The Lost Land of King Arthur

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Lost Land of King Arthur r sca s tle P h oto R . IVeébe , B o ] ’ K C L E AND E"EC ROC K ING A RT HUR S AST UTION , TINTAG E L "Fro n tis pi e ce T H E L O S T L A N D OF K I NG A RT H UR BY C M I G W T ERS j . U N AL O n th e o n e h a n d we h a e th e ma n A rth u r o n t h e v , o th er i s a rea te rth u r 3 m ore co o s s a l u e o f wh ich g r A , l fig r , w e h a e so t o s ea b u t a to rs o re s c u e d ro m t h e w rec v , p k , — , f k o f th e elt ic a n th e on . Pxorz ssoa RHY S C P . “ Th ere i s tru th e n o u gh to ma ke h im fa mou s besides ”— th a t wh ich is a u o u s BAc0N . f b l . \ \ l l 1 WI TH S I "TEEN (I LL US TRA TI ON S 2 L OND ON CHAPMAN. AND H ALL , I 90 9 DA . 5 AWN I CHARD CL AY ON S I MI T E D R S , L , A T R E T H I L E. A N D B RE D S E L , c . , B NGAY S FFOL U , U K FO REWO RD WIT HIN a s m all are a in th e We st Country may b e found th e principal place s m enti o n e d in th e — written chro nicle s of King Arthur place s with f m s trange l o ng hi s to ri e s and o natural char . In th e s e pages an impres s i o ni s t vi e w is give n of th e m W regi o n o nce called C a elia rd and Ly o nn e s s e . e e e e o b - s e o m e e e hav v ntur d int y way s ld nt r d , and we tru s t to hav e gath e re d a few details which m a n o t y b e wh o lly with out inte re s t in th e ir place . s a re m e e o om e Fact ag r ab ut King Arthur , and r anc has s o ove rlaid re ality that h is r ealm s eem s n ow f - to b e v e ritably a part o fairy land . In this es e th e o e i s rofitle s s s e t r p ct j urn y p , av tha , by o a s e we a re led to few taking Mal ry a guid , a delightful and half - fo rg otte n l ocaliti e s ou t of th e o o e o om e n ot ee rdinary r ut , fr m which r anc has b n wh o lly dislo dg e d and wh e re traditi o n s urvives i and s s tro ng . C ON T EN T S C HA P. OF T HE AN D HI E I . KING S CHRONICL RS Y E E A ND CA MELI ARD II . OF L ONN SS O F T H E K ME III . ARTHUR ( ING AND RLIN T HE E NCHANTE R I V . OF TINTAG EL V E E - P - K . OF CA RL ON U ON US ‘ OF T H E B E A N D K VI . ROUND TA L ING ’ A RT HUR s BATTL ES V I I . OF CAME LOT AN D A LMES BURY ’ V . F T EVE A N D H E III O S . KNIGHTON S K I T HOLY GRAIL 1 83 I ME T H E ". OF CA LFORD AND E LAST BATTL 1 94 " T B Y T HE P . OF GLAS ON UR AND ASSING OF ARTHUR LI ST OF I LLU STRATI O N S ’ K A s s e E ec o Roc ing rthur Ca tl and x uti n k , ' ' Tintag el Fron fzspzece T h e Roc V e e ky all y , Tintag l ’ e s e e M rlin Cav , Tintag l ’ K n u s s e e i g Arth r Ca tl , Tintag l T h e E e Roc Bo ssin e o e l phant k , y C v B s He e arra ad, Tintag l T h e Roc V e e ky all y , Tintag l ’ S t. o s K e e T e Knight n i v , intag l ’ S t. Knighton s Glen o of Roc V e a n d on s e M uth ky all y L g I land, Tintag l ’ S t. c e s o e G s ob M i ha l T w r, la t n ury ’ T h e O d e m s I n n G s o b l Pilgri , la t n ury ’ S t. ose s e G s o b b b e J ph Chap l, la t n ury A y W ell s Cathedral T h e Ab b e G s o b u y Barn, la t n ry ’ Ru s of S t. o se s e G s o b in J ph Chap l, la t n ury T HE LOST LA ND OF KI NG A RT HUR CHAPTER I OF T HE KING AND H I s CHR ONICLERS Wh a t a n e n orm o u s c a m e ra - O b s c u ra m a g n ifi e r is Tra d i io n "How a h in o s in th e h u m a n e m o in th e t t g g r w M ry , h u m a n m a in a o n h e n o e o s h i a n d a ll h a ie s I g ti , w l v , w r p , t t l in th e h u m a n e a a re h e e to e n cou a e it —Ca r le H rt, t r r g "y . N O pre te nce can b e m ade that a com ple te o r e xhaus tive hi s to ry Of King Arthur is give n in thi s and th e fo llo wing chapte r s . Only parts o f h is s tory and parts o f th e s to ry o f h is m o st illu s tri ou s knight s a re wove n into thi s m o s aic o f fact and m m f ficti o n . So e ti es o nly a ew thr eads o f th e rom ance a re to b e discove re d ; at o th e r tim e s m a r e e h any e gath r d into t e fabri c . I have take n th o s e p o rti on s o nly o f th e Arthur e o s m s s m of ian fabl , built up n a all ub tratu histo ric s te th e e e os fact , which ui d imm diat purp e in vi ew ; 2 T h e Lost L a n d of Kin g Arth u r th e e e m s s o e e e r st , a hug a , which it w uld hav b n e to o e h a s e o e e e unpro fitabl intr duc , p rf rc b n m T h m e h a s ee s m to o itte d . e pri ary Obj ct b n i ply call att enti o n to th e re pute d re li c s o f th e g r e at e o to m s om e th e o o s o f h r , ark Of fl ating traditi n h is o e to e o f few of th e o e s p w r , and sp ak a l caliti whi c h be ar h is nam e o r a re a s s ociated with h is d ee d s ; and I hav e s trive n to add a little to th e th m o e m o m e s to living inte re s t in e uld ring nu nt , bru s h away a little o f th e du s t of age s from e xi s t e e e s to e th e e m s e ing vid nc , lift a littl v il Of y t ry c e s s s es r s o s th e e whi h dark n , di gui , o hr ud lin a m e s of th .
Recommended publications
  • The Hero with Three Faces
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 1974 The Hero With Three Faces Rebecca Susanne Larson Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Larson, Rebecca Susanne, "The Hero With Three Faces" (1974). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1523. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1523 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT THE HERO WITH THRF.F. FACES By REBECCA SUSANNF. LARSON A study of the relationship between myth and litera­ ture in relation to: 1) the origin and form of myth as literature developed through the Legend of King Arthur; and 2) the function of myth as literature tracing Dr. Philip Potter's motif of salvation through the novels Zorba the Greek, Don Quixote and The Once and Future King. 1 THE HERO WITH THREE FACES By REBECCA SUSANNE LARSON B.A. Waterloo Lutheran University, 1971 THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts deqree Wilfrid Laurier University 1974 Examining Committee Dr. Lawrence Toombs Dr. Aarne Siirala Dr. Eduard Riegert ii UMI Number: EC56506 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Not Really a Chivalric Romance Mladen M
    Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Not Really a Chivalric Romance Mladen M. Jakovljević University in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of English, Filipa Višnjića bb, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia [email protected] Vladislava S. Gordić Petković University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of English Studies, Dr Zorana Djindjića 2, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia [email protected] Medieval English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is unique not only in its form, content and structure, but also in the poet’s skillful use of conventions that play with the reader’s expectations by introducing elements that make the poem exquisitely ambivalent and place it in the fuzzy area where reality and fiction overlap. Although the poem seemingly praises the strength and purity of chivalry and knighthood, it actually subtly criticizes and comments on their failure when practiced outside the court and in real life. This is particularly noticeable when the poem’s symbolism, its hero, and the society he comes from are read against historical context, i.e. as reflections of the realities of medieval life. Accordingly, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight can be read as a poem that praises chivalry and knighthood more by way of commenting on their dissipation than through overt affirmation, as the future of the kingdom, its rulers and society, with its faulty Christian knights, is far from bright, given the cracks and flaws that mar its seemingly glossy façade. Keywords: English literature / medieval romance / Sir Gawain and the Green Knight / love / knighthood / chivalry Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is one of the best medieval English romances and also one of the most unconventional.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Beliefs in Arthur's Atlantic Voyages
    3 MEDIEVAL BELIEFS IN ARTHUR’S ATLANTIC VOYAGES ARTHUR’S DEATH OVERSEAS IN GEOFFREY’S HISTORY Geoffrey’s Reconcilation of Two Traditions The thesis set out in this book, that Arthur sailed west to a distant land in the sixth century, here identified as North America, is not a new one. It was present at the time that Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his famous History of the Kings of Britain in c. 1138. Geoffrey drew on a wide range of material to write his book and would have been familiar with the entry in the Annales Cambriae that Arthur died at the battle of Camlann along with Mordred (Medraut) in 537/539. Camlann was thought to be located in Britain. In his pseudo-history, Geoffrey expands this data into a tale of adultery and betrayal. He presents Mordred as Arthur’s nephew, usurping the crown and having a sexual relationship with Guinevere (Gwenhwyfar), while Arthur was fighting in Europe. Hearing this news, Arthur returns to Britain and engages Mordred in a series of battles until Mordred flees to Cornwall. There at the River Camblam (Geoffrey’s location for Camlann) the final battle took place, where Mordred is killed. However at this point Geoffrey inexplicably departs from the basic data of the Annales Cambriae. Instead of Arthur dying at Camlann, Geoffrey presents him as only being severely wounded and abruptly states that he was then carried off to the Isle of Avalon so that his wounds might be healed. No information or explanation concerning the Isle of Avalon is given. The key question of interest is why did not Geoffrey simply allow Arthur’s life to end at Camlann, as in the Annales Cambriae, dying a heroic death but winning the battle against the traitors and heathens opposed to him? The answer to this is that Geoffrey was aware of a different tradition that had Arthur dying at a distant place overseas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Virgin Mary As the Arms of King Arthur
    The Virgin Mary as the Arms of King Arthur C. Baxter∗ www.Colin-Baxter.com © 2019, 2020 Colin Baxter January, 2020 Abstract We present an account of how the Virgin Mary came to have a medieval heraldic association with King Arthur, and suggest a possible reason why the association began in England. Writers on Arthurian heraldry and literature sometime mention that King Arthur used a depiction of the Virgin Mary as his coat-of-arms. Usually little detail is given, other than indicating that the arms are fictitious, and perhaps quoting Nennius, a supposed Welsh monk, as the authority to the claim that Arthur bore the image of the Virgin Mary. The ultimate source of the heraldic association of King Arthur with the Virgin Mary is the Historia Brittonum, which although appearing fanciful at times, is an account of the history of the British Isles from the time of its first settlers up to the Sixth Century. As well as a history, the Historia Brittonum also contains other material such as genealogies and place names. From textual arguments, it is thought to have been written or compiled in Wales, sometime in the Ninth Century by an anonymous author (Fitzpatrick-Mathews, 2015). The attribution of its authorship to a Welsh monk called Nennuis is now discredited. However, the Historia Brittonum is not a Ninth Century document as such, but comprises over forty enigmatic and confusing Latin manuscripts, all of which contain different versions of text. All the extant copies are medieval in origin and therefore date four to five hundred years after the estimated time of an original compilation.
    [Show full text]
  • Romance of the Perilous Land Is a Game Very Much Inspired by the Oldest Fantasy Roleplaying Game Created in the 1970S, but It Is Also Its Own Creation
    Sample file SampleScott Malthouse file OSPREY GAMES Bloomsbury Publishing Plc PO Box 883, Oxford, OX1 9PL, UK 1385 Broadway, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA E-mail: [email protected] www.ospreygames.co.uk OSPREY GAMES is a trademark of Osprey Publishing Ltd First published in Great Britain in 2019 This electronic edition published in 2019 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc © Scott Malthouse, 2019 Scott Malthouse has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB 9781472834775; eBook 9781472834782; ePDF 9781472834751; XML 9781472834768 Osprey Games supports the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading woodland conservation charity. To find out more about our authors and books visit www.ospreypublishing.com. Here you will find extracts, author interviews, details of forthcoming events and the option to sign up for our newsletter. SampleArtwork: John McCambridge, Alan Lathwell, and David Needham file ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’d like to thank Natalie for putting up with me while I wrote this. I’d also like to thank Steve, Pete, Dave, McB, and Neil for helping me bring this to life. Finally I want to thank Ken St. Andre for putting me on
    [Show full text]
  • A Welsh Classical Dictionary
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY GADEON ap CYNAN. See Gadeon ab Eudaf Hen. GADEON ab EUDAF HEN. (330) Gadeon is probably the correct form of the name which appears in the tale of ‘The Dream of Macsen Wledig’ as Adeon ab Eudaf, brother of Cynan ab Eudaf. According to the tale, Adeon and Cynan followed Macsen to the continent and captured Rome for him. After that Macsen gave them permission to conquer lands for themselves, (see s.n. Cynan ab Eudaf), but Adeon returned to his own country (WM 187, 189-191, RM 88, 90-92). According to Jesus College MS.20 the wife of Coel Hen was the daughter of Gadeon ab Eudaf Hen (JC 7 in EWGT p.45), and this is probably correct although later versions make her the daughter of Gadeon (variously spelt) ap Cynan ab Eudaf, and she is given the name Ystradwel (variously spelt) (ByA §27a in EWGT p.90). Also in the various versions of the ancestry of Custennin ap Cynfor and Amlawdd Wledig we find Gadeon (variously spelt) ap Cynan ab Eudaf (JC 11, ByA §30b, 31, ByS §76 in EWGT pp.45, 93, 94, 65). Similarly in MG §5 in EWGT p.39, but Eudaf is misplaced. The various spellings show that the name was unfamiliar: Gadean, Gadvan, Gadiawn, Kadeaun, Cadvan, Kadien, Kadiawn. See EWGT passim. It seems probable that Gadeon ab Cynan is an error for Gadeon ab Eudaf, rather than to suppose two such persons (PCB). GAFRAN ab AEDDAN. He appears in Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd (§11 in EWGT p.73) as Gafran ab Aeddan Fradog ap Dyfnwal Hen.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthurian Chronicles-Roman De Brut
    Arthurian Chronicles-Roman de Brut By Wace Arthurian Chronicles-Roman de Brut I.WACE In the long line of Arthurian chroniclers Geoffrey of Monmouth deservedly occupies the first place. The most gifted and the most original of their number, by his skilful treatment of the Arthurian story in his Historia Regum Britanniae, he succeeded in uniting scattered legends attached to Arthur's name, and in definitely establishing their place in chronicle history in a form that persisted throughout the later British historical annals. His theme and his manner of presenting it were both peculiarly adapted to win the favour of his public, and his work attained a popularity that was almost unprecedented in an age that knew no printed books. Not only was it accepted as an authority by British historians, but French chroniclers also used it for their own purposes. About the year , five years before the death of Geoffrey, an Anglo-Norman, Geoffrey Gaimar, wrote the first French metrical chronicle. It consisted of two parts, the Estorie des Bretons and the Estorie des Engles, of which only the latter is extant, but the former is known to have been a rhymed translation of the Historia of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Gaimar's work might possibly have had a longer life if it had not been cast into the shade by another chronicle in verse, the Roman de Brut, by a Norman poet, Wace, which fills an important and interesting place among our Arthurian sources, not merely because of the author's qualities as a poet and his treatment of the Arthurian story, but also because of the type of composition that he produced.
    [Show full text]
  • OBINUS, Fictitious Archbishop of London. He Appears Fourth in a List Attributed to Jocelin of Furness, Succeeding Cadar and Succ
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY OBINUS, fictitious archbishop of London. He appears fourth in a list attributed to Jocelin of Furness, succeeding Cadar and succeeded by Conan (John Stow, The Chronicles of England, 1580, p.56). OCTAVIUS, Duke of the Gewissei. See Eudaf Hen. ODGAR ab AEDD. (Legendary). Odgar ab Aedd, king of Ireland, appears in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’. He accompanied Arthur to the west of Ireland in the search for Gwrgi Seferi, the purpose of which is never explained (RM 134). Later Arthur dispatched a message to Odgar to seek the cauldron of Diwrnach Wyddel, his overseer. Odgar, king of Ireland, besought Diwrnach to give it, but he would not (RM 135). Odgar was the only person who could pluck from the head of Ysgithyrwyn, Chief Boar, the tusk which Ysbaddaden Pencawr required in order to shave himself for the wedding of Culhwch and Olwen (WM 452, RM 122). However it was actually ‘Cadw’ [Caw] of Prydyn who ‘took’ the tusk (RM 135). Odgar was brother of Gwitard, son of Aedd king of Ireland. On the name see Patrick Sims-Williams in BBCS 29 pp.605-6 (1982). ODIAR the Frank. (Legendary). He is mentioned as Odyar franc in the romance of ‘Geraint and Enid’ as the steward of Arthur's Court (WM 412, RM 265). See further CO(2) p.227. ODWYN ap TEITHWALCH. (1040) He is mentioned in the genealogies as a descendant of Ceredig ap Cunedda, and the father of Morfydd the mother of Gwaithfoed of Ceredigion (PP §45). Here the spelling is Odwin.
    [Show full text]
  • Today's Slideshow
    Geoffrey of Monmouth c. 1100-1155 The Norman & Angevin Rulers of England, extremely simplified William I (c. 1028- 1087 Adela (c. 1067- William II (c. 1050- Henry I Beauclerc 1137) m. Stephen 1100) d.s.p. (c. 1068-1135) of Blois Matilda (Maud) c. Robert Earl of Stephen (c. 1092- 1102-1167 m. Gloucester (before 1154) Geoffrey 1100-1147) Plantagenet (illegitimate) Henry II (1133- 1189) m. Eleanor of Aquitaine Geoffrey of Monmouth • Witness to some six documents in Oxford between 1129 and 1151 • Termed magister in two of them, suggesting he may have been a teacher • Name occurs together with that of Walter, archdeacon of Oxford, provost of St George’s College; may have been a canon there • Ordained as priest in 1152 and made Bishop of St. Asaph’s (Wales) several days later • Death recorded in 1155 Known Works • Prophetiae Merlini, before 1135 • Historia Regum Britanniae, by 1138 • Vita Merlini, 1149-51 Historia Regum Britanniae • More than 200 manuscripts of the Historia have survived; at least 48 are complete and several date back to the 12th century • Claimed to have based the chapters on Arthur on a "certain very ancient book written in the British language, loaned to me by the Archdeacon Walter” Framework of the Story • Gives Arthur a family and a family history—Uther (Ambrosius’ brother) and Igraine, sister Anna (Morgana=Anna of the Sea) • Igraine previously had two daughters by Gorlois—one marries father of Hoel; one marries Lot and is mother of Gawain and Modred • Adds mysterious force of Merlin How do we ‘read’ Geoffrey? • Not ‘historically
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Atlantic Crossings
    ANCIENT ATLANTIC CROSSINGS THE REPEATED DISCOVERY OF AMERICA by Rod C. Mackay Copyright © by Rod C. Mackay Illustrations and Design by Rod C. Mackay ________________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced except as a single reading copy and back-up for the personal use of the registered disc purchaser. This electronic book is licensed to be stored on one hard-drive but is not otherwise offered to be lent, stored in additional retrieval systems, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or the like, without the express permission of the author at Box 793, Sussex, N.B. Canada, E0E 1P0. Registered purchasers will be made aware of correct- ions, deletions, and the availability of new illustrations and textual additions. ________________________________________________________ Published in Canada by The Caledonian First Edition Before Publication ISBN 0-920546-06-4 ATLANTIS In this older map the usual north/south orientation is reversed. The Greek writer named Plato (427-347 B.C.) remarked that the race of gods "divided the whole earth amongst themselves." He had no first- hand knowledge of their activities, but he did have an indirect witness of past events in a collection of rough notes inherited from a distant relative called Solon (639-559 B.C.). He said that this philosopher had spent ten years living in Egypt, studying documents in the great library at the mouth of the Nile and consulting Psonchis, the most learned historian among the Egyptian priests. From him, through Solon, Plato reconstructed the myth of Atlantis, but died before he could complete the story.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2019 Between Past(s) and Future(s): Translating the Space of Appearance in MChriisdtopdhelre Je nEsenn glish Arthurian Literature Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BETWEEN PAST(S) AND FUTURE(S): TRANSLATING THE SPACE OF APPEARANCE IN MIDDLE ENGLISH ARTHURIAN LITERATURE By CHRISTOPHER JENSEN A DissertAtion submitted to the Department of EnglisH in partiAL fulfiLLment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of PhiLosophy 2019 Christopher Jensen defended this dissertAtion on MAy 20, 2019. The members of the supervisory committee were: DAvid F. Johnson Professor Directing DissertAtion Reinier Leushuis University RepresentAtive JAmie C. Fumo Committee Member Bruce T. Boehrer Committee Member A. E. B. Coldiron Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies tHAt the dissertAtion has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii For KeLsey, wimmonnen leofvest me. And for MArgery And Arthur, oft boþe blysse and blunder. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must begin by tHAnking the people who plAnted and cultivated mAny of the ideAs tHAt found some version of mAturity in this present volume. DAvid Johnson introduced me to ArthuriAn literature in my first semester of graduate school and has endlessLy encouraged and refined my criticAL approach in the yeArs since. Anne Coldiron opened up the wide worlds of mAteriALity and FrencH-to-EnglisH transLAtion to me, giving me my first foothold in the methodologies tHAt would lAter define my course of study.
    [Show full text]
  • From Romantic to Mimetic Fiction in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
    Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e Letterature Europee e Americane Classe LM-37 Tesi di Laurea From Romantic to Mimetic Fiction in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Relatore Laureando Prof. Alessandra Petrina Sibilla Siano n° matr.1191575 / LMLLA Anno Accademico 2019 / 2020 Table of Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................................................. 7 1. MS Cotton Nero A.x.: a pearl of breath-taking beauty concealed in an unimpressive shell. ..... 11 1.1 The relationship between the illustrations and the text in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . 18 1.2 From romantic to mimetic fiction ............................................................................................. 23 2. Thresholds of ambiguity: real natural landscapes and fairy paper castles .................................. 25 2.1 The representation of the natural world: from background to enemy ...................................... 30 2.2 Feasting and celebrating at King Arthur’s and Sir Bertilak’s courts ....................................... 46 3. Heroes and villains: the description of the knight’s equipment as a means of identity disclosure .................................................................................................................................................... 75 3.1 Gawain, the hero of the pentangle ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]