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Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices Transport Services Data v2.0 (2007) Michael Spielmann Christian Bauer Roberto Dones Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Matthias Tuchschmid ESU-services Ltd., Uster ecoinvent report No. 14 Villigen and Uster, December 2007 Project "ecoinvent data v2.0" Commissioners: Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU - FOEN), Bern Swiss Federal Office for Energy (BFE), Bern Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture (BLW), Bern ecoinvent Board: Alexander Wokaun (Chair) PSI, Villigen Gérard Gaillard, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station, ART, Zürich Lorenz Hilty, Empa, St. Gallen Konrad Hungerbühler, ETHZ, Zürich François Maréchal, EPFL, Lausanne ecoinvent Advisory Council: Norbert Egli, BAFU, Bern Mark Goedkoop, PRé Consultants B.V. Patrick Hofstetter, WWF, Zürich Roland Högger, öbu / Geberit AG, Rapperswil Christoph Rentsch, BAFU (until January 2006) Mark Zimmermann, BFE (until July 2007) Institutes of the ecoinvent Centre: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa) Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station (ART) Participating consultants: Basler & Hofmann, Zürich Bau- und Umweltchemie, Zürich Carbotech AG, Basel Chudacoff Oekoscience, Zürich Doka Life Cycle Assessments, Zürich Dr. Werner Environment & Development, Zürich Ecointesys - Life Cycle Systems Sarl. ENERS Energy Concept, Lausanne ESU-services Ltd., Uster Infras AG, Bern Software Support: ifu Hamburg GmbH Project leader: Rolf Frischknecht, ecoinvent Centre, Empa, Dübendorf Marketing and Sales: Annette Köhler, ecoinvent Centre, Empa, Dübendorf Transport Services Authors 2007, v2.0: Michael Spielmann, Christian Bauer, Roberto Dones, Matthias Tuchschmid Authors 2003, 2004: Michael Spielmann, ETHZ-UNS Thomas Kägi, ETHZ-UNS Philipp Stadler, ETHZ-UNS Reviewer: Thomas Kägi, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station (ART) (2007) Niels Jungbluth (2003, 2004, 2007) Contact address: ecoinvent Centre Empa P.O. Box CH-8600 Dübendorf http://www.ecoinvent.org/ [email protected] Responsibility: This report has been prepared on behalf of one or several Federal Offices listed on the opposite page (see commissioners) and / or the ecoinvent Centre. The final responsibility for contents and conclusions remains with the authors of this report. Terms of Use: Data published in this report are subject to the ecoinvent terms of use, in particular paragraphs 4 and 8. The ecoinvent terms of use (Version 2.0) can be downloaded via the Internet (www.ecoinvent.org). Liability: Information contained herein have been compiled or arrived from sources believed to be reliable. Nevertheless, the authors or their organizations do not accept liability for any loss or damage arising from the use thereof. Using the given information is strictly your own responsibility. Citation: Spielmann, M., Bauer, C., Dones, R., Tuchschmid, M. (2007) Transport Services. e- coinvent report No. 14. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, 2007 © Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories / 2007 ecoinvent report No 14 Acknowledgement Acknowledgement ecoinvent v2.0 The author would like to thank, Natascha Kljun and Christoph Schreyer (INFRAS) and Bart Van Her- bruggen (Transport & Mobility Leuven) for providing background information and knowledge. Also, we thank Thomas Kägi for the review of the report and original data files. Acknowledgement ecoinvent v1.0 Our thanks go to the reviewer Niels Jungbluth from ESU-services for his useful comments. We would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Roland W. Scholz and Peter de Haan (ETH-NSSI) for their su- pervision of the work. The following individuals contributed to the study by providing data, information or expert knowl- edge, or by helping in other ways: G. Doka, Doka Ökobilanzen, Zürich Switzerland.. R. Dones and Th. Heck, PSI, Villigen, Switzerland. R. Frischknecht, ESU-Services, Uster, Switzerland.. A. Giannouli, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.. M. Halder and H. Schwarz und Deutsche Bahn AG, Bahn Umweltzentrum, Berlin. R. Hischier, EMPA, St. Gallen. H.J. Althaus und D. Kellenberger, EMPA, Dübbendorf, Switzerland H. Jenk, BUWAL, Bern, Switzerland.. M. Keller and P. de Haan, INFRAS-Bern, Switzerland. W. Knörr, Ifeu-Heidelberg, Germany.. H. Kuppelwieser, SBB, Bahn Umweltzentrum, Bern, Switzerland.. D. Peter and C. Schreyer, INFRAS-Zürich, Switzerland. W. Schweimer, Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg, Germany.. H. Stram, Masterplanung, uniqueairport, Zürich, Switzerland.. S. Stühler, MAN-Nutzfahrzeuge AG, München, Germany ecoinvent report No 14 Summary Summary Freight transport occurs between nearly any two process steps of a product system and often is of ma- jor importance for a product life cycle. In addition, passenger transport services e.g. for business and service trips are of growing interest for Life Cycle Assessment studies. Comprehensive life cycle in- ventories (LCI) of various means of transport are available from Frischknecht (1996)and Maibach (1999). Within the framework of ecoinvent 2000 projects, these data have been extended, updated and harmonised. The main objective of transport modelling in ecoinvent is to provide background data for transport services in order to complete a variety of product life cycles. Generic background data have been gen- erated for four modes of transport (air-, rail-, road- and water transport) to account for environmental interventions due to the transportation between two process steps of a product system. The data repre- sent average transport conditions in Switzerland and Europe. In order to quantify environmental exchanges of transport services and relate transport datasets to other product life cycles, the environmental exchanges are related to the reference unit of one tonne kilometre [tkm]. A tonne kilometre is defined as the transport of one tonne of goods by a certain trans- port service over one kilometre. Passenger transport data is expressed in passenger kilometres [pkm]. Each mode of transport is further separated into sub-groups, referred to as transport services, using several criteria such as geographical operation (e.g., rail transport), vehicle size (e.g., road transport) and transported goods (e.g., water transport). Transport services are divided into several datasets, so- called transport components. In addition to vehicle operation (comprising vehicle travel and pre- combustion), infrastructure processes such as vehicle maintenance, manufacturing and disposal as well as transport infrastructure construction, operation and disposal are also modelled. ecoinvent report No 14 New, Updated and Corrected Datasets in ecoinvent data v2.0 New and Updated Transport Datasets in ecoinvent v2.0 The ecoinvent data v2.0 contain new and updated life cycle inventories of transport systems based on fossil fuels and biofuels as well as life cycle inventories of electric railway transport systems. This re- port contains the inventories and documentation of fossil fuel-based and railway transport services, while biofuel-based transport services are documented in (Jungbluth et al. 2007). Fossil fuel-based and railway transport services Comprehensive life cycle inventories (LCI) for various transport services (road, rail, water and air) have been produced within the framework of ecoinvent v1.1 by Spielmann (2004). Within the frame- work of ecoinvent v2.0, data the focus is the extension and update of road transport datasets. In addi- tion the figures for Swiss rail transport have been updated and some datasets representing the rail transport of coal in China and the USA have been added. In the tables below the updated and new datasets are presented. Tab. 1: Datasets for Freight Transport Services in Europe (RER) Dataset name Location Category Sub-Category Unit Status operation, lorry 3.5-7.5t, EURO3 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry 3.5-7.5t, EURO4 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry 3.5-7.5t, EURO5 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry 7.5-16t, EURO3 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry 7.5-16t, EURO4 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry 7.5-16t, EURO5 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry 16-32t, EURO3 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry 16-32t, EURO4 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry 16-32t, EURO5 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry >32t, EURO3 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry >32t, EURO4 RER transport systems road vkm new operation, lorry >32t, EURO5 RER transport systems road vkm new transport, lorry 3.5-7.5t, EURO3 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry 3.5-7.5t, EURO4 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry 3.5-7.5t, EURO5 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry 7.5-16t, EURO3 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry 7.5-16t, EURO4 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry 7.5-16t, EURO5 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO3 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO4 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO5 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry >32t, EURO3 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry >32t, EURO4 RER transport systems road tkm new transport, lorry >32t, EURO5 RER transport
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    Útmutató a nemzetközi vonatok menetrendjéhez Tisztelt Utasunk! Ha nemzetközi utazásának kiindulási- vagy célállomása olyan megállóhely, ahol a belföldi menetrendi mezők szerint a nemzetközi vonat menetrend szerint megáll, ugyanakkor a megállóhely a Nemzetközi vonatok menetrendjében (www.mavcsoport.hu honlapra feltöltött pdf formátumú fájlok) nincs feltüntetve, a menetjegy-vásárlási lehetőségekről utazása előtt feltétlenül érdeklődjön Ügyfélszolgálatunknál vagy tájékozódjon weboldalunkon (előfordulhat, hogy ezekre a megállóhelyekre a MÁV-START Zrt. ki tud adni menetjegyet, de más vasúttársaság nem): . belföldről: 06 (1) 3 49 49 49; . külföldről: + 36 1 4444 44 99 . www.mavcsoport.hu A vonatok teljes útvonalán tilos a dohányzás! A jegyzék táblázatos formában tartalmazza a nemzetközi távolsági vonatok menetrendjét és kocsi-összeállítását. Adott nemzetközi vonat jegyzékében megtalálható: . a vonat neve, . a vonat viszonylata, . a vonat típusa, száma, . a vonatra érvényes helyfoglalási, pótjegyváltási előírás, . a vonat részletes menetrendje, . a vonat közlekedési korlátozása, . a vonattal továbbított kocsik típusa, viszonylata, . a továbbított kocsi kocsiszáma, a kocsit kiállító vasúttársaság megjelölése, . a kocsi vagy kocsicsoport (Ó) közlekedési korlátozása, a közlekedés ideje, . fekvőhelyes kocsiknál a fekvőhelyet mely állomások között lehet igénybe venni (ha nincs külön jelölve, akkor a kocsi a teljes útvonalon fekvőhelyes kocsiként közlekedik). Útmutató a nemzetközi vonatok menetrendjéhez Kocsikiállító vasutak: ČD = cseh vasút PKP = lengyel vasút CFR = román vasút SŽ = szlovén vasút DB = német vasút UŽ = ukrán vasút HŽ = horvát vasút SV = szerb vasút MÁV-S = magyar vasút ŽSSK = szlovák vasút ÖBB = osztrák vasút Az időadatok azon ország hivatalos időszámításának felelnek meg, melynek területén az állomás fekszik. A megadott kilométer-távolságok tájékoztató jellegűek, díjszámításra nem használhatók fel. A helybiztosításra és a kerékpárszállításra utaló jelölések nemzetközi forgalomra érvényesek.
  • Schedule-Based Estimation of Pedestrian Demand Within a Railway Station

    Schedule-Based Estimation of Pedestrian Demand Within a Railway Station

    Schedule-based estimation of pedestrian demand within a railway station Flurin Hänseler Nicholas Molyneaux Michel Bierlaire Amanda Stathopoulos Transport and Mobility Laboratory, EPFL May 2014 Schedule-based estimation of pedestrian demand within a railway station May 2014 Transport and Mobility Laboratory, EPFL Schedule-based estimation of pedestrian demand within a railway station Flurin Hänseler, Nicholas Molyneaux, Michel Bierlaire, Amanda Stathopoulos {flurin.haenseler,nicholas.molyneaux,michel.bierlaire,amanda.stathopoulos}@epfl.ch May 1, 2014 Abstract A framework is outlined for estimating pedestrian demand within a railway station which takes advantage of the train timetable and train frequentation data, as well as various direct or indirect indicators of demand. These may include e.g. link flow counts, measurements of density and travel times, or historical information. The problem is considered in discrete time and at the aggregate level, i.e., for groups of pedestrians associated with the same origin-destination pair and with the same departure time interval. The formulation of the framework allows for a wide applicability to various types of railway stations and input data. A preliminary case study analysis of Lausanne railway station provides an example of such an application. Cover photo: Michael Buholzer, c Reuters Keywords Demand estimation, pedestrian flows, schedule-based estimation, public transport i Schedule-based estimation of pedestrian demand within a railway station May 2014 1 Introduction The demand for mobility is increasing at a fast pace, and so is the volume of traffic in general. Taking the network of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) as an example, the number of daily transported passengers has grown by approximately 50% in the last decade alone (Amacker, 2012).
  • Improving the Energy Efficiency of High Speed Rail and Life Cycle Comparison with Other Modes of Transport

    Improving the Energy Efficiency of High Speed Rail and Life Cycle Comparison with Other Modes of Transport

    Imperial College London Department of Mechanical Engineering Improving the energy efficiency of high speed rail and life cycle comparison with other modes of transport Jing Zhou September 2014 Thesis submitted for the Diploma of Imperial College (DIC) PhD degree of Imperial College London 1 2 I declare that this written work is original work of which I am the sole author and written in my own words, except where other sources are acknowledged. 3 4 Copyright Declaration The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives licence. Researchers are free to copy, distribute or transmit the thesis on the condition that they attribute it, that they do not use it for commercial purposes and that they do not alter, transform or build upon it. For any reuse or redistribution, researchers must make clear to others the licence terms of this work. 5 6 Abstract The world energy crisis and global warming call for a reduction of energy consumption. High speed rail, increasingly viewed as an effective solution to inter-city passenger transportation challenge of the 21st century, has the significant ability of increasing passenger capacity and reducing journey time. The advent of high speed rail provided many research opportunities. So far studies have been contributed from different perspectives: economical, environmental, and technical. The main research gaps are: addressing the problem of the effects of route geometry on train energy consumption and quantifying the contributing factors towards differences in energy consumption between different types of high speed trains.