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Ki No Tsurayuki a Poszukiwanie Tożsamości Kulturowej W Literaturze Japońskiej X Wieku

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Title: Ki no Tsurayuki a poszukiwanie tożsamości kulturowej w literaturze japońskiej X wieku Author: Krzysztof Olszewski Citation style: Olszewski Krzysztof. (2003). Ki no Tsurayuki a poszukiwanie tożsamości kulturowej w literaturze japońskiej X wieku. Kraków : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Ki no Tsurayuki a poszukiwanie tożsamości kulturowej w literaturze japońskiej X wieku Literatura, język i kultura Japonii Krzysztof Olszewski Ki no Tsurayuki a poszukiwanie tożsamości kulturowej w literaturze japońskiej X wieku WYDAWNICTWO UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO Seria: Literatura, język i kultura Japonii Publikacja finansowana przez Komitet Badań Naukowych oraz ze środków Instytutu Filologii Orientalnej oraz Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego RECENZENCI Romuald Huszcza Alfred M. Majewicz PROJEKT OKŁADKI Marcin Bruchnalski REDAKTOR Jerzy Hrycyk KOREKTOR Krystyna Dulińska © Copyright by Krzysztof Olszewski & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Wydanie I, Kraków 2003 All rights reserved ISBN 83-233-1660-0 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Dystrybucja: ul. Bydgoska 19 C, 30-056 Kraków Tel. (012) 638-77-83, 636-80-00 w. 2022, 2023, fax (012) 430-19-95 Tel. kom. 0604-414-568, e-mail: wydaw@if. uj. edu.pl http: //www.wuj. pl Konto: BPH PBK SA IV/O Kraków nr 10601389-320000478769 A MOTTO Księżyc, co mieszka w wodzie, Nabieram w dłonie Odbicie jego To jest, to niknie znowu - Świat, w którym przyszło mi żyć. Ki no Tsurayuki, testament poetycki' W świątyni w Iwai Będę się modlił za Ciebie I czekał całe wieki. Choć nie ma już łudzi. Co sto lat by czekali. Minamoto no Kimilada odpowiedź na testament Tsurayukiego1 1 Powyższy wiersz, zamieszczony w prywatnej antologii Ki no Tsurayukiego [Tsurayukishu) pod numerem 878, opatrzony został komentarzem (por. [32]): ż.ożaCD-C? tt!! *9 (¿('t **9 J Yonaka kokorobosoku oboe tsune no kokochi mo sezarikereba, Minamoto no Kimi- tada ason no molo ni kono nta o namu yomite yarikeru, kono aida ni yamai omoku narinikeri (it- ciężkiej chorobie, w dodatku będąc przygnębionym sprawami tego świata, [Tsurayuki] ułożył dla Minamoto no Kimitada taką pieśń). Utwór ten uważa się za tzw. jisei - testament poetycki Tsurayukiego. Por. też: [53], s. 184. O ile nie zaznaczono inaczej, wszystkie cytaty z japońskiego i chińskiego zostały przetłuma­ czone przez autora niniejszej rozprawy. " Wiersz zamieszczony pod numerem 699 w antologii Tsurayukishu. Spis treści Wstęp........................................................................................................................................ 9 Rozdział I. Teoretyczne podstawy metodologii badań twórczości Ki no Tsurayukiego.... 15 1. Problem określenia normy w literaturze starojapońskiej............................... 16 2. Poetyki normatywne w Chinach i w Japonii.................................................. 16 3. Geneza gatunku literackiego nikki.................................................................. 23 Rozdział 2. Zarys biografii Ki no Tsurayukiego na tle najważniejszych wydarzeń z wczesnej epoki Heian........................................................................................ 27 1. Rozwój kultury japońskiej w II połowie IX wieku ...................................... 27 2. Zarys genealogii rodu Ki................................................................................... 32 3. Najważniejsze fakty z biografii Ki no Tsurayukiego.................................... 34 Rozdział 3. „ Pamiętnik z Tosy” - analiza językowa i kompozycyjna............................... 47 1. Zarys historii badań nad rękopisem dzieła...................................................... 47 2. Budowa utworu.................................................................................................. 53 3. Pamiętnik z Tosy jako utwór eklektyczny....................................................... 56 4. Rola wierszy w Pamiętniku z Tosy.................................................................. 60 5. Podsumowanie - nowatorstwo Tsurayukiego w Pamiętniku z Tosy........... 64 Rozdział 4. „ Kanajo, czyli wstęp do Kokinshu "jako manifest literacki młodej kultury kokuju bunka........................................................................................................ 65 1. Tlo historyczne powstania poetyki Kanajo.................................................... 65 2. Ogólna charakterystyka tekstu......................................................................... 67 3. „Pieśni japońskie wyrastają z nasienia serc ludzkich i wypuszczają tysiące liści-slów” - pytanie o istotę poezji................................................... 69 4. Geneza wiersza.................................................................................................. 70 5. Funkcje wiersza.................................................................................................. 72 6. Kiedy powstaje pieśń japońska?...................................................................... 73 7. Podsumowanie - nowatorstwo Tsurayukiego w Kanajo............................... 74 Rozdział 5. „ Przedmowa do wierszy japońskich [komponowanych] z okazji wyprawy Jego Cesarskiej Wysokości nad rzekę Oi" - turnieje poetyckie a teoria wiersza................................................................................................................... 75 1. Tło historyczne powstania utworu................................................................... 75 8 2. Przebieg turnieju poetyckiego nad rzeką ói................................................... 77 3. Podsumowanie - wymowa poetyki znad rzeki Oi......................................... 80 Rozdział 6. Przedmowa do antologii „Shinsen waka” - testament krytycznoliteracki Tsurayukiego a nostalgia za przeszłością........................................................ 81 1. Tło historyczne powstania tekstu.................................................................... 81 2. Shinsen wakajo jako „poetyka starca”............................................................ 83 3. Nowatorstwo Tsurayukiego w Shinsen wakajo.............................................. 86 4. Podsumowanie - Przedmowa do antologii „Shinsen waka" jako testament krytycznoliteracki Ki no Tsurayukiego......................................... 87 Wnioski..................................................................................................................................... 89 Aneks - przekłady analizowanych utworów........................................................................ 95 Ki no Tsurayuki, Kanajo, czyli przedmowa do „Kokin wakashil”................................... 95 Ki no Tsurayuki, Przedmowa do wierszy [komponowanych] z okazji wyprawy Jego Cesarskiej Wysokości nad rzeką Oi...................................................................................... 111 Ki no Tsurayuki, Przedmowa do antologii „Shinsen waka" ........................................... 113 Ki no Tsurayuki, Pamiętnik z Tosy....................................................................................... 115 Bibliografia............................................................................................................................. 145 Summary.................................................................................................................................. 151 Wstęp Literatura to ogromne zadanie dla rządzących narodami, a jednocześnie wspaniałe przedsięwzięcie, które nigdy nie upadnie. Cao Pi, Dian lun. Lun wen (Eseje. O literaturze)1 Celem niniejszej pracy jest ukazanie roli, jaką odegrała twórczość Ki no Tsu- rayukiego (872-945) - poety i krytyka literackiego, tworzącego w Japonii w I połowie X wieku - w procesie desinologizacji ówczesnej literatury japoń­ skiej. W szczególności zaś praca ta ma wyjaśnić na podstawie analizy najważ­ Oryginalny tekst: J Gai wen zhang, jing guo zhi da ye, bu xiu zhi sheng shi. Lun wen jest jedyną zachowaną do naszych czasów częścią składające­ go się z pięciu zwojów konfucjańskiego traktatu ITłfttmiJ Dian lun (Traktaty) i jedną z ważniej­ szych prac krytycznoliterackich w starożytnych Chinach. Cao Pi (187-226), syn Cao Cao, jako cesarz Wen panował w latach 220-226 na tronie państwa I® Wei, łącząc talent polityczny z wybit­ nymi zdolnościami literackimi. Jako pierwszy w Chinach określił społeczną rolę literatury w kon­ cepcji wen zhang jing guo (rządzić krajem za pomocą literatury). Pozostawił po sobie około 40 wierszy, kilka tekstów prozą i omawiany traktat z teorii literatury, uważany za pierwszą systemową krytykę literacką w Państwie Środka. Por.: [3]; [4], s. 634. Konieczne jest jeszcze parę uwag na temat zapisu ideograficznego i zasad transkrypcji cytowa­ nych w niniejszej pracy tekstów chińskich i japońskich (zarówno klasycznych, jak i współcze­ snych). W zapisie ideograficznym autor postanowił przestrzegać zasady używania współczesnych znaków japońskich, a nie ich archaizowanych form. To samo dotyczy klasycznych tekstów chiń­ skich, przy których zrezygnowano ze stosowania uproszczonych, używanych obecnie w ChRL ideogramów (tzw. jian ti zi). Przy transkrypcji tekstów chińskich posłużono się międzyna­ rodowym systemem zapisu zwanym łłfS1 pin'yin (choć trzeba pamiętać o umowności takiego systemu zapisu w odniesieniu do tekstów starochińskich - właśnie z tego względu zrezygnowano z zaznaczania tonów w transkrypcji cytatów chińskich), a z kolei w przypadku cytatów z japoń­ skiego - przyjętą powszechnie transkrypcją Hepbuma. Te same reguły zastosowano do transkrypcji tekstów starożytnych, choć autor zdaje sobie sprawę z istnienia
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    Sample file CONTENTS 3 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ P r o t o c u l t u r e A d d i c t s # 8 7 December 2005 / January 2006. Published by Protoculture, P.O. Box 1433, Station B, Montreal, Qc, Canada, H3B 3L2. ANIME VOICES Letter From The Publisher ......................................................................................................... 4 E d i t o r i a l S t a f f Page Five Editorial ................................................................................................................... 5 [CM] – Publisher Christopher Macdonald Contributor Spotlight & Staff Lowlight ......................................................................................... 6 [CJP] – Editor-in-chief Claude J. Pelletier Letters ................................................................................................................................... 74 [email protected] Miyako Matsuda [MM] – Contributing Editor / Translator Julia Struthers-Jobin – Editor NEWS Bamboo Dong [BD] – Associate-Editor ANIME RELEASES (R1 DVDs) ...................................................................................................... 7 Jonathan Mays [JM] – Associate-Editor ANIME-RELATED PRODUCTS RELEASES (UMDs, CDs, Live-Action DVDs, Artbooks, Novels) .................. 9 C o n t r i b u t o r s MANGA RELEASES .................................................................................................................. 10 Zac Bertschy [ZB], Sean Broestl [SB], Robert Chase [RC], ANIME & MANGA NEWS: North
  • La Risposta Religiosa Ai Disastri in Giappone

    La Risposta Religiosa Ai Disastri in Giappone

    Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue e civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa mediterranea Tesi di Laurea La risposta religiosa ai disastri in Giappone Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Silvia Rivadossi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Giovanni Bulian Laureanda Caterina Pavan Matricola 847867 Anno Accademico 2019 / 2020 要旨 災害が発生する際、宗教思想はどう災害が起きた意味について応えるのだろうか。 今日の世俗化した日本の社会において、災害に対する宗教思想は必要であろうか。 本論文の目的は、その質問に答えてみることだ。そのため、平安時代から近代ま で、年代順に災害に対する日本の宗教思想を紹介する。 第一章では平安時代を中心に、死霊と災害との関係を巡る。まず、変死について 述べる。それは、不慮の死、他殺、または死後、葬儀ができないような状況の死の ことである。そして、平安時代に悪霊は災害の原因だったと考えられていたことを 説明する。 続いて、当時の御霊信仰を記述する。その時代、疫病に感染することは、怨霊の 仕業だと確信され、皇室と貴族が行ったその霊をなだめるための儀式、そして怨霊 に限らず災害の発生も支配できた彼らの力に関して話す。 第二章では災害と末法思想との関係についてである。平安時代末の危機を描き、 末法思想が拡大していく経緯に関して詳細に述べる。特に、当時発生した災害は末 法思想を後押ししたのではないかということが考えられる。そして、末法時代でも 悟りを開く方法を模索した鎌倉仏教、その中でも浄土真宗の宗祖、親鸞の教えを解 説する。 第三章は災害と「世直し」との関係を紹介する。江戸時代の後半を中心に、農業 の商業化と社会の変化に巡って書いてある。格差社会と飢饉が一揆の原因だったと 定義し、その時の「世直し」という宗教思想を含んだ一揆を紹介する。そして、 「世直し」を含んだ「ええじゃないか」を詳説する。また、江戸時代の弥勒信仰、 i 飢饉などの災害、「世直し」との関係を説明する。特に、富士講の弥勒信仰と「世 直し」を詳細に書く。最後に、新宗教での「世直し」の進化を述べる。 第四章は原爆と原発事故に対する宗教思想についてである。被爆者・被曝者は双 方差別されたにもかかわらず、宗教はそれに応えなかったと言える。その差別の原 因は「晴れ」と「汚れ」という思想に由来するのではないかと考えられる。また、 被爆者の差別を受け入れる土壌となる宗教思想の中で有名な永井隆の思想を紹介す る。 それから、原発事故後、仏教がどう人々を支えたかに関して述べる。仏教は被曝 者の差別について組織として非難はせず、僧侶個人やそれぞれの宗の活動に任せた。 一方、仏教組織は他の方法で被曝者を支援した。その中でも、被曝地で行われたス ピリチュアルケアという異宗教間のプロジェクトを紹介する。今後の現代社会でも 重要な役割を担い続けるために、宗教はそれぞれの時代や社会に応じて適応させる ことが求められる。スピリチュアルケアのような活動は将来の災害時に役に立つの ではないかと考えられる。 最後に、今日の日本の社会においても、災害時、宗教的な思想は人々を支援する ことができるのではないかと提案する。 ii Indice Introduzione ......................................................................................................................................
  • Creating Heresy: (Mis)Representation, Fabrication, and the Tachikawa-Ryū

    Creating Heresy: (Mis)Representation, Fabrication, and the Tachikawa-Ryū

    Creating Heresy: (Mis)representation, Fabrication, and the Tachikawa-ryū Takuya Hino Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Takuya Hino All rights reserved ABSTRACT Creating Heresy: (Mis)representation, Fabrication, and the Tachikawa-ryū Takuya Hino In this dissertation I provide a detailed analysis of the role played by the Tachikawa-ryū in the development of Japanese esoteric Buddhist doctrine during the medieval period (900-1200). In doing so, I seek to challenge currently held, inaccurate views of the role played by this tradition in the history of Japanese esoteric Buddhism and Japanese religion more generally. The Tachikawa-ryū, which has yet to receive sustained attention in English-language scholarship, began in the twelfth century and later came to be denounced as heretical by mainstream Buddhist institutions. The project will be divided into four sections: three of these will each focus on a different chronological stage in the development of the Tachikawa-ryū, while the introduction will address the portrayal of this tradition in twentieth-century scholarship. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………iii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………….………..vi Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………...vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………….…………….1 Chapter 1: Genealogy of a Divination Transmission……………………………………….……40 Chapter