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Sei Shōnagon and Apocryphal Texts and Literary Identity: Sei Shōnagon and "The Matsushima Diary" Author(s): Sei Shōnagon and R. Keller Kimbrough Source: Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Summer, 2002), pp. 133-171 Published by: Sophia University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3096710 . Accessed: 13/11/2014 12:40 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Sophia University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Monumenta Nipponica. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 150.210.226.99 on Thu, 13 Nov 2014 12:40:07 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ApocryphalTexts and LiteraryIdentity Sei Shonagonand TheMatsushima Diary R. KELLER KIMBROUGH IN thetwelfth month of the year 1000,Fujiwara no Teishi HWS-f, first empressto EmperorIchijo -:, died in childbirthat theage of twenty-four. Less thana yearbefore, her cousin Shoshi -d--daughter of the ambitious Fujiwara no Michinaga 1i1i~~-had been appointedsecond empress,effec- tivelyreplacing Teishi and her milieu as recipientsof the emperor'sfavor.1 Teishi and hercircle had falleninto decline, and withher untimely passing, her many servantsand women attendantswere leftin difficultcircumstances. Sei ShonagonMin -3 , theoutspoken author of Makura no soshi it-IfF, "The Pillow Book," had servedas lady-in-waitingin Teishi's salon fromaround the year 993. Approximatelythirty-five years old at thetime of Teishi's death,2she was wit- ness to hermistress's (and herown) eclipse by Shoshi and thewomen who came to serve her,women of such laterliterary repute as Murasaki Shikibu MgA;, Izumi Shikibu~fiM t, and Akazome Emon ,~irEI. Sei Shonagon's Makura no soshi survivesas one of our mostvivid records of day-to-daylife in the Heian court.In it, Sei Shonagon chroniclesthe gloryof Empress Teishi and her salon, documenting,and perhaps exaggerating,the splendorand sophisticationof her life withthe empress,as well as displaying her own not insubstantialwit.3 In its diary-likepassages, Makura no soshi THE AUTHORis assistantprofessor of East Asian Studiesat Colby College. He would like to thank theanonymous reviewers of thisarticle for their many helpful suggestions. An earlierversion was presentedfor the panel "Fakes and Mistakes" at the 1999 New England Regional Conferenceof theAssociation for Asian Studies. 1 Fujiwarano Shoshi,later known as Jotomon'in_t-BPE , was appointedchauga iP ("empress") on thetwenty-fifth day of the second monthof 1000. Teishi was simultaneouslypromoted from chaga to kogo kS (also translatableas "empress"). Ichiko 1990, p. 82. EmperorIchijo's con- ferenceof thetitles chaug and kogo on two differentwomen at thesame timewas unprecedented. 2 Kishigami 1984, p. 581. 3 The degreeto whichSei Shonagon shaped herwork according to politicalconsiderations- as a means of representingTeishi in the best possible light-is a subject of some debate. See Fukumori1997. This content downloaded from 150.210.226.99 on Thu, 13 Nov 2014 12:40:07 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 134 MonumentaNipponica 57:2 describesevents that occurred between the years 967 and 1000.The latestdat- able episode correspondsto thefifth month of 1000,4at least six monthsbefore Teishi'sdemise, and in its entirety the work contains only the most obscure allu- sionsto the trauma of the empress's political decline. Aside from what little can be deducedfrom a fewpoems and poetic headnotes, there is virtuallyno record ofSei Shonagonin the years following her completion of Makura no soshi,and it is perhapsfor this reason that her eventual fate became a sourceof curiosity andconcern for readers and storytellers in the medieval and early modem peri- ods. Suchinterest led to thefabrication of quasi-historical, pseudobiographical accountsof Sei Shonagon'slatter years-the decades she spent after serving in theempress's salon-and theseaccounts, manipulated and reproducedfor a numberof secular and religious purposes, contributed tothe formation of a vari- etyof images and impressions of Sei Shonagonand her work. In thesecond month of 1784,the noted antiquarian Ise Teijo {-A0 came uponone such account: a shortmanuscript, approximately six pages in a modern typesetedition, bearing the title Matsushima nikki ift%SP, "The Matsushima Diary."5Composed in a first-personnarrative voice, the work chronicles the suf- feringsof an unnamedcourt lady as shetravels, destitute and forlorn, from the Heian capitalin centralJapan to thebay of Matsushimain thefar northeast. Althoughunsigned, the text contains a poemattributed to Sei Shonagonin the poeticanthologies Gyokuyo wakashau ETfi i (completedin 1313) and Sei Shonagonshait ~'Fll? t (dateunknown). Based uponthis and other evidence, includingapparent references to Teishi,Fujiwara no Michinaga,and others, Teijo concludedthat the work was a heretoforelost diary of Sei Shonagon,writ- tenby thelonely court lady as shewandered through the provinces of Japan as a wretchednun in theyears before her death. Teijo was notthe first reader to identifySei Shonagonwith Matsushima nikki, but he was probablythe most famous,and he set in motiona debateover the originsand significanceof Matsushimanikki (and other similarly suspect, supposedly biographical or auto- biographicalworks) that has continuedto the present. EarlyAccounts of Sei Shonagon'sFall ThatMatsushima nikki describes Sei Shonagon'slatter years as havingbeen markedby adversitycomes as no greatsurprise. Murasaki Shikibu, Sei Shonagon'scontemporary, predicted in her diary that her rival's conceit would lead to a bad end,6and setsuwa accounts suggest that Sei Shonagon'sfinal cir- cumstanceswere indeed unfortunate. Scholars have long wondered what became of Sei Shonagonafter Teishi's death, but because almost no relevantinforma- tionsurvives from the Heian period, little, if anything, can be determinedwith 4 Accordingto KishigamiShinji's _?1--- "Makurano soshi nenpyo"ti-*f_ , in Matsuo and Nagai 1974, pp. 484-95. 5 Ise Teijo (1717-1784) is listedin mostbiographical dictionaries under the alternate (formal) readingof his name,Ise Sadatake. 6 Fujioka 1971, p. 238; Bowring 1996, p. 54. This content downloaded from 150.210.226.99 on Thu, 13 Nov 2014 12:40:07 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions KIMBROUGH: Apocryphal Texts and LiteraryIdentity 135 certainty.Theories, nevertheless, have been (and continueto be) raised. In his commentaryMakura no soshi shunshosho-tgf D4-zF (1674), KitamuraKigin 1LRtMI, forexample, speculatedthat after Teishi's death,Sei Shonagon took up service under the Shigeisha Consort Genshi M.&i 1gr~ f (Fujiwara no Michitaka's ONlEi second daughterand Teishi's youngersister), and thatshe continuedin thisposition until Genshi's deathin theeighth month of 1002.7The twentieth-centuryscholar Kishigami Shinji _[Lg- has exploredthis and other possibilities,including those that Sei Shonagoncame to serveunder Michitaka' s fourthdaughter (Mikushige-dono Aid[B) or underEmpress Shoshi,8 but there is virtuallyno evidenceto supportany of theseconjectures. Withinthe last decade, MitamuraMasako -EIMtlF has proposedthat after Teishi's death,Sei Shonagonreturned to herhusband, Fujiwara no Muneyo i /,tt~, who had been appointedgovernor of Settsuprovince in 999 and with whom Sei Shonagon is said to have had a daughter.9A headnoteto a poem in Sei Shonagon sha thatrefers to "a time when [Sei Shonagon] was in Settsu province"'0likely alludes, Mitamura argues, to a periodafter Teishi's deathand duringthe years of Muneyo's gubernatorialappointment. On thebasis of a ref- erencein theprivate poetic anthology of Sei Shonagon's contemporaryFujiwara no Kinto Ni/LI, to "a time when Sei Shonagon had returnedto live at Tsukinowa q tSE,"Mitamura holds that Sei Shonagonlater returned from Settsu to Muneyo's mountainvilla (namedTsukinowa) on theoutskirts of the capital.11 Akazome Emon sha 4$ItPiWcontains a referenceto "a time when Sei Shonagonwas livingbeside thehouse in which [herfather] Motosuke -ta had lived in thepast," and thisresidence in thecapital, Mitamura suggests, was likely to have been Sei Shonagon's finalabode followingthe death of herhusband.12 The few earlysetsuwa accounts of Sei Shonagon's latteryears tell a different story. The setsuwa anthologyKojidan A~,p, compiled by Minamoto no Akikane 'g,* between 1212 and 1215 (more than two hundredyears after Teishi's death),contains two accountsof Sei Shonagon's life afterher service in the palace. Accordingto bothof these,Sei Shonagonlived on as an impov- erished nun, sufferinghardship and humiliation.The firstKojidan account relates: Ata timeafter Sei Shonagonhad been reduced to poverty, several young courtiers oncepassed before her residence in a carriage.Seeing the dilapidated condition of 7 Quoted in Kishigami 1958, p. 378. 8 Kishigami 1958, pp. 377-96. 9 Mitamuraargues that Sei Shonagonand Fujiwarano Muneyowere probably married between 982 and 984, and almostcertainly between 982 and 986. Muneyowould have been approximately thirtyyears older thanSei Sh6nagon.Mitamura 1995, pp. 369-70. 10 This and thefollowing two poem headnotesare quoted in Kishigami 1958, pp. 405-407. 1l Kishigamisupposed
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