Das Juhō-Yōjin-Shū [Sammlung Von Der Wachsamkeit Beim Empfangen

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Das Juhō-Yōjin-Shū [Sammlung Von Der Wachsamkeit Beim Empfangen RUHR-UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM Fakultät für Ostasienwissenschaften Das Juhō-yōjin-shū [Sammlung von der Wachsamkeit beim Empfangen buddhistischer Lehren] des Mönches Shinjō als Apologie der Shingon-Schule gegenüber konkurrierenden Lehren in der Provinz Echizen um 1270 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Dr. phil. vorgelegt von Stefan Köck, M.A. Referentin: Prof. Dr. Regine Mathias Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Jörg Quenzer Bochum 2007 ii Inhaltsverzeichnis Siglen v 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Aktueller Forschungsstand zum Juhō-yōjin-shū 5 1.2 Problematisierung des Themas und Thesenbildung 15 1.3 Methodisches Vorgehen und Gang der Untersuchung 20 1.4 Quellengrundlage und Textform des Juhō-yōjin-shū 23 2 Untersuchung der Historizität Shinjōs und des Juhō-yōjin-shū 25 3 Lokales Auftreten von Vertretern und Anhängern abweichender 39 Lehren 3.1 Eine unspezifische Beschreibung 39 3.2 Shinjōs erste Begegnung mit einem Besitzer abweichender 41 Schriften: Provinz Echizen,Tempel Shinzenkō-ji 3.3 Shinjōs erste Begegnung mit einem Vertreter abweichender 44 Lehren: Kyōto 3.4 Shinjōs zweite Begegnung mit Vertretern und Anhängern 46 abweichender Lehren: Provinz Echizen, Toyohara 3.5 Die direkten Adressaten von Shinjōs Werk 47 3.6 Soziale Zuordnung von Shinjōs Informanten über abweichende 49 Lehren 4 Analyse von Blutlinien abweichender Lehren 52 4.1 Funktionen von Blutlinien im Buddhismus Japans 52 4.2 Die Diskussion der Blutlinie des Lehrempfangs der Drei Sūtren 54 und des einen Kommentars 4.3 Analyse der Blutlinie der Konsekrationszeremonie 60 4.4 Blutlinien des Tachikawa-ryū und der Drei inneren Sūtren im 64 Vergleich ii 5 Schriften der abweichenden Bewegungen 67 5.1 Erste Kontakte Shinjōs mit den Drei inneren Sūtren 67 5.2 Shinjōs Erwerb der Drei inneren Sūtren in Kyōto 69 5.3 Untersuchung der Authentizität der Drei inneren Sūtren 71 5.4 Thematische Verortung ausgewählter Werke aus den Drei 80 inneren Sūtren 5.4.1 Das Gozō-kōtei-kyō 80 5.4.2 Das Kikuran-dōji-kyō 84 5.4.3 Das Gongen-nyōju-kyō: Einflüsse der Honji- 87 suijaku-Lehre 5.4.4 Das Bōnai-fudō-kyō: Verschmelzung von 88 taoistischer Sexuallehre und Buddhismus 5.5 Analyse der Fragmente des Werks Tenteki-kyō 89 5.5.1 Analyse der Fragmente des ersten Bandes 89 5.5.2 Analyse der Fragmente des zweiten Bandes 96 6 Abweichende religiöse Praxis und Ritualpraxis 104 6.1 Allgemeine Merkmale abweichender religiöser Praxis 105 6.1.1 Beispiel 1: Honzon-Errichtung in der Tendai- 108 Schule 6.1.2 Beispiel 2: Die Herstellung des Schatzjuwels 111 des Tō-ji 6.2 Analyse der Rituale mit einem Schädelhonzon 120 6.2.1 Kō Taifus Dakini-ten-Ritual: Ein Rückgriff in 120 die frühe Heian-Zeit 6.2.2 Formen des Schädelrituals im Kontext der Drei 135 inneren Sūtren 6.2.2.1 Das Auswählen eines geeigneten 135 Schädels 6.2.2.2 Die Herstellung der 138 Schädelhonzonvariante „Großer Kopf“ 6.2.2.3 Anweisungen zur Durchführung 146 des Schädelrituals 6.2.2.4 Die Herstellung der Variante 149 „Kleiner Kopf“ 6.2.2.5 Die Anfertigung der Variante 150 „Mondscheibenform“ iii 6.2.3 Die Funktion der kon- und haku-Seelen im 152 Schädelritual und Modelle der Embryogenese 6.2.4 Die trikaya-Lehre und die Rolle der Tochter des 159 Drachenkönigs 6.2.5 Mit dem Schädelritual verbundene 161 thaumaturgische Wirkungen 6.2.6 Diskussion von Shinjōs Beurteilung des 162 Schädelrituals 7 Shinjōs Verteidigung der Shingon-Lehre 167 7.1 Shinjōs Überwindung des mappō-Denkens 167 7.2 Charakteristika von Laien und Klerikern im Zeitalter mappō 173 7.3 Shinjōs Apologetik von Shingon-Positionen 179 7.4 Shinjōs Auseinandersetzung mit der Lehre vom Reinen Land 183 7.5 Wie erlangt man Buddhawerdung im mappō? 190 8 Schluß 203 Anhang 208 Anhang 1: Aufbau und Inhalte des Juhō-yōjin-shū 208 Anhang 2: Übersetzungen der Titel der im Text erwähnten Sūtren und anderen 220 historischen Schriftdokumente Anhang 3: Die Drei inneren Sūtren 223 Anhang 4: Blutlinien 224 4.1 Abfolge der Blutlinie des Sankyō-ichiron-Lehrempfangs 224 nach dem Juhō-yōjin-shū 4.2 Abfolge der Blutlinie der Initiationszeremonie 225 4.3 Historisch korrekte Abfolge der Blutlinie des Sankyō- 226 ichiron-Lehrempfangs Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 227 iv Siglen BDJ = Bukkyō daijiten [Enzyklopädie des Buddhismus], s. Mochizuki (1974-77) CSBJ = Chūgoku shisō bunka jiten [Lexikon des chinesischen Denkens und der chinesischen Kultur], s. Mizoguchi (22001) IBJ = Iwanami bukkyō jiten [Das Buddhismuslexikon aus dem Verlag Iwanami], s. Nakamura (22006) JYS = Juhō-yōjin-shū [Sammlung von der Wachsamkeit beim Empfangen buddhistischer Lehren], s. Moriyama (1965) KBD = Kôsetsu bukyôgô daijiten [Ausführlich erläutertes großes Lexikon zu buddhistischen Begriffen], s. Nakamura (22001) KDJ = Kokushi daijiten [Großes Lexikon zur japanischen Geschichte], s. Kokushi daijiten henshū iinkai (1979–1997) KKDZ = Kūkai: Kōbō Daishi zenshū [Kūkai: Gesammelte Werke des Kōbō Daishi], s. Sofū senyōkai (1910) KSM = Kokusho sōmokuroku [Generalindex des nationalen Schrifttums], s. Iwanami (1966) M. = Dai Kan-Wa jiten [Großes Chinesisch-Japanisches Zeichenlexikon], s. Morohashi (1984) MJ = Mikkyō jiten [Lexikon des esoterischen Buddhismus], s. Sawa (71995) NKBT = Nihon koten bungaku taikei [Abriß der klassischen Literatur Japans] NRCT = Nihon rekishi chimei taikei [Abriß der historischen Ortsnamen Japans] NSZ = Nichiren shōnin zenshū [Die Gesammelten Werke des Ehrwürdigen Nichiren], s. Kiyomizu (21940) p.w. = Sanskrit-Wörterbuch in kürzerer Fassung, s. Böhtlingk (1991) SNKBT = Shin nihon koten bungaku taikei [Neuer Abriß der klassischen Literatur Japans] T. = Taishō shinshū daizōkyō [In der Taishō-Zeit neu kompilierter großer Tripitaka], s. Takakusu/Watanabe (1962-68) TZ. = Taishō shinshū daizōkyō, zuzō-bu [In der Taishō-Zeit neu kompilierter großer Tripitaka, ikonographischer Teil], s. Takakusu/Watanabe (1975-78) X. = Shinsan Dai Nihon zoku Zōkyō [Neu ausgewählter, fortgesetzter Tripitaka Großjapans], s. Kawamura (1975-89) v 1 Einleitung Im Jahre 1268 veröffentlichte Shinjō (fl. 1215–1272–, Todesdatum unbekannt), ein buddhistischer Mönch der Shingon-Schule, den ersten Band einer Schrift, die der Auseinandersetzung mit abweichenden religiösen Lehren gewidmet war. Ein Folgeband und ein Vorwort entstanden bis 1272, damit hatte das Werk seine abschließende Form gefunden. Es erhielt den Titel Juhō-yōjin-shū (Sammlung von der Wachsamkeit beim Empfangen buddhistischer Lehren). Shinjō stammte aus der Provinz Echizen, wo er noch als Heranwachsender der Shingon-Schule beitrat. Sein Wirken und seine Studien führten ihn in Echizen an den Tempel Toyohara-dera, an dem er in einem Zweigtempel, dem Enpuku-in, ansässig wurde. Im Jahr 1250 begab er sich zu Studienzwecken nach Kyōto, wo er schließlich Schüler der Mönchs Kūkan wurde, der dort die Shingon-Richtung Gamo-ryū gegründet hatte. Shinjō blieb dort bis 1268 und absolvierte die komplette Ausbildung im Gamo- ryū, um im gleichen Jahr, nach Abschluß der Ausbildung, an den Toyohara-dera in Echizen zurückzukehren. Dort war er als gakuzō, als Gelehrtenmönch unter anderem damit befaßt, Novizen auszubilden und Laien zu unterrichten. Umstände, mit denen er sich nach seiner Rückkehr in Echizen und speziell am Toyohara-dera konfrontiert sah, führten dazu, daß er zwischen 1268 und 1272 sein Werk Juhō-yōjin-shū verfaßte. Thema des Werks ist das Widerlegen abweichender Lehren und Ritualpraktiken, die Shinjō in Echizen in Konkurrenz zu der von ihm vertretenen Shingon-Lehre befindlich sah, und demgegenüber eine Apologie der soteriologischen Lehren des Shingon- Buddhismus. Ein zentraler Faktor, der das geistige Klima im dreizehnten Jahrhundert prägte, war die buddhistische Lehre vom mappō, dem Ende der buddhistischen Lehre, einer pessimistischen Eschatologie. Es herrschte die Auffassung, daß dieses Zeitalter des Endes der buddhistischen Lehre mit dem Jahr 1052, nach japanischer Zeitrechnung Eishō 7, begonnen habe. Diese Auffassung wurzelte in Passagen buddhistischer Sūtren, denen zufolge Buddha selbst gelehrt habe sollte, seine Lehre werde nach seinem Tode drei Phasen durchlaufen. Die erste Phase wurde als shōbō, die Phase der wahren Lehre, bezeichnet. Sie sollte mit Buddhas Tod beginnen und eintausend Jahre dauern. In dieser Phase sollten Doktrin und religöse Übung in reiner Form existieren, und das Erlangen des soteriologischen Ziels, Erwachen, möglich sein. Die zweite Phase war die der äußerlichen Lehre, zōbō, in der das Erlangen des Erwachens bereits nicht mehr möglich schien, aber sowohl Doktrin und religiöse Übung noch gepflegt werden sollten. Die dritte Phase schließlich nannte man mappō, die Phase des Endes der Lehre. In dieser Phase, hieß es, existiere nur noch die buddhistische Lehrdoktrin. Religiöse Übung werde nicht mehr gepflegt und das Erlangen des Erwachens sei in dieser Phase unmöglich geworden (Sueki 1992: 133). 1 Für den Klerus, und ausgehend von diesem letztlich für das gesamte Volk, bildete die eschatologische Vorstellung, daß man in einer Zeit unausweichlichen Niedergangs lebe, den Kontext, in dem historische Entwicklungen wahrgenommen wurden. Veränderungen in wirtschaftlicher, politischer oder gesellschaftlicher Hinsicht, welche die bisherigen Machtpositionen des Hofadels als der herrschenden Schicht erschütterten, wurden dadurch erklärt, daß zusammen mit dem Niedergang der buddhistischen Lehre als Ordnungsfaktor ebenso andere etablierte Ordnungsstrukturen zugrundegehen würden. Ein Beispiel, an dem diese Sichtweise deutlich wird, ist das Werk Gukanshō (wörtl.: Mit einfälltigem Pinsel Aufgezeichnetes) des Mönches Jien, der darin die Machtergreifung durch den Kriegeradel, also das
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