungir (Lausberg 1988: 259). Lausberg includes Aromanian together with Spanish, Catalan and Sardinian, where the four conjugations were reduced to three, mentioning that 3rd conjugation verbs switched to the 2nd conjugation3. The process of switching from one conjugation to another is frequent from as early as vulgar Latin. Grammars experience changes such as: augĕre > augēre; ardĕre> ardēre; fervĕre > fervēre; mulgĕre> mulgēre; respondĕre> respondēre; sorbĕre> sorbēre; torquĕre > torquēre; tondĕre >tondēre (Densusianu 1961: 103, 1 “Ovidius” University, Constanţa, [email protected]. -
Language Group Specific Informational Reports
Rhode Island College M.Ed. In TESL Program Language Group Specific Informational Reports Produced by Graduate Students in the M.Ed. In TESL Program In the Feinstein School of Education and Human Development Language Group: Romanian Author: Jean Civil Program Contact Person: Nancy Cloud ([email protected]) RHODE ISLAND COLLEGE TESL 539-01: ROMANIAN LANGUAGE Student: Jean Ocelin Civil Prof: Nancy Cloud Spring 2010 Introduction Thousands of languages, dialects, creoles and pidgins are spoken worldwide. Some people, endowed by either an integrative or extrinsic motivation, want to be bilingual, trilingual or multilingual. So, the interlanguage interference becomes unavoidable. Those bilingual individuals are omnipresent in the State of Rhode Island. As prospective ESL teachers, our job requirement is to help them to achieve English proficiency. Knowing the interference problems attributable to their native language is the sine qua none pre- condition to helping them. However, you may have trouble understanding Romanian native speakers due to communication barriers here in the State of Rhode Island. The nature of our research is to use a Contrastive Analysis Approach to the Romanian language, so we can inquire about their predicted errors. In the following PowerPoint presentation, we will put emphasis specifically on phonology, grammar, communication style, and semantic problems. Romanian History 1. Before 106 AD, the Dacians lived in Romanian territory. They spoke Thracian tongue. 2. 106 AD, the defeat of the Dacians, (an indo-European people), led to a period of intense Romanization. A vulgar Latin became the language of commerce and administration. Thracian and Latin combined gave birth to Romanian Language. 3. -
Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Sociolinguistic Integration of to Approaches Migration Andthe Sociolinguistic Methodological Theoretical
Theoretical Methodological and the Sociolinguistic Migration Approaches to of Integration Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Sociolinguistic • Florentino Paredes García and María Sancho Pascual Integration of Migration Edited by Florentino Paredes García and María Sancho Pascual Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Languages www.mdpi.com/journal/languages Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Sociolinguistic Integration of Migration Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Sociolinguistic Integration of Migration Special Issue Editors Florentino Paredes Garc´ıa Mar´ıa Sancho Pascual MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editors Florentino Paredes Garc´ıa Mar´ıa Sancho Pascual University of Alcala´ Complutense University of Madrid Spain Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Languages (ISSN 2226-471X) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/languages/special issues/sociolinguistic migration). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-192-2 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-193-9 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Florentino Paredes Garc´ıa and Mar´ıa Sancho Pascual. c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. -
On the Standardization of the Aromanian System of Writing
ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF THE AROMANIAN SYSTEM OF WRITING The Bituli-Macedonia Symposium of August 1997 by Tiberius Cunia INTRODUCTION The Aromanians started writing in their language in a more systematic way, a little over 100 years ago, and the first writings were associated with the national movement that contributed to the opening of Romanian schools in Macedonia. Because of the belief, at that time, that the Aromanian is a dialect of the Romanian language, it was natural to use the Romanian alphabet as the basis of the system of writing. The six sounds that are found in the Aromanian but not in the literary Romanian language – the three Greek sounds, dhelta , ghamma and theta and the other three, dz , nj and lj (Italian sounds gn and gl ) – were written in many ways, according to the wishes of the various Aromanian writers themselves. No standard way of writing Aromanian, or any serious movement to standardize this writing existed at that time. And the Romanian Academy that establishes the official rules of writing the Romanian literary language, never concerned itself with the establishment of rules for writing its dialects, at least not to my knowledge. Consequently, what is presently known as the "traditional" system of writing Aromanian is actually a system that consists of (i) several "traditional" alphabets in which several characters have diacritical signs, not always the same, and (ii) different ways for writing the same words. The reader interested in the various alphabets of the Aromanian language – including the Moscopoli era, the classical period (associated with the Romanian schools in Macedonia) and the most recent contemporary one – is referred to a long article published in Romanian in nine issues of the Aromanian monthly "Deşteptarea – Revista Aromânilor " from Bucharest (from Year 4, Number 5, May 1993 to Year 5, Number 1, January 1994), where the author, G. -
Bullard Eva 2013 MA.Pdf
Marcomannia in the making. by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies Eva Bullard 2013 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Marcomannia in the making by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member During the last stages of the Marcommani Wars in the late second century A.D., Roman literary sources recorded that the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was planning to annex the Germanic territory of the Marcomannic and Quadic tribes. This work will propose that Marcus Aurelius was going to create a province called Marcomannia. The thesis will be supported by archaeological data originating from excavations in the Roman installation at Mušov, Moravia, Czech Republic. The investigation will examine the history of the non-Roman region beyond the northern Danubian frontier, the character of Roman occupation and creation of other Roman provinces on the Danube, and consult primary sources and modern research on the topic of Roman expansion and empire building during the principate. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .....................................................................................................