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Polysynthetic Sociolinguistics: the Language and Culture of Murrinh Patha Youth

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Polysynthetic Sociolinguistics: the Language and Culture of Murrinh Patha Youth Polysynthetic sociolinguistics: The language and culture of Murrinh Patha youth John Basil Mansfield A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University. June 2014 Except for where otherwise stated, this thesis is entirely my own work. Signed: John Mansfield ii Abstract This thesis is about the life and language of kardu kigay – young Aboriginal men in the town of Wadeye, northern Australia. Kigay have attained some notoriety within Australia for their participation in “heavy metal gangs”, which periodically cause havoc in the town. But within Australianist linguistics circles, they are additionally known for speaking Murrinh Patha, a polysynthetic language that has a number of unique grammatical structures, and which is one of the few Aboriginal languages still being learnt by children. My core interest is to understand how people’s lives shape their language, and how their language shapes their lives. In this thesis these interests are focused around the following research goals: (1) To document the social structures of kigay’s day-to-day lives, including the subcultural “metal gang” dimension of their sociality; (2) To document the language that kigay speak, focusing in particular in aspects of their speech that differ from what has been documented in previous descriptions of Murrinh Patha; (3) To analyse which features of kigay speech might be socially salient linguistic markers, and which are more likely to reflect processes of grammatical change that run below the level of social or cognitive salience; (4) To analyse how kigay speech compares to other youth Aboriginal language varieties documented in northern Australia, and argue that together these can be described as a phenomenon of linguistic urbanisation. I will show that the “heavy metal gangs” are an idiosyncratic local subculture that uses foreign heavy metal bands as group totems. Social connections and loyalties are formed on the basis of peer solidarity, as opposed to the traditional iii totemic system, which is structured around ancestry. Lives are now shaped by the dense (and often conflict-riven) town environment, as opposed to bush life, which was inseparable from the land. Kigay’s in-group language is a “slang” variety of Murrinh Patha (MP), which deploys new words and phrases by borrowing and reinterpreting English vocabulary. It is also characterised by substantial lenitions and deletions in the pronunciation. The MP grammatical system still underlies this speech, but some of its more complex morphosyntactic forms are restricted to the “heavy” speech of older people, and there are various mergers and reconfigurations occurring in the verb morphology. This thesis adds to the growing body of work describing how language contact and changing sociolinguistic dynamics are radically restructuring the linguistic repertoire of Aboriginal communities in northern and central Australia. At the same time, it is one of very few studies providing sociolinguistic description of a polysynthetic language, and is therefore an innovative study in polysynthetic sociolinguistics. iv Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 2. Kardu kigay and social organisation ............................................................................ 29 3. Kigay subculture ................................................................................................................... 55 4. The languages of Wadeye and the language of kardu kigay .............................. 90 5. Murrinh Patha phonology ............................................................................................. 133 6. English/Kriol lexical borrowing and phonological integration .................... 192 7. Lenition of /p/ and /k/ ................................................................................................... 238 8. The Murrinh Patha verb ................................................................................................. 279 9. The rise of coverbs ............................................................................................................ 313 10. Morphosyntactic change and variation in the polysynthetic verb ............ 359 11. Changing tense, aspect and modality ..................................................................... 399 12. Discussion: Murrinh Patha youth and linguistic urbanisation in northern Australia ..................................................................................................................................... 454 References ................................................................................................................................. 487 Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 508 v Detailed contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Mendi, and the beginnings of this research ............................................................. 1 1.1.1 Comparison to previous studies ............................................................... 5 1.2 Wadeye .................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Murrinh Patha ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Existing studies of Murrinh Patha .......................................................... 10 1.4 Field methodology ............................................................................................................ 12 1.5 Language data ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.5.1 Video-stimulated data ................................................................................. 18 1.5.2 Picture-stimulated elicitation .................................................................. 21 1.5.3 Verb conjugations .......................................................................................... 22 1.5.4 Natural speech data ...................................................................................... 23 1.5.5 Archival data .................................................................................................... 25 1.5.6 Examples in the text ..................................................................................... 26 1.5.7 Archiving my data ......................................................................................... 26 1.6 The structure of this thesis ........................................................................................... 27 2. Kardu kigay and social organisation 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.2 Kardu kigay .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.3 Economics and households .......................................................................................... 31 2.4 “Wives” and children ....................................................................................................... 33 2.5 Aboriginal social organisation ..................................................................................... 35 2.6 Traditional social categories of the Wadeye region ........................................... 38 2.6.1 Clan, language and ceremony groups ................................................... 40 2.6.2 Initiation ceremonies ................................................................................... 45 2.7 Metal mobs as kin-based social categories ............................................................ 46 2.8 Flexibility in mob affiliation ......................................................................................... 49 2.8.1 Multiple affiliation ......................................................................................... 51 2.8.2 Permanency of affiliation ........................................................................... 52 2.9 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 53 3. Kigay subculture 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 55 vi 3.2 An Aboriginal subculture ............................................................................................... 55 3.2.1 What is “subculture”? .................................................................................. 57 3.2.2 Aboriginal “gangs” ......................................................................................... 59 3.3 Fighting .................................................................................................................................. 60 3.4 Marijuana .............................................................................................................................. 63 3.5 Heavy metal and the digital/social media network ........................................... 65 3.6 Graffiti .................................................................................................................................... 69 3.7 Disengagement from mainstream institutions ...................................................
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