Judaica Librarianship
Volume 9 Number 1–2 17-28
12-31-1995 Climbing Benjacob's Ladder: An Evaluation of Vinograd's Thesaurus of the Hebrew Book Roger S. Kohn Library of Congress, Washington, DC, [email protected]
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Recommended Citation Kohn, Roger S.. 1995. "Climbing Benjacob's Ladder: An Evaluation of Vinograd's Thesaurus of the Hebrew Book." Judaica Librarianship 9: 17-28. doi:10.14263/2330-2976.1178. , Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago
'.! I APPROBATIONS Climbing -Benjacob's Ladder: An Evaluation of Vinograd's Thesaurus of the Hebrew Book* Rogers.Kohn Stanford University Libraries Stanford, CA
[Vinograd, Yeshayahu. Otsar ha-sefer ha '/vri: reshimat ha-sefarim she :,~yn ,.!>t,n ,~lN •ln,yw, ,,,n:m nidpesu be-ot '/vrit me 11,~y nuo W.!rTlWc,,.non 1ltl'W1 , reshit ha-def us ha- '/vri bi-shenat 229 (1469) 'ad· ""!:nmvr.i ~Yn Ol.!rTn 11,wNitl shenat 623 (186~. :c,~wl,, .(1863) l"!:>111nlW ;y C1469) Yerushalayim: ha-Makhon ,mwmtltl m.nill'~~~ 1l~tln le-bibliyografyah .n"lW1l·i"lW1l memuhshevet, 754-5, c1993-1995].
Vinograd, Yeshayahu. Abstract: The Thesaurus of the Hebrew The foremost French bibliographer of the Thesaurus of the Hebrew Book, by Yeshayahu Vinograd, is re previous generation, Louise-Noelle Malcles viewed in the context of both general (1899-1977), defines the term bibliography Book: Listing of Books bibliography and of general Hebraica thus: printed in Hebrew Letters bibliography. Significant contributions since the Beginning of in Hebrew bibliography preceding the Bibliography seeks out, transcribes, and Hebrew Printing circa Thesaurus are discussed. After review classifies printed docun,ents in order to 1469 through 1863. ing a previous work of Y. Vinograd, the construct tools for intellectual work which author evaluates the Thesaurus from a are called bibliographic lists, or bibliogra Part I. Indexes: Books and bibliographer's perspective, using the phies. (Malcles, 1961, p. 8) criteria established by Louise-Noelle Authors, Bible, Prayers and Tal Malcles. The article concludes with a She continues: mud, Subjects and Printers, biographical note on Yeshayahu Vino Chronology and Languages, Hon grad. Just as the demographer inventories orees and Institutes. Jerusalem: populations, and studies their move The Institute for Computerized ments without knowing each citizen of Bibliography, 1995. xviii, 507, Bibliography and Bibliographic Lists the country in question, the bibliograph [64] p. er, without having read all books, follows At a meeting of .the Bibliographical Society their creation, their purport, and distribu Part 11.Places of Print, sorted by of London held before World War I, Walter tion. (Malcles, 1961, p. 8) Hebrew names of places where W. Greg (1875-1959), then the leading bibliographer in Great Britain, remarked Malcles also established that the term "bib printed including author, subject, that "bibliography has grown from being an liography" in its modern sense was not place and year printed, name of art into ... a science" (Greg, 1913, p. 39). used before the early 17th century. What printer, number of pages and for For bibliographers and historians of the we now call bibliography was then called mat, with annotations and biblio Hebrew book, the publication of Yesha [in Latin] bibliotheca, catalogus, repertori graphical references. Jerusalem: yahu Vinograd's Thesaurus of the Hebrew um, inventarium, or index (Malcles, 1985, The Institute for Computerized Book is an occasion to celebrate, because p.12). Bibliography, 1993. xvi, 702 p. the work is grounded in two concurrent tra ditions of "bibliographic science": General The English term bibliography is not as Bibliography and General Hebraica Bibli precise as its French equivalent ("reper *The original manuscript, submitted March ography. toire bibliographique"), because French 28, 1995, reviewed only Part 2 of the The library science has two distinct terms saurus. A shorter version of this paper was Hebrew bibliography stems from the more "bibliologie" or "science du livre" (science presented at the Association of Jewish general field of systematic bibliography, an of the book) and "bibliographie" (Malcles, Libraries Convention held in Chicago, June academic discipline rooted in the humanis 1985, p. 15)-while English has only one 19, 1995. A revised manuscript reflecting tic tradition of the Renaissance. term for both concepts. the publication of Part 1 of the Thesaurus was submitted July 10, 1995.
Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 17 Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago
Refining Malcles' classification, British bibli Following Gesner, a multiplicity of scholars After World War I, bibliographic expansion ographers insisted on the importance of produced many specialized bibliographies. continued in a new form: teams of the word systematic in the term systematic researchers combined their efforts in long bibliography, contrasting it with other biblio b) A shorter period, the bibliophilic period, term projects undertaken under interna graphic genres. As Greg defined it, was a very active period of transition, in tional scientific aegis. Automation after which bibliography was practiced by a wide 1960 radically changed the field, but these Descriptive, or to use a wider term, sys number of social groups (book dealers, pri developments are outside the scope of this tematic bibliography, [is] the classifica vate owners, etc.). These bibliographers article. tion of individual books according to developed a full-fledged theory of bibliog some guiding principles. (Greg, 1913, p. raphy, structuring the field and defining the The preceding overview allows us to state 45) term "bibliography." "General bibliography" clearly: the Otsar belongs, as do all the (defined as the subfield interested in the other Hebraica bibliographic lists dis Systematic bibliography has been distin generation of bibliographic lists in many cussed below, in what Malcles defined as guished from and bibli analytical historical languages and on many topics) emerged the pre-technical period, because the bibli ography. Analytical bibliography studies as the leading branch, both in its interna ographic lists are the work of one individ the structure of the book and describes it; tional and national components. ual, not of a team. There is no derogatory historical bibliography emphasizes the implication in defining Hebraica bibliogra study of the various methods of book pro c) The third period is split by World War I. phers as artisans, as they are in the good duction. Both are often combined in critical The first part ( 1810-1914), called pre-tech company of Brunet and Graesse. bibliography, in-depth study of the book as - nical ("artisanale"), is followed by the tech a material object or physical entity. nical and professional period (1920-1960; 1960- ). With great scientific progress and In this classification scheme, Vinograd's the emergence of modern nations in West General Hebraica Bibliographies: Otsar is considered a systematic bibliogra ern Europe, many bibliographic lists were A Brief Survey phy. published.
Periodization in the History of To fully understand the innovative charac Bibliography ter of Vinograd's work, we need to place it Hebrew bibliography in a more narrowly defined context, that of A comprehensive history of bibliography as its predecessor Hebraica bibliographies, a scientific discipline has yet to be written, stems from the more gen and to review the major steps in the devel but in her magistral work, Manuel de bibli opment of Hebrew bibliography prior to ographie, Louise-Noelle Malcles (1985) era I field of systematic Vinograd. It took the combined efforts of established three major periods for the Jewish and Christian scholars for over development of bibliography: three centuries to establish Hebrew bibli bibliography, an academic ography as a genre of its own. Only during a) The humanistic period (16th-end 18th the nineteenth and twentieth centuries c.); discipline rooted in the were major works of Hebrew bibliography b) The bibliophilic period (end 18th written only by Jewish scholars. c.-beginning 19th c.); and humanistic tradition of the c) The technical and professional period The best introduction in English to this field (since 181O}. Renaissance. is the first chapter of Shimeon Brisman's A history and guide to Judaic bibliography Although most former Hebrew bibliogra (Brisman, 1977, pp. 2-36). The author phers were not, and some contemporary The art of national bibliography, both retro states in his incipit to that chapter, entitled ones are probably still not, aware of this spective and current, flourished in modern "General Hebraica Bibliography," that periodization, the accomplishments of non Germany, Great Britain, and France before Hebraica bibliographers had an indirect 1914. In contrast, what Malcles catego influence on Hebraica bibliography. To fully rizes as "General International Bibliogra Bibliographies not devoted to any specif evaluate Vinograd's Otsar, we need to phy"-i.e., the production of bibliographic ic form or topic in literature are designat place Hebraica bibliography in this broader lists in many languages on many topics ed as "general." In the Jewish field, all scheme. culminated in the mid-19th century with the major bibliographies published up to the Frenchman Jacques-Charles Brunet second half of the nineteenth century fall a) The first period, the humanistic period, is (1780-1867), who authored the monumen into this category. (Brisman, 1977, p. 2) marked by the work of Konrad Gesner tal Manuel du libraire et de /'amateur de (1516-1565), generally considered the livres (1e ed., 1810; 5e ed., Paris, Later, Brisman contrasts General Hebraica father of modern universal bibliography. 1860-1865), and his German disciple, Bibliographies with "Subject Bibliographies Gesner, a Swiss Humanist, a physician Theodor Graesse (1814-1885), who pub of Hebraica Literature" and "Judaica Bibli and a naturalist, best known for his Histori lished his Tresor de livres rares et precieux ographies," which are presented in chap ae animalium (1551-1587), is also the in Dresden (1859-1869). No bibliographer ters Four and Five of his book. I readily author of Bibliotheca universalis (1545), after Brunet and Graesse would attempt to assume that Brisman studied Malcles' which describes some 15,000 works, man list all the books in every (western Euro typology, thus establishing for us that all u script or printed, in Latin, Greek, or pean and classical) language in a single existing Hebraica bibliographies are "Gen Hebrew, of approximately 3,000 authors. work. eral" and not "National."
18 Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 , ~I Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago
As Brisman (1977, p. 4) says, the first sors, submitted them to a critical reex BeJween Benjacob's Otsar and Vinograd's, name we encounter in the history of Gen amination in light of new sources, and one more work must be mentioned: the er a I Jewish Bibliographies is that of incorporated the results in his entries. Bet 'Eked Sefarim of Bernhard Friedberg Johannes Buxtorf (1564-1629). Buxtorf, of (Brisman, 1977, p. 14) (1876-1961 ), published in Antwerp in the generation following Gesner, was a 1928. Bet 'Eked Sefarim contains "about professor of Hebrew in Basel who studied The "only work on Jewish bibliography of 26,000 works in Hebrew, in Yiddish, and in Jewish religious customs, Hebrew gram such magnitude to be begun and complet various Jewish dialects, printed up to the mar, and the biblical Masoretic text. He ed by a single author ... [,] it dominated year 1900" (Brisman, 1977, p. 26). Bris published his Bibliotheca rabbinica in the field of Jewish bibliography for about man compares Bet 'Eked to Benjacob's 1613; it lists 324 Hebrew works-both 150 years" (Brisman, 1977, p. 15). Otsar in the following terms: printed and handwritten-by title, in alpha Seder ha-dorot, by Jehiel Heilprin betical order, giving place and date of pub- (1660-1746), is a copy, often verbatim, of Following Benjacob, with his complete 1ica ti on for printed works. A modest Bass's Sifte Yeshenim; according to Bris mastery of the entire field of Jewish liter beginning, Buxtorf's arrangement by title man (1977, p. 16), "the science of Jewish ature and masterful utilization of all avail remained the standard until Vinograd. bibliography did not gain from Heilprin's able sources, Friedberg could not expect efforts." to receive many favorable comments. The first to follow Buxtorf was Giulio Bar Compared to the Otsar, the Bet 'Eked to Iocc i (1613-1687), a professor of As Brisman states, seemed pale and dry, and it was a great Hebrew and Rabbinics at the Col/egium disappointment to many scholars. But in Neophytorum in Rome and the scriptor [T]he nineteenth century ... was the the absence of anything better, it soon hebraicus (Hebraica librarian), at the Bib most fruitful century for Jewish bibliogra became a usefu I practical tool for liotheca Vaticana. In 1675, he published in phy. Catalogs of handwritten and printed bookdealers and bibliographers alike. Rome the first volumes of his Bibliotheca Hebraica collections at the most impor (Brisman, 1977, p. 26) magna rabbinica, also known by its tant European libraries ... became Hebrew title, Kiryat Sefer. This work adds available; scholarly periodicals ... Friedberg survived the Shoah and emigrat to its predecessor by "registering 1,960 began to appear; and bibliographical ed to Palestine under the British Mandate entries, with Hebrew and Latin indexes of consciousness began to penetrate Jew in 1946, at the age of seventy. He revised titles, cross-references, subjects, and ish literature and life. his work, and the second edition was pub names of authors and places"; thus it rep (Brisman, 1977, p. 19) lished in the 1950s in Israel. Brisman is resents the first comprehensive Hebrew critical of the revised edition, just as he bibliography (Brisman, 1977, p. 8). was of the first one, but he notes that The nineteenth century saw the production The first Jew to compile a Hebraica bibliog of two works: the Bibliotheca Judaica of [T]he new Bet 'Eked became a standard raphy was Shabbethai Bass [spelling Julius Furst, and the Otsar ha-sefarim of work of Jewish bibliography, and soon according to Brisman] (1641-1718), a Isaac Benjacob, the latter quite important was out of print. It is now the only all Hebrew proofreader in Amsterdam, and for the evaluation of Vinograd's contribu inclusive Hebraica bibliography listing later a publisher in his own right in Dyhern tion. works printed from the beginning of furth (near Breslau). In 1680, Bass pub printing through the first half of the twen lished his Sifte Yeshenim, listing "more Julius Furst (1805-1873), a professor of tieth century. (Brisman, 1977, p. 26) than 1,900 individual titles. . . . [O]f these Semitic languages at the University of 1,100 were printed editions and about 825 Leipzig, compiled the only complete Jew Table I lists published Hebraica bibliogra were manuscripts or works not directly ish bibliography, covering both Hebraica phies prior to Vinograd's Otsar. known to Bass" (Brisman, 1977, p. 8). Sifte and Judaica. His three-volume bibliogra Yeshenim includes a subject and an author phy, Bibliotheca Judaica, published A Preview to the Otsar: Rare Hebrew index, as well as a list of Judaica by non between 1849 and 1863, is a "massive bib Books Jewish writers. liography," yet it has many lacunae (Bris man, 1977, p. 18). A previous work by Vinograd, with a differ The eighteenth century saw the publication ent emphasis, included several features to of two Hebraica bibliographies: a major The author of Otsar ha-sefarim, Isaac Ben be found later in his Otsar. one by the last of the traditional Christian jacob (1801-1863), never saw his work Hebraists, Johann Christoph Wolf, and the published. His son, Jacob (1858-1926), In 1987, Vinograd edited, together with other, more modest, by an East European assisted by Moritz Steinschneider Valia Trionfo, the spouse of an Italian-born Jewish scholar named Jehiel Heilprin. ( 1816-1907), prepared the work for print book dealer from Jerusalem, a work enti ing in 1880. Benjacob's Otsar lists Hebrew tled Rare Hebrew Books: A listing of books Wolf (1683-1739) published the first vol works in alphabetical order by title, as was that were auctioned publicly between ume of his Bibliotheca hebraea in Ham done by Buxtorf in the sixteenth century, 1976-1987, including estimates and prices burg in 1715; it recorded 2,231 alphabeti but instead of a few hundred titles, Benja (Jerusalem: The Society of Judaica Collec cally registered author entries. cob claimed to list "up to 17,000" titles pub tors). lished until the year 1863-printed The publication of the Bibliotheca volumes as well as manuscripts. It sur The preface, in Hebrew and English (in hebraea marked the beginning of a new passes its predecessor, Bass's Sifte Yesh English, it is called a "foreword" and is era in Jewish bibliography. In preparing enim, by "the wealth of information and ... signed by Vinograd alone), emphasizes his work, Wolf ... investigated every fact the critical examination of the sources" the practical aspect of the Hebrew book and detail in the works of his predeces- (Brisman, 1977, p. 22). trade. More than the Otsar, Rare Hebrew
Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 19 , :1 Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago
Table I
Chronological List of Hebraica Bibliographies Preceding Vinograd's Otsar
Date Author Title Number of works
1613 Buxtori Bibliotheca rabbinica 324 entries 1675-1693 Bartolocci Bibliotheca magna rabbinica 1,960 entries 1680 Bass Sifte Yeshenim 2,220 titles 1715-1733 Wolf Bibliotheca hebraea 2,231 entries 1769 Heilprin Seder ha-dorot n.a. 1849-1863 Furst Bibliotheca Judaica C. 40,000 titles 1877-1880 Benjacob Otsar C. 15,000 titles 1928-1931 Friedberg Bet 'Eked 26,000 titles 1951-1956 Friedberg Bet 'Eked [I I] C. 50,000 titles
(Based on Brisman, 1977, pp. 29-35: "Chronological List of General Hebraica Bibli- ographies. '?
Books is aimed directly at collectors Although we are given no example of Thesaurus of the Hebrew Book engaged in the Hebrew book trade, by pro "obvious" necessary modifications, this The Institute for Computerized Bibliogra viding them with the prices reached at statement is important to evaluate the phy will soon publish the "Thesaurus of some forty-three recent auctions. This amount of editing done by the bibliographic the Hebrew Book." This thesaurus will practical emphasis is constant: Vinograd compiler. We should keep in mind the edi list all the books printed in Hebrew since even provides the contemporary rates of tor's ambivalence when we approach his the beginning of the printing press and exchange to US Dollars for various Euro Otsar: what would happen if we replaced up until 1863. pean auctions held in the United Kingdom [auction] "catalogs" with "bibliographic ref or in the Netherlands. By sorting his data, erences" in the preceding quote? The bibliographic details regarding each Vinograd generated two charts: one of the of the books will include, as follows: the books sold most often at auction (5,387), title of the book, author, place of publica and the other contrasting estimated and In fact, Vinograd carefully edited the infor tion, year of publication. Where obtain final prices. mation he collected. He unified the spelling able, we will also provide.the following: a of Hebrew titles "to prepare the materials concise description of the book's con Most revealing is Vinograd's ambivalent for the computer" and added Hebrew tent, number of pages and size, various attitude toward his source of information, script, which was "lacking in all the cata bibliographic notes, including: typo auction catalogs: logs originating overseas." He also estab graphical changes, bibliographic index ing [read, according to the Hebrew "The description of the books cannot be lished five levels to indicate the condition of original: references], and other informa meticulous ... , We have not attempted to books, ranging from "fine condition" to tion. validate the price of any book, but rather to "book not intact, pages are missing." He present the value of a book in the various arranged Passover Haggadot by date of public auctions. Those wanting to make publication, regardless of their actual title. The thesaurus will appear in three or use of the information provided, for selling To locate a Haggadah by title, the reader is four volumes. Each volume will be cate or purchasing rare books, would do best to referred to the index. He "did not, however, gorized [read, according to the Hebrew examine the relevant catalogs, since they include titles of books put on sale in one original: indexed] separately, as follows: provide the detailed descriptions of the package together with other books" or books and their conditions." (unpaginated books sold for "excessive sums" because a. Titles English foreword) they had "luxuriant bindings ... or notable b. Authors signatures." c. Place of publication The auction catalog is the final authority for d. Year of publication. the Hebraica collector on the criteria which set the price reached by a given copy at a In all these cases, there is no explanation As we now know, the Otsar was published given auction. Later, Vinograd qualifies his for the decision made by the editor; we are in two and not three or four volumes, but in endorsement of auction catalogs: left to surmise, for example, that the books all other practical aspects, the Otsar fol sold in a lot did not have enough biblio lows this announcement closely. The fore "Responsibility of the bibliographic informa graphic appeal to be registered individually. word and this notice reveal several tion resides, of course, with the editors of On the other hand, it is obvious, but not characteristics that are evident in the final the catalogs. But in many instances we made explicit, that the value of an auto work: made the necessary modifications where graphed copy or a luxurious binding is such were obvious." (unpaginated English deemed to skew the price of a printed foreword) 1) The author's modesty (Vinograd hides book. behind The Institute for Computerized [See the discussion of Judaica auction Bibliography); catalogs in Elissa Shay's article in Judaica 2) Unexplained editorial decisions; and Librarianship, vol. 8 (1994), pp. 145-150- On the last page of the "foreword" is the 3) Elaborate use of a computer for index Ed.J following notice: ing.
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It is also interesting to note that the notice To summarize, the Otsar would be defined the lineage of the Otsar ha-sefarim of Ben published in 1987 does not allude to the by Malcles (1985, pp. 9-11), as a "reper j acob, nominally leaving aside the later primary arrangement by place of publica toire bibliographique secondaire, signale work of Friedberg in Bet 'Eked. The Eng tion in the Otsar. tique, exhaustif et retrospectif ," which lish subtitle of Vinograd's work is Listing of would translate into English with two sets Books Printed in Hebrew Letters . . . and The OTSAR: THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC of adjectives: a general international bibli the more appropriate term bibliography or DEFINITION· ography and a derivative, enumerative, bibliographic list is omitted. It should be comprehensive, and retrospective classi noted that here again, Benjacob is the The Otsar would be defined, following the fied bibliographic list. guide: his Otsar ha-sefarim featured the terminology of Malcles in her Manuel de Latin added title Thesaurus librorum bibliographie (1985, pp. 9-11) as a general Thus, Malcles would consider that the hebraicorum. Unlike Vinograd, however, international bibliography ("repertoire bibli Otsar fulfills the two main functions she Benjacob made explicit reference to the ographique international general"). established for a bibliography-to identify modern concept of General Bibliography in and to inform: to identify a given printed supplying a German added title as well: The Otsar is a general bibliography, work by making it possible to find a match BOcherschatz, Bibliographie der gesam because it lists Hebraic works on any sub ing entry for it in a bibliography, and to mten hebraeischen Literatur. ... Vinograd ject (Bible, Talmud, sciences, literature, inform by listing all or part of the printe~ was apparently reluctant to name his Otsar etc.). It is an international bibliography works published in a given period on a for what it is: a bibliographic list. The term because it lists works written in many lan given topic. is not totally obliterated, however: the word guages (Hebrew, Yiddish, etc.), from differ "bibliography" appears in the imprint, as ent countries. (In this context, we should The OTSAR: THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC part of the name of the publisher: ha note that the terms used by Malcles reflect EXPERIENCE Makhon le-bibliyografyah memubshevet the Western European equation of lan Th e Institute for Computerized Bibli guage and nation. This terminology may We have used Malcles to categorize the ography. not do justice to the status of Hebrew as a Otsar, but a general definition, even follow language spoken by Jews in the Diaspora, ing the principles established by renowned Despite this "nominal" reserve, the Otsar is or more generally to the Jewish condition, experts in the field of General Bibliography, most definitely a bibliography. that of a "people scattered and dispersed may not be relevant for the Hebrew-speak among the other peoples" (Esther 3:8). On ing user. On the other hand, Hebrew Bibli the other hand, the Otsar is not a national ography can only gain from confronting How International a Bibliography is the bibliography stricto sensu, listing works in and incorporating theories and practices Otsar? a national language(s) or produced/pub from the larger field of General Bibliogra lished on the territory of one nation.) phy. We now explore how well the theory As a Listing of Books Printed in Hebrew fits the practice, i.e., how well the Otsar Letters, the Otsar records books published Following Malcles' typology, we would also serves as a Hebrew bibliographic in Judea-languages other than Hebrew establish that the Otsar is a derivative bibli resource. Yiddish, Judezmo, etc.-as long as they ography ("repertoire bibliographique sec are in Hebrew characters. Along with other ondaire"), i.e., deriving its entries from The Otsar: the Title reviewers (e.g., Preschel), I have discov other established sources and not general ered that it also contains works in non ly from direct examination of the works By naming his bibliographic list Otsar, Hebrew letters. described. It is enumerative ("signaletique" Vinograd made a significant choice. Literal as opposed to "analytique," "annote," "cri ly, the Hebrew Otsar translates well into To take an example of one place and one tique" or "descriptif"), i.e., it limits its Thesaurus [in the classic Greek sense of language, the earliest publications in Paris description to establishing the precise treasury, but not in the modern information (Part II, p. 564): the Otsar lists a Latin text identity of the work described (author, title, science sense of controlled vocabulary. of Obadiah (#6), the Compendium imprint, format, pagination). It is compre Ed.], but bibliography does not translate as hebraicae grammaticae of Sebastian Mun hensi_ve("exhaustif" in the original French, well back into Otsar. Although the word ster (#11), and a Latin dictionary of Hebrew but translated by Hines as exhaustive, a otsar is found in traditional rabbinic litera (#20)-all published before 1550. For true example of faux-amis [false friends, ture, it became widely used only in the each, Vinograd records the language as words that have the same root in Latin and Haskalah period; it is still used widely for "Latin." We should assume that all these French, but different meanings.-Ed.J). In all genres of works. Benjacob's Otsar lists works are only in Latin, as the Otsar other words, the Otsar attempts to include only 35 titles of works published until 1863 describes differently-using the phrase all the works in the field of Hebrew bibliog and starting with the word otsar, while "with Latin"-the Mikne Agatyo of Agathi raphy without exception. Because its cov Friedberg's Bet 'Eked (1951-1956) lists um guidacerium (#10, in fact the De literis erage ends in 1863 it is, according to more than one hundred and thirty books hebraicis ... or Peculium Agathii [Uber Malcles, a retrospective bibliography beginning with this word. Without claiming primus] of Agathius Guidacerius) or Eccle ("repertoire bibliographique retrospectif"). the expertise of a linguist, I would assume siastes (#14). A copy of this work is at the that the use of otsar for "bibliographic lists" University of Michigan in Ann Arbor (see The entries for each title in the Otsar are parallels the use of otsar milim for the National Union Catalog: Pre-1956 Imprints, classified, i.e., they are arranged according more recent term mi/on (dictionary). vol. 400, p. 362). Kathryn L. Beam, Curator to a system other than chronological or of the Humanities Collections at the Uni alphabetical by title, in this case, in alpha By choosing to name his work Otsar ha versity of Michigan (Ann Arbor), examined betical order of the place of printing. sefer ha-'lvri, Vinograd claims for himself the book for me and relates that the De
Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 21 .
' ' r. Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago literis hebraicis ... is in Latin, not with The information provided by Freimann and listed as aleph and nun-yud, respectively, Latin, being a Hebrew grammar composed Vinograd do not always match. For exam in the luab simane ha-mekorot.) For the in Latin. The copy kept at Ann Arbor was ple, for the first printed Hebrew book in the Seminary's Library, the Hebrew entry in the printed together with the Compendium city of Middleburg (Netherlands), Freimann abbreviations list indicates that the notation hebraicae grammaticae of Sebastian Mun lists in his Gazetteer the 1653 edition of is generally according to the old catalog of ster (#11); both works were published in Causa dei, by Alexander Morus. Freimann the library, but some of the books were Paris in 1537. notes that the Causa dei is listed in the cat seen and described by Vinograd himself. alog of the Jewish Division in the New York (It is not clear to which printed or unprinted Why did Vinograd include books on Jewish Public Library (Freimann, 1946, p. 9). For catalog of the Seminary's Library Vinograd themes written by Jews or non-Jews in the same Dutch city, the Otsar (Part II, p. is referring.) non-Hebrew characters ("Judaica," as 456) lists only one book published before defined by Brisman, 1977, p. ix, and dis 1863; it is not the Causa dei, but another Quite often, Vinograd used the collections cussed by Weinberg, 1991, p. 157)? Vino book, not in Hebrew. As noted by another of the Jewish National and University g rad' s explanation is found in the reviewer (Preschel, 1994), the Retrato def Library (JNUL) in Jerusalem. The code introduction to Part I (p. x): Temp/a de Selomo of Jacob Leon Templo samekh indicates that the book is in the listed by the Otsar was published in Mid JNUL. If the samekh is in double brackets, Books of Hebraica [sic]-i.e., books in dleburg in 1642 in Spanish. Vinograd the JNUL has only a photocopy; a single other languages but which include quotes Steinschneider as his source, but left bracket ([) means that the copy held at Hebrew words-are generally not listed not that the book is in Spanish. The first JNUL is incomplete. It is possible that this here, unless they were listed previously Hebrew edition of the book was published symbol denotes an incomplete copy any by either Benjacob or Friedberg. As in Amsterdam in 1650 (Part II, p. 34, "Ams where: in Part II, on p. 564, under "Paris" opposed to this, we had no hesitation terdam," #179; Preschel, 02/18/94, p. 75). entry #4, the abbreviation for the Stein including books in other languages schneider catalog of the Bodleian Collec whose frontispiece is in Hebrew. How Derivative a Bibliography is the tion is followed by a bracket to denote an Otsar? incomplete copy there, too. With item #20 of the Paris imprints, we encounter a further problem, not related to For the most part, the Otsar is a derivative Some references are elliptic: vav stands language, but to methodology. Entry #20 is bibliography, taking its entries from other for books in Vinograd's private collection or Otsar leshon ha-kodesh, published by established sources, and not from direct books he has seen. The code zayin-lamed Robert Estienne in Paris in 1548, and #21 observation of the works described. represents a manuscript list in Vinograd's is [ Sefer ha-shorashim] Otsar leshon ha hand, and it is not clear who created it or kodesh, of David Kimhi, published in Paris Part I contains the list of references (called what it signifies. These two sources are in (5)308 (=1548). The collation of #20 is in Hebrew /uab simane ha-mekorot, pp. too general to be useful. For the only book "[70], 1495, [56] p.; 23 cm., and that of #21 [48-57]), an alphabetical list of the abbrevi listed for Arnsberg (Germany), the Otsar is 1550 p.; 4°. #20 was seen by Vinograd ations used for each of two hundred and (Part II, p. 94) gives the code gimel-peh. at the Annenberg Research Institute in sixty-five sources consulted by Vinograd, This abbreviation is not in the list of biblio Philadelphia, while #21 cites Bet 'Eked. including forty-four Judaica references (pp. graphic references in the second volume, For Vinograd, there are two editions, and [55-57]). Among the Hebraica titles, one but is in the revised list of the first volume for both of these works entitled "Otsar hundred and eighty-two entries are for arti (pp. V-XIII). It is a reference to Aron /eshon ha-kodesh," the description of the cles, and eighty-three for books, of which Freimann's Gazetteer of Hebrew Printing language is different: #20 says "Latin" and forty-four are catalogs of collections and (1946). #21 "with Latin." The standard works on other lists of printed books. The corre the Estienne printing presses (Adams, sponding figures for Judaica are twenty To build his Otsar, Vinograd used not only 1967; Schreiber, 1982) attest to only one four, twenty, and ten. In itself, this list is a the standard general Hebraica bibliogra edition of the Thesaurus linguae sancta valuable resource, although it is not phies reviewed above, but also the cata published in 1548: the Latin translation by exhaustive. (Vinograd also provides an logs of Hebraica collections throughout the Santi Pagino (1470-1541) of the Otsar oblong plastic card, listing the abbrevia world, monographic studies on Hebrew /eshon ha-kodesh. This edition is dated tions used for 229 titles, with Part II.) books, essays and articles in specialized January 24, 1548, "ann. · M. D. XLVIII. XII journals, auction catalogs, and more. cal. Feb." Vinograd examined one copy in Although the Otsar is mainly derivative, Philadelphia and a second in Jerusalem. there are instances in which Vinograd pre Works of other Hebrew bibliographers are Entries 20 and 21 are duplicates. Vinograd pared his entries on the basis of direct also cited: for example, Moshe Rosenfeld corrected this error in Part I (p. [64]). observation of books, a fact we can dis (mem-resh), of Jerusalem, a book dealer cern from the list of references or from indi and published bibliographer, allowed Vino Part of the problem may be the definition of vidual entries. The compiler visited several grad to use his private list. The code tsadi Books Printed in Hebrew Letters. Seeking private collections and academic institu yud refers to a private list of Yiddish books to illustrate Hebrew typography, Aron tions: the Ben Shemuel collection in Zurich compiled by Sara Zfatman, based on her Freimann in his Gazetteer of Hebrew Print (cited in Part II, p. 565, Paris, #24); the col survey of library holdings around the world. ing listed publishing places of the "first item lection of the Mehlmann Family in Resh-gimel refers to a catalog of Bomberg of Hebrew typography [even if] such items Jerusalem (cited in Part II, p. 457, Minsk, imprints in preparation by Isaac Ron. refer to works written in languages o'ther #4); the Library of the Annenberg Re than Hebrew, but in which appear Hebrew search Institute in Philadelphia, and the How did Vinograd derive his entries? Let characters, sometimes merely a single Jewish Theological Seminary of America in us take the example of an article by Isaac Hebrew type" (1946, p. 9). New York City. (These two libraries are Yudlov (1992), entitled "Unknown Italian
22 Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago
Printed Books from the Sixteenth Century," part of the Kiryat Sefer column, "The 1) Sefer baye 'olam r,uc,m,~uJ ~ Library's Collections and News," which Part II, p. 481, Sabbioneta, #4 a~i "" reports to the scholarly community on valu '"fl,,,lan,::uc ~ :u,, able additions to the collections of the Jew 101'.J · ish National and University Library, often l"''O ,:n1tll'20 not listed in any existing bibliography. 1 3, ;(O .l'J"O 11° .')1 10
2) Seder parashiyot ... l'lml'l.lm,tt1,!l ,""' m ~n m~,i:,n,,u 535 In this article, Yudlov lists four previously Part II, p. 254, Venice, #529 ')\/J ?:):l mip? O'll:>'l.'l'
Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 23 Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago
The Otsar as an Enumerative can be truly comprehensive. It is easy for a Bibliography Table II reviewer to find picayune lacunae in a work such as the Otsar. For example, for The Otsar is an enumerative bibliography, Descriptive Elements in Vinograd's Hebrew imprints from London, Vinograd formally limiting itself to a succinct descrip Otsar Entries relied on an article by Cecil Roth (1938); tion of a work, enough to establish its pre this article is referred to in the list of abbre cise identity. Data Element Percentage viations as resh-lamed). But Vinograd failed to use a more recent work-the His For each entry we are promised, according Author 92 torical catalogue of printed editions of the to the title page of Part II, "author, subject, Subject/Title 100 English Bible, 1525-1961, a revised and place and year printed, name of printer, Printer 48 expanded version of a 1903 edition, issued number of pages and format, with annota Pagination 40 in 1968 by Arthur S. Herbert. By comparing tions and bibliographical references." To Format 72 Vinograd's entries with this work, I found evaluate whether all entries contain all Annotation/Bibi. Ref. 100 that he listed the New Testament published these elements promised, I took a sample (N =50) in Hebrew in Nuremberg in 1599 (Part II, p. of 50 titles (the first 15 titles on pages 56 480, "Nuremberg," #1 ), the reissue in Lon and 256, and 20 titles from page 556): don in 1661 (Part II, p. 364, "London," #11), Amsterdam, Venice, and Prague imprints, with the professional classification princi but not the later edition (London, 1798) by respectively. The results are recorded in ples developed by the National Library" the publisher T. Plummer (Herbert, 1968, Table II. (Part I, p. [XI]). He also follows "the stan #1798). Although the publication in Hebrew dard Hebrew form" to list the titles of books of the New Testament in London may not When such descriptive elements as pagi in a "uniform fashion," and uses a "uniform be significant to all, for a researcher of nation, format, or printer's name are miss spelling" for the places of print (ibidem) or Hebrew imprints in London, such a lacuna ing, I would assume they were not in the for the names of printers (Part I, p. [XV]). is important. sources consulted by Vinograd. One can do a citation analysis of Vino There is no doubt, however, that the Otsar The subject descriptor is not always dis grad's bibliographic references. The JNUL is more comprehensive than its predeces tinct from the title. For the 20 entries with a catalog is cited most frequently (64%), sors. According to a 1993 issue of 'Alon Prague imprint, four (#1147, 1149-1150, more than any other catalog of a large le-hovev ha-Sefer, an occasional biblio and 1159) have no indication of subject Hebraica collection. The Otsar ha-sefarim graphic publication that Vinograd edits, the beyond the title of the work. of Benjacob is cited 52% of the time, Stein Otsar contains some 32,000 entries, or schneider's monumental catalog of the 10,000 more than Benjacob's work and Most interesting are the data for biblio Hebrew books in the Bodleian library about 5,000 more than the Bet 'Eked for graphic references. In 64% of cases, Vino although compiled in the mid-19th centu the same period (until 1863). The figure of grad gives a reference to JNUL holdings, ry-is nevertheless cited in 38% of the 32,000 entries is close to the total number often indicating also the pagination and for entries. A more recent work, Friedberg's of entries that I counted.in volume II mat. It is not clear whether Vinograd exam Bet 'Eked, is mentioned in only 12% of the (32,853, including duplicated entries. Part ined these items personally or trusted the entries. I, p. [xxiv], gives the figure "32,604" work of a JNUL cataloger. I assume the lat entries). We can corroborate these claims ter, especially in light of Vinograd's The Otsar ha-sefarim of Benjacob gives from another source: if we follow the statis acknowledgments: place of printing and date; Friedberg's Bet tics given by S. Brisman (1977), the Otsar 'Eked added pagination but did not provide contains approximately 17,000 more The Cataloging Division at the JNUL printer's name, a data element available in entries than Benjacob (which listed about was for many years my main place of Steinschneider's and the JNUL catalog. 15,000 titles, according to Brisman). The work and many visitors to the JNUL This explains why pagination is the ele comprehensiveness of Vinograd's Otsar is thought of me as one of its employees, ment most often lacking in Vinograd's a significant achievement, and the work is turning to me for questions, and even for Otsar. As we learned from the duplicate more than an augmented edition of the complaints! (Part I, p. [XI]) entries for the edition of Thesaurus linguae Otsar ha-sefarim of Benjacob. sancta by Santi Pagino printed in Paris in The Otsar as a Retrospective In his introduction to Part I, however, Vino 1548, establishing accurate pagination of a Bibliography grad plays down the role of the JNUL cata book is the exclusive domain of a descrip log in helping him build his Otsar: tive cataloger. As the compiler of a deriva Because the coverage of the Otsar ends in tive bibliography, Vinograd lacks 1863, it is considered a retrospective bibli My primary source was the Otsar hase specialized training in description and ography. Why did Vinograd choose to end farim and my secondary source, the Bet hence often errs. his bibliography in 1863? In an interview 'Eked sefarim followed by the catalog of published in ha-Tsofeh, Vinograd was the National Library in Jerusalem. (Part How Comprehensive a Bibliography is asked this question. He answered: I, p. [XI]) the Otsar? This is the most interesting period in the Vinograd acknowledges that he lists an To be considered comprehensive, the history of Hebrew printing, especially in author's name "as it appears in the Nation Otsar would have to include all the works Russia. And I am not thinking of the al Library in Jerusalem," and that the sub in the field of Hebrew bibliography without major publishing presses in well known ject ("topic") is "given ... in accordance exception, yet, no work of this magnitude major cities such as Warsaw and Vilna,
24 Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 , Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago
where all type of books were printed .... I was interested in learning, how in those Table Ill remote times, it was possible to estab lish a full printing press for the publica Cities·in which Most Hebrew Books were Printed tion of one book only, and which books were so interesting then that a printing City Total number Date of first Number of undated press was established especially to pub of titles title titles lish them. Amsterdam 2860 1666/7 44 These interesting printing presses-I Venice 2246 1499/1500 58 mean the ones which functioned in small Lem berg 1992 1796/7 14 remote cities-did not function after 1863. Prague 1584 1512/3 37 Leghorn 1283 1649/50 18 Without dismissing the explanation offered Vienna 1275 1646/7 5 by Vinograd, I would add another: the origi Vi Ina 1196 1798/9 6 nal purpose of the work which ended up as Zolkiev 1104 1665/7 17 the Otsar started as an annotation of the Furth 990 1681/2 16 work of Benjacob which ended in 1863, Warsaw 946 1792 5 and therefore Vinograd collected data only Salonica 941 1500 3 until this date (Part I, p. [xi]). Berlin 784 1690 2 Constantinople 758 1493/4 15 Actually, a few books. printed after 1863 Sulzbach 715 1668/9 2 are listed in the Otsar. I found three, all Frankfurt a.M. 677 [1512] 12 published before the end of the 1860s: the London 656 1596 2 Maski/ le-Haiman, a poem published in Dyhernfurth 539 1688/9 2 London in 1866 (Part II, "London," #654); Cracow 539 1509/10 25 Sifte Tsadikim by Pinehas of Dinowitz, pub- Frankfurt A.O. 536 1551 9 1ish ed in Lemberg/Lvov in 5624 [1863/ Roedelheim 380 1749/50 2 1864] (Part II, "Lemberg," #1978); and the edition of the Babylonian Talmud of which Totals 22,001 294 the first volumes were printed in Warsaw in 1863 and the final ones in 1866/67 (Part II, Data derived from Vinograd; compiled by the reviewer. "Warsaw," #941 ). The inclusion of all these works can be explained: Bet 'Eked gives earlier dates for the first two, and the third is a multi-volume edition started in 1863. There are 2,860 entries for Amsterdam, arrangement by title of the published work while Vinograd is quoted as saying that is more frequent in Hebrew bibliography. It Part 11.Places of Print was first published there are 2,902 books published there was used by Benjacob in Otsar ha-sefarim during the Spring of 1994 (the work says (Beer, 1994). In the same article, he men and by Friedberg in Bet 'Eked: multiple edi c1993) and contains the listing of dated tions 2,274 Hebrew books published in tions of the same work printed in various and undated imprints. Venice, while there are only 2,246 in the cities over the centuries are listed in the Otsar. It is most likely that the newspaper same entry. The arrangement by place of The subtitle to volume two indicates that article reflects an earlier stage of Vino printing adopted by Vinograd is not the Places of Print is "sorted by Hebrew g rad' s knowledge of Amsterdam and most common one in the fields of General names of places where printed," and an Venice imprints, and that the published Bibliography or General Hebrew Bibliogra English Index of Places (Part II, pp. book is more authoritative. phy. Vinograd offers this explanation: XIV-XVI) lists 309 cities but also "Italy," "No Place," "Portugal,'' "Russia or Poland," These twenty cities represent 67% of all In the present work, I decided to classify as was mentioned above-for a total of Hebrew imprints (22,001 out of 32,853). the books by place in order to illustrate 32,853 entries of titles. One typographical There are 294 undated titles for these the development of the Hebrew press by error: "Bayreuth" for Bayreuth (Germany), twenty cities, Venice (58/2,246), Amster place and time. This approach is a new "also spelled Baireuth," according to the dam (44/2,860), Prague (44/1,584), and one in Hebrew bibliographies. It is possi Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World Cracow (18/1,283) having the most. 57 ble that there may be certain difficulties (Seltzer, 1962). cities (18.45%) are represented by only for the user accustomed to conducting one title. "Italy" [no city] has 106 entries; searches based on the existing meth Because of the arrangement by cities, it is "Portugal," 6; "Russia or Poland," 228; and ods, especially if one does not know possible to establish which cities produced "No Place," 377. details about where something was the most Hebrew books (see Table Ill). printed or in which year. However, the Primary Arrangement advantages of this method considerably Numbers are provided only for perspective; outweigh its disadvantages. In order to they are based on the last entry for each Having reviewed the bibliographic sources make it easier for the user to overcome city in Part 11,but there may be some addi of the Otsar, can we explain why Vinograd these difficulties, a comprehensive sys tional entries. Some works are listed twice, chose the primary arrangement by place of tem of indexes was prepared. (Part I, especially those that have false imprints. printing for his publication? Alphabetical p. XIII)
Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 25 , Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago '
The arrangement by place of printing does The bulk of Part I consists of fourteen item each!) for "etrogim" (p. 395). He was not limit access if one is trying to identify a indexes (not thirteen, as the English table able to record the number of books pub single edition of a book. For two years, of contents indicates: the index of lan lished on each of his subjects, thanks to until the publication of Part I of Vinograd's guages is not listed there). The 14 indexes his computer's reporting capabilities. It Otsar, I used Benjacob's Otsar ha-sefarim are: seems that the indexing capabilities of the and Bet 'Eked to locate various editions of computer were irresistible: all the entries in a work, and Vinograd's Otsar Part II to books [i.e., titles]; "tefilah-bofim ve-metim" [Prayer-for the expand my search to additional biblio authors; sick and the dead] in the subject index graphic references cited only there. Bible (arranged by part of the Bible); (Part I, p. 436) are repeated in another Bible (arranged by title); index (Part I, p. 352, "Index of Prayers"). Vinograd may have chosen his arrange Prayers (arranged by genre, e.g., sidur, The total number of books published in this ment to distinguish his work from the other tebinot); category (399) is given only in the first Hebrew bibliographies most commonly Prayers (arranged by title); place. used and available in print. He was Talmudic literature (arranged by name of describing a somewhat stable and limited the midrash or the Talmudic tractate); Beside indexes, Part One provides a cur corpus of Hebrew editions, from the origins Talmud Babli (chronologically arranged); sory overview of the history of Hebrew of Hebrew printing until 1863. The arrange subjects; printing. Chapter 111of the introduction ment may also have been inspired by the printers; sketches very briefly the "landmarks in the shelving practices of large private and pub- ~ chronological; development of the Hebrew press," from lie collections. Vinograd ( Otsar, vol. I, p. languages; incunabula down to the nineteenth century, [xii]) acknowledges the Schocken Library honorees (including individuals eulogized); listing the major printing families (Soncino, in Jerusalem, which allowed him to use the institutions (as publishers). Proops, Shapira, Katz, Bak, and Phoebus) card catalog that was prepared from photo with the total number of the books they copies of the Bodleian Catalog of Stein The various indexes should be able to published (except for the Bak family; rea schneider. This card catalog is arranged by address many potential needs. One may son unknown). place of printing and printers and helped be surprised to see so many indexes to a him greatly in listing the names of printers. bibliography, but we should note that the Conclusions Otsar ha-sefarim of Benjacob had no The arrangement by place of publication is index. When Mendel Slatkine (1965) pub In evaluating the quality of the Otsar, we especially useful to underscore false lished his companion volume to the Otsar may compare it to a precious stone: like a imprints. For example, in the years ha-sefarim, he gave the first and most diamond, it is precious but not flawless, 1830-1845, several books were published prominent place to addenda and corrigen and like any precious stone, it is not big in Lemberg and Zolkiew with false title da. Slatkine's index, arranged by family enough. pages attributing the publications to the names, is hard to use, as the typography widow Yehudit Rosanes, a prolific printer at does not distinguish well between main With the assistance of the computer, Vino the end of the eighteenth century, who died entry and secondary entries. The second grad has compiled a very valuable bibliog around 1805. Following Abraham Yaari's edition of Friedberg's Bet 'Eked Sefarim raphy, but he did not derive all the relevant two articles in Kiryat Sefer (1940, 1945), has two indexes: one listing books by elements that he could have gleaned from Vinograd lists these books twice: once genre (over a hundred and fifty categories, the literature. With so many technological according to the place indicated by the title such as "Italy and Italian," "America resources available, it is hard to accept page, and a second time in the proper (USA)," and "etrogim"), and the second that a contemporary bibliography could not chronological sequence at the correct one by author, arranged by family names. advance past 1863. And yet, the world of place of printing. The first entry is cross Hebrew bibliography is much enriched by referenced to the second one. Because Vinograd chose to arrange his the Otsar. second volume by place of publication, an Another reviewer of the Otsar, Dr. index of titles was crucial to allow compari The late Alexander Scheiber devoted a Elchanan Reiner of Tel Aviv University, son with other bibliographies. For each short article to the colophon often provided found the arrangement innovative and entry in the title index, Vinograd provides by copyists of Hebrew medieval manu hoped that it would help develop Hebrew the name of the author as well as the place scripts, in which they called for many bibliography beyond its current narrow lim and date of publication. In his index of blessings to be showered on themselves its and allow the field to address the broad authors, Vinograd lists authors by their and their families until the end of all gener er intellectual revolution brought about by . family names; each author's works are ations, or "until the day the donkey climbs the invention and diffusion of the printed arranged alphabetically. the ladder about which Jacob dreamt," as text (Reiner, 1994). is written in some manuscripts (Scheiber, Neither the author nor the title index pro 1985). The Index Volume vides romanization; the subject index does not follow the structure of Library of Con There is a Hungarian expression, "donkey Part I. Indexes was published in late gress Subject Headings. For these rea ladder," for an examination for promotion in Spring 1995. It contains a preface with sons, Vinograd's indexes are of limited the civil service which requires no mental acknowledgments in Hebrew, an intrbduc value for a cataloger working in a North ability, so that even a donkey can make the tion in both English and Hebrew, a list of American institution. grade. It should be evident that I am not addenda and corrigenda to Part 11,and two comparing the compiler of the Otsar to a statistical charts giving the number of Lacking the skills of a professional indexer, donkey, nor Hebrew bibliography to civil books printed by place and year. Vinograd created two entries (with one service. Vinograd's Otsar is one rung
26 Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago 0
above Benjacob on the ladder leading to Hebrew books. Ultimately, his firm merged refugees in Shanghai in 1943 (Bar-Am, the dream of every Hebraica bibliographer: with the "Kedem" publishing house, which 1986). He plans on publishing a bibliogra a comprehensive, error-free, user-friendly he still manages. He worked at the Hebrew phy of the works of the Gaon of Vilna. Hebrew bibliography. University until his early retirement, which he took so that he could concentrate his Acknowledgments Epilogue: Meet the Author energy on bibliographic endeavors. I would like to thank Hanna Berman, Behind the work, there is a person, whom I Yeshayahu Vinograd is an author as well as Library Assistant at Stanford University met several times in Jerusalem. One could a publisher. In 5730 [1969 or 1970], he edit Libraries from December 1989 to August not find a better introduction to Vinograd ed a volume of indexes to the Bet Talmud, 1994, who assisted me in gathering data than the following description by an Israeli a rabbinic periodical edited by Isaac Hirsch for this article. I also acknowledge the journalist: Weiss (1815-1905) and Meir Friedmann assistance of Libby Kahane, Head of the (1831-1908) at the end of the 19th century. Reference Service at the Jewish National It is best to meet Vinograd in his natural This volume was published by Vinograd's and University Library in Jerusalem, who environment: in his office, where he has own publishing house, Karmiel presses. several times clarified information for me; directed The Institute for Computerized (He is now the director of Kedem presses, Isaac Yudlov, Director of the Institute for Bibliography since 5736 [1976] (Vino owned by the bibliophile David Sofer.) Hebrew Bibliography in Jerusalem; Aviva grad always insists on using the Hebrew Astrinsky, Library Director at the Center for date. Only if you ask will he provide the In 5753 [1992 or 1993], Vinograd pub Judaic Studies of the University of Penn corresponding secular date). His office-is lished Kaba/at ha-Gera by Joseph Avivi. sylvania; Kathryn Beam, of the University located in an old building in the Geula This was the first volume in the series of Michigan at Ann Arbor; Rabbi Elliot district of Jerusalem, a building which Sidrat sefarim 'al ha-Gera, published by Amsel, of Monsey, NY, for sharing his man still retains some of its architectural Kerem Eliyahu, ha-Makhon le-hotsa'at sifre uscript of corrigenda and addenda to Vino splendor. Vinograd's office is cluttered ha-Gera, an institute founded by Vinograd grad's Otsar; and last but not least, the with files and important and rare books, to publish works by and about the Gaon of entire staff of General Reference in the and here and there some other objects Vilna (Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon, Green Library of Stanford University ... pictures, even an old scale that his 1720-1797). Kaba/at ha-Gera contains two Libraries, especially Kathy Kerns. collector's heart could not resist acquir parts: the first, called Gilui Eliyahu, is an ing" (Beer, 1994). introduction to the mystical tradition of the References Gaon of Vilna; the second is an edition of Yeshayahu Vinograd traces his ancestry to the Gaon's 'Asarah kelalim, from a manu Adams, Herbert Mayow. Catalogue of books Rabbi Hayyim b. Isaac, of Volozhin script fround in a Jerusalem genizah printed on the continent of Europe, 1501-1600, in Cambridge libraries. London: (1749-1821), the disciple of the Gaon of acquired by Vinograd. (He is not, however, Cambridge University Press, 1967. Vilna and the leader of the Mitnagedim. the Yeshayahu Vinograd who authored Avivi, Joseph. Kaba/at ha~Gera, Jerusalem, The author of the Otsar was born in 1933 Aba Hile/ Silver: bayav; bazono u-fo'olo= 5753 [1992 or 1993).1 in Jerusalem to an old Jerusalem family, Abba Hillel Silver: life, vision, achievement Bar-Am, Aviva. "Collecting is in the blood," established in the city since 1886, when [Tel Aviv, 1957].) Jerusalem Post, Judaica Fair supplement, his ancestor, Rabbi Hayim Vinograd, also May 4, 1986, p. 8. known as "Rabi Hayim matmid," arrived in At the wedding of his first son, Siml)ah, Bartolocci, Giulio. Bibliotheca magna rabbinica. the city with his three sons. The oldest son, held in June 1991 in Jerusalem, Vinograd Rome, 1675-1694. Rabbi Isaac Vinograd, founded with his surprised his guests by providing them with Bass, Shabbethai ben Joseph. Sifte yeshenim. Amsterdam, [1680).2 brother, Rabbi Yosef Eliyahu Vinograd, the a Seder birkat ha-mazon (birkhon, booklet Beer, Yifat. "Otsar ha-sefer ha-ivri," ha-Tsofeh famous Yeshiva "Torat Hayim," where sev containing the grace after the meal) in (Musaf le-Shabat), January 14, 1994, p. 8.4 eral key figures of the old Yishuv studied. which was reproduced a short text from Benjacob, Isaac. Otsar ha-sefarim. Vilna, The building of this Yeshiva is still located Frankfurt a.M. (listed in the Otsar, Part II, p. 1877-1880.3 in the Old City in Jerusalem, in the Muslim 583, #176), with an introduction by Isaac Brisman, Shimeon, A history and guide to Juda quarter (it is presently occupied by Yeshiva Yudlov. When his second son, Elhanan, ic bibliography [Jewish Research Literature, v. "Ateret Cohanim"). Rabbi Y. E. Vinograd got married in November 1991, the wed 1). Cincinnati, New York: Ktav, 1977, Chapter was his great-grandfather. ding was celebrated with a reproduction of I, "General Hebraica Bibliography," pp. 2-36. the commentary of Rabbi Nathan Shapira, Brunet, Jacques-Charles. Manuel du libraire et Yeshayahu Vinograd studied in several published in Lemberg in 1575 (Part II, p. de /'amateur de livres. Paris, 1860-1865. Buxtorf, Johann. Bibliotheca Rabbinica. Basel, well-known Yeshivot (including "Ets Hayim" 358, #31). 1613. and Yeshivat Hebron) and served in the Freimann, Aron. A gazetteer of Hebrew printing, Israel Defense Forces. After his service in Yeshayahu Vinograd is also a collector and with a foreword by Joshua Bloch. New York: the army, he found employment as a sys a book dealer. In the past, Vinograd col The New York Public Library, 1946. (First pub tems analyst at the Hebrew University in lected Haggadot, aiming to own "all the lished in the Bulletin of the New York Public 1960. Thus he developed the computer 2,717 Haggadot listed by Avraham Ya'ari in Library in 1945. Reprinted with revisions and skills which were so crucial to the compila his Bibliography of the Passover Hag addtions in 1946 and in Hebrew printing and tion of his Otsar. gadah (1960) and the 1,000 later bibliography, Charles Berlin (ed.), New York: New York Public Library, 1976, pp. 263-340.) described and listed by others ... [as well Friedberg, Bernhard. Bet 'eked sefarim. Tel-Aviv, At the same time, Vinograd becanie inter as] all 400 books and articles written by 1951-1956.5 ested in the history of the Hebrew book and about the Gaon" of Vilna. Vinograd Furst, Julius. Bibliotheca judaica. 1849-1863. and founded a publishing house specializ owns the first Haggada printed in Bombay Gesner, Konrad. Bibliotheca universalis. Zurich, ing in facsimile reproduction of rare and another edition printed by Jewish 1545.
Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1995-Winter 1995 27 , Association of Jewish Libraries, 30th Annual Convention, Chicago
Gesner, Konrad. Historiae animalium. Zurich, Vinograd, Yeshayahu [1995]. Interview, n:,,,)J:i ,1ltl!:11111,:i .m,)J\!J' ,1i)1)'1 .12 1551-1587. Jerusalem, March 8, 1995. mnn!:lr.i .m?\!J \!J'N .m 0"1 .n .N Graesse, Johann Georg Theodor. Tresor de Vinograd, Yeshayahu; Trionfo, Valia. Sefarim .0'i1NJ?1 m1p:in 'i'.11? ,O'iY.lNY.l? livres rares et precieux. Dresden, 1859-1869. 'lvriyim 'atikim: reshimat sefarim she-nimkeru .?11\!Jn ,o,,\!.111, Greg, Walter W. 'What is Bibliography?," Trans bi-mekhirot pumbiyot ba-tekufah 736-747. actions of the Bibliographical Society (Lon Yerushalayim: Agudat Hoveve Yuda'ikah, 11,,l ."l!>t:11l!l~:nn!:1 ll!:1)1 .1il')J\!J' ,1,m,1 .B don), vol. XII (1911-1913), pp. 39-53. 1987.15 11 .[1] 1)) ,1993 iN1i'.1!:l ) )\!Jn \J'.l\!J,7 i!:lOY.l Heilprin, Jehiel ben Solomon. Seder ha-dorot. Weinberg, Bella Hass. "Defining the Scope of 1 Judaica: Complementary Problems in Biblio 11 Karlsruhe, 1769.6 t :, .,:inr.i, '\!J'N :in:,r.i .m,)J\!J' ,1i)1)'1 .14 Herbert, Arthur Sumner. Historical catalogue of graphic Control and Bibliographic Organiza .(6.6.94) 111)\!Jn 11,0 printed editions of the English Bible: tion." Library Acquisitions: Practice and 1525-1961; revised and expanded from the Theoryvol. 15 (1991), pp. 155-163. tJ'"l!>t:1.n,,1 ,1!:l)1N'i\J ;1il'))\!J' ,1,m,1 .15 edition of T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, 1903. Wolf, Johann Christoph. Bibliotheca Hebraea. (London: British & Foreign Bible Society; New Hamburg, 1715-1733. l"l!>tllW t:>'"l!>t:1111.l'W"l :tJ'1''11)' tl""r.1)1 York: The American Bible Society, 1968). Yaari, Abraham [1940]. "Miscellaneous biblio -l"!:1wn ll!>lpm 1n,:i1Jl!> lll"l'!>tl!l Hines, Theodore C. (Trans.) See Malcles, graphical notes, 36: Judith Rosanes' Hebrew :o,,\!Jw .o,,mtll m!>"l)'tl ,l"tlW11 Louise-Noelle [1961]. press at Lw6w." Kiryat Sefer vol. 17 (1940), .1987 ,n 11r.i\!Jn ,i1P'N11' ,:i:im n1uN Landau, Betsalel. "Otsar ha-sefer ha-'ivri be pp. 95-108. In Hebrew.16 'arba me'ot ha-shanim ha-rishonim," Ha Yaari, Abraham [1945]. "Additions to the bibliog .111? .0"!:li)1'?'.l''.l \J1P?'" .Oili'.lN ,'i)J' .16 Modi'a [9 shevat 5754].7 raphy of Hebrew printing in Poland and Rus \!J')NtNi n,1m, n,)Jiil ?\!J no1!:l1 n,:i Malcles, Louise-Noelle [1961 ]. Bibliography. si a." Kiryat Sefer vol. 21 (1945), pp. .ios-95 ')J ,C\!J11n> t"' ,"l!>t:111,,p ,11:i1:i,:i Translated by Theodore C. Hines. New York: - 296-301 especially pp. 299-301. In 1 Scarecrow Press, 1961. Hebrew.1 ?\!J il'!:li)1'?'.l''.l? n!:l01n11 .Oili'.lN ,'i)J' .17 Malcles, Louise-Noelle [1977]. La Bibliographie. Yaari, Avraham [1960]. Bibliography of the 1 11 1 )) ,t \!Jn "l!>t:111''11' / n,on-i,,1!:l ,01!:l1 4e ed. Paris: Presses universitaires de Passover Haggadah. Jerusalem, [1960].18 France, ("Que sais-je?" Collection). Yudlov, Isaac. "Unknown Italian Printed Books .301-299 ')J 1mm:i ,301-296 Malcles, Louise-Noelle [1985]. Manuel de bibli from the Sixteenth Century." Kiryat Sefer vol. 1ll1ltl !,w tl'!>"lll'~'!l .On1'.1N ,'i)J' .18 ographie. Paris: 4e ed. rev. et augm. par 64 (1992-1993), pp. 331-335. In Hebrew.19 11 Andree Lheritier, 1985, especially Chap. II, .N :>\!Jn ,o,,\!Jn, .nt:1!> "Esquisse de l'histoire de la bibliographie" ,01!:l1 .o,i!:lon n,:i m)r.i 11 .pn~, ,:i1,11, .19 (pp. 18-31, esp. 18-23). Hebrew Bibliographic Data Preschel, Tovia. "Yeshayahu Vinograd's Monu -\!J\!JilnNr.in 1r.i 0'))11' ,n,:i D"P'\J'N mental 'Otzar haSefer Halvri,"' The Jewish .335-331 ')J ,:i11)\!Jn ,"l!>t:1-11''11'11.ill\!J)J Press, Feb. 11, 18, & 25, 1994. (Page refer ences unavailable). Reiner, Elchanan. [Review of the Otsar], Sefarim'"' ha-Arets (03/30/94), p. 9. In ,0'?\!J1i' .N""lltl 11~1' -'101' ,'"'.l''.lN .1 Hebrew.0 .[)"Y.l\!Jn] Robinson, Anthony M. L. Systematic bibliogra 11 phy. A practical guide to the work of compila .0 n ,0111.J\!JY.lN.tJ,lW' 'll!>W .,n:i\!J ,o:i .2 tion. [Hamden, Conn.], 1966, p. 10. ,m,,1 .tJ,"l!>tm ,~lN .pn~, ,:ip)J,-p .3 Roth, Cecil. "Hebrew printing in London," Kiryat .r.i11,n-t 11,,n Sefervol. 14 (1938), pp. 97-104, 379-387. In
Hebrew.9 11 11 ,tl!>l~tl • 'i'.l)Jil i!:lOil ,~1N .n)J!:l' ,iN'.l .4 Scheiber, Alexander. "Donkey-Ladder." In: 11 1 Essays on Jewish Folklore and Comparative .s ')J ,(14.1.94),1 )\!Jn \J'.l\!J'.l:i ,n:i\!J? '101Y.l Literature (Budapest, 1985), pp. 19-22. ,:i,:iw,n .tJ,"l!>t:111')' 11,:i .111::i ,)1:i1,,!:l .5 Schreiber, Fred. The Estiennes: an annotated 11 11 catalogue of 300 highlights of their various J 1.J\!Jn-N\!Jn presses. New York: E. K. Schreiber, 1982. .1ll"ll1tl jft, .ilY.l?\!Jp. ?Nm' )'i!:l?'il .6 Seltzer, Leon E. The Columbia Lippincott 1 11 gazetteer of the world. New York, 1962. .1.?:>pn ,Nno,,p Slatkine, Mendel. Otsar ha-sefarim, helek sheni. )J'.liN'.l 'i'.l)Jn i!:lOn i~1N 11 .?N?~'.l ,'11)? .7 Jerusalem, [1965].1O . 11 Steinschneider, Moritz. Catalogus librorum 11,,), n!:lom .nm\!JNin 0')\!Jil mNr.i Roger S. Kohn has been the Reinhard 11 1 11 1 hebraeorum in bibliotheca Bodleiana. Berlin, .1 :, )) ,1 )\!Jn \J'.l\!J'.l 1.J,)''1ltltl Family Curator of Judaica and Hebraica 1852-60. Collections at Stanford University Libraries 11 Vinograd, Yeshayahu [1957]. Aba Hile/ Silver: .il'!:li)V?'.l''.l'.l\!J nNpn!:liilil" .1)n?N ,i)"i .s since 1991. Before moving to California, he l)ayav, l)azono, u-fo'olo = Abba Hillel Silver: .9 ')J ,30.3.1994 ,O'i!:lOl'<"lNtl was archivist at the Jewish Theological Life, vision, achievement. Tel Aviv, 1957.11 11 11 Seminary and Yeshiva University, and at Vinograd, Yeshayahu [1969]. Bet Talmud: ba 11"11' 1 111)1,::i ,,:i)Jn 01!:l1n .,,oo ,nn .9 11 the Consistoire Central and the Consistoire _337-379,104-97 ')J 1~1n> 1 , ,"l!>t:1 'arikhat A. H. Vais u-M. /sh Shalom: maftel)ot w de Paris. He received his M. L. S. from /e-ma'amarim, le-divre ha-bikoret ule-ve'urim. Drexel University in 1993 and his Ph.D. Jerusalem, 5730 [1969 or 1970].12 p!,n ,tJ'"l!>t:1tl,~lN )1)r.i onm ,1'PD?t .10 Vinograd, Yeshayahu [1993]. 'Alon le-hovev ha .n 11:>\!Jn,o,,\!.111, .,lw (Doctorat) from Paris-Sorbonne in 1979. Sefer, No. 7, February 1993, p. [1].13 Roger Kohn is the author of a book on Vinograd, Yeshayahu [1994]. Letter to Ro.ger S. ,l"n :"r.l!:1,t:1!,!,ti N!lN .m,)J\!J' ,1,m,1 .11 Medieval French Jewry, and has published Kohn, June 6, 1994. In Hebrew.14 .1957 ,:i,:iw,n .l!:1W!>llllln widely on French Jewish history.
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Judaica Librarianship Vol. 9 No. 1-2 Spring 1994-Winter 1995 29