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Proquest Dissertations LITERATURE, MODERNITY, NATION THE CASE OF ROMANIA, 1829-1890 Alexander Drace-Francis School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD June, 2001 ProQuest Number: U642911 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642911 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is the development of a literary culture among the Romanians in the period 1829-1890; the effect of this development on the Romanians’ drive towards social modernization and political independence; and the way in which the idea of literature (as both concept and concrete manifestation) and the idea of the Romanian nation shaped each other. I concentrate on developments in the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which united in 1859, later to form the old Kingdom of Romania). I begin with an outline of general social and political change in the Principalities in the period to 1829, followed by an analysis of the image of the Romanians in European public opinion, with particular reference to the state of cultural institutions (literacy, literary activity, education, publishing, individual groups) and their evaluation for political purposes. I then go on to examine the same cultural institutions from internal sources, with particular reference to the significance accorded to cultural activity by contemporary actors. The last part of this section traces the origin and crystallization of certain key concepts in Romanian discourse: ‘literature’, ‘nation’, ‘Europe’. The next two chapters follow the formal creation of public institutions of education, publishing and the press within the context of the Russian protectorate (1829-1848) and the period during and after which Romania gained her independence (1848-1890). In the course of this analysis I examine the way in which symbolic value was attached to these institutions. I then present three, much smaller, case studies of Romanian literature ‘in the field’. I have chosen major aspects of the work of three major writers, who are respectively Mihai Eminescu (1850-1889), Ion Luca Caragiale (1852-1912) and Titu Maiorescu (1840-1917). I thus seek to provide: • An overview of the international and institutional contexts of Romanian social and cultural development in the period under discussion. • Some case studies of the relationship between the development of a national literature and the formation of a national identity. Romania constitutes an unusual model for anyone interested in European or colonial types of this process. Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Contents ................................................................................................. 3 List of tables and graphs ....................................................................................... 5 Introduction........................................................................................................... 6 Literature, nation (7), modernity (11) , Romania (13) Structure (17), Periodization (19), Sources (21) PARTI 1.1774 -1829 ....................................................................................................... 25 Politics and social change .................................................................................... 25 Western images and projections......................................................................... 40 The state of culture .............................................................................................. 51 a) Literacy........................................................................................................ 53 b) Education and the public sphere ................................................................ 59 c) Printing........................................................................................................ 71 Literature, nation.................................................................................................. 87 2.1829-1848........................................................... 102 The Great European Family ................................................................................. 102 Education.............................................................................................................. 105 a) Wallachia ..................................................................................................... 105 b) Moldavia ..................................................................................................... 115 Books, printing..................................................................................................... 121 The periodical press ............................................................................................. 132 Literature, nation................................................................................................... 140 Revolution ............................................................................................................. 146 3.1848 -1890........................................................................................................ 151 Education............................................................................................................... 151 a) Institution-building, 1848-1864 ................................................................. 151 b) Primary education, 1864-1890 ................................................................... 158 c) Secondary education, 1864-1890 ............................................................... 161 d) Universities, 1864-1890 .............................................................................. 164 Printing, publishing ............................................................................................... 172 The Periodical Press .............................................................................................. 179 PARTE 4. Mihai Eminescu: Metaphysical Nationalist............................................... 192 5. Ion Luca Caragiale: The Tall Tale of the Romanian Nation.................. 217 6. Art, Society, Nation: The Maiorescu-Gherea Polemic.............................. 229 Conclusion 251 Bibliography 257 Acknowledgements 288 LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS 1.1 Romanian language printing, 1801-1830 by region 83 1.2 Romanian language printing, 1801 -1830 by subject 84 1.3 Romanian religious books by region of publication, 1801-1830 85 1.4 Romanian secular books by region of publication, 1801-1830 85 1.5 Religious and secular books in the Principalities, 1801-1830 86 1.6 Religious and secular books in the Habsburg Lands, 1801 -1830 86 2.1 Estimated Romanian book production, 1830-1878 121 3.1 Public primary schools; Attendance and Results, 1890-1891 160 3.2 Public secondary schools: Attendance and Results, 1890-1891 161 3.3 Students by religion in public secondary schools, 1876-1882, 1888-1892 162 3.4 Bucharest University: enrolment and graduation in selected years, 1864-1906 164 3.5 Ia§i University: enrolment and graduation in selected years, 1870-1900 165 3.6 Distribution of presses by locality (Principalities / Old Kingdom), 1830-1890 187 3.7 Printing presses in the Principalities / Old Kingdom, 1830-1890 187 3.8 Secularization of the press in the Principalities / Old Kingdom, 1830-1890 188 3.9 Romanian literary periodicals (all locations), 1830-1890 188 3.10 Patterns of growth in the provincial press: Botoçani and Giurgiu, 1866-1890 189 3.11 Books published in PiatraNeaml, 1876-1900: a selection 190 Introduction INTRODUCTION Many historians of ideas and of society have commented in different ways on the fact that ‘literature’ and ‘nation’ become constituted as distinct categories in nearly all parts of Europe in the period running approximately from 1700 to 1900. ‘Literature’ is proposed as a branch of intellectual activity distinct from history, philosophy or theology. The ‘nation’, it is argued, is a natural unit for the creation of states to replace despotic empires. This work attempts to examine the introduction and development of these concepts in that part of Europe which became known after 1881 as the Kingdom of Romania, and formed the nucleus of a larger Romanian state created in 1918. This process began at the end of the eighteenth century; I choose to end my account in 1890. There is no reason to suppose that the definition of these ideas was complete or final by that date - as with any extensively used words, the meanings of the concepts literature and nation in Romanian continued to change in time. People who were interested had, however, by that date, reason to believe that not only a kingdom called Romania, but also something called ‘Romanian literature’ and ‘the Romanian nation’ had come into existence, even if they might have been hard pushed to provide an objective definition of these things. My starting-point was a desire to provide
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