Layamon the “Arthurian” Portion of the Brut
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Queen Guinevere
Ingvarsdóttir 1 Hugvísindasvið Queen Guinevere: A queen through time B.A. Thesis Marie Helga Ingvarsdóttir June 2011 Ingvarsdóttir 2 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Enskudeild Queen Guinevere: A queen through time B.A. Thesis Marie Helga Ingvarsdóttir Kt.: 060389-3309 Supervisor: Ingibjörg Ágústsdóttir June 2011 Ingvarsdóttir 3 Abstract This essay is an attempt to recollect and analyze the character of Queen Guinevere in Arthurian literature and movies through time. The sources involved here are Welsh and other Celtic tradition, Latin texts, French romances and other works from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Malory’s and Tennyson’s representation of the Queen, and finally Guinevere in the twentieth century in Bradley’s and Miles’s novels as well as in movies. The main sources in the first three chapters are of European origins; however, there is a focus on French and British works. There is a lack of study of German sources, which could bring different insights into the character of Guinevere. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the evolution of Queen Guinevere and to point out that through the works of Malory and Tennyson, she has been misrepresented and there is more to her than her adulterous relation with Lancelot. This essay is exclusively focused on Queen Guinevere and her analysis involves other characters like Arthur, Lancelot, Merlin, Enide, and more. First the Queen is only represented as Arthur’s unfaithful wife, and her abduction is narrated. We have here the basis of her character. Chrétien de Troyes develops this basic character into a woman of important values about love and chivalry. -
THE KINGS and QUEENS of BRITAIN, PART I (From Geoffrey of Monmouth’S Historia Regum Britanniae, Tr
THE KINGS AND QUEENS OF BRITAIN, PART I (from Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae, tr. Lewis Thorpe) See also Bill Cooper’s extended version (incorporating details given by Nennius’s history and old Welsh texts, and adding hypothesised dates for each monarch, as explained here). See also the various parallel versions of the Arthurian section. Aeneas │ Ascanius │ Silvius = Lavinia’s niece │ Corineus (in Cornwall) Brutus = Ignoge, dtr of Pandrasus │ ┌─────────────┴─┬───────────────┐ Gwendolen = Locrinus Kamber (in Wales) Albanactus (in Scotland) │ └Habren, by Estrildis Maddan ┌──┴──┐ Mempricius Malin │ Ebraucus │ 30 dtrs and 20 sons incl. Brutus Greenshield └Leil └Rud Hud Hudibras └Bladud │ Leir ┌────────────────┴┬──────────────┐ Goneril Regan Cordelia = Maglaurus of Albany = Henwinus of Cornwall = Aganippus of the Franks │ │ Marganus Cunedagius │ Rivallo ┌──┴──┐ Gurgustius (anon) │ │ Sisillius Jago │ Kimarcus │ Gorboduc = Judon ┌──┴──┐ Ferrex Porrex Cloten of Cornwall┐ Dunvallo Molmutius = Tonuuenna ┌──┴──┐ Belinus Brennius = dtr of Elsingius of Norway Gurguit Barbtruc┘ = dtr of Segnius of the Allobroges └Guithelin = Marcia Sisillius┘ ┌┴────┐ Kinarius Danius = Tanguesteaia Morvidus┘ ┌──────┬────┴─┬──────┬──────┐ Gorbonianus Archgallo Elidurus Ingenius Peredurus │ ┌──┴──┐ │ │ │ (anon) Marganus Enniaunus │ Idvallo Runo Gerennus Catellus┘ Millus┘ Porrex┘ Cherin┘ ┌─────┴─┬───────┐ Fulgenius Edadus Andragius Eliud┘ Cledaucus┘ Clotenus┘ Gurgintius┘ Merianus┘ Bledudo┘ Cap┘ Oenus┘ Sisillius┘ ┌──┴──┐ Bledgabred Archmail └Redon └Redechius -
THE HISTORY of the KINGS of BRITAIN by GEOFFREY of MONMOUTH Edited and Translated by J.A
THE HISTORY OF THE KINGS OF BRITAIN by GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH Edited and Translated by J.A. Giles, D.C.L. BOOK VI. CHAP. I.--Gratian, being advanced to the throne, is killed by the common people. The Britons desire the Romans to defend them against Guanius and Melga. But Gratian Municeps, hearing of the death of Maximian, seized the crown, and made himself king. After this he exercised such tyranny that the common people fell upon him in a tumultuous manner, and murdered him. When this news reached other countries, their former enemies returned back from Ireland, and bringing with them the Scots, Norwegians, and Dacians, made dreadful devastations with fire and sword over the whole kingdom, from sea to sea. Upon this most grievous calamity and oppression, ambassadors are despatched with letters to Rome, to beseech, with tears and vows of perpetual subjection, that a body of men might be sent to revenge their injuries, and drive out the enemy from them. The ambassadors in a short time prevailed so far, that, unmindful of past injuries, the Romans granted them one legion, which was transported in a fleet to their country, and there speedily encountered the enemy. At last, after the slaughter of a vast multitude of them, they drove them entirely out of the country, and rescued the miserable people from their outrageous cruelty. Then they gave orders for a wall to be built between Albania and Deira, from one sea to the other, for a terror to the enemy, and safeguard to the country. At that time Albania was wholly laid to waste, by the frequent invasions of barbarous nations; and whatever enemies made an attempt upon the country, met with a convenient landing-place there. -
The Hero with Three Faces
Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 1974 The Hero With Three Faces Rebecca Susanne Larson Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Larson, Rebecca Susanne, "The Hero With Three Faces" (1974). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1523. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1523 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT THE HERO WITH THRF.F. FACES By REBECCA SUSANNF. LARSON A study of the relationship between myth and litera ture in relation to: 1) the origin and form of myth as literature developed through the Legend of King Arthur; and 2) the function of myth as literature tracing Dr. Philip Potter's motif of salvation through the novels Zorba the Greek, Don Quixote and The Once and Future King. 1 THE HERO WITH THREE FACES By REBECCA SUSANNE LARSON B.A. Waterloo Lutheran University, 1971 THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts deqree Wilfrid Laurier University 1974 Examining Committee Dr. Lawrence Toombs Dr. Aarne Siirala Dr. Eduard Riegert ii UMI Number: EC56506 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
A Welsh Classical Dictionary
A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY DACHUN, saint of Bodmin. See s.n. Credan. He has been wrongly identified with an Irish saint Dagan in LBS II.281, 285. G.H.Doble seems to have been misled in the same way (The Saints of Cornwall, IV. 156). DAGAN or DANOG, abbot of Llancarfan. He appears as Danoc in one of the ‘Llancarfan Charters’ appended to the Life of St.Cadog (§62 in VSB p.130). Here he is a clerical witness with Sulien (presumably abbot) and king Morgan [ab Athrwys]. He appears as abbot of Llancarfan in five charters in the Book of Llandaf, where he is called Danoc abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 179c), and Dagan(us) abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 158, 175, 186b, 195). In these five charters he is contemporary with bishop Berthwyn and Ithel ap Morgan, king of Glywysing. He succeeded Sulien as abbot and was succeeded by Paul. See Trans.Cym., 1948 pp.291-2, (but ignore the dates), and compare Wendy Davies, LlCh p.55 where Danog and Dagan are distinguished. Wendy Davies dates the BLD charters c.A.D.722 to 740 (ibid., pp.102 - 114). DALLDAF ail CUNIN COF. (Legendary). He is included in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’ as one of the warriors of Arthur's Court: Dalldaf eil Kimin Cof (WM 460, RM 106). In a triad (TYP no.73) he is called Dalldaf eil Cunyn Cof, one of the ‘Three Peers’ of Arthur's Court. In another triad (TYP no.41) we are told that Fferlas (Grey Fetlock), the horse of Dalldaf eil Cunin Cof, was one of the ‘Three Lovers' Horses’ (or perhaps ‘Beloved Horses’). -
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Not Really a Chivalric Romance Mladen M
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Not Really a Chivalric Romance Mladen M. Jakovljević University in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of English, Filipa Višnjića bb, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia [email protected] Vladislava S. Gordić Petković University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of English Studies, Dr Zorana Djindjića 2, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia [email protected] Medieval English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is unique not only in its form, content and structure, but also in the poet’s skillful use of conventions that play with the reader’s expectations by introducing elements that make the poem exquisitely ambivalent and place it in the fuzzy area where reality and fiction overlap. Although the poem seemingly praises the strength and purity of chivalry and knighthood, it actually subtly criticizes and comments on their failure when practiced outside the court and in real life. This is particularly noticeable when the poem’s symbolism, its hero, and the society he comes from are read against historical context, i.e. as reflections of the realities of medieval life. Accordingly, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight can be read as a poem that praises chivalry and knighthood more by way of commenting on their dissipation than through overt affirmation, as the future of the kingdom, its rulers and society, with its faulty Christian knights, is far from bright, given the cracks and flaws that mar its seemingly glossy façade. Keywords: English literature / medieval romance / Sir Gawain and the Green Knight / love / knighthood / chivalry Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is one of the best medieval English romances and also one of the most unconventional. -
Hengest Ward
http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/ Kent Archaeological Society is a registered charity number 223382 © 2017 Kent Archaeological Society HENGEST By GORDON WARD, M.D., F.S.A. 1. UNWRrITEN HISTORY WHEN Hengest was alive, in what some people call the Heroic Age and others the Dark Ages, there was no thought of committing history to writing. It is true that a form of writing existed. A few wise men knew the Runic alphabet, but to most people it was a form of magic and in any case it was quite unsuitable for the common folk. The chieftains lived in great wooden halls, rather like the barns of to-day, and their retainers and servants lived around them. In these halls history was handed down by word of mouth. All the most important people were expected to be able to play the harp and to improvise alliterative poetry in honour of the giver of the feast, or in order to record their adventures. There were also minstrels particularly skilled in this form of entertainment, and these learnt all the famous deeds of their master and his house, and sang them to his guests as occasion required. In such a manner was the history of Hengest handed down for five hundred years or more before it was committed to writing or, at least, before it assumed the form that we find in the only manuscript we have left. Although we have also two small saga fragments, which we must presently notice, only one saga of the Heroic Age has come down to us complete. -
1 the Æğelen of Engle
1 The Æðelen of Engle: Constructing Ethnic and Regional Identities in Laõamon’s Brut At the beginning of Laõamon’s Brut, the author makes a striking point of identifying himself by telling us his name and that of his father Leovenath. This strong statement of identity—an oddity for a vernacular writer of the late twelfth or early thirteenth century—sets up ethnic and national tensions that permeate the rest of the poem.1 To some readers, Laõamon’s Scandinavian name and his father’s Anglo-Saxon one may have suggested that the author was of mixed ancestry.2 Whether or not this was the case, the names serve as a reminder of the multiple origins of Laõamon’s countrymen, foreshadowing the ethnic ambiguities that problematise his attempt to 1 See Lesley Johnson and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, “National, World and Women’s History: Writers and Readers in Post-Conquest England,” in The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature, ed. David Wallace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 92-121 at p. 96. For the dating of the Brut, see Françoise Le Saux, Laõamon’s Brut: The Poem and its Sources (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1989), p. 10. 2 The word lagamaðr or lögmaðr originally applied to a judicial office in Scandinavia or regions settled by Scandinavians but passed from a title to a personal name as early as the eleventh century; however, it may still have been a marker of Scandinavian heritage one or two hundred years later. See J.S.P. Tatlock, The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ and Its Early Vernacular Versions (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950), p. -
Royal Adultery and Illegitimacy
Royal adultery and illegitimacy: moral and political issues raised by the story of Utherpandragon and Ygerne in the French rewritings of the Historia Regum Britanniae (12th-15th c.) Article Published Version Fabry-Tehranchi, I. (2015) Royal adultery and illegitimacy: moral and political issues raised by the story of Utherpandragon and Ygerne in the French rewritings of the Historia Regum Britanniae (12th-15th c.). Reading Medieval Studies, XLI. pp. 67-94. ISSN 0950-3129 (ISBN 9780704915534) Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/84523/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Publisher: University of Reading All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Royal adultery and illegitimacy: moral and political issues raised by the story of Utherpandragon and Ygerne in the French rewritings of the Historia Regum Britanniae (12th-15th c.) Irène Fabry-Tehranchi British Library In the widely spread Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth (1138),1 which survives in about 200 manuscripts, Merlin's magic helps King Utherpandragon to fulfill his love for the duchess of Tintagel, by giving him the duke's appearance. Ygerne is deceived, but this union eventually leads to the conception of Arthur. The episode has been discussed in relation with its sources: according to E. -
Nennius, History of the Britains
increased in number, the Britons became incapable of fulfilling HISTORY OF THE BRITONS their engagement; and when the Saxons, according to the ATTRIBUTED TO NENNIUS (FL. 800) promise they had received, claimed a supply of provisions and clothing, the Britons replied, “Your number is increased; your assistance is now unnecessary; you may, therefore, return home, 31.…Vortigern [Guorthigirnus] then reigned in Britain. In his for we can no longer support you.” And hereupon they began to time, the natives had cause of dread, not only from the inroads of devise means of breaking the peace between them. the Scots and Picts, but also from the Romans, and their 37. But Hengist, in whom united craft and penetration, apprehensions of Ambrosius. perceiving he had to act with an ignorant king, and a fluctuating In the meantime, three vessels, exiled from Germany, arrived people, incapable of opposing much resistance, replied to in Britain. They were commanded by Horsa and Hengist, Vortigern, “We are, indeed, few in number; but, if you will give brothers, and sons of Wihtgils. Wihtgils was the son of Witta; us leave, we will send to our country for an additional number of Witta of Wecta; Wecta of Woden; Woden of Frithowald, forces, with whom we will fight for you and your subjects.” Frithowald of Frithuwulf; Frithuwulf of Finn; Finn of Godwulf; Vortigern assenting to this proposal, messengers were Godwulf of Geat, who, as they say, was the son of a god, not of despatched to Scythia, where selecting a number of warlike the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ (who before the troops, they returned with sixteen vessels, bringing with them the beginning of the world, was with the Father and the Holy Spirit, beautiful daughter of Hengist. -
John Cowper Powys's Porius: a Reader's Companion
John Cowper Powys: Porius A Reader’s Companion Updated and Expanded Edition W. J. Keith April 2009 “Reader’s Companions” by Prof. W.J. Keith to other Powys works are available at: https://www.powys-society.org/Articles.html Preface The aim of this “Companion” is to provide background information that will enrich a reading of Powys’s novel/romance. It glosses Welsh, classical, biblical, and other allusions, identifies quotations, explains geographical and historical references, and offers any commentary that may throw light on the more complex aspects of the text. (When a quotation is involved, the passage is listed under the first word even if it is “a” or “the.”) It was first made available on the Internet and in booklet form in 2004, and has subsequently been updated and revised from time to time. The present version has been thoroughly reset and expanded. Numerous errors discovered in the intervening years have been corrected. All page-references are to Judith Bond and Morine Krissdóttir’s edition published by Overlook Duckworth in 2007, with those to Wilbur T. Albrecht’s 1994 edition from Colgate University Press following in square brackets. Since the latter contained many errors and inconsistencies, the words listed often appear there in somewhat different form. Moreover, because the editions are based on different copy-texts, some references appear only in one of the editions; when those occurring in only one version require separate annotation, they have been identified and glossed. References to other JCP books published during his lifetime will be either to the first editions or to reprints that reproduce the original pagination, with the following exceptions: Wolf Solent (London: Macdonald, 1961), Weymouth Sands (London: Macdonald, 1963), Maiden Castle (ed. -
Medieval Beliefs in Arthur's Atlantic Voyages
3 MEDIEVAL BELIEFS IN ARTHUR’S ATLANTIC VOYAGES ARTHUR’S DEATH OVERSEAS IN GEOFFREY’S HISTORY Geoffrey’s Reconcilation of Two Traditions The thesis set out in this book, that Arthur sailed west to a distant land in the sixth century, here identified as North America, is not a new one. It was present at the time that Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his famous History of the Kings of Britain in c. 1138. Geoffrey drew on a wide range of material to write his book and would have been familiar with the entry in the Annales Cambriae that Arthur died at the battle of Camlann along with Mordred (Medraut) in 537/539. Camlann was thought to be located in Britain. In his pseudo-history, Geoffrey expands this data into a tale of adultery and betrayal. He presents Mordred as Arthur’s nephew, usurping the crown and having a sexual relationship with Guinevere (Gwenhwyfar), while Arthur was fighting in Europe. Hearing this news, Arthur returns to Britain and engages Mordred in a series of battles until Mordred flees to Cornwall. There at the River Camblam (Geoffrey’s location for Camlann) the final battle took place, where Mordred is killed. However at this point Geoffrey inexplicably departs from the basic data of the Annales Cambriae. Instead of Arthur dying at Camlann, Geoffrey presents him as only being severely wounded and abruptly states that he was then carried off to the Isle of Avalon so that his wounds might be healed. No information or explanation concerning the Isle of Avalon is given. The key question of interest is why did not Geoffrey simply allow Arthur’s life to end at Camlann, as in the Annales Cambriae, dying a heroic death but winning the battle against the traitors and heathens opposed to him? The answer to this is that Geoffrey was aware of a different tradition that had Arthur dying at a distant place overseas.