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„No Name, No Business, No Precious, Nothing. Only Empty.“ J. R. R. Tolkien: Ein Autor Der Literarischen Moderne
„No name, no business, no Precious, nothing. Only empty.“ J. R. R. Tolkien: Ein Autor der literarischen Moderne Inaugural-Dissertation in der Fakultät Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg vorgelegt von Anna Patricia Ricker, M.A. aus Fürth Bamberg, den 31.08.2012 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07. Februar 2013 Dekan/Dekanin: Universitätsprofessor/-in Dr. Lorenz Korn Erstgutachter/-in: Universitätsprofessor/-in Dr. Christoph Houswitschka Zweitgutachter/-in: Universitätsprofessor/-in Dr. Thomas Honegger 2 Gliederung 1 Von Poiesis und der guten Fee Historia...................................................... 5 2 „In fewer words and without song“: Modernistisches Erzählen in Tolkiens Werken ................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Tolkien und die Zeit der literarischen Moderne........................................ 16 2.2 Tolkien und die Literatur des Modernismus ............................................. 28 2.2.1 Literarische Werke und Themenkomplexe............................................. 28 2.2.2 Der literaturtheoretische Ansatz des New Criticism............................... 38 2.3 Tolkien und Stephen Kerns historiografischer Ansatz der literarischen Moderne 50 2.3.1 Formale Aspekte..................................................................................... 52 2.3.1.1 Die literarische Figur .......................................................................... 52 2.3.1.2 Ereignisse, Raum und Zeit................................................................. -
Problems of Learning Languages
Министерство образования и науки кыргызской республики кыргызско-российский славянский университет кафедра теории и практики английского языка и межкультурной коммуникации о.Ю. Шубина, в.Ш. Хасанова, н.в. курганова PROBLEMS OF LEARNING LANGUAGES учебное пособие для студентов старших курсов языковых специальностей бишкек 2010 уДк 80/81 ббк 81 Ш 95 рецензенты: в.Д. асанов, доц., р.и. кузьмина, доц., г.а. вишневская, доц. рекомендовано к изданию кафедрой теории и практики английского языка и межкультурной коммуникации и ученым советом крсу Допущено Министерством образования и науки кыргызской республики в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений Шубина О.Ю и др. Ш 95 Problems of learning languages: учебное пособие для студентов страших курсов языковых специальностей / о.Ю. Шубина, в.Ш. Хасанова, н.в. курганова. – б.: крсу, 2010. – 118 с. isbn 978-9967-05-573-5 настоящее учебное пособие “Problems of learning languages” предназнача- ется для студентов старших курсов языковых специальностей. Цель пособия – совершенствование навыков чтения, развитие навыков ре- чевого общения, введение и закрепление лексики по изучаемой теме. пособие состоит из четырех разделов, в каждый из которых включены тематические тексты, определенные задания по различным видам чтения (по- исковое, просмотровое и др.), задания на лексику, задания, направленные на развитие навыков написания аннотаций и эссе. в пособие включены также ролевые игры и тестовые задания для контроля знаний студентов: лексические тесты, тесты к видеофильмам и аудиотесты. в пособие включен словарь-минимум, охватывающий лексику всего мате- риала пособия. задания, предлагаемые в сборнике, предполагают парный и групповой виды работ и предназначены как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы. Ш 4602000000-09 уДк 80/81 ББК 81 isbn 978-9967-05-573-5 © крсу, 2010 CONTENTS Unit I. -
O Języku Pomocniczym Międzynarodowym” 111 Lat Później
425 BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ POLONAISE DE LINGUISTIQUE, FASC. LXXVI, 2020 ISSN 0032-3802 IDA STRIA Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa ORCID: 0000-0002-7715-0758 ♦ DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.6657 „O języku pomocniczym międzynarodowym” 111 lat później Streszczenie W 1908 roku Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay wygłosił publiczny odczyt „O języku pomocniczym międzynarodowym”, w którym to prezentował tytułowe zagadnienie, skupiając się na językach sztucz- nych. Niniejszy referat ma na celu analizę powyższego tekstu i stwierdzenie, w jakim stopniu aktualne jest stanowisko tego wielkiego językoznawcy w świetle nie tylko dzisiejszej wiedzy językoznawczej, ale także pod kątem faktycznego rozwoju języków przez niego opisanych. Słowa kluczowe: międzynarodowy język pomocniczy, esperanto, volapük, języki sztuczne, lingua franca “On an international auxiliary language” 111 years later Summary In 1908, Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay gave a public lecture entitled “O języku pomocniczym międzynarodowym” (‘On an international auxiliary language’), in which he focused on artificial languag- es. This paper aims to analyse the ideas presented in Baudouin de Courtenay’s lecture and verify to what extent the great linguist’s views are still valid in the light not only of current linguistic knowledge, but also in terms of the actual development of the languages he described. Keywords: international auxiliary language, Esperanto, Volapük, artificial language,lingua franca W 1908 roku nakładem drukarni Literackiej ukazał się publiczny odczyt Jana Niecisława Baudouina de Courtenay „O języku pomocniczym międzynarodowym”. W jedenastu sekcjach autor prezentował tytułowe zagadnienie, omawiając kwestie historyczne, społeczno-polityczne, czysto językoznawcze czy pedagogiczne, aby w pełni zobrazować złożoność problemu. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie tego dość mało znanego tekstu. -
Introduction: in Search of Esperanto
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 182-192, 2015 INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF ESPERANTO Humphrey Tonkin* University of Hartford West Hartford, USA DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.12 Regular article ABSTRACT After almost one hundred years of continuous use, Esperanto has achieved the status and character of a fully-fledged language, functioning much as any other language does. Research on Esperanto is hampered because knowledge of the subject is often regarded, ipso facto, as evidence of a lack of objectivity, and also because Esperanto, as largely an L2, is elusive, and its speakers hard to quantify. The problem is compounded by the rapid shift in its community from membership-based organizations to decentralized, informal web-based communication. Also shifting are the community’s ideological underpinnings: it began as a response to lack of communication across languages but is now often perceived by its users as an alternative, more equitable means of communication than the increasingly ubiquitous English. Underlying these changes is a flourishing cultural base, including an extensive literature and periodical press. There is a need for more research – linguistic, sociolinguistic, and in the history of ideas. In intellectual history, Esperanto and related ideas have played a larger role than is generally recognized, intersecting with, and influencing, such movements as modernization in Japan, the development of international organizations, socialism in many parts of the world, and, in our own day, machine translation. KEY WORDS Esperanto, Esperanto community, interlinguistic research, language ideology CLASSIFICATION JEL: O20 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; +1 860 768 4448; *Mortensen Library, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA Introduction: in search of Esperanto INTRODUCTION In an influential essay some years ago, the late Richard Wood described Esperanto as “a voluntary, non-ethnic, non-territorial speech community” [1]. -
In Search of Esperanto
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 182-192, 2015 INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF ESPERANTO Humphrey Tonkin* University of Hartford West Hartford, USA DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.12 Regular article ABSTRACT After almost one hundred years of continuous use, Esperanto has achieved the status and character of a fully-fledged language, functioning much as any other language does. Research on Esperanto is hampered because knowledge of the subject is often regarded, ipso facto, as evidence of a lack of objectivity, and also because Esperanto, as largely an L2, is elusive, and its speakers hard to quantify. The problem is compounded by the rapid shift in its community from membership-based organizations to decentralized, informal web-based communication. Also shifting are the community’s ideological underpinnings: it began as a response to lack of communication across languages but is now often perceived by its users as an alternative, more equitable means of communication than the increasingly ubiquitous English. Underlying these changes is a flourishing cultural base, including an extensive literature and periodical press. There is a need for more research – linguistic, sociolinguistic, and in the history of ideas. In intellectual history, Esperanto and related ideas have played a larger role than is generally recognized, intersecting with, and influencing, such movements as modernization in Japan, the development of international organizations, socialism in many parts of the world, and, in our own day, machine translation. KEY WORDS Esperanto, Esperanto community, interlinguistic research, language ideology CLASSIFICATION JEL: O20 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; +1 860 768 4448; *Mortensen Library, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA Introduction: in search of Esperanto INTRODUCTION In an influential essay some years ago, the late Richard Wood described Esperanto as “a voluntary, non-ethnic, non-territorial speech community” [1]. -
A Brief Introduction to Constructed Languages
A Brief Introduction to Constructed Languages An essay by Laurier Rochon Piet Zwart Institute : June 2011 3750 words Abstract The aim of this essay will be to provide a general overview of what is considered a "constructed language" (also called conlang, formalized language or artificial language) and explore some similarities, differences and specific properties that set these languages apart from natural languages. This essay is not meant to be an exhaustive repertoire of all existing conlangs, nor should it be used as reference material to explain or dissect them. Rather, my intent is to explore and distill meaning from particular conlangs subjectively chosen for their proximity to my personal research practice based on empirical findings I could infer from their observation and brief use. I will not tackle the task of interpreting the various qualities and discrepancies of conlangs within this short study, as it would surely consist of an endeavour of its own. It should also be noted that the varying quality of documentation available for conlangs makes it difficult to find either peer-reviewed works or independent writings on these subjects. As a quick example, many artistic languages are conceived and solely used by the author himself/herself. This person is obviously the only one able to make sense of it. This short study will not focus on artlangs, but one would understand the challenge in analyzing such a creation: straying away from the beaten path affords an interesting quality to the work, but also renders difficult a precise analytical study of it. In many ways, I have realized that people involved in constructing languages are generally engaging in a fringe activity which typically does not gather much attention - understandably so, given the supremacy of natural languages in our world. -
Esperanto Phraseology
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 250-263, 2015 ESPERANTO PHRASEOLOGY Sabine Fiedler* University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.5 Received: 22 April 2014. Regular article Accepted: 9 June 2014. ABSTRACT The contribution deals with the phrasicon of Esperanto, i.e. the inventory of idioms, phrases, proverbs, catchphrases and other items of pre-fabricated speech that are stored in speakers’ mental lexicon. On the basis of origins, Esperanto phraseology can be classified into three groups: First, many phraseological units have entered the language through various other languages. This group includes classical loan translations especially from the Bible as well as ad-hoc loans introduced by speakers from their mother tongues more or less spontaneously. Secondly, there is a group of planned, i.e. consciously created, phraseological units. They mainly go back to Zamenhof, the initiator of the language, who published an Esperanto Proverb Collection (Proverbaro Esperanta) in 1910. Thirdly, there are phraseological units which have their origin in the language and the cultural life of the speech community. The paper will show that the planned language Esperanto, with its agglutinative character, free word order and flexible word formation, possesses the prerequisites for creating stylistically appealing and catchy phraseological units. An analysis of literary and journalistic texts as well as oral communication in Esperanto reveals that its phraseology is widely used and that authors like to modify phrases and idioms according to the textual situation. The use of phraseological units proves that Esperanto is a living language. Phraseology can be considered a criterion for assessing the successful development of the planned language system from a project to a full-fledged language. -
Chapter 3 the Universal Language
Chapter 3 The Universal Language 1. Leibniz did not initially conceive of his characteristic as an algebra or calculus— doubtless because he was still “a novice in mathematics”1—but rather as a universal language or writing. This, in fact, is the first application he makes of his logical invention in On the Art of Combinations.2 It was no doubt suggested to him by various contemporary projects for a universal or international language, which he enumerates following Caspar Schott. One of these projects was conceived by an anonymous Spaniard (also cited by Kenelm Digby3) who had been in Rome in 1653. He had organized “things” (or concepts) into several classes and had numbered the classes and the concepts in each of them. He then designated each concept by the number of its class and its number in that class. It is interesting to note that he was obliged to add to this two-digit number certain signs that would replace grammatical inflections and serve as a syntax (just as Leibniz was obliged to employ articles and prepositions in his attempt at a geometrical characteristic4); this shows that he had not analyzed the relations of concepts and did not know how to translate them into symbols. Another attempt at a universal language was made by Johann Joachim Becher, a physician from Mainz.5 He had simply numbered (in alphabetical order) all the words in a Latin dictionary and created dictionaries in different languages in which the words were arranged according to the order of their numbers. In this way he established a correspondence between the vocabularies of different languages, so that a text written in numbers could be read and translated at will into any language by means of the corresponding lexicon.6 Finally, the third attempt Leibniz cites is that of Athanasius Kircher7 who had already had the idea of employing the art of combinations in his plan, though (as we shall see) in a far cruder fashion. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
LING Thesis Draft 5
TOLKIEN’S TONGUES: * THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF TOLKIEN’S QUENYA LANGUAGE Kelsey Ryan ABSTRACT J.R.R. Tolkien, author of The Lord of the Rings and other Middle Earth tales as well as Oxford professor of linguistics, constructed over 14 languages in the development of the background of his stories. This thesis will seek to understand Tolkien’s linguistic experiment of Quenya, first in its historical context, and then assess its linguistic merit and behaviors. In the first few sections, Tolkien’s linguistic and academic background will be investigated, setting the scene for further linguistic analysis. This thesis then explores how the authentic nature of the language is developed and evoked through the phonetics and phonology of Tolkien’s Quenya, using the poem “Namárië” from The Fellowship of the Ring for analysis. Smith (2010:7) argues that Tolkien created a “flowing,” “light and melodious” language, designed much like a Romance language, with no “potentially harsh” phonemes or “brusque English consonant clusters.” But with such claims must come evidence. This thesis provides the background research Smith (2010) lacks behind these claims, defining Quenya as a functional language, with clear patterns and tendencies towards particular phonetic and linguistic behaviors. * Special thanks to: my advisors Professors Nathan Sanders (Linguistics) and Maud McInerney (English), Sofia Berlin and Lisa Bao, the library staff, particularly Jeremiah Mercurio, and Lizzie Carp and Bobby Brooks, for their ‘Excel-lent’ help in creating graphs. Thanks also to my close friends, who have pushed me to explore nerd culture all my life. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………3 2 Tolkien Biography……………………………………………………………….4 3 Constructed Languages and Tolkien……..……………………..……………...7 4 Description and Use of Languages.……………………………………………..8 5 Data and Phonetic Analysis: Quenya………………………………….………13 5i. -
The History of the Kingdom of Talossa
i THE HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF TALOSSA Volume I: The First Decade Copyright © 1992 Robert Madison All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Toct i drepts reservats. Aucün pärts d'aceastâ püblicaziun non pût estarë reproduçat eda útvarpat dîn iñen formâ eda par iñen aválità, electronic eda mec'hänic, compris la fotocopiâ, la recordaziun, eda par iñen süstém da metrar és retaqar dallas înformaziuns, sânc el permiçál în escribînd del scriutéir. Robert Madison 2963 N. Prospect Avenue Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3345 Edited by Sir Iustì Canun, UrGP. ii À va Bäps, sânc qi toct d'acest tenadra estescù ualvieçâ likmente. To my Father, without whom all this would have been even more unlikely. iii Letter of Dedication from the Author The 9th of February 1994/XV This work is a history of the Kingdom of Talossa. Talossa is a community of people, most of whom live in or around Milwaukee's East Side, and who are engaged in what can only be described as fabled exploits--building an independent country (although we do reluctantly concede that we may not have attained very effective sovereignty). Talossans are having fun as Talossans by doing things which are reasonably similar to what other ("real") countries do, whether for reasons of tourist nostalgia, out of a lust for power, in pursuit of parody, or--yes--as nationbuilding. The hilarious pretence (or incipient subversion?) of having our own sovereign state on Milwaukee's East Side began on 26 December 1979, while I was in high school. -
The Application of Multilingualism in the European Union - Rhetoric Question? Buda, Mariana
www.ssoar.info The application of multilingualism in the European Union - rhetoric question? Buda, Mariana Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerksbeitrag / collection article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Buda, M. (2010). The application of multilingualism in the European Union - rhetoric question? In L. Soproni, & I. Horga (Eds.), Media and European diversity (pp. 1-15). Brüssel: Bruylant. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-336303 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-SA Lizenz (Namensnennung- This document is made available under a CC BY-SA Licence Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen) zur Verfügung gestellt. (Attribution-ShareAlike). For more Information see: Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de L’APPLICATION DU MULTILINGUISME DANS L’UE – UN PROBLEME SANS ISSUE ? L’APPLICATION DU MULTILINGUISME DANS L’UNION EUROPÉENNE – UN PROBLÈME SANS ISSUE ? Mariana BUDA [email protected] Abstract. Multilingualism, one of the major problems in the new reality, is considered to be of crucial importance for the European Union, as multilingualism can be identified as the phenomenon leading to the cultural diversity and protects the disappearance of certain languages, mostly regional and minority languages. The treaties and the decrees within the European Union aim at preservation of cultural and linguistic identities of every country. At the same time,