(Daco-Romanian and Aromanian) in Verbs of Latin Origin
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Romanian Language and Its Dialects
Social Sciences ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS Ana-Maria DUDĂU1 ABSTRACT: THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE, THE CONTINUANCE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE EASTERN PARTS OF THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE, COMES WITH ITS FOUR DIALECTS: DACO- ROMANIAN, AROMANIAN, MEGLENO-ROMANIAN AND ISTRO-ROMANIAN TO COMPLETE THE EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC PALETTE. THE ROMANIAN LINGUISTS HAVE ALWAYS SHOWN A PERMANENT CONCERN FOR BOTH THE IDENTITY AND THE STATUS OF THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS, THUS SUPPORTING THE EXISTENCE OF THE ETHNIC, LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MINORITIES AND REJECTING, FIRMLY, ANY ATTEMPT TO ASSIMILATE THEM BY FORCE KEYWORDS: MULTILINGUALISM, DIALECT, ASSIMILATION, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, SPOKEN LANGUAGE. The Romanian language - the only Romance language in Eastern Europe - is an "island" of Latinity in a mainly "Slavic sea" - including its dialects from the south of the Danube – Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. Multilingualism is defined narrowly as the alternative use of several languages; widely, it is use of several alternative language systems, regardless of their status: different languages, dialects of the same language or even varieties of the same idiom, being a natural consequence of linguistic contact. Multilingualism is an Europe value and a shared commitment, with particular importance for initial education, lifelong learning, employment, justice, freedom and security. Romanian language, with its four dialects - Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno- Romanian and Istro-Romanian – is the continuance of the Latin language spoken in the eastern parts of the former Roman Empire. Together with the Dalmatian language (now extinct) and central and southern Italian dialects, is part of the Apenino-Balkan group of Romance languages, different from theAlpine–Pyrenean group2. -
East European Languages
Latest Trends on Cultural Heritage and Tourism SEMANTIC CONCORDANCE IN THE SOUTH- EAST EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ANCUłA NEGREA, AGNES ERICH, ZLATE STEFANIA Faculty of Humanities Valahia University of Târgoviste Address: Street Lt. Stancu Ion, No. 35, Targoviste COUNTRY ROMANIA [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: - The common terms of the southeast European languages that present semantic convergences [1], belong to a less explored domain, that of comparative linguistics. “The reason why the words have certain significations and not others is not found in the linguistic system or in the human biological or mental structures … it is the societies that, through their diverse history, determine the significations, and the semantics is found at the crossroads between the historical complexity of the reality it studies and the historical complexity of the culture reflecting on this reality… its object is the result and the condition of the historical character, thanks to the relations of mutual conditioning that relate the signification to the historic events of each human community.”[2] Key-Words: Balkan linguistics, terminology of the word “house”: Bg. kăšta, Srb., Cr. kuča, Maced. kuk’a, slov. koča < old sl. kotia meaning “what is hidden, what is sheltered”, Rom. casa < Lat. casa; Ngr. σπητη < Lat. hospitium; Alb. shtepi. 1 Introduction NeoGreek, and Albanese, present unanimous The “mentality” common to the Balkan world, concrdances for the terms having the meaning: having manifestations in the language, is the - “house”, “dwelling” and also historical product of the cohabitation in similar - ”room”, “place to live”, though these forms of civilization and culture. terms have different origins: Kristian SANDFELD, in his fundamental work - Bg. -
Aleksey A. ROMANCHUK ROMANIAN a CINSTI in the LIGHT of SOME
2021, Volumul XXIX REVISTA DE ETNOLOGIE ȘI CULTUROLOGIE E-ISSN: 2537-6152 101 Aleksey A. ROMANCHUK ROMANIAN A CINSTI IN THE LIGHT OF SOME ROMANIAN-SLAVIC CONTACTS1 https://doi.org/10.52603/rec.2021.29.14 Rezumat определенное отражение следы обозначенного поздне- Cuvântul românesc a cinsti în lumina unor contacte праславянского диалекта (диалектов). В частности, к româno-slave таким следам, возможно, стоит отнести как украинские Pornind de la comparația dintre cuvântul ucrainean диалектные чандрий, шандрий, чендрий, так и диалект- частувати ‚a trata’ și românescul a cinsti‚ a trata (cu vin), ное (зафиксировано в украинском говоре с. Булэешть) / a bea vin, se consideră un grup de împrumuturi slave cu мон|золетеи/ ‘мусолить; впустую теребить’. /n/ epentetic în limba română, căreia îi aparține și a cin- Ключевые слова: славяне, румыны, лексические sti. Interpretând corpul de fapte disponibil, putem presu- заимствования, этническая история, украинские диа- pune că convergență semantică dintre cuvintele честь и лекты, Молдова, Буковина. угощение a apărut în perioada slavică timpurie. Cuvântul românesc a cinsti este un argument important pentru da- Summary tarea timpurie a apariției acestei convergențe semantice. Romanian a cinsti in the light of some Așadar, cuvântul ucrainean частувати, ca și cuvântul po- Romanian-Slavic contacts lonez częstowac, apar independent unul de celălalt, la fel A group of Slavic loanwords with epenthetic /n/ in the ca și de cuvântul românesc a cinsti. Cuvântul românesc a Romanian language, to which a cinsti belongs, is consid- cinsti, ca și, în general, grupul menționat de împrumuturi ered. Interpreting the existing set of facts, the author sup- slave cu /n/ epentetic în limba română, reprezintă un rezul- poses that the semantic convergence between the Slav- tat al contactelor timpurii ale limbii române cu un dialect ic честь ‘honour’ and угощение ‘treat’ appeared as far back (dialecte) slav vechi, pentru care era caracteristică tendința as the Late Slavic period. -
The Balkan Vlachs/Aromanians Awakening, National Policies, Assimilation Miroslav Ruzica Preface the Collapse of Communism, and E
The Balkan Vlachs/Aromanians Awakening, National Policies, Assimilation Miroslav Ruzica Preface The collapse of communism, and especially the EU human rights and minority policy programs, have recently re-opened the ‘Vlach/Aromanian question’ in the Balkans. The EC’s Report on Aromanians (ADOC 7728) and its separate Recommendation 1333 have become the framework for the Vlachs/Aromanians throughout the region and in the diaspora to start creating programs and networks, and to advocate and shape their ethnic, cultural, and linguistic identity and rights.1 The Vlach/Aromanian revival has brought a lot of new and reopened some old controversies. A increasing number of their leaders in Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Albania advocate that the Vlachs/Aromanians are actually Romanians and that Romania is their mother country, Romanian language and orthography their standard. Such a claim has been officially supported by the Romanian establishment and scholars. The opposite claim comes from Greece and argues that Vlachs/Aromanians are Greek and of the Greek culture. Both countries have their interpretations of the Vlach origin and history and directly apply pressure to the Balkan Vlachs to accept these identities on offer, and also seek their support and political patronage. Only a minority of the Vlachs, both in the Balkans and especially in the diaspora, believes in their own identity or that their specific vernaculars should be standardized, and that their culture has its own specific elements in which even their religious practice is somehow distinct. The recent wars for Yugoslav succession have renewed some old disputes. Parts of Croatian historiography claim that the Serbs in Croatia (and Bosnia) are mainly of Vlach origin, i.e. -
The Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus
MOROCO: The Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus Andrei M. Butnaru and Radu Tudor Ionescu Department of Computer Science, University of Bucharest 14 Academiei, Bucharest, Romania [email protected] [email protected] Abstract In this work, we introduce the Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus (MOROCO), which is freely available for download at https://github.com/butnaruandrei/MOROCO. The corpus contains 33564 samples of text (with over 10 million tokens) collected from the news domain. The samples belong to one of the following six topics: culture, finance, politics, science, sports and tech. The data set is divided into 21719 samples for training, 5921 samples for validation and another 5924 Figure 1: Map of Romania and the Republic of samples for testing. For each sample, we Moldova. provide corresponding dialectal and category labels. This allows us to perform empirical studies on several classification tasks such as Romanian is part of the Balkan-Romance group (i) binary discrimination of Moldavian versus that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Romanian text samples, (ii) intra-dialect Latin, which separated from the Western Ro- multi-class categorization by topic and (iii) mance branch of languages from the fifth cen- cross-dialect multi-class categorization by tury (Coteanu et al., 1969). In order to dis- topic. We perform experiments using a shallow approach based on string kernels, tinguish Romanian within the Balkan-Romance as well as a novel deep approach based on group in comparative linguistics, it is referred to character-level convolutional neural networks as Daco-Romanian. Along with Daco-Romanian, containing Squeeze-and-Excitation blocks. -
Hungarian Influence Upon Romanian People and Language from the Beginnings Until the Sixteenth Century
SECTION: HISTORY LDMD I HUNGARIAN INFLUENCE UPON ROMANIAN PEOPLE AND LANGUAGE FROM THE BEGINNINGS UNTIL THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY PÁL Enikő, Assistant Professor, PhD, „Sapientia” University of Târgu-Mureş Abstract: In case of linguistic contacts the meeting of different cultures and mentalities which are actualized within and through language are inevitable. There are some common features that characterize all kinds of language contacts, but in describing specific situations we will take into account different causes, geographical conditions and particular socio-historical settings. The present research focuses on the peculiarities of Romanian – Hungarian contacts from the beginnings until the sixteenth century insisting on the consequences of Hungarian influence upon Romanian people and language. Hungarians induced, directly or indirectly, many social and cultural transformations in the Romanian society and, as expected, linguistic elements (e.g. specific terminologies) were borrowed altogether with these. In addition, Hungarian language influence may be found on each level of Romanian language (phonetic, lexical etc.), its contribution consists of enriching the Romanian language system with new elements and also of triggering and accelerating some internal tendencies. In the same time, bilingualism has been a social reality for many communities, mainly in Transylvania, which contributed to various linguistic changes of Romanian language not only in this region, but in other Romanian linguistic areas as well. Hungarian elements once taken over by bilinguals were passed on to monolinguals, determining the development of Romanian language. Keywords: language contact, (Hungarian) language influence, linguistic change, bilingualism, borrowings Preliminary considerations Language contacts are part of everyday social life for millions of people all around the world (G. -
The Dialect of Novo Selo, Vidin Region: a Contribution to the Study of Mixed Dialects
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Arts Arts Research & Publications 2003 The dialect of Novo Selo, Vidin Region: A contribution to the study of mixed dialects Младенова, Олга М.; Mladenova, Olga M.; Младенов, Максим Сл.; Mladenov, Maxim Sl. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/44632 Other Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca Максим Сл. Младенов. Говорът на Ново село, Видинско. Принос към проблема за смесените говори. София: Издателство на БАН, 1969 [Трудове по българска диалектология, кн. 6]. The Dialect of Novo Selo, Vidin Region: A Contribution to the Study of Mixed Dialects English summary by Olga M. Mladenova Maxim Sl. Mladenov, the author of the 1969 monograph reprinted in this volume,1 was a native speaker of the Novo-Selo dialect who preserved his fluency in the dialect all his life. The material for the monograph was collected over a period of about fourteen or fifteen years in the 1950s and the1960s. His monograph is not the first description of this dialect. It follows Stefan Mladenov’s study of the language and the national identity of Novo Selo (Vidin Region) published in Sbornik za narodni umotvorenija, nauka i knižnina, vol. 18, 1901, 471-506. Having conducted his research at a later date, M. Sl. Mladenov had the opportunity to record any modifications that had taken place in the dialect in the conditions of rapid cultural change, thus adding an extra dimension to this later study of the Novo-Selo dialect. His is a considerably more detailed survey of this unique dialect, which is the outcome of the lengthy coexistence of speakers of different Bulgarian dialect backgrounds in a Romanian environment. -
Proquest Dissertations
LITERATURE, MODERNITY, NATION THE CASE OF ROMANIA, 1829-1890 Alexander Drace-Francis School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD June, 2001 ProQuest Number: U642911 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642911 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is the development of a literary culture among the Romanians in the period 1829-1890; the effect of this development on the Romanians’ drive towards social modernization and political independence; and the way in which the idea of literature (as both concept and concrete manifestation) and the idea of the Romanian nation shaped each other. I concentrate on developments in the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which united in 1859, later to form the old Kingdom of Romania). I begin with an outline of general social and political change in the Principalities in the period to 1829, followed by an analysis of the image of the Romanians in European public opinion, with particular reference to the state of cultural institutions (literacy, literary activity, education, publishing, individual groups) and their evaluation for political purposes. -
Dining Tables Divided by a Border: the Effect of Socio-Political Scenarios on Local Ecological Knowledge of Romanians Living in Ukrainian and Romanian Bukovina
foods Article Dining Tables Divided by a Border: The Effect of Socio-Political Scenarios on Local Ecological Knowledge of Romanians Living in Ukrainian and Romanian Bukovina Nataliya Stryamets 1,*, Giulia Mattalia 1 , Andrea Pieroni 2,3 , Ihor Khomyn 4 and Renata Sõukand 1 1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (R.S.) 2 University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12042 Pollenzo, Bra, Italy; [email protected] 3 Medical Analysis Department, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq 4 Nature Reserve “Roztochya”, Sitchovuh Strilciv 7, 81070 Ivano-Frankove, Ukraine; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +38-097-960-3016 Abstract: Local cuisine is an important reservoir of local ecological knowledge shaped by a variety of socio-cultural, economic, and ecological factors. The aim was to document and compare the current use of wild and semi-cultivated plant food taxa by Romanians living in Romania and Ukraine. These two groups share similar ecological conditions and historically belonged to the same province, but were divided in the 1940s by the creation of a state border. We conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with rural residents. The contemporary use of 46 taxa (plus 5 cultivated taxa with uncommon uses), belonging to 20 families, for food consumption were recorded. Romanians in Romanian Bukovina used 27 taxa belonging to 15 families, while in Ukraine they used 40 taxa belonging to 18 families. Jams, sarmale, homemade beer, and the homemade alcoholic drink “socată” are used more by Romanians in Southern Bukovina, while tea, soups, and birch sap are used more in Northern Bukovina. -
Tools for Building a Corpus to Study the Historical and Geographical
Tools for Building a Corpus to Study the Historical and Geographical Variation of the Romanian Language Victoria Bobicev Cat˘ alina˘ Mar˘ anduc˘ Cenel Augusto Perez Technical University “Al. I. Cuza” University, Al. I. Cuza University, of Moldova Iasi, Romania Ias¸i, Romania Chis¸inau˘ Institute of Linguistics [email protected] Republic of Moldova “Iorgu Iordan Al. Rosetti” victoria [email protected] Bucharest, Romania − [email protected] Abstract tion, between which there are 5,723 sentences in old Romanian and 1,230 sentences in regional Contemporary standard language corpora variants of the Romanian. are ideal for NLP. There are few morpho- If we know the non-standard, regional or ear- logically and syntactically annotated cor- lier forms, we can understand the laws of natural pora for Romanian, and those existing or language evolution; we can know how it functions in progress only deal with the Contem- in the communication and process it. The use of porary Romanian standard. However, the Old or Regional Romanian should not be judged necessity to study the dynamics of natu- as mistaken reporting them to the standard rules, ral languages gave rise to balanced cor- but it is in accordance with other rules which we pora, containing non-standard texts. In must discover. this paper, we describe the creation of Linguists are increasingly interested in the tools for processing non-standard Roma- study of old languages with modern tools and their nian to build a big balanced corpus. We demand for old language processing tools is grow- want to preserve in annotated form as ing worldwide. -
MOROCO: the Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus
MOROCO: The Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus Andrei M. Butnaru and Radu Tudor Ionescu Department of Computer Science, University of Bucharest 14 Academiei, Bucharest, Romania [email protected] [email protected] Abstract In this work, we introduce the Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus (MOROCO), which is freely available for download at https://github.com/butnaruandrei/MOROCO. The corpus contains 33564 samples of text (with over 10 million tokens) collected from the news domain. The samples belong to one of the following six topics: culture, finance, politics, science, sports and tech. The data set is divided into 21719 samples for training, 5921 samples for validation and another 5924 Figure 1: Map of Romania and the Republic of samples for testing. For each sample, we Moldova. provide corresponding dialectal and category labels. This allows us to perform empirical studies on several classification tasks such as Romanian is part of the Balkan-Romance group (i) binary discrimination of Moldavian versus that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Romanian text samples, (ii) intra-dialect Latin, which separated from the Western Ro- multi-class categorization by topic and (iii) mance branch of languages from the fifth cen- cross-dialect multi-class categorization by tury (Coteanu et al., 1969). In order to dis- topic. We perform experiments using a shallow approach based on string kernels, tinguish Romanian within the Balkan-Romance as well as a novel deep approach based on group in comparative linguistics, it is referred to character-level convolutional neural networks as Daco-Romanian. Along with Daco-Romanian, containing Squeeze-and-Excitation blocks. -
Template Consilr 2006
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “LINGUISTIC RESOURCES AND TOOLS FOR PROCESSING THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE” IAȘI, 22-23 NOVEMBER 2018 Editors: Vasile Păiș Daniela Gîfu Diana Trandabăț Dan Cristea Dan Tufiș Organisers Faculty of Computer Science “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence “Mihai Drăgănescu” Romanian Academy, Bucharest Institute for Computer Science, Romanian Academy, Iași Romanian Association of Computational Linguistics Under the auspices of the Academy of Technical Sciences ISSN 1843-911X SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Mihaela Colhon, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Craiova Dan Cristea, Faculty of Computer Science, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University and Institute for Computer Science, Romanian Academy, Iași Daniela Gîfu, Faculty of Computer Science, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University and Institute for Computer Science, Romanian Academy, Iași Adrian Iftene, Faculty of Computer Science, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași Verginica Barbu Mititelu, Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence “Mihai Drăgănescu”, Romanian Academy, Bucharest Mihai Alex Moruz, Faculty of Computer Science, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University and Institute for Computer Science, Romanian Academy, Iași Vasile Păiș, Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence “Mihai Drăgănescu”, Romanian Academy, Bucharest Ionuț Cristian Pistol, Faculty of Computer Science, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași Elena Isabelle Tamba, “A. Philippide” Institute for Romanian Philology, Romanian