Comparative Temein wordlists
Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Notes:
1. The principal source for these wordlists are the material collected by Roland Stevenson in the 1970s and early 1980s. For further details see the accompanying paper ‘The Temein languages’. Also incorporated are lexical items form the phonology of T(h)ese by May Yip (2004) and from the unpublished notes of Gerrit Dimmendaal. The materials should therefore be treated as provisional.
2. The comparisons in the final column have been added by Roger Blench and are cross-cited from comparative sources, principally materials from Stevenson. As a consequence, they have not yet been checked against the originals, and newer data that has appeared since Stevenson. I hope to do this in future.
3. Identifying cognates in Nilo-Saharan is not simple; it depends on the analysis of the affixes. In the case of Temein, these are multiple and combined with syllable deletion, can often mean that only a single consonant remains, even between singular and plural in Temein. The comparisons will generally show what element of the word I speculate is the underlying root. But further analysis may change this and thereby the words that are cognate elsewhere.
4. It will be seen that the classification of Temein is far from obvious; although it has slightly more cognates with East Sudanic than other branches of Nilo-Saharan, there are, for example, an elevated number of cognates with Berta. The source of the large number of lexical items with no apparent external cognates remains to be sought.
1
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment adolescent ny ɛ́rʈàk ny ɛ́rɛ́ girl after aa ʈi after kama after nya i afternoon wuu ny afterwards ṭɔ k again onuk konu ŋkɛ alike ʔbanákà alive, awake kápa ŋanùk kɛ́ fúnó it is alive all càp < Baggara i all kɛ̀ṭɛ́kɛ̀ʈ u cco ḍɛ̀k kaláás ɪ̀k cf. Tama káák, Ama kw ɛ́rɛ̀n, Gaam kay, allow s.t. to yɔkɔmi yɔkɔmɔʈi drop and break allow, permit suku sukó ʈù alone (ɛ)kí ɗɔŋ always nyáá ʈɪn- wərw ər nyáá ʈɪn and aʔɖ a joins clauses and nya joins individual words angry ʔɖ aso ʔɖ asoa ʈo animal yów ɪ̀ʈ sɔɔ̀ ̀ ɗía na ɓok lɛ́[k] na ‘thing of ɓok house’ ankle ʈúúkúr ɪ̀s ku ʈúúkúrí ‘child of leg’ answer ɛɖ ákìl ɔ́ŋɔʈ ɛɖ aʈákì ant hill ʈíɖàk kí ɖàk ant, large kɪríny ʈɛ̀ʈ kɪrínyà ʔ oho ɪ̂k ohwá ʔ orónyi ɖàk orónyìk black ant, red kɪrɪnyéé ɖə ̀k kɪrɪnyá ʔ kɪrénya ɖàk kɪrényà ʔ antelope káburè sɔɔ́ ́mɛ̀ kus ɔɔ́ ́mɛ̀ anyone ɗéénì n ɗɔ̀ 2 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment armpit gɪ́lɪgɪ́lɪ̀k kɪgɪ́lɪgɪ́lɪ̀kɪ̀ kap əlɛɖə ̀k káápalàk kw ɔ́rʈɛʈàk kw ɔ́rʈɔ also wing arrow arsà ʈ karsa ʈì ʈwì ʔ ku ɖìì ʔ ashes úluk cf. So ûk, Berta Undu bùbùdà, Meidob úfúdì (and possibly related to more widespread #bur- roots. ashes pu ḍòʔ fu ɗàʔ < Kadu e.g.Katcha fu ɗo, ask ʈɛ̀ʈɪ̀ka ʈɛ̀ʈɪ̀ka ʈa at -(V)ni locative suffix at ɔ genitive suffix at ɛnɛ prep. awake furu ŋoni furu ŋoʈonai axe ṭúk kù ṭúkà ʔ má ɖàm kɪ́ma ɖàm alfáì kalfáì ŋ < Arabic al-fās baboon ɔ́lim ɔ́n kɔ́lim ɔ́nì ṭákwúúrù kɪɽ ákwúúrà kóllò ŋ kuollèì baby, child ʔdámul ʈɛ̀ʈ, ki ʔɖ ámula ɗál kányà ŋ < Kadu ɗák kɪɗ ék ʔɖ ámula back pɔ̀rɔ́ŋɔ̀ʈ kùp ɔ̀rɔ́ŋɔ̀ʈ ɛ́rr ɛk kɛ́rr ɛɖɪ̀ŋ ṭááràk kɪɽ áára ɖɪ̀ k backbone àm ɪ̀[k] na àm ɪ̀[k] na ɽáára ʈ ɽáára ʈ bad asiyò ʔ asi ʈòʔ not good asíù as ɪ́ʈʈ òʔ bad nʈɛ̀n kí ʈɪ̀k ŋaḍɪɖ àk bad, old thing bamboo giok ɪ̀ʈ giàk ṭɛ lɪk ʈɛ lɪk bank, river pɔ́kɪʈ n ʈɛ ḍàŋɪ̀k kɪḍàŋɪ̀k nʈɔ̀ŋɪ̀ʈ baobab kɔmpur ɪ̀ʈ kik ɔmpúrì kamur ɪk kamurá ʔ bark of tree pɔ̀pá ʈɪ̀ʈ cf. Nilotic e.g. Jumjum pǝtǝkai, Shilluk padho, Luo opok bark of tree ʈáhuk ṭófuk cf. Katcha tofu basket soró ʔ kusoró ʔ sóóró kusóóró basket ár ɛ̀ kár ɛ̀ saffaláí kɪsaffaláí ʈáŋasàʔ kɪɖ áŋasw basket, àʔ bamboo basket large yayá ʔ kɪyayá ʔ 3 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment bat rɪ́rù kɪ́rɪ́rù kábbíli ɖä ̀k kábbíl ɪ̀k kɪ́mb ɪlɪ̀ŋ kɪnɪkɪ́mb ɪ (mammal) lɪ̀ŋ be spoilt, ʔdàsò ʔdàsà ʈò rotten, angry be sufficient ɛ́ɖɛ́kàk bead kɔrɗiki ʈɛ̀ʈ kar ɖòʔ kur ɔ̀k kuur ɔk stone nyar ɗéé ɖàk nyar ɗaʔ beam of light kosín beans mùn ṭɔ́kɪ̀s mùn ṭáʔ, mù ɽáʔ mú ɽas ɪ̀k mu ɽáʔ, mú ɽeɖàk mu ɽáʔ mun ṭáʔ bear (child) ʈíjùk ʈijo ʈaʈùk ʈúje ʈújù beard bíàk kɪbíàk ɪ̀k ɓɛ̀k kɪɓ áʔ kíja[k] k ɪná ɖùk kíja[k] kɪnakwú ɖ ɪ̀ŋ beat bá bá ɗà beat bá ʈɛ̀ bá ʈàʈà ba ba ɗa beat (drum) báá báá ʈà bà ɖe bà ɖà because kɛ become mána má ʈana bed (split kulú ŋkɪ̀s kulú ŋkò, bamboo) koló ŋkò bed (string) ɛŋkɛrɛ́ʔ kɛŋkɛrɛ́ʔ 5 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment bone àm ɪ̀s kɔ́ma ʔ kɔmɛk kɔ́ma ʔ àm ɪ̀k kɔ́ma ʔ Assuming the key element of the root is the mV- then cf. Murle am ɛɛ n, Dinik ááma, Uduk asima, bow moon ɗí kímóón ɗì kam ɪɗɪ́ŋ boy, child ɗál kɪɗɛ́l dál kánya ŋ ɗák n ɖáámàk kɪɗɪŋ kɪnɖáám ɪ̀ ŋ brain nyúl maj ɔlɪ̀k maj ɔl ṭɔɛɛŋ branch sɪ́lɪmon ɪ̀ʈ kis ɪ́lɪm break ŋwɔṭ àk ŋwɔṭ aʈàk nyányumà áyy ɔmà áyy ɔmàɖ à breast ny ɛlɪkɪʈɛ̀ʈ kɪny ɛ́lɪ̀k ny ɛlɛɖə ̀k kɪny ɛlɪ̀k kɪny ɛlɖàk kɪny ɛlɪ̀k cf. Lotuko n ɛnay ɪ, breath ny ɪ́sɪlàk breathe, rest àŋáʈ ŋɪ́səlà ny ɪ́səlèi ny ɪ́səla ɖè i bring (here) mɔɔ́ ́n ɛ̀ mɔɔ́ ́ʈài ɛ̀ lit. ‘come aŋáɖɪ k aʈáá ɖɪ k akw ɛ̀ aˇeik ɛ̀ with’ brother, his, aranyuná karanyuná arányunà ʔ ɔrɔ́inà her brother, my aranyuná, n ɔ̀ŋ ɛrɪ́ŋɔ ar ɪ́ŋà my sibling brother, your ɔrɔnyun ɔ́ kɔrɔnyun ɔ́ örunò ɔráinù ŋ buffalo opún na kopún na bull of lɪk kɪlá ʔ kɔ̀rɔ̀m kɔ̀rɔ̀m earth build gánya gánya ʈà áʈanyà áʈanya ɖà ŋànà ŋànà ɖà building áʈanyàk bull opún kopún ɔtɔ́rr kwot ɔ́rɪ̀k < Arabic opún kopún toor bull II kw ɔ́lá ʔ aʈʈ áruk kú ʈaruk < Arabic toor bundle of ṭɔk thatching grass burn tr. lásu ɖu lásu ʈu probably connected with widespread isi for ‘fire’ burn, light ukogú uko ʈógu nyúr ɖɔ nyúr ʈɔ ɗárka ɖù ɗárka ɖaɖ also light cf. Berta Undu dáárà, Kadu fire tr. ù fire ogudaana (which may combine both roots) 6 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment bury aṭuká aṭuká ʈà bush ʈɪ́rf ɛ álelei ku ɓɪŋ but aʔda, ny ɔkɔ́nṭɛ buttock kuuruk kukuuruk ʈúhù ŋ ku ɖuhò kɪsámbárá ŋ buy kɔ́lɔ́ʔbà kɔ́lɔ́ʔbà ʈà kw ɔ́labà kw ɔ́lbà kw ɔ́lba ɖà call kókwí kókwá ʈà kwókwu ɖà kwu ɖi kwu ʈʈ à camel kámpúlà ŋ kíkámpúlà ŋ kammalá ʔ kammaláá k can, be able áyák áyá ʈàk cf. know can, be able gɪʈárà gɪʈárà ʈà < Sudanese Arabic gadar captured ɖógo ʈò ko ɖógo ʈò ɖóko ʈòŋ ku ɖóko ʈò < Hill Nubian slave ŋ carnivore, wi ḍía na ku ɓɪŋ lέ[k] na ld animal ku ɓɪŋ carry (esp. mɛ́ʈak mɛ́ʈaʈak on head), take carry here aŋáɖɪ k aʈáá ɖɪ k carry there ɖaɖɪ k eʈáá ɖɪ k cat biis cat ka ɖíìs < Arabic ka ɖɛ sɪk kɪnɪ́ŋ < Arabic ka ɖɛ sɪk cat, wild mu ɖurè ʔ kumu ɖurɪ̀k mun ɖurè kumun ɖu rè cattle corral sàrà ŋ kɪsàr ɛ̀k sara ŋ kɪsara ŋaɖ also fence ɪk chair, stool mur ʈɪ́kà kumur ʈɪ́kà bo ɽú kɪ́bo ɽuk ḍíà na gárfak ‘thing of sitting’ chameleon ḍáárà ŋ kɪḍáárà ŋ charcoal sɔ́k(g) ɔ́yumɪ̀ʈ sákáyùm séé ɗə ̀k sák lɪ́ŋ cheek kóróm ɪk kókóróm ɪk cheek kúrúm ɪk kúkúrúm ɪk múkwol ɪk kúmokw ɔ̀l chest male aɗɔ k kw ɔɗɔɖɪŋ chicken kókoròk kóókoròk k(w)óóròk kókoròk kòròk kwóórok chief sɪ́l kɪsɪ́lo ʔ wáárà kwáárɪ̀k 7 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment child ɗál kɪɖɛ́l ʈúrni ɖàk ʈúrnì chin gɛ̀rɛ̀ʔ kɪgɛ̀rɛ̀ʔ kɛ́bɛbɪ̀k kábabà ʔ ká ɗaŋàk kɪ́kɪɗ aŋɪ ̀k chop, cut ṭɛ nʈɛŋa ṭɛ nʈɛŋaʈa kakalaha kakalaha ɖa down tree circumcise ṭɪ pá ṭɪŋɪ̀n ṭɪ pá ʈa ṭɪŋɪ̀n ‘cut penis’ w claw, nail lúlɪ̀ʈ k óól ɪ̀n sɔjar ɪ̀k kɪsɔjar ɔ̀ŋ kɪ́sa ŋwar ʈàk kɪ́sa ŋarù cf. Dilling ʃundi clean kɔṭɔ́kɔṭ àk climb away kalak kala ʈak from speaker climb kolí kala ʈái towards speaker cloth kɪ̀ʈɪ̀ʔ kɪ̀gɪ̀ʈɪ̀ ká ɖàʔ káá ɖàʔ ká ʈɛ̀ kiáʈɛ̀ cloud kɔbɔ́rʈɛ̀ʈ kɔ́bɔ́rɔ̀ʈ kabár ɛɖə ̀k kábár ɪ̀k kubár ɖàk kubár ɪ̀k pl. = sky cf. Kanga tifudo(k), Zaghawa burdu, Shilluk polo club ɗáluk kɪɗ áluk coffee bunn plant ? < Amharic coffee gahwa drink < Arabic cold njùlùn kunjùlùn any ɔ́l ajullùk cf, Berta Undu àg ʊʊ́ ́ rù, Bagirmi ùlù, Ilit sulluma cold, very ajúlukjúlùk come mɔɔ́ ́n mɔɔ́ ́ʈài áà ŋ, ɛɛ́ ̀ŋ áʈàì áù áʈei cf. Kanga ande, So ac, Kunama aw, Berta Undu àdò, Yulu áì, Moru a ɽi, cook pis ɔ̀ pis ɔʈɔ̀ öɗumò öɗumò ɖo porridge, sauce cook s.t. ɛlùk ɛka ʈùk áwí ɖì áwí ʈaɖà corpse ɗéénì n ʈɛ́ nɛɛ́ ̀ʔkɪnʈɛ́ bul ɪ̀n correct sàhíí < Arabic śaḥii ḥ cotton opúk ɔ̀ ɔrɔ̀ʔ kɪsɔrɔ̀ʔ áwarà ʔ cough (v.) sɛ́ns ɛlà sɛ́ns ɛla ʈà ɔɔ́ ́lèi (once) ɔ́lɔ (often) ɔɔ́ ́lèì ɔɔ la ɖèì cough n. ˇɔlɔ 8 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment count ṭíṭɪ kà ṭíṭɪ kà ʈa kɪ́ra kɪ́ra ɖà kɪ́rʈi kɪ́rʈaɖà cow kwállà ʔ cow ńʈɛ̀ŋ kɪ́ʈúk ɛɖɛ̀ŋ kwú ɖùk aɖɛ̀ŋ ku ɖuk crawl, creep, ku ṭukú ku ṭukó ʈu kneel crocodile tɪmsá(h) kú ʈúmsù ŋ < Arabic kɪmányáliyàʔ kum ɔ́kɔrà tims āḥ ʔ crowd ʔbúú ʔbul ɔ̀ʈ cry, weep, wujìk wujo ʈɔ̀k wujì ójà ája Íà shout cure, mend, áṭɪ́ŋɪnʈàk áṭɪ́ŋɪnʈàʈàk repair curse mɔ́rak mɔ́ra ʈak cut bɔ́ʈɔkà bɔ́ʈɔka ʈà, ká ɽahà ká ɽaha ɖà kw ɔ́ɽɔ fɔ kw ɔ́ɽɔ fɔɖ bɔ́ʈɔka ʈài ɔ cut, slit ṭɪ pá ṭɪ pá ʈa kw ɔ́ɽɔ fɔ kw ɔ́ɽɔ fɔɖ ɔ dance n. bɪ́lɪk dance v. mɪ́là mɪ́la ʈà bɪ́lá bɪ́lá ɖa bɪ́lá ʔ bɪ́la ɖà daughter púsù ŋ kɪpúsù ŋɪ̀k ɗàl ɛ́nnà ŋ + female day kwáà ʔ lit. sleep kwáà ʔ (counting) i daytime wuu ny uny ɪŋ ŋóóròŋ dead bul ɪ̀n deaf mɪ́rí kɪ̀mɪ́rɪ̀n mɛríí ʔ mɪ́ri kɪmɪriyàʔ die ny ɪ́mùk ny ɪmá ʈaʈùk cf. Krongo ááyà, Nyang’i iɲal, Tama eyà, Lotuxo y ɛ, Kenga oyo, die ʈábalà búlá ɖà ʈábalà búlá ɖà cf. Ik bad-on, difficult, nj ɛlj ɛl heavy difficult, nʈɛ̀nn ɛ̀ ann ɛ́ʔ heavy dig ìì ʈì ìì ʈáʈɔ̀ kö̀ köɖö̀ ̀ ai ʈi ai ʈaɖà dikdik wɪ́r kuw ɪ́rá ŋɪ̀k kurí ʔ k(w)úúri ʔ kwuríí kukurííyà ʔ dirty ká ŋul ɪ̀k disperse s.t. ɔfir ɔ ɔfir ɔʈɔ 9 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment divide gɪsɪmʈak < Arabic divide mina mina ʈa (?) divorce, lugwí ʈɔ́k lugwí ʈɔ́ʈɔ́k drive away do lɪ́mɪɖ à lɪ́mɪʈ à dog óò ʔ kwéèn òò ʔ kw ɛŋ kòò ʔ kwe ŋ also moon month dog, wild kòò ʔ na ku ɓɪŋ kwe ŋ na ku ɓɪŋ donkey kwó ʈɛnɖìr kukwó ʈɛnɖìri kɪ́llik ɛwɪ̀k kɛll ɪkawàʔ kúlk ɔ́ŋ kúlkwáí door ʷúún kúúnìk tɪ́llayà ʔ kɪɖɪ́llay ɪ̀k ʈɪ́ll ɛ̀ʔ kɪɖɪ́ll ɛ̀ʔ door of ʈɛɛ́ ́là ʔ kɪʈɛɛ́ ́là ʔ bɪlg ɪ̀ny kib ɪlg ɪ̀ny branches door of wood ṭɔŋṭɔŋ kɪṭɔŋṭɔŋi doorway áɖu[k] na nyama ɖɪ̀k dove ṭɪ́ṭɪ̀m kɪṭɪ́ṭɪ mìyy yellow- əbb ɪ̀k abbo ŋ afóì afó ŋ yellow- throated throated dove dove down kɪlla kwaro ŋ, ɪlléle [?] kw ɔrɔŋ dream (v.) ɔɔ́ ́gɔʈɪ̀k awa ɖɪ k n. áw ɛɛɖ àk dress (v.) ii ʈú ii ʈáʈú ku ɖukur ɪŋ ku ɖuhaa ɖa rɪŋ drink awsà awsa ʈà má ʈɪ la má ʈɪ la ɖa ɔ́sà ɔ́sɔɖ à drum án ɗɛ̀ŋ kɛnɪ́nɗɛ̀ŋ drunk ausa ʈ verbal noun from ausà dry season pɛlɛɲ dry, empty rààri ɛɖɪ nyàr ṭáár ɪ̀k kɛɽ áár ɪ̀k dry, empty, har d dum palm apur ṭɛ kɪʈ apur ṭɛ ṭaɗɛ́manyáʔ ṭaɗɛ́many ɪ́ k dumb, ko ʈikoli foolish dung week kuwéék of cow 10 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment dura mór ɪŋɪnʈɛ̀ʈ mór ɪŋɪs (one mór ɪŋ mör ɪnyɪ̀k mör ɪ̀ŋ mar ɪŋ yɪ̀ɖàk mərɪŋ (one grain) head of grain) dust wúl ṭò ṭuŋ ṭúŋ dwarf ɔŋgɔrɔ́ŋɪnʈɛ̀ʈ ɔŋgɔrɔ́ŋ ear wénà ʈ kwèén ŋwán ɪk kw ɛɛ́ ́ŋ wan ək kw ɛ̀ŋ cf. Gaam wind, Liguri un ɛʈɛ , Tama ùtu, Murle itat, early ʔjoo ʔjoon morning earth, soil, kɔ̀rɔ̀m kɔrɔŋ kw ɔ́rɔk ground eat láma láma ʈà láma láma ɖà láma láma ɖà cf. Gaam nàm, Lugbara ɲá, Songhay nã, Kunama ŋa, Tama ŋàn, ? Ama tàm, eat one’s fill gumàk guma ʈàk eat together lamana lama ʈána egg war ɪs kwara ʔ kw ɔrɛk kwara ʔ kw ɔrɛɖ àk kwara ʔ cf. Nara ware, Daju Sila wálace. If the plural k- prefix is old, the many forms across Nilo-Saharan of the type #kol- including Songhay guri woud be cognate. eight kɔ́ŋɔnʈɪ̀n ké ṭàʔ aɓɓ à elbow rɪ́pì ʔ kɪrɪ́pì ʔ kwó ɽör ɛ̀k ṭɔŋ wɔrɛ̀k ku ɽɔŋ wɔr ɛ̀k elephant lɔ́ŋɔ̀n kɪlɔ́ŋɔ̀nɪ̀k lɔŋɔ́ ̀l kɪlɔ́ŋɔlɪk lɔŋɔ́ ̀ŋ kúl ɔŋɔ́ ̀ŋ eleven ámù[k] fu ɖɪ ́ gɪ́ɗɗ e empty II ʈáám ɛ̀ kɪɖ áám ɪ̀k empty, dry rààrì ʈɔ́mɛ̀ ku ɖɔ́mɪ̀k < Daju enclosure, gɛ̀ʈ kɪgɛ̀ʈɪ̀n araká kɪsáraka ɖɪ̀ corral n enemy ɔɗɔ n ɗoso ʔ also ‘stranger’, ‘slave’ enter ʔdii ʔɖ ia ʈanai (to speaker) 11 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment enter ʔduu ʔbul ɔʈu, (from ʔbula ʈanai speaker) evening nèègí, n ɛɛ̀ ̀gí everywhere láà ŋɪni k ɛ̀ṭɛ́kɛ̀ʈ ‘place in all’ ewe kɪríà ŋ kɪkɪríà ŋ kʷɔ́gɔmɪ̀k kʷɔ́gɔmàʔ kokome ɖàk kɔ́kɔ́mɛ́k exit ʔdii ʔɖ ia ʈanai (to speaker) exit ʔɖ uu ʔbul ɔʈu (from ɖák ɪŋ speaker) eye nɪ́ŋɪ̀nà ʈ kɛɛ̀ ́n náán ɪ̀k kɛ́ny ɪ̀ŋ ná ŋanàk kɪɗ ák ɪŋ yɛ̀ face = cf. Mangbetu n ɛ́ŋɔ̀, Ama ŋ kɪ́ny ɛ́ŋ aŋɛ̀, Dinka ɲin, face kɛɛ̀ ́n lit. ‘eyes’ kɛ́ny ɪ̀ŋ lit. ‘eyes’ kɪ́ŋyɛ́ŋ cf. eyes in Nilotic faeces, ɔŋɪ̀s kɪ́ŋɔ kínyò ʔ kɪŋyàʔ kɪ́ŋyáá excrement fall (rain) lè fall (v.) ʈurò ʈura ʈò bɛɖɛ là armulà armula ɖà fall from level fall from nyúnyákì nyúnya ʈákì fall from sagu ɖulà height family rágà ʔ kɪ́rágà ʔ fan, deleb pap ɪs kipapa fah ɪk kɪfafáá ʔ palm far ŋgɔnɔrrà ŋ stem = rà ŋ aḍd)ákɪŋ keewá ɗɗ áw ɛ̀ŋ fat ʔbɛ̀kàn ʔbɛ̀kà ʈàʈ lúmwull ɛ̀ people ɗokorok fat a. kɪlɪmunnàŋ kɪʈɛɛ́ ́lɪmu ɖannàŋ fat n. kɪṭ íny ɔ̀ nány ɛɖə́ ̀k nányà ʔ pl. ḍokorok cf. Ilit anya, Ciita yin, Bari kɪnányà ʔ nyiret, father, my ápà apà áfa cf. Tulishi apa, Ama aba, Meidob abbá, Berta Undu àbbá etc. father, your konò kweinu ŋ cf. Kamdang k ɔ, fear (v.) wɔ̀nɔ̀ wɔ̀ʈɔ̀nɔ̀ ö́ri ö́ri ɖɛ̀ arl ɛ̀k arl ɛɖɛ̀k feather k(w)ómp ɛrɪ̀ʈ k(w)ómp ɛr kuhúhú ɖə ̀k kúhúhùk àguruk kugúru 12 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment female [nɖa]lm ɛ̀ kun ɖóól ɪ̀ k fence lálà ʔ kílálà ʔ aak kwoor(u)p ar ɪk fence, enclosure few kár ɖìʔ few tears kalak ɔ́mà ʔ field ɔ́jɔ̀m kɔ́jɔ́mɪ̀k fɔ́k kuha ɖàʔ ag ɛŋ kɛɛ́ ́mɪ̀k fifteen ámù[k] fu ɖɪ́ gɪ́ḍɛŋàk fifty ʈea ɗi k ɛ kɪ́ɗenàk fig, wild ópuj ɪ̀ʈ áp ɔ̀s cf. Arabic jamm ēz fight, áʔɖ áʈ struggle (n.) fill s.t. píkú píkó ʈù kw ɔ́rnyù kw ɔ́rnya ɖ ù find, see, ɗɪ ka ɗɪ ka ʈa discern finger nínà ʈ n ʈɛ́ ɗál kɛ́n n ʈɛ́ k ɪɖɛ́l hand + ɗálan ɪ̀k kányagááy ɪ̀ child of ɖá[k] na nánàk kɪɗ ág ɛ́ŋ child ŋ hand finish s.t. mɔrú mɔrɔʈú finish, cease, mɔrú mɔrɔʈú stop fire pɔ́ɗɪ̀ŋ kɪ̀pɔ́ɗɪ̀ŋɪ̀k pö́ḍɪ̀ŋ kɪpö́ḍɪ̀ŋ fá ɗɪ̀ŋ kɪfá ɗɪ̀ŋ cf. Bongo pfo ɗu, Bagirmi podu firewood mɛ́rɛŋ már ɛny ɪ̀k már ɛ̀ŋ marany ɪ̀k mɛɛ rɛk first lúl ɔ̀, l ɔ́lɔ̀ fish kálál ɪ̀s kálálà ʔ also lálìs álél ɪk kálála ʔ kɛ́lɛ́ɖak káála cf. Tulishi kalowa’ (fishes), So k ɔlɛʔ , Dongolawi k ā́rɛ, Kara kánza, Turkana ekolia fist nánàk nḍɪ́ŋɪlà five ŋgɛ́ɗɗ àʈ, ke ḍinàk) kɪ́ɗenàk ŋgɛ́ɗɪ nà ʈ, ɗína ʈ 13 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment flame ŋáɗɪ màk ya kɪŋ áɗɪ màk tongue of hö́ɗɪ̀ŋ kɛ hö́ɗɪ̀ŋ fire flame pana ʈ kipana ʈi údùk ya kwú ɗɪ̀ŋ k ɛ mouth of lílí ŋàk hö́ɗɪ̀ŋ hö́ɗɪ̀ŋ fire flat rock ṭáfál ɪ̀k kɪɽ afáálì flee, run ɲúnyákì ɲúnya ʈákì away, fall from flood mɔ́nɔ́ŋ floor, earth, kɔ̀rɔ̀m ground flower ʈog ɔ́yok ɪʈɛ̀ʈ ʈog ɔ́yok ɪʈà ʈuli ɖä ̀ ʈol ɛŋ ʈul ɛnyi ɖàk ʈul ɛŋ fly n. ɔ́ŋɪ̀s kɔ́ŋàʔ kɔ́ŋwɛ̀k kɔ́ŋwàʔ kɔ́ŋwɛ̀k cf. Lugbara ó ŋú, Liguri Daju a ŋax, fly, rise, ŋɛ́ʈàk ŋɛ́ʈaʈàk pó ʈuhó ʈó fúfú ŋò fufú ŋáʈáɖ stand up ò follow oŋiʈi, a ŋiʈi oŋiʈaʈɔ food lámà ʈ kɪlámà ʈɪ̀k lámàk lámàk foot, leg ɔ́llòk kw ɔ́óa ɖɛ̀ állùk kwúl ɖɪ̀ŋ cf. Mamwu kal ʊ (leg), Gaam lú ɖ, Berta Sillok lu (leg) foot, leg áwà ʈ kwúl ʈɪ̀n cf. Krongo àwwà forbid ány ɛk ány ɛʈak forehead ṭáŋa kɪɽ áŋa foreigner, ɔɗɔ n ɗoso ʔ áɗɛ̀ŋ n ɖóɖɪ̀ŋ nɛɛ̀ ̀ʔ stranger kɪnɖóɖɪ̀ŋ forest, bush ɔ̀gɔ̀ʈ áám ɔ̀ álelei ku ɓɪŋ forge (v.) bà ʈi ṭɪ́ṭɪʈ bà ʈaʈà ṭɪ́ṭɪʈ bà ɖè bà ɖà to strike bá bá ɖà forget ʈɔɔ̀ ̀lu ʈɔɔ̀ ̀lɔʈu forty ʈea ḍi k ɛ kw ɔŋwɔŋ four kɔ́ŋɔn kw ɔ́ŋùŋ kw ɔŋ wɔŋ fox ṭaŋar ɪk kɪṭ aŋar ɪk friend wór ɪ́nyà kór ɪ́nyàn ɪ̀ úruny ɪ̀ŋ kúruny ɔ̀ ɔrɔŋ yɪ́ŋ frog, toad kwú ɗóʔ kúkwú ɗóʔ kwu ɗóʔ kwúú ɗóʔ aʈáu ɗaʔ kɪ́ʈáu ɗɪ̀k full kapúkanùk kɪjɛnɛ kégw ɔ́rnyunà ŋ gather oʔbul ɔ oʔbul ɔʈɔ 14 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment gecko kafun ḍóliyò ʔ kɪnɪ́ŋ kafun ḍóli yò ʔ giraffe kɔbɔrɛ̀ʔ kɔɔ́ ́bɔrɛ̀k giraffe mɪrɪ́n kɪmɪrɪ́nɪ̀k mɪrɪ́l kɪmɪrlá ʔ mɛrl ɪk kɪmɛrliyà ʔ girl púsù ŋ kɪpúsù ŋɪ̀k ɗál i ɖa kánya ŋ nàm ɛ̀ʔ ki ɖóll ɪk give okú oku ʈɔ̀kù ʈɪ n ʈɪ na ɖà ʈɪņi ʈɪņɖi give back ɛɖ ákì ɛɖ ákia ʈákì go ìʈák ìʈàʈák ɪ́ɖɖ à ɪ́ʈà ɪņɖá aʈá cf. Didinga to, Bari tu, Berta Undu àdá, Mabaan ootta, go and meet ur ɔ ur ɔʈɔ s.o. go down gɪro gɪra ʈo go up (away kalak kala ʈak from speaker) go up kolí kala ʈái (towards speaker) goat (f.) nâ kà ɪ́ ná ʔ lígáát ə̀k na ʔ kai goat (m.) kw ɔɔ́ ̀rlà ʔ kukw ɔɔ́ ̀rlà ʔ, kw ɔ́rɔmàl kwúrumàl ɔ̀ kɔrmak kɔrm ɪ̀k kukúrlà ʔ ʔ goat, male kɔrmak kɔrm ɪ̀k God, rain, ná ŋanàʈ Ɓárò ʔ = ‘shadow, masal ɪ̀k < Kadu sky spirit’ Masala good nʈóbàn kon ʈóbàn, ö́yyò ʔ ana ɖítò ʔ áyùk áʈò cf. Lotuxo ol-oyyu, kun ʈóbàn goodbye ìʈák ɔ́pú ŋɪ̀ʈ Go and the ókúú ʈɪ̀n world blow upon you goodbye ìʈík k ɛ n ʈábàn ìʈàʈák k ɛ Go well köröny ɪk kaara ŋ kon ʈíbàn gourd táá ɖaɖàk kɪɖ áá ɖaɖàk nɗɔ̀ŋ kɪnɗɔ̀ŋ gourd ṭɔ́ŋ kɪ̀ṭɔ́ŋàʔ áyùk áʈò 15 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment gourd ṭɔ́ŋ kɪ́ṭɔ́ŋàʔ púny ɔŋ kuhúny ɔnɪ́ kár ḍɛ̀ŋ kiáár ḍɛ̀ŋ gourd small k granary ʈálàp kɪ́ʈálàp ɪ́k dúnnù ŋ kud únn ɪ̀ far ɪk kɪfar ɪk grass ɔ́yɔ́mɪ̀ʈ ɔ́yɔ́m áyò ŋ áyò ŋɖə ̀k áyò ŋɖàk áyò ŋ grave, tomb ṭúkanà ʈ ku ṭúkanà ʈ ṭwáán ɪ̀k ko ɽóónà ʔ ṭuanàk ku ɽuán ɛ̀ green yɔ́yɔm kiy ɔ́yɔmɪ̀ em ɪmɪ̂l aŋgarmàʔ grindstone án ɗulùk kán ɗulùk for oil ground ʈábbà ŋ kɪ́ɖabbèk ground ʈuf ɔ̀k kʉɖ uf ɔ̀k between khors groundnut ʈómpúk ɪʈɛ̀ʈ ʈámpúkò kwáás ɪ́lɪɖä ̀l kwáás ɪ́l aku ɖube ɖàk aku ɖubò guinea-fowl nán ɪ̀ŋ kɪ́ŋ guinea-worm fɪrɪnɖíd ɪk kɪfɪrɪnɖíd ɪk hail koro ŋɪ̀ʈ kíkara ŋ hair jɛ́ʈɪ̀ʈ kɪ́jɛ̀ʈ kijá ɖɪ̀k kíjàk kíja ɖàk kíjàk cf. Ama jè, hand, arm nínâ ʈ kɛ́n ɛ́nn ɛ̀k kɛ́ŋ nánák kɛ́ŋ cf. So ân, Lotuxo aan ɪ, Toposa akan, Ilit kona, happy màksúú ʈ < Arabic óòm ɔ̀nʈóbàn ‘good in mabsuu ṭ belly’ happy óòm ɔ̀ n ʈóbàn lit. ‘good belly’ hard, dry, nʈɪ̀rààr ɪʔ nyàr ɪ̀ ṭáár ɪ̀k kɛɽ áár ɪ̀k empty hare ʈíà ʈ kɪʈíà ʈì sák kɪsɛŋ cf. ʈɛ̀k kɪɖɛ́k charcoal hartebeest káburà ŋɛ̀ káburà ŋɪ̀k as ɪnɪ́k kasunó harvest (n.) píl ɔn harvest (v.) píli pílo ʈɔ has aʈɛ has, he áʈɛ hate (v.), ányak ánya ʈak refuse, dislike have, I ŋáʈáʈɛ have, they áʈáʈɛ 16 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment hawk nɔ́i na gwóóròk he, she nákà ɛnná ʔ nɛ́ head lulò k(w)olúl ɪ̀n, óllò kúllì ɖɪ̀ŋ állò kwúl ɖɪ́ŋ cf. Dinik ɔ́r, Gaam ɔ́l, kulul ɪ̀n Meidob or, hear ʈóŋwà ʈóŋwàʈà ʈuŋwa ʈuŋwaðà ʈɔŋ wa ʈɔŋ wa ɖà cf. Ilit tüka heart óòm ṭɔɔ́ ́mà also seat of ? cf. Tama àmùl (physical) emotions heart ḍaláá ɖónò kɪdáá ɖón ɪ̀k ɗanáá ɖonò kɪɗ áá ɖon cf. Kanga ɖunugu (physical) ò hearth, láà ŋ ná p ɔ́ɗɪ̀ŋ kɪ̀láán ʈɪ̀k kɪms ɛ́msi fireplace kɪná heavy nʈɛ̀nn ɛ̀ kɪnʈɛ̀nn ɛ̀ ánn ɛ̂ ʔ aŋŋɛ ̀k naa ɖɪ́nn ɛ̀ k heel nan ɖɪɖɪ̀k kɛnɖɪɖɪ̀k Hello ʔja n ʈɪ́kɛ ʔja kí ʈɪ́kɛ Are you nʈóbàn kon ʈóbàn not well? help mákì ba ŋa ma ʈákì ~ here nʈàkànì alá ŋ ánú hide ʔbɪ́lónòk ʔbɪ́la ʈónòk hide s.t. ʔbɪ́li ʔbɪ́lá ʈɔ̀ hippopotamu opún na mú ŋ ‘bull of alg ɪrɪ́nʈì kaalg ɪrɪ́nʈì < Arabic opún na mu ŋ kopún na ‘bull of s water’ girinti mu ŋ water’ his, her kɔ́nyún ɔ̀ kányúnà kɔnyunà kwainá father hit báá báá ʈà ɓa, ba ɖa bá ɖì bá ʈʈ à strike hit bá ʈɛ̀ bá ʈàʈà [or ɖ] hoe n. kɪɽɪ́ɲ kɪkɪɽɪ́ɲ ṭɔ́gw ɔ̀ŋ kɔ́ɽɔ gw ɔ̀ŋ ṭɔŋɔ ́ŋ ku ɽɔŋɔ ́ŋ hoe v. léí lá Íéí hoeing lɛɛ́ ́ŋ hold, kɔ́mùk kɔ́mɔʈɔ̀k kömu kömu ɖa kəmu koma Íà grasp, catch hole (w)úún kúún ɪ̀k uu ŋ kunik honey ʈɪ́ju also ‘bee’ ʈúju ʈuju ku ɖuju horn kɪ́nɪʈ kɪ́n kin ɪk kɪŋ ki ŋik ki ŋíà cf. Kipsigis kúínò, horn, ʈɪ rik ɔk kù ʈúrùkìy instrumental òʔ 17 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment horse mán ʈà kɪmán ʈà [could be ɖ mó ʈòʔ komó ʈòʔ mɔ̀ʈò kum ɔ̀ʈɔ̀ not a ʈ] house nyáà, nyuáà kwíì ʔ ɓɔ́k kub öö́ ́ɖɪ̀ŋ ɓok kwik how many? ɗɛɛ kɛɛ̀ ̀ aba ɗɛɛ́ ́ how? ŋɛɛ́ ́nɔ́ ɛbei alkáí How is it? hundred sakar ʈea ɗi k ɛ mùk ŋgɛ́mmùk hungry, be nánà ŋ ɔ́tù ‘hunger nanà ŋ hunger nánà ŋ hunger kills [me]’ hungry, be II aʈak hunt (v.) ɛsi ʈuk ɛsʈaʈuk ɪɖɖ a lám ɔ ɪʈ á lám ɔ go hunting ɪņɖá lam ɔ aʈá lam ɔ hunting lɔ́m lám lam ɔk hyena, ŋóŋóŋ ku ŋóŋóŋí agwúúk kwugwóó ʔ aŋwúk kú ŋwuà ʔ spotted hyena, séégà ʔ kɪséégàʔ striped I, me nán ná ŋ ná ŋ cf. Bari nân, Acholi an, Gaam áán, immediately, koomo ʈoni suddenly inside ɛnɛ láá ŋ láá ŋ= place intestines, kwúrúny ɪʈ kwúrúny kwur ɪ́ŋɪdə̀k kwur ɪ́ŋ kwúr ɪ́ŋy guts iron ṭɪ́ʈɪʈ kɪṭɪ́ṭì sg. = alillii ɖə k alelè ʔ lel ɪk alel ɪk < Keiga ‘piece of iron’ jackal bɔ̀rɔ̀l kɪbɔ̀rɔ̀lì waa ŋ kwaan ɪk wa ŋ kuwa ŋ cf. Dinka awàn jaw gu ṭɔ kɪ̀ʈ kig ɔṭɔ̀k kɛ́bɛbɪ̀k kábabà ʔ kɛbɛkɛbɛ́ʔ kɪbɛkɛ́be ʔ jaw ṭuṭok ɪ̀ʈ ko ṭoṭak judge (v.) ákumá ákumá ʈa < Arabic jump (v.) ṭáŋkɪrà ṭáŋkɪrà ʈà Keiga Jirru ḍóni kick báá ɛ áwà ʈ báá ʈà hit with foot kidney kɪ́gɪ̀n 18 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment kidney kurw ɪɲ kum əɖä ̀k kum ɔ̀ŋ ɗá[k] na ki ɗá kumà ŋ kumà ŋ kill ɔ́ʈù ɔ́ʈóʈù óɖò óɖoɖò áɖù áɖaɖù cf.Bongo atun, Bari tat ʊ, knee nɔ́ŋgù kɪnɔ́ŋgù, nóù kə́wɪ̀ŋ nóù kɪnóù cf. Bari ku ŋú, Mabaan u ŋu, kɪnɔ́ŋgùʈɪ̀n kneel, crawl ku ṭukú ku ṭukó ʈu knife pókò, pógò kɪ́pókò, sakín ɪ̀ʔ kɪsákin ɪ̀ʔ ʈoro ŋ ku ɖoro ŋɛ ̀ kúpókò, ʔ kópókò know áya(k) áyá ʈà(k) ɛɛ́ ́ʔ áá ɖɛ̀ ái áya ɖɛ̀ cf. Tama ajili, Maasai a- yioló, Ik iyes, kokaab kányamurà ʔ kɛnɪŋkán yamurà ʔ kujur músee ʔ kumúsee ʔ lake, pool, kúlà ʔ kukúlà ʔ surwóó kusurwóó lɔfɔŋ kul ɔfɔŋ pond lamb, kid kɔ́rɔ́màn kukúrúmùn land-monitor gɔ́ŋgɔrɔ̀ŋ kɪgɔ́ŋgɔrɔŋɪ̀k kara ɓúŋ káára ɓáʔ ŋárábú kɪŋ árábú language, lɔ́ŋɔʈ ílák cf. word al ŋak word, speech last, final kinʈɪrɪk laugh (v.) ŋol ɪlì ŋol ɪʈaʈàʔ mɛ́lʈɪɖ à mɛ́lʈɪʈ à kú ɽɪʃɪɖ à kú ɽɪʃʈ aɖà leaf ? ṭoor ɛɖ àk ṭaaro Tese < Kadu e.g. Tulishi kin-ʈaro/ø- leaf kɔ́bùk ɪ́ʈ kabó cf. Luo oboke, ? Tama aful leave off s.t. suku suko ʈu leave, let jɔŋgwa jɔŋgwa ʈa alone left hand nínà ʈ n ʈɛ́ ɛ́nn ɛ̀k ɪɖ áá ʔ nánà[k] na kɔ́kɔ́lɛ̀ʔ kule kwáál ɛ̀ leopard ɔlú ŋ kɔlú ŋɪ̀k ʈunnu ʔ ku ɖunnu ʔ ʈojoròʔ ku ɖojorò ʔ leper áḍɛ̀ŋ na ʈóny ɪ̀ŋ nɛɛ̀ ̀gɪna ʈóny ɪ̀ŋ leprosy ʈóny ɪ̀ŋ lick ɗén ɗenyàk ɗén ɗenya ʈàk nánnányi ɖà nánnányi ʈà ɗaŋei ɗaŋaɖei licking áɗainy ɪɖ àk 19 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment lie (v.) il ɛŋéì ʔɖ uya ŋaʈ light (not pùl, pw ɔ̀l kɛpw ɔ̀l yɛhálhall ɪ̀k ny ɪfɛlf ɛll ɛ̀k heavy) light fire ukú ukó ʈa kúú kw əɖ a light leather fáyu ŋ kɪfáyu ŋ lightning ámakalàn bi ɖɪ nàŋ làmà[k] na nók lightning nyama ʈa lion kámp ɪ̀ŋ kɪ́kámp ɪ̀ŋɪ̀k [or ása ɖ ása ɖa < Arabic ʈiamùk agamù kɪ́kámp ɪ̀ŋɪ̀kì] live, dwell kárpànà kárpà ɖànà liver múr ɪ̀ʈ kɪmúr ʈɪkɔ̀ múr ɪ̀k kúmúr ɪ̀k múr ɪ̀ŋ kúmúr ɪ̀ŋ cf. Ama má ɽɪ̀ɲ, Teso ema ɲ, Songhay d āmal, Zaghawa màán lizard kɔ́ŋgɔlɔ̀s kɪ́ŋgɔlɔ̀ʔ kik ɪ́lba ʈúr ɛ̀ kíík ɪ́lba ʈúr ɛ̀ locust wul ɪ̀ʈ kwul ɪ̀n wul ɪ̀k kwul ɛ̀ŋ all ɪ́k kwul ɪk long sagal(l)áʔ asa ŋalá ʔ as ɛsa ŋal ɪ́ < Kadu e.g. Keiga -asagala k long nj ɔ́rʈàʔ, kɪnj ɔ́rʈàʔ, cf. Gaam jáár, ? Ilit geer-a, nj ɔ́rʈàk kɪnj ɔ́rʈàk lose s.t. waya ŋa waya ŋaʈa louse gámuí ʈìʈ gámul 1 ‘hand of food’ 25 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment root, vein kɪ́rɪkɪ̀rɪ̀ʈ kɪrák ɪrà ʔ kɪ́rɪk kɛ̂ r kíri ɖàk kír ɪk root, Assuming the underlying vein, sinew root is –ri(k) this looks very , tendon much like Niger-Congo forms rope mɪ̀s máà lɔ̀l kal ɔ́l lɔ̀k kɔlány rope hanging sɛsɪlà ŋ sɛsɪlà ŋì lɔ̀kɔ̀k kɪ́níl ɔ̀kɔ̀k frame, net rope, cattle rók kurók round, ṭɔ́ŋkɔlɔŋan ɛ̀n oɗogolá ʔ ké ŋɔrʈunà spherical rub, wipe kurana kura ʈana run kaja ŋài kaja ŋaʈài rá ʈʈ à rátta ɖà rá ʈʈ à rá ʈʈ aɖà sack, bag, ṭúlúk ɔ̀ʔ ku ṭúlúk ɪ̀k bɪla ɖɛ < KK waterskin sacrifice for kɛ̀lɛ̀ŋ dead sad, angry, pori sorry saliva kùmù ʔ salt sɛlɛlɪnʈɛʈ sɛlɛlɛ sɛlɪk bɪlas ɛlɛŋ sɛlɛŋ < Kadu N.B. bi- is a dim. prefix same as ɛ k ɪ̀lí k ɪnyà ŋ lit. ‘with their bodies’ sand pɔ́kɪ̀ʈ ɖ/ð also river, ʈɛ nn ɪ́k ʈɛ́ŋ cf. Mayak ti ŋil valley saw (v.) ʔbɔʈɔka ɛ < Arabic mun ʃáár say il ɛŋéì il ɛŋɛ̀ʈéì nyá nya ɖáá nyá ny ɛ́ʈá scar kɔ̀ràn ɛ́n scar súkur ʈɛ̀ʈ súkur, kusúkúrì scorpion nyíny ɔ̀ŋ kunyíny ɔ̀ŋ nányò ŋ kunányò ŋ nyúny ɔ̀ŋ kinyúny ɔ̀ ŋ scratch (v.) aŋgurana aŋgura ʈana scrotum ku Íɛ̀rɪ̀ŋ 26 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment see aŋkɪlɪ̀k aŋkɪlà ʈa ŋk ? Nubian Kadaru ŋɛl, Fur assimilates ögil, to ŋg see pà fa ɖa fù faa ɖà seed ʈɛɛ́ ̀ʈɪ̀ʈ ʈɛɛ́ ̀ʈ ʈɔ́yo ɖə ̀k ʈòy ɔ́k ʈééy ɪɖ àk ʈééyàk < Katcha ʈɔ yɔ/na- self kɪ̀lí ʔ body + reflexive pronoun sell, buy kɔ́lɔ́ʔbà kɔ́lɔ́ʔbà ʈà kw ɔ́kw ɔ́labà also ‘buy many things’ send ag ɪlɪ́k ag ɪlà ʈàk sesame káfála ŋ afó ŋ na káfála ŋ sesame káfal ɛɖàk kiáfálà ŋ seven kálákaròk kw ɔ́ŋuŋ 4 + 3 àŋwài ɖànà ʔ ny ɛɖ anà ʔ sew ran ɗɪnà ran ɗɪ nà ʈà ɗáɗɗ ar ɖà ɗáɗɗ ar ʈà áɗ[ɪ]r ʈì áɗɪ rʈaɖà sewing áɗ(ɪ)r ˇàk shadow, ʔbɔɔ́ ̀ ku ʔbɪ́ny, ɓárò ʔ cf. God boro kuboro spirit ku ʔbɪ́ŋ shake head pipi ṭik ɔ pipi ṭik ɔʈɔ sideways i sharp aʈɛʔ kɛɛ́ ̀ʔ ‘has teeth’ sa ccók aɖɛ kèè ʔ ‘has teeth’ i sharp ṭɛ lʈɛl a cakarrà shield dáragà kɪdáragà < Arabic shield wór, wúr kwòrá ʔ ʈɔ́nɔ̀ŋ ku ɖɔɔ́ ́nɪk lá ŋ kɪ́la ŋ archaic word shiver ɔ́làk ɔ́la ʈàk shoe óɖuŋɪ̀k kinyúny ɔ̀ ŋ shoot gun ármà almùn ɖù árma ɖà kalmùn ɖ ù short sɛ̀rɛ̀ʔ kɪsɛ̀rɛ̀ʔ oɗogolá ʔ an ɖɪŋɪ ràʔ shoulder kɔ́kɔlɔŋɪ̀ʈ kík ɔlɔ̀ŋ mésawèk kemésawà lɔfɔk kul ɔfɔk ʔ shout kug ɪ̀k kugwa ʈà kwáá 27 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment shout, weep wujìk wojo ʈɔ̀k ɗɔ́rɔnà ɗɔ́rɔna ɖà shut yákà yáka ʈà ɗɛ́kk ɪrà ɗɛ́kk ɪràɖa nyak ɪɖ à nyak ɪɗ aɖ à sick bòlébòl ɪ́n, kùbòlá bùl ɛ́bùl ɛ́n side rɛmɛ kɪrɛmɛ sieve grain ulu ul ɔʈɔ sing ssö ssö ɖo sing síà sía ɖà sister, his arányanà ɔrɔ́inà n ɖálm ɛ̀ sister, your áranɔ̀ ɔráinù[y] nɖálm ɛ̀ sit ʈɛ̀nyù ʈɛ̀ɲʈàʈù(k) cf. Dinik ɗɛ̀n, Berta Fadashi do ŋoʃ, sit kárpà kárpa ɖà kárfulà kárfula ɖà six sɛ́ŋkɛ̀ʈ, sá ŋgàʈ [or k not g] kw ɔ̀ɖen ɪ̀ŋ kɪɗ en ṭɪ̀ŋ sixteen ámù[k] fu ɖɪ ́ gɪ́ɖen ṭɪ̀ŋ skin, hide la ŋún kɪla ŋúni lany ɪ́k kɪlanyá ʔ kɪlɛnyó ʔ lɛnya kɪlɛnya sky ná ŋanàʈ nók also rain ar ŋóó ɖàk slave ɔɗɔ n deso ʔ also, aɗuŋ ka ɗuŋ aɗɔŋ kw ɔɗɔŋ stranger, enemy sleep rɔ́ŋɪnùk rɔ́ŋɪnṭaʈùk ḍáŋ(g) ɪrɔ̀ ḍáŋ(g) ɪrɔ̀ɖ ṭáŋunù ṭáŋana ɖù cf. Dinik tu ŋgùn, Surmic ɔ̀ e.g. Didinga ta ŋu, slowly kɔ́nɔkɔnɔ́k slowly ŋɔ́nɔŋɔnɔ́k ɗúccókwàì small ns ɪ̀ɗɪ̀ɗì kɪkɛ̀nɪ̀k ímú ḍókwàk kɪ́mɪ́ḍɪ́ḍɪ̀k ɗúccàì ɗúccógw ? Katcha -ɪʈ iʈi àì smell s.t. ŋóŋulù ŋóŋula ʈùk ŋwá ń ŋwáá ɖa ŋwei ŋwei ɖà smell, smelly ŋula ʈ smoke kɪ́ʈɪ́mù ʔ, ku ɖúmm ɔ̀ʔ ku ɖúmu ? Meidob kumédí if kú ʈúmù ʔ, metathesis kɪ́ɖɪ́mùk smooth ʔbulu ʔbulùs ohólholl ɪ̀k nyifúlfull ɪ̀k snake lólùk, lólòk kɔ́lug ɪ̀k, lö́lùk kóli ʔ laluk kwól ɪŋ cf. Daju Shatt d ɔl, Acholi kɔ́log ɪ̀k twol, Gaam ɖöö́ ́r, ? So d ɛu snap stick pílà fɪ́li fɪ́lÍaÍà 28 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sneeze ɔ̀sak ɔ̀sa ʈak əss ɪɖ ei əss ɪʈ ei so ʈiṭɔ k soft nyírgu ʈnyirgù ʈ nyínyullunyull ùk soil ʈabbà ŋ kɪ́ɖabbèk son, boy ɗál kɪɗɛ́l ɗák n ɖáámàk kɪɗɪŋ kɪnɖáám ɪ̀ ŋ son, his ɗá[k]nan ɛ̀ son, my ɗál ɛ́nnà ŋ ɗánná ŋ son, your ɗál ɛ́nnà ŋ ɗánn ɪ́ŋ únnò song málàn kumálán ɪ̀ kɪsi kɪsiik kɪ̀sɪk sour ʈɪ́ɗɛ̀r aɗàrr àɗɛɛ̀ ̀rɪ̀k speak ag ɛʈa ag ɛʈaʈa speak íl ɛŋɛ̀ íl ɔŋɔ̀ʈɔ̀ speak to íl ɔnɔ̀k íl ɔŋɔ̀ʈɔ̀k il ɔ il ɔɖɔɔ́ ́ spear ṇsɔ̀ kɪn ká ɽaʔ káá ɽàʔ ka ɽa kia ɽa ? < Kadu spear, barbed sés ɪ̀ŋ kɪsés ɪ̀ŋ spider óò ná k ɔ́ŋàʔ kwéèn k ɪná lit. ‘dog of aráár ək — kɔ́ŋà flies’ spit báá k ɔmú báá ʈà k ɔmú sɪkɪɖ ane a sɪkɪɖ anád ɪ ɖɪʈ an ɛ́ kumu ʔ ɖɪʈ aʈan ɛ́ kumu ʔ = kumú ʔ k a kumú ʔ kumu ʔ saliva spit bá ʈɛ̀ k ɔmú bá ʈàʈà k ɔmú split ɛʈɛka ɛʈɛka ʈa split kɔ́rù kɔ́rà ʈà kɔ́ru kɔ́rɖù kɔ́ru kwɔ́rʈaʈà spoon lɛnsá kɪlɛnsá ká ɓu káá ɓuk spread s.t. far ɪʃɔ far ɪʃɔʈɔ < Arabic ʈáppolo ʈáppolo ɖo out squeeze nyúlà nyúlà ʈà stab ápì ápa ʈà ákwu ɖì ákwu ʈò áfì áfa ɖà stand il ʈùk il ʈɔʈɔ̀k ʈɪ́gɪɖ onò ʈɪ́gɪʈ onò lí ɖù lí ʈaɖù stand, stop star ɗúl ɪ̀ʈ ku ɗúlà ʔ kwu ḍɪ́ll ɪɖə́ ̀k kwu ḍɪ́llll ɪ̀ŋ ɗúl ɪ̀k ku ɗúl ɪ̀ŋ cf. Ik ɗɔ́ɫɛ át, steal agulà agula ʈà ákwula ákwula ɖà ákwulì ákwula ɖà stem bigur kubiguri stick kar ṭábù kɪgár ṭabù stick ɗók kw ɔɗ (ɪg) ɪ́n ɗók ko ɗéŋ ɗók kwu ɗɪŋ stirring stick pɪ́s kɪ́pɪ́sɪ́n pus ɔŋ kɪhís ɛnɪ́k fɪ́k kɪ̀fíyà ʔ 29 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment stone kór ɛ̀ʈ kukór ɛ̀ʈ kúr ɔ̀k kúúr ɔ̀k also beads kuràk kuurak cf. Tama kw ʊ́ ɽa, proto- Nilotic *k ɔr, Dongolawi kúlu, Songhay guru ‘hill’, Malinke kulu, Heiben k-ɔl, stop, cease ʈɪlʈiʈɔ ʈɪlʈiʈaʈɔ story ʈamun ɗɛɛ́ ̀kà kɪʈamun ɗɛɛ́ ̀kà straight ʈɛ̀rʈɛ̀r, ʈɪ̀rʈɪ̀r es ɪjj ɔra ʔ kɛʈʈ wɪ́k stranger, ɔ́jɪ́lʈɛ̀ʈ ɔ́jɪ́lì [first letter guest may be ɛ according to notes] stream, ḍɛ̀k kɪḍík small sandy seasonal khor string lɔ̀[k] ɪŋ jíjila ʔ strong (of bír ʈù < Hill áÍɛnyà people) Nubian strong (of kɪlákk ɪlà ŋ nyàr ɪ̀ dry, hard ny ɛku ṭáku ṭàŋ things) strong thing strongly, ko ṭṭ o quickly, harshly stupid ko ʈikoli kiko ʈikoli suck ɛlɪk ɛla ʈàk jé’jo ɖà jé’jo ʈà suckle ɛlákì ɛla ʈákì áli ála ɖá ààlì aala ɖà sun nónù, núnù nö́nù ŋáŋùʔ swamp ɗagi kɪɗ agi sweat sɪ́rɛnɛ́n il ɔ il ɔɖɔɔ́ ́ sweep argwá argwá ʈà kwúr ɖà kwúr ʈà kwur ʈà kwur ʈaʈà sweet nɖɪ́ʔjì kɪnɖɪ́ʔjì aṭul ny ɪkɛ́ɗik ɛɗɗɪ̀k swell yáì swim báá lu ɪ̀ny báálà lu ɪ̀ny also lɪ́m( ɪ)ɖamu ŋ lɪ́m( ɪ)ʈámu ? + water bá án ɗɔ̀ŋ báá ʈá lit. hit cf. Tama ba ɽa, Daju Liguri bááláál ŋ án ɗɔ̀ŋ swimming ɓa(a)y, but these may be simply cognates of ‘hit, strike’ tail rɪ́ŋgák ɪs, kɪrɪ́ŋgákàʔ k ~ g sábò ŋ kɪsábo ŋàʔ ṭákak kɪɽ ákik rɪɪ́ŋ ́ gɪ̀s 30 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment take kɔ́mùk kɔ́mɔʈɔ̀ kám káma ɖei / ámu ʈà take away àràmà àràmà ʈà umwean ɪ̀k take away, àràmù àràmù ʈà hold take for sɛ́ŋ sɛ́ɖei oneself tail rɪ́ŋgák ɪs, kɪrɪ́ŋgákàʔ sábò ŋ kɪsábo ŋàʔ ṭákak kɪɽ ákik rɪɪ́ŋ ́ gɪ̀s talk, speak, t íl ɔŋɔ̀k íl ɔŋɔ̀ʈɔ̀k áɗaf ɖà aɗúf ʈaɖà ell taste jej ɛmà jej ɛmà ʈà lapa láfá láfaá ɖà also try, test tear (n.) kɔ́man ʈɛ̀ʈ kɔ́mɔ̀ʔ kɪɖ áhò ŋ kɔ́mà ʔ tear (v.) swirà swira ʈà ásí, ás ɪɗ a ás ɪṭ a séréi sér ʈaɖà tell story ʔɖ aʈak ʔɖ aʈaka ʈak ten ŋgɛ́mmùk, [maybe k alan ɪkì alak ɪnakà àm ɖáʈúk kɛ́mmùk not g], termite logwan kologwani termite lugan ʈɛ̀ʈ lugàn ŋwɔ̀ŋ áinanuà ŋ nuà ŋ termite, áw ɛŋ soldier testicle ṭoruny ɪ̀ʈ kɪṭ orùny ʈɛ́rɪŋ ìk kɪ́ɖɛ rɪ̀ŋ ɗánaku ɖɛ̀rɪ̀ŋ kɪɗɗ áku ɖ ‘child of ɛ̀rɪ̀ŋ scrotum’ thank you kɛ́ n ʈóbàn lit. ‘it is good’ that (far) nɔnn ɔ kɪnɔnn ɔ that (far) nʈɪgɪnɔɔ nɔk kɪnʈɪgɪnɔɔ nɔk that (near) nɔ kɪna that (near) nʈɪgɪnɔ kɪnʈɪgɪna nɛ̀ kɪnɛ̀ thatching nyìk nyìk grass then ìs(s)ún uss ʷɪŋ there nʈàkànà ɔlonò ánɔ́ they nákà ʈà kɪnná ʔ kɪnná ʔ thick ɗúrmà thick ḿbù ḍúrru thigh ku ṭuŋuṭùg ku ṭuŋuṭùgì óhù ʔ kohunò ʔ afuk kɪ́nɪŋ afuk 31 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment thigh ŋuṭuŋuṭúŋ ku ŋuṭuŋuṭúŋi thin (people) má ŋan ɛ̀n thin (people, ny ɪ́lɔŋàʔ ejényelà ʔ ájijilà ʔ ájijil ɪ̀k objects) thing ʈɪ́lɔ̀ŋ kɪ́ʈal ɔŋ, k ɪ́ʈɔlɔŋ ɗía lɛ́[k] think óòm ɔ̀ + verb particularl y l ɪ́pà, to look for, or ɗɪ ka, to find, see thirsty, to be nónù, núnù + verb ɔ́ʈù, nanáámù ŋ hunger for arám ʈàʔ thirst to kill water thirty ʈea ɗi k ɛ kwá ɖanàʔ this ni kɪni nì kɪnɪ̀ cf. So n ɪn, Tama ɪ́ŋ, Dinik nɛ̀, Gaam n ɛ́ and mnay further probable cognates (or do demonstratives just look like this?) this nʈɪ̀gɪ̀nɪ̀ kɪnʈɪgɪni aléì alakè thorn nɔ́ŋon ɪ̀ʈ kɔ̀ník thorn nú ŋwan ɪ̀ʈ kwàník nán ɪ̀ŋ kán ɪ̀k nán ɪ̀ŋ kían ɪ̀k thou nɪ́n nɪ́ŋ nɪ́ŋ cf. Daju Sila ɪ́nɪŋ, Mursi nina, Pokot ɲíì, Songhay ni, Kanuri ɲi, Mangbetu íní. Incidentally, this looks like a pretty good isogloss for Nilo-Saharan (Niger-Congo has the same for 1 st person sg.) three kw ɔ́ʈaná ʔ kw ɔ́ɖanà ʔ kwá ɖaŋàʔ cf. Tulishi -ɛɖɔ na, Gaam ɔ́tɔ́, Berta Malkan odo, Maiak ɗö ́k, as all West Nilotic throat kíro kííro throw ɔpurú ɔpur ɔ́ʈù ár ɔma ár ɔmad = ‘shoot’ ármà árma ɖà ɖà 32 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment throw ɔ́rɔmai ɔ́rɔma ɖài towards throwing wu ʈal kuwu ʈali knife thumb ɗánanánàk kɪɗ ág ɛ́ŋ ɗúrmà ɗúrmà thunder ko ʈuj ɪ̀n ná ‘shouting nók ʈɪ ba ʈan ɛ ‘sky ná ŋanàʈ of sky’ struck’ thus, so gi thus, so nʈɔga al əɓɓ í thus, so nyagá tie ɛ́mb ɛ̀là ɛ́mb ɛ̀là ʈà ámmalà ámmala ɖà am ɛmɛlà am ɛle ɖà time, place láà ŋ today káá ʈanì nɪmɪnà ánnaman ɪ̀ŋ together, be ana, ɔnɔ together, ɛʈɛ, ɛ with tomorrow isáá ʈɪ̀n lɛ́bɪrɖä ̀ ás ɪɖɪ̀ŋ tongue mɛ́nɖɪ nyà ʈ kɪmɛ́nɖɪ nyà ʈ ŋáḍɪmàk kɪŋáḍɪmàk kɛ́ɗɛ màk kɛɛ́ ́ɗɛ mà cf. Songhay dèènè. Possibly k widespread cognacy with metathesised forms e.g. Dongolawi n ɛ́d, Bari ŋɛ́dɛ́p, Uduk aled, Lendu ledà. Alternatively a loan from a lost Niger-Congo language. Cf. Defaka mɛnd uɔ, Bedik i-ɗem, Proto-Gbaya *lembe und so weiter tooth aw ɪ̀s kɛɛ́ ̀ʔ iy ɪ́k sɛʔ áyàk kèè ʔ touch ɔ̀lák ɔ̀lá ʈak tree mɛ́rɛŋɪ̀s mɛ́rɛŋ ɓòʔ kù ɓwɛ̀ŋ < kù ɓòɛ̀ŋ bɔɔ́ ́rɪ̀ŋ ku ɓɪŋ tribe nɛɛ́ ̀ʔ kiná ‘people of kwu Íùŋ kur ɛ̀ʈ hill’ true jɪ́rj ɪ̀r turn welak wela ʈak turn s.t. ɲiʈà ɲiʈàʈà kwá ʈalar ɪ̀ŋ fállanyà fállanya ɖ à turtle I ká ɗáʔ káá ɗáʔ 33 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment turtle II abuga ɖom kabuga ɖo < Arabic m ab ūgada ḥ twenty ʈea ɗi twenty-one ʈea ḍi g ɪ́ḍḍ e twin ɗál n ʈɛ ɗul ɔ̀n kɪɗɛ́l n ʈɛ ɗul ɔ̀n ku ŋwúl ɪɖä ̀l ko ŋól kul ɔŋɔŋ two károkw ɛ káro káro udder nyú ŋ kɪnɪnyú ŋ under aʈak ʈuhal ɪŋ ɪlléle- untie ŋwúl ɖì ŋwúl ʈaɖà up kɪrɪŋ aɗɗ ár ɪŋ ɪll ɛ́r- (?) upper ḍá[k] ḍɪ́mɪ́k kɪɖɪŋ na grindstone ḍɪ́mɪ́k for grain upper lip íʈùk n ɖɛɛ rɪ̀ŋ lany ɪ́k ya áɖù[k] w ull al ɪŋ ɪllélewòk urinate ábi ɖa ábit ə ábbi ʈa ábi ɖɖ a urine kɪbɔ́lɔ̀ʔ kib ö́lɔ̀ʔ kibélà ʔ valley, pɔ́kɪʈ seasonal stream vein, tree kɪ́rɪkɪ̀rɪ̀ʈ kɪrák ɪrà ʔ kibélà ʔ root very ko ṭṭ u village ɪ́lɛ̀ < Arabic alh ɪlli < Arabic ḥil )%%%/وى ḥil village kwíì ʔ lit. houses kwù Íùŋ also ‘tribe’ voice ŋálòʔ kɪŋóón ɖɪ̀n #NAME? alle ɖà alle ʈà vomit ká ṭakà ká ṭaka ʈà alle ɖì alli ʈaɖà vulture sɪ́bɪ̀r kɪsɪ́bɪ́rì kúnn ɛ̀k kúnn ɔŋ kʷósolò kʷóósolò vulva, vagina ììr kììr ɪ̀k ìr kììr ár ɪ̀k kɪ́rɪ̀k wait ùnj ɪli ùnj ɪla ʈa wake s.o. furu ŋai furu ŋɪnʈɔʈai walk wír ɔ̀k wír ɔ̀ʈɔ̀k ŋwùrò ŋwùrò ɖò ɪņɖá k-ɛ́llù walk wúr ɔ̀k wúr ɔ̀ʈɔ̀k want, look lɪ́pà lɪ́pà ʈà ɔh(w)ài ‘I want’ any ɛ́ ‘I want, for like’ war, quarrel ŋɔ́rb ɔ́k warm, hot wáára ŋ arrá ŋ aara ŋ 34 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment warrior ɖéénì n ʈɛ nɛɛ́ ̀ʔ n ʈɛ́ < Hill fáár ɪ̀s < Arabic bɪrʈùk kɪbɪ̀rʈùk Nubian wash (self), ɔ́ʔbɔ̀ ɔ́ʔbɔ̀ʈɔ̀ ɛ́bɛnà abenà abe Íanà bathe wash s.t. we ʈí we ʈaʈà ŋwó ɖà kwú ʈì kwúʈaɖà watch, guard, áŋkɪlʈi áŋkɪlʈaʈà care for water mú ŋ imú ŋ, umú ŋ amu ŋ water lizard mányál ɪ̀k kɪmányál iyà ʔ water-rat ámm ɛ̀ kúmm ɛ̀ we (dual) sák we (excl.) ká ʈ kák kák we (incl.) sasák, sásàk kasák kalás ɪk weak, thin ny ɔ́ny ɔ̀ʔ wear iyú iyá ʈú well pɔɔ́ ̀ kup ɪ́n [or ɪ for fɔ́ʔ kup ɛ́ŋ fɔ́k kuf ɪ́ŋ the u] wet nʈwì ny ɪlɛ kɪnyálka ɖàk i what? ŋɛ́, ŋ ɛɛ́ ́ ŋei ŋɛʔ when? láà ŋɛ́ ? < láà ŋ láán ɪ̀k áwei ‘place, time’ + ŋɛ ́ ‘what’ where? kʷóó, ʔbóó mme wáá ʈɪ kà which? nɛ̀nɛ̀, n ɛɛ̀ ̀n kɪnɛɛ̀ ̀n white ṇṭɪ̀ṭɪ̀k kɪ́ṇṭɪṭɪ̀k ɛɽɛɽɛ̀k kɛɽɛɽɛ̀k ɽ ~ ʈ áṇɗəɽɪ̀k white man áḍɛ̀ŋ án ḍəɽɪ̀k nɛɛ̀ ̀ʔ kɪ́nḍəɽɪ̀k who? ŋáni ŋánin ʈ [no faith ŋan ɛ́ ánn ɪ́ŋ in this] why? kɔɔ́ ́ áɓei wide ɗwìr ɗwìr ihallâ ʔ áfal ɛŋ à wife, his nɪmɛ́nna wife, his ir ɛ́nnwà nɪmɛ́nna wife, my ir ɛ́nnà ŋ nɪmɛ́nná ŋ wife, your ir ɛ́nn ɔ̀ nɪmɛ́nn ɪ́ŋ wind ɔ́pú ŋɪ̀ʈ kɔ́pú ŋɪ̀k ʈurrí ʈúrí 35 English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment windstorm ɔ́pú ŋɪ̀ʈ ḿbù wing lúp ɔkɪ̀ʈ kulupókà ʔ kap ä́lɛɖ àk káápalàk witch aḍéŋ n-áwu ɖàk nɪ́ŋi n-áwu ɖàk witchcraft áwu ɖàk wobbling ɔrr ɛ̀k woman áɖɛŋ n ɖalm ɛ̀ nɛɛ̀ ̀ kɪnɖól ɪ̀k woman lɪ́kám ɛ̀ʔ lúg ɪ̀ʈ g ~ k ír dànàm ɛ̀ʔ nu ɖóll ɪ̀k nɪ̀mɛ̀ʔ nɪŋ ɖól ɪ̀k word lɔ́ŋɔʈ kɪlɔ́ŋɔʈ il ä́k kil ä́k kɪmɛ́sɛnɪk kɪmɛ́sɛ́ni ya ʔ work ág ɪ́là ʈ lógw ɔ̀ʔ kulógw ɛ̀ŋ lúŋɔ̀ kul úŋɔ ̀ work v. am ʈá l úŋɔ̀ am ʈaɖá lúŋɔ ̀ worm ɛ́jɛ́mɪ̀ʈ kɪ́jɔmɔ̀ write kɪ́ʈɪ́bɔ̀ kɪ́ʈɪ́bɔ̀ʈà < Arabic yawn amáì mɪnʈaʈà ámm ɪɖ èi ámaa ɖài ama amo ɖà year sɪnɛ̀ʔ kɪsin ɛ̀ʔ 36