DOCSLIB.ORG

Apollo-Soyuz Pamphlet No. 9: General Science. Apollo-Soyuz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Apollo-Soyuz Pamphlet No. 9: General Science. Apollo-Soyuz DOCUSENT iESUME ED 161 725 SE 025"189 AUTHOR, Page, Lou Williams; Page, Thornton .TITLE Apollo-Soyuz.Pamphlet No. 9: General Science. Apollo-Soyuz Experiments in Space. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NASA-EP-141 PUB DATE Oct 77 NOTE 87p.* For related documents, see -SE 025 181-188; Phd4graphsmay not'reproduce well °, AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock No. 0.n-800-00688-8; Available in sets only = $10.00). EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$4.67 Plus. Postage. DESCRIPTORS AerortJA.ce Education; College Science; Earth Science; *Gener.,1 Science; Higher Education; *Instructional Materials; *Learning Activities; *Science Education; Secondary Education; Secondary School Science; Space Sciences; *Supplementary Textbooks IDENTIFIERS National AeronaUtics and Space Administration ABSTRACT . This, is the last .pamphlet ma "series of'nine discussing the Apol10-Soyuz mission and experiments. This set is deSigned as a curriculum supplement for secondary and college- teachers, supervisors, 'curriculum specialists, textbook writers,and the general public. These booklets provide sources ofideas-, examples of the scientific method, references to standardtextbooks, and descriptions of space experiments. .There are nUmerons411Ustrations, as well as questions for discuSsion(with answers) and a glossary of terms. This last booklet describes the Apollo-Soyuz'Mission, the spacecraft, astronomy experiments, geoscience experiments,biology experiments, and materials experiments performed on the mission. (MA) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are tie best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** Apollo-Soyuz U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION I WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION , Pamphlet No.9: THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FRUM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- ATING IVPOINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED ,D0 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE- SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF eneral cience EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY 4111--7-1 'I., / Apollo -' This isbnerof a series-olenin SOyuz . curriculum- related pamphlets Experiments .fpr Teachers andStudents. fn. i.of.Sp4ce:Science . Space thiS series of pamphlets. include:, P N,;I',I ti(,4 P A4)()11().Soy(ttiP,trti1Tlilc,,l'NE:1 \X:1(tV- (;,II11111,1 E P 1.::3t)Ap(.)11(, Kuyiti Ni j r111" St iii1.1).Ri,1(w(v(,t) P 4.3ti Apyll().Soyui Primp/11ot Ni (4 '61(ivitolion,i4 E.R;1(i' P 13/ Apulk):Soytti. Primpt)1',I Ni,!) o th fr,rlrtt O) flit E P1(38.Ap'()Ilo S(,yttz P.Impt)Itt NrIi(;('0011 1:19ApNk)StAittiR-Itili.?Illot N(1, ?o,(, (1. E P 140 Apyllo5()ytt4 P;''unt)111((,1 8 .1(,,:( fi:c.1)11)(,1()ty P 14 1 Ap,,I1() P.10)r)61f,t 1) Ori. L(.t(inch (4,111)(, Api ilia Sp) ii.,,(,cr,11 tho F -K I y Spocr:(:f-r)rof nii.July 1 1 9(5. 47 pollo-Soyuz Pamphlet No.9: eneralScience Prepared by Lou Williams Page and Thornton Page From Investigators' Reports of Experimental Results and With the Help of Advising Teachers National Aeronautics and Space AdrniniStration Washington, D.C. 20546 October 1977 For sale by the Superintendent of Do;uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.20402 (9Part Set; Sold in Sets OnlY) - Stock Number 033 - 800 - 00688 -8 The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), which flew in July 1975, aroused considerable public interest; first, because the space rivals of the late 1950's and 1960's were working together in a joint endeavor, and second, because their mutual efforts included developing a space rescue system. TheASTP also included significant scientificexperiments,,the results of which can be used in leaching biology, physics, and malhemitics in schoolsand colleges. This series of pamphlets discussing the Apollo-Soyuz mission and experi- ments is a set of curriculum supplements designed forteachers,' stPervisorS, curriculum specialists, and textbook writers as well' as for the gtneral public. Neither textbooks nor courses of study, these pamphlets areintended to provide a rich source of ideas, examples of the scientific method,pertinent references to standard textbooks, and, clear descriptions of space experiments. In a sense, they may be regarded as a pioneering forni of teachingaid. Seldom has there been such a forthright effort to provide, directly; toteachers, curriculum-relevant reports ofcurrent,scientific research. High school teachers who reviewed the texts suggested that advancedStudents who are interested might be assigned to study one pamphlet.and report on it to the rest of the. Class. After class discussion students might be assigned(without access to the pamphlet) one or more of the ',Questions for DiScussion"for formal or informal, answers, thus. stressing the applicationof what was previously covered in the pamphlets. The authors of these pamphlets are Dr'. Lou Williams Page, ageologist, and Thornton Page, an astronomer; Both have taught science at several universities and have published 14 books on science fOr schools,colleges, and the general reader, including a recento,pne on space science.: Technical assistance' to the Pagesas provided by the Apollo-Soyuz Prograiir Scientist, Dr. R. ThornasGiuli, and by .Richard R.Baldwin, W.,WilSon Lauderdale, and Susan IsL: Montgomery, members of the group at the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston whichorganized the scientists! participation in the ASTP and publishedtheitreports'Oraperimen- tal results. .. Selected teachers from high schools and universities throughout the United States reviewed the pamphlets indraft 'form: They suggested changes ir. wording; the addition of a, glossary'of terms unfainiliar to students, and improvements in diagramS. A list of the teachers andof the scientific inves- tigators-;Ao reviewed the texts for accuracy follows this Preface. '7. This set bf Apollo -Soyuz pamphlets was initiatedand coordinated by Dr. Frederick B. Tuttle, Director of Educational Programs; andwas supported by the NASA. Apollo-Soyuz Program Office, by Leland J.Casey,. aerospace Engineer for -ASTP; and- by -William D. Nixon, EducationalPrograms Officer; all of NASA. Headiltiarteri in Washington, D:C. Appreciation is expressed to the scientific ilivestigators and teachers whb reviewed the draft copies; to the NASA specialists who provided diagrami and photographs;--and to I. K. Holcomb, Headquarters Director Of ASTP operations, and Chester M.. Lee, ASTP Program Director alHeticicjilinters;--- whose interest in this educationalendeavormade this publication-possible. qr? Teachers And Scientific investiga Who Revieled the Tend ;J. Harold L. Adair, Oak. Ridge National Laboratory, OakiRidge.Tenn: Lynette. Aey, Norwich Free Academy, Norwich, Conn: J. Vernon Bailey, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex. :Stuart 'Bowyer, University-of California-al-Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif. Bill-Wesley-Brown, California State University at Chico; Chicd, Calif. Ronald J. Bruno, Creighton Preparatory School, Omaha;Nebr.- T. F Budinger, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif. Robert F. Collins, Western States Chiropractic College, Portland, Oreg. B.,Sue CriSwell, Baylor College ofMedicine-, Houston, Tex. T. M. Donahne, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. David W. Eckert, Greater Latrobe Senior High School, Latrobe, Pa. Lyle N. Edge, Blanco High School, Blanco, Tex. Victor B. Eichler, Wichita State Uthersity, Wichita, Kans. --Firouk-Elzgaz-Sinithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. D. Jerome Fishe, Emeritus, University of Chicago,..PhoenixAriz., R. T. Giuli,tteltSA Lyndon B. Johnson' Space Center, Houston, Tex. ,M. D. Grassi, SmithsOnian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass. Wendy Hindin, North Shore Hebrew AcadeMy, Great Neck, N.Y; Tilt C. IngOldsby, Westside High School, Omaha, Nebr. Robert H. Johns, Academy of the New Church, Bryn Athyn, Pa: D. J. Larson, Jr., Aerospace, Bethpage, N.Y. M. D. Lind, Rockwell International Science Center, ThOusand Oaks, qalif. R. N. Little,. University of Texas, Austin, Tex. ' Sarah Manly, Wade Hampton High School, Greenville, S.C. Katherine Mays, Bay City Independent SchAl District, Bay City, Tex. Jane M. Oppenheimer, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. T.1..Pepin,, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. H. W. Scheid, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex. Seth Shulman, Naval esearch Laboratory, Washington, D.C. James W. Skehan, &ikon College,,Weston, Mass..: B. T. Slater, Jr , ; :Texas Education Agency, Austin, Tex: Robert S. Snyder, NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. iacqueline D. Spears, Port*Jefferson,High School, Port iefferson Station, N.Y. Robert L. Stewart, Monticello High School, Monlicillo; N.Y. Aletha Stone, Fulrriore Junior High School, Austin,'Tex.: ----0:.R.;:-Taylor, NASA Lyndon B.:Johnson Space Center, Houston,Tex. Ja*COb L Trornbka, NASA. Robert H. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greer belt, Md. E 0. Vonbtin, NASA Robert H. Goddard Space flight Ceater, Greenbelt, Md. ..-Douglas--Winkler, Wade Hampton. High School,reenville, S.C. Section ti . Introduction: The Apollo- Soyuz. MiSsion A.Astronauts and Cosmonauts B: International Cooperation Section 2 . The Spacecraft A. The Docking- Module 5 ti B.Launch and Booster 8 L.Orbit 12 Weightlessness 13 E.Questions-for DiscOssion (Time Zones, Docking Module, unch, Zero-g) Section 3 Astronomy-Experiments A.Experiment Proposals and OrganizatiOh for Apao-Soyuz ..... :. 1.5 - *B.X-Ray Pulsar, 22 C., Artificial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler
    Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler Soyuz A Universal Spacecraft ruuiiMicPublishedu 11in1 aaaundiiuiassociationi witwimh ^^ • Springer Praxis Publishing PRHB Chichester, UK "^UF Table of contents Foreword xvii Authors' preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of illustrations and tables xxiii Prologue xxix ORIGINS 1 Soviet manned spaceflight after Vostok 1 Design requirements 1 Sever and the 1L: the genesis of Soyuz 3 The Vostok 7/1L Soyuz Complex 4 The mission sequence of the early Soyuz Complex 6 The Soyuz 7K complex 7 Soyuz 7K (Soyuz A) design features 8 The American General Electric concept 10 Soyuz 9K and Soyuz 1 IK 11 The Soyuz Complex mission profile 12 Contracts, funding and schedules 13 Soyuz to the Moon 14 A redirection for Soyuz 14 The N1/L3 lunar landing mission profile 15 Exploring the potential of Soyuz 16 Soyuz 7K-P: a piloted anti-satellite interceptor 16 Soyuz 7K-R: a piloted reconnaissance space station 17 Soyuz VI: the military research spacecraft Zvezda 18 Adapting Soyuz for lunar missions 20 Spacecraft design changes 21 Crewing for circumlunar missions 22 The Zond missions 23 The end of the Soviet lunar programme 33 The lunar orbit module (7K-LOK) 33 viii Table of contents A change of direction 35 References 35 MISSION HARDWARE AND SUPPORT 39 Hardware and systems 39 Crew positions 40 The spacecraft 41 The Propulsion Module (PM) 41 The Descent Module (DM) 41 The Orbital Module (OM) 44 Pyrotechnic devices 45 Spacecraft sub-systems 46 Rendezvous, docking and transfer 47 Electrical power 53 Thermal control 54 Life support 54
    [Show full text]
  • Building and Maintaining the International Space Station (ISS)
    / Building and maintaining the International Space Station (ISS) is a very complex task. An international fleet of space vehicles launches ISS components; rotates crews; provides logistical support; and replenishes propellant, items for science experi- ments, and other necessary supplies and equipment. The Space Shuttle must be used to deliver most ISS modules and major components. All of these important deliveries sustain a constant supply line that is crucial to the development and maintenance of the International Space Station. The fleet is also responsible for returning experiment results to Earth and for removing trash and waste from the ISS. Currently, transport vehicles are launched from two sites on transportation logistics Earth. In the future, the number of launch sites will increase to four or more. Future plans also include new commercial trans- ports that will take over the role of U.S. ISS logistical support. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION GUIDE TRANSPORTATION/LOGISTICS 39 LAUNCH VEHICLES Soyuz Proton H-II Ariane Shuttle Roscosmos JAXA ESA NASA Russia Japan Europe United States Russia Japan EuRopE u.s. soyuz sL-4 proton sL-12 H-ii ariane 5 space shuttle First launch 1957 1965 1996 1996 1981 1963 (Soyuz variant) Launch site(s) Baikonur Baikonur Tanegashima Guiana Kennedy Space Center Cosmodrome Cosmodrome Space Center Space Center Launch performance 7,150 kg 20,000 kg 16,500 kg 18,000 kg 18,600 kg payload capacity (15,750 lb) (44,000 lb) (36,400 lb) (39,700 lb) (41,000 lb) 105,000 kg (230,000 lb), orbiter only Return performance
    [Show full text]
  • The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017
    Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 January 2017 Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 i Contents About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2017) Publication produced for FAA AST by The Tauri Group under contract. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 GENERAL CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 5 Launch Vehicles 9 Launch and Reentry Sites 21 Payloads 35 2016 Launch Events 39 2017 Annual Commercial Space Transportation Forecast 45 Space Transportation Law and Policy 83 Appendices 89 Orbital Launch Vehicle Fact Sheets 100 iii Contents DETAILED CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .
    [Show full text]
  • China's Space Program: an Overview
    Order Code RS21641 Updated October 18, 2005 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China’s Space Program: An Overview Marcia S. Smith Specialist in Aerospace and Telecommunications Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary The People’s Republic of China successfully completed its second human spaceflight mission on October 17, 2005. China is only the third country, after Russia and the United States, able to launch people into space. Its first human spaceflight was in 2003 when a single astronaut, or “taikonaut,” made a flight lasting slightly less than a day. The 2005 flight lasted five days, and involved two taikonauts. As the United States embarks upon President Bush’s “Vision for Space Exploration” to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020 and someday send them to Mars, some may view China’s entrance into the human exploration of space as a competitive threat, while others may view China as a potential partner. This report will be updated as warranted. Introduction China has been launching satellites since 1970. Most of the launches are of Chinese communications, weather, remote sensing, navigation, or scientific satellites. Some of those satellites may be for military applications, or are dual use. Some were commercial launches for foreign countries or companies, primarily placing communications satellites into orbit. China launched its first astronaut, or “taikonaut,”1 in October 2003. China has three space launch sites: Jiuquan (also called Shuang Cheng-tzu) in the Gobi desert; Xichang, in southeastern China (near Chengdu); and Taiyuan, south of Beijing. Jiuquan was China’s first launch site, and is used for launches of a variety of spacecraft, including those related to the human spaceflight program.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
    --.I m ...ir,,.= The document_-contains materials on the Soyuz-Apollo test and consists of two parts, prepared by the USSR and USA sides res- pectively. Both parts outline the purposes and program of the mission, the spacecraft design, the flight plan and information on Joint and unilateral scientific experiments. Brief biographies of the cosmonauts and astronauts, the Joint mission crew members_ are also presented. The document covers technical support activities providing mission control and gives information about the ASTP Soviet and American leaders. As the USSR and USA parts of the document have been prepared independently, there might be duplication in the sections dealing with the Joint activities. The document is intended for press representatives and various mass information means. CONTENTS Page I.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 10 1.1 Background ......................................... I0 1,2 Apollo-Soyuz joint test project objectives .......... 13 2.0 COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS ................... ......... • 15 2.1 Spacecraft compatibility conditions and principal solutions accepted for Apollo-Ssyuz Test Mission .... 15 2.2 Compatibility of ground flight control personnel ... 18 2_3 Methodological compatibility ....................... 20 3.0 SOYUZ SPACECRAFT ................................... 22 3.1 PurPose. Brief data on Soyuz spacecraft flights .... 22 3.2 Soyuz spacecraft description ....................... 25 3.2.1 General description of the Soyuz spacecraft.. 25 Main characteristics ........................
    [Show full text]
  • Spaceport News America’S Gateway to the Universe
    July 28, 2000 Vol. 39, No. 15 Spaceport News America’s gateway to the universe. Leading the world in preparing and launching missions to Earth and beyond. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/snews/snewstoc.htm John F. Kennedy Space Center Zvezda takes flight Launch of key component heralds new phase of International Space Station Destined to transform the for the Station. International Space Station into a At press time, the module was new home in orbit, the Russian- operating well in an orbit with a built Zvezda living quarters high point of about 221 statute module lifted off flawlessly from the miles and a low point of 115 Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakh- statute miles. stan, at 12:56 a.m. on July 15. Flight controllers at the Russian Only 15 minutes after its launch Mission Control Center in aboard a Russian Proton booster, Korolev, Russia, were continuing the new module was safely in orbit, to activate and check out the with its antennas, solar arrays and module’s systems, fire its engines other exterior equipment perfectly periodically to adjust its orbit, and extended. prepare for a docking with the In addition to serving as the Space Station. early station living quarters, The Station was set to begin a Zvezda will be the main docking final rendezvous with Zvezda, port for Russian Progress cargo culminating in a docking planned resupply vehicles. It also will at about 8:45 p.m. July 25. At top, a Proton rocket lifts the Zvezda module from the Baikonur provide early propulsive attitude Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 2 Almaz, Salyut, And
    Part 2 Almaz/Salyut/Mir largely concerned with assembly in 12, 1964, Chelomei called upon his Part 2 Earth orbit of a vehicle for circumlu- staff to develop a military station for Almaz, Salyut, nar flight, but also described a small two to three cosmonauts, with a station made up of independently design life of 1 to 2 years. They and Mir launched modules. Three cosmo- designed an integrated system: a nauts were to reach the station single-launch space station dubbed aboard a manned transport spacecraft Almaz (“diamond”) and a Transport called Siber (or Sever) (“north”), Logistics Spacecraft (Russian 2.1 Overview shown in figure 2-2. They would acronym TKS) for reaching it (see live in a habitation module and section 3.3). Chelomei’s three-stage Figure 2-1 is a space station family observe Earth from a “science- Proton booster would launch them tree depicting the evolutionary package” module. Korolev’s Vostok both. Almaz was to be equipped relationships described in this rocket (a converted ICBM) was with a crew capsule, radar remote- section. tapped to launch both Siber and the sensing apparatus for imaging the station modules. In 1965, Korolev Earth’s surface, cameras, two reentry 2.1.1 Early Concepts (1903, proposed a 90-ton space station to be capsules for returning data to Earth, 1962) launched by the N-1 rocket. It was and an antiaircraft cannon to defend to have had a docking module with against American attack.5 An ports for four Soyuz spacecraft.2, 3 interdepartmental commission The space station concept is very old approved the system in 1967.
    [Show full text]
  • The AVUM Orbital Module for the Space Rider System
    DOI: 10.13009/EUCASS2019-860 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE FOR AERONAUTICS AND SPACE SCIENCES (EUCASS) The AVUM Orbital Module for the Space Rider System Stefano GALLUCCI*, Roberto MANCINI**, Ettore SCARDECCHIA*** and Fulvio SPAZIANI**** *AVIO S.p.A. Via Latina, snc - 00034 Colleferro (Roma) - Italy [email protected] ** AVIO S.p.A. [email protected] ***AVIO S.p.A. [email protected] ****AVIO S.p.A. [email protected] Abstract The Space Rider System is the new affordable reusable European space transportation system launched by the ESA VEGA-C launcher. It is able to perform experimentation and demonstration of multiple future application missions in Low Earth Orbit and safely be recovered on ground. The Space Rider System (SRS) is a complex Spacecraft made of the AVUM Orbital Module (AOM) and the Re-entry Module (RM) integrated in a single stack-up. • The AOM consists of the modified AVUM+ and of the AVUM Life Extension Kit (ALEK) and acts as service module during the orbital phase; • The RM is the lifting body based on the IXV demonstrator, which carries the experimentation payload inside the Multi-Purpose Cargo Bay (MPCB) and will return to Earth for landing and re-flight This paper describe the architecture and the functions of the AOM. 1. The Space Rider System The Space Rider System is a complex space system made of two Modules: the AVUM Orbital Module (AOM) and the Re-entry Module (RM) integrated in a single stack-up. • The AOM consists of the modified AVUM+ and of the AVUM Life Extension Kit (ALEK) and acts as service module during the orbital phase; • The RM is the lifting body based on the IXV demonstrator, which carries the experimentation payload inside the MPCB and will return to Earth for landing and re-flight.
    [Show full text]
  • ALTAIR Orbital Module Preliminary Mission and System Design
    DOI: 10.13009/EUCASS2017-221 7TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE FOR AERONAUTICS AND SPACE SCIENCES (EUCASS) ALTAIR Orbital Module Preliminary Mission and System Design Andrea Tromba*, Cédric Dupont*, Giulio Molinari**, Christoph Karl** and Eduard Diez*** * Bertin Technologies, France - [email protected], [email protected] ** ETH Zürich, Switzerland - [email protected], [email protected] *** GTD Sistemas de Información S.A, Spain - [email protected] Abstract This paper presents the preliminary system and mission design of the Altair Orbital Module, a cost- effective and versatile multi-mission platform able to provide a dedicated and reliable orbit injection service for micro-payloads. An innovative approach relaying on a sustained use of design to cost and multidisciplinary design optimization techniques has been applied from the very beginning of the design phase to meet both performances and cost requirements. The system has then been conceived to assure high mission flexibility, allowing accommodation of either single or multiple payloads and providing accurate and safe deployment in a range of LEO target orbits. The final reference design consists in a lightweight composite structure, an innovative avionics and a dedicated monopropellant system based on environment friendly hydrogen peroxide, which provides multiple burst capability for orbital transfer manoeuvring as well as attitude control and de-orbiting capabilities. 1. Introduction The market of small satellites under 200 kg is expected to increase dramatically in the next decades due to several factors such as miniaturization, availability of Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) components and constellation projects. However, currently no launch system adequately addresses this market without the constraints of existing solutions such as piggyback launch.
    [Show full text]
  • Test Project Foreword
    APOLLO -SOYUZ TEST PROJECT FOREWORD The document oontainsaontaina materials on the Soyuz-Apollo teettest and consists of two parts, prepared by the USSR and USA sides res-res­ peotive1y.peatively, Both partsparta outline the purposes and program of the miseion,mission, the spacecraft design, the flight plan and information anon jointjoint and unilateral scientific experiments.experiments, Brief biographies of the cosmonauts and a~tronauta,astronauts, the jointjoint mission crew members,member@, are also presented*presented. The document covers technical support activities providing rnia~ionmission control and gives informationinfomation about the ASTP Soviet and American leaders,leaders. AsAa the USSR and USA parts of the document have been prepared b independently,independently, there might be duplication Inin the section8sections dealing with the joint activities.activities, The documentdocwnent is intended for press representatfve~representatives and various massmas information means.means, CONCONTENTSTEN TS Page 1.01.0 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION .......................................ill •••••••••••••••• 10 1,.1.11 BackgroundBackground ..."" ...................................a....,. .. III ••••••••• .. • • •••••• .. • .. ••• • 10 1.21.2 Apollo-SoyuzApollo-Soyuz jointjointtestprojectobjectiveaaee.~~test project objectives............ 1313 2.02.0 COMPATIBILITYCOMPATIBILITY PROBLEMSPROBLEMS ..•.............................0.0 .... 0.................. 1515 2.12.1 SpacecraftSpacecraft compatibilitycompatibility condiconditionstions andand
    [Show full text]
  • B6.3.05 SPACE STATION MMOD SHIELDING Eric L. Christiansen
    IAC-06- B6.3.05 SPACE STATION MMOD SHIELDING Eric L. Christiansen NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA [email protected] Kornel Nagy NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA [email protected] Dana M. Lear ESCG-KX NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA [email protected] Thomas G. Prior ESCG-KX NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper describes International Space Station (ISS) micro-meteoroid orbital debris (MMOD) impact shielding including requirements for protection as well as technical approaches to meeting requirements. Current activities in providing MMOD protection for ISS are described, including efforts to augment MMOD protection by adding shields on-orbit. Another activity is to observe MMOD impact damage on ISS elements and returned hardware, and to compare the observed damage with predicted damage using Bumper code risk assessment software. A conclusion of this paper is that ISS will be protected adequately from MMOD impact after completing augmentation of ISS shielding for Service Module, and after improving MMOD protection for Soyuz and Progress vehicles. Another conclusion is that impact damage observed to the ISS mini-pressurized logistics module matches the distribution of impacts predicted by Bumper code. NASA and international partners in Europe, Introduction Russia, Japan, and Canada. Top-level ISS MMOD requirements are allocated to Providing adequate micro-meteoroid orbital individual elements. The element providers debris (MMOD) protection for the are responsible for meeting allocated MMOD International Space Station (ISS) is essential protection requirements, while NASA is to ensure crew safety, vehicle survivability responsible for determining compliance to the and functionality.
    [Show full text]
  • {PDF EPUB} the Rocket Men Vostok and Voskhod the First Soviet Manned Spaceflights by Rex D
    Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} The Rocket Men Vostok And Voskhod The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights by Rex D. Hall Could the CIA have prevented the Apollo 1 fire? The 40th anniversary of NASA’s first space-related fatal accident, the Apollo 1 fire on January 27, 1967, is an opportunity to consider one of the myths that have grown up around the tragedy: the claim that the CIA might have prevented the Apollo fire. As if foreshadowing the Apollo 1 fire, the first documented fire-related fatality in a space program also occurred during a simulation. On March 23, 1961, a flash fire in an oxygen-saturated isolation chamber took the life of cosmonaut-trainee Valentin Bondarenko, at age 23 the youngest member of the year-old cosmonaut team. His death came during a routine training and medical screening activity. Published sources (references 1 and 2) differ on the details, but Bondarenko was the seventeenth cosmonaut trainee to spend ten days or more in the chamber in the previous year. The chamber atmosphere was high in oxygen content because decompression was among the stresses in store for the trainees. When he used an alcohol-soaked cotton swab to remove the adhesive residue from medical sensors on his body, and then casually discarded the swab, it fell on a electrical element used for heating food in the oxygen-rich environment and sparked a flash fire that engulfed him; he died within hours from burns over 90 percent of his body. After a rigorous investigation, testing resumed, and a few weeks later, two more trainees successfully completed the test; the next year the first women cosmonaut-trainees did, too.
    [Show full text]