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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68190-2 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture Edited by Kam Louie Index More information

Index

Abbas, Ackbar, 310 Asian Games (1962, Indonesia), 351 abstract inheritance method, 11, 17 Asian values, 17, 151 academic research & debates Asiatic mode of production, 57–9 Chinese culture, 3 assimilation Christianity, 193 China’s peoples, 92, 95, 102, 109, 111–12 gender, 68, 71, 77, 80–2, 83 diaspora cultures, 116, 119–20, 122–3, 129, historiography, 58–61, 63–5 131 literature, 246 Australasia socialism, 193 art, 272 sociopolitical history, 38–9, 43 Chinatowns, 10 advertising, 322, 326–8 diaspora culture, 116–17, 122–4, 127–31 agriculture, 20–1, 40–1, 43, 57, 76, 159, 162, economic development, 108 166–7, 283 migrant society, 10, 16, 96 Ah Long, 223 sports, 347, 349 Air China, 323 Austro-Asiatic languages, 95, 201 Alitto, Guy, 143 Austronesian languages, 201 All China Resistance Association of Writers autonomous areas, 92–7, 99–102, 108 and Artists, 227 avant-garde All China Women’s Federation, 71, 75, 77, art, 291 80–3, 85 literature, 247–50, 251–2 Altaic languages, 201 anarchism, 27, 39, 156–63, 166 Ba Jin, 220–1 ancestor veneration, 173, 176–7, 182–3, 189 Baba culture. see peranakan Anderson, Benedict, 54 Bai people, 98–9 Anhui, 199 baihuawen. see vernacular language Appadurai, Arjun, 314–15 Bajin. see Li Feigan Apter, David, 57–8 ballroom dancing, 18, 43 Arabic language, 198 Bandung Conference (1955), 351 Arabs, 106 barbarism, 16, 49–50, 135, 284, 342 architecture, 8–9, 282, 287–8, 293 Barlow, Tani, 74 art, 13–14, 272–96 BBS chat rooms, 251, 331–2, 334 diaspora cultures, 118 Beckett, Samuel, 246, 263 gender, 70, 77 Bei Dao, 246–7 Maoist China (1949–76), 283–8 Beijing post-Maoist China, 288–95 architecture, 282 Republic (1912–49), 34, 276–82 art, 280, 287–8, 291, 293 sociopolitical history, 22, 37–9, 348 cinema, 297, 300, 310, 312, 315 Asian Economic Miracle, 11 Confucianism, 152

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68190-2 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture Edited by Kam Louie Index More information

378 Index

gender, 72, 83 socialism, 156 Internet, 330 sociopolitical history, 3, 22, 26, 32, 310 languages, 199 sports, 350 literature, 221, 225–6, 241–2, 247 see also Opium Wars music & performing arts, 259–60, 262, Brownell, Susan, chapter by, 18, 339–60 264–6, 268 (see also Peking Opera (jingju)) Brundage, Avery, 348–9, 352 Olympic Games (2008) (see Olympics) Buddha’s Birthday, 188 religious traditions, 188, 192 Buddhism, 18, 173, 175–6, 179–80, 183–6 socialism, 158 art, 282 sociopolitical history, 25, 31, 345 Confucianism &, 11, 53, 140, 143, 145–6 sports & physical culture, 346, 352, 357–8 diaspora culture, 119–20, 125 TV, 319, 323, 327, 350–1 ethnicity, 111 University (see Peking University) Hong Kong, 187–8 see also Forbidden City; White Cloud physical culture, 342–3 Temple (Baiyunguan); Yuanmingyuan socialism &, 161 Beijing Opera. see Peking Opera sociopolitical history, 22, 27 Beijing Organizing Committee for the Taiwan, 186–7 Olympic Games (BOCOG), 346, 357–8 Bulag, Uradyn, 100, 108 Beijing University. see Peking University Bum Cai (Pizi Cai), 333–4 Beiping. see Beijing bureaucracy Beiyang Navy, 62 Chinese language, 202–3, 207, 212–13 Belgrade embassy bombing (1999), 97, 331–2 Confucianism, 135–6, 151 Berry, Chris, chapter by, 13, 297–317 ethnicity &, 106–7, 110 Bible, 191, 193–4, 208 historiography, 46–7 Blang language, 201 literature, 220, 231, 238 Blogging China, 334 media, 321–2, 327, 335 BOCOG. see Beijing Organizing Committee religious traditions, 175–6, 181, 184, 192, for the Olympic Games 194 body culture. see martial arts; physical socialism, 162, 165, 167–8 culture sociopolitical history, 21–2, 24–6, 33, 39, 42 bodybuilding, 354–5 sports & physical culture, 341 Bolshevism, 160–2, 164, 170 see also civil service examinations Bourgeois Revolution. see Revolution of 1911 business. see commerce bourgeoisie cinema, 306–7 cadres. see Communist cadres gender, 75–6, 84 Cai Yuanpei, 280 historiography, 56 Cai, Zong-qi, 14 literature, 229 calligraphy, 22, 215, 274, 289–90, 292, 342 music & performing arts, 258 Can Xue, 248 socialism, 163, 165 Canada, 115, 194, 352 sociopolitical history, 28, 30–2 see also North America sports & physical culture, 355 Canton. see Guangzhou Boxer Uprising (1900), 6, 25, 57, 61–2, 158, Canton Peasant Movement Training 174, 189, 191–2, 345 Institute, 73 British Cantonese dialect (Yue), 95, 198–9, 210, 213, art, 288 293, 300, 303, 309 cinema, 299, 303 Cantonese opera, 300, 309 Confucianism, 148 Cantonese people, 187 culture, 15 Cao Bai, 223 diaspora culture &, 117, 125 Cao Yu (Wan Jiabao), 257, 259 ethnicity, 96 capitalism historiography, 52 art, 293 housing developments, 8–9 cinema, 305, 307, 309, 313 literacy, 22 gender, 69, 79, 83, 86–7 literature, 241, 243 historiography, 46, 56, 58, 62 religious traditions, 189, 191, 194 literature, 220, 230

Index 379

religious traditions, 193 Chinatowns, 9–10, 124 socialism &, 155–8, 161, 163, 165–70 Chinese art. see art; guohua (national sociopolitical history, 28, 32, 37, 39–40, painting) 42–3 Chinese calligraphy. see calligraphy Cartesian dualism, 343 Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 33 Catholics. see Roman Catholic Christianity Chinese characters. see Chinese script CCP. see Communist Party Chinese cinema. see cinema cellular phones, 318, 329, 334–5 Chinese civilization, 1–2, 5, 8 censorship diaspora cultures, 116, 118–19, 128 cinema, 301–3, 309, 313, 315 Chinese Communist Party. see Communist historiography, 61 Party literature, 225, 245–7, 250–2 Chinese culture media, 318, 325, 332, 335–6 Confucianism, 135, 140, 141–3, 144–50 music & performing arts, 259, 263, 265 deﬁ nition, 1–3, 11–13, 17–18 sociopolitical history, 43 ethnicity, 92 Central Asia, 21, 49, 174, 183, 308 gender, 82, 87 see also Xinjiang historiography, 59, 63 Central People’s Radio Station (Zhongyang sociopolitical history, 29–30, 44 renmin guangbo diantai), 323 see also diaspora cultures Chan, Jackie, 347 Chinese dialects Chang, Carson. see Zhang Junmai cinema, 298, 302–3 Chang, Eileen. see Zhang Ailing diaspora culture, 7 change ethnicity &, 97 Confucianism, 144–5, 147 geographic distribution, 198–9 cultural, 2–3, 6–8, 12–15, 17–18, 121 imperial era, 202–3 diaspora cultures, 121 language reform, 205–6 gender, 84 script, 204, 208, 210 literature, 218, 236–8, 247, 250 Taiwan, 194 music & performing arts, 253 use, 212–16 religious traditions, 195 Chinese diaspora. see diaspora cultures sociopolitical history, 21, 30 Chinese language, 5, 14–15, 30, 191, 198, 216 see also social change cinema, 298, 302, 309–10 Chao Yuan Ren, 206 diaspora cultures, 119, 122, 125, 130, 198, charitable activities, 183, 185, 187, 191, 194–5 303 Chekhov, Anton, 257 foreign students, 1 Chen Duxiu, 18, 30, 72, 235 gender, 81 Chen Kaige, 297, 312 geographic distribution, 198–9, 214–15 Chen Lai, 153 historiography, 53 Chen, Ping, chapter by, 15, 198–217 Internet, 332, 334 Chen Xiaomei, 85, 261, 263–4 literature, 14, 242, 247, 249 Cheng brothers, 141 music & performing arts, 255–6, 262, 266 Cheng Chung-ying, 141 number of speakers, 198 Chengdu, 263, 265 policy & planning, 213–16 Chiang Kai-shek, 32–3, 35–6, 52 premodern times, 201–5 China Academic Network (CANet), 330 present-day use, 212–15, 216 China Blog, 334 reform, 201–4, 205–12, 213, 215–16 ‘China Can Say “No” ’, 6 religious traditions, 183, 188, 191 China Central Television (CCTV), 264, 266, sports & physical culture, 356 319–21, 323–5, 328–9, 350, 353 translations into, 5, 191 China Mobile, 335 see also Chinese dialects; classical Chinese China National Symphony Orchestra, 260 language; non-Chinese languages; Old China Petroleum Co., 323 Chinese; vernacular language China Philharmonic Orchestra, 266 Chinese masculinity. see gender China Telecom, 323, 330 Chinese medicine, 55, 343 China Trade Daily, 331 Chinese New Year, 316, 328–9, 335 China Unicom, 335 Chinese Olympic Committee, 348–9, 353

380 Index

Chinese script, 14–16, 22, 95, 200, 202–6, civil war (1946–49) 207–11, 212–13, 215–16, 247, 291 art, 282 see also calligraphy cinema, 299 Chinese Socialist Party (Zhongguo shehui zhuyi diaspora cultures, 126 dang), 157–8 literature, 230 Chinese State Sports Commission, 346 music & performing arts, 261 Chineseness religious traditions, 175, 185–6, 194 art, 289, 293 socialism, 166 cinema, 299–301, 305 sociopolitical history, 36 deﬁ nition, 3, 5–6, 7–14, 17 sports & physical culture, 261 diaspora cultures, 115, 119, 122, 125, 131–2 Cixi, Empress Dowager, 24–5, 60 ethnicity, 7–9, 92 clans & lineages, 22, 38, 43, 51, 102, 104, 173, gender, 69–70, 83 176 historiography, 50, 63–4 see also family sociopolitical history, 27 Clarke, David, chapter by, 13, 272–96 sports, 358 Clarkson, Amy Poy, 132 Chongqing, 227, 282, 302 class Chow Yun-Fat, 297, 311 Chinese language, 202 Christianity, 18, 173, 175–6, 183, 185, 187, cinema, 307–8 188–95 Confucianism, 120–1, 124 Confucianism &, 139, 142, 188 culture &, 16 diaspora cultures, 116, 125 diaspora cultures, 120–1, 124 historiography, 54 gender, 74, 76, 80 language, 216 historiography, 56–7, 60, 65 missionaries, 23, 25, 142, 175, 188–95, 208, literature, 220–2, 224–30, 237–9, 242, 244 340 music & performing arts, 258, 260–1 sociopolitical history, 25, 62 religious traditions, 177 see also Protestant Christianity; Roman socialism, 163–5, 167–8 Catholic Christianity sociopolitical history, 20, 27–8, 34, 37–9, 41 Chu culture, 242, 249 see also bourgeoisie; elites; peasant Chuangzao she. see Creation Society culture; scholar-gentry; workers Ciji gongdehui, Compassionate Relief Merit classical Chinese language (wenyanwen), 203, Society, 186–7 205, 211–12, 216, 241 cinema, 297–317 historiography, 53 censorship, 43 literature, 237, 239–41, 251 culture &, 1, 13, 16, 18 performing arts, 258 gender, 70, 76–7 sociopolitical history, 30–1 historiography, 52, 264, 282 coastal China, 116, 118–19, 121–2, 264, 282, Hong Kong, 297, 299–301, 303, 305, 309–14 326, 340 language, 213 Cock-Crow Society, 158 late Qing period, 299–301 Cold War, 123, 126–8, 170, 307, 313, 347–50 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 306–9, collectivism, 37–8, 41, 57, 167, 242 347 colonialism Republic (1912–49), 34, 239 art, 290 revolutionary tradition, 34, 239 cinema, 303, 309–1, 313 Taiwan, 297–300, 306, 308–9, 311–14, 315 diaspora cultures, 117, 123–4, 126, 131 television &, 326–7 gender, 68–9 transnational, 13, 130, 297, 299, 314–16, 347 religious traditions, 193 citizenship socialism &, 165 diaspora cultures, 128 sociopolitical history, 15, 23, 32, 47, 51, ethnicity, 93, 101, 105, 108–9, 112 57–8, 63 historiography, 47, 54, 62–4 commerce sociopolitical history, 20, 26, 29, 31, 44 art, 281 civil service examinations, 4, 16–17, 22–3, 25, Confucianism, 13, 136 29, 235, 341–3 diaspora cultures, 116–17, 125 see also bureaucracy gender, 78

Index 381

socialism, 166 Confucius, 2, 12–13, 24, 47, 136–40, 144–5, 147, sociopolitical history, 20, 22–4, 31, 42, 68 149, 151, 173, 202 Common Language and Script Law (2000), Confucius Institutes, 2 212, 215 conservatism, 11, 17, 25, 60, 82, 86, 136–7, 144, communes, 37–8, 41, 159, 167, 306–8 223, 239 Communist cadres, 36–40, 57, 246, 351 constitution, 24–5, 50, 138–9, 219 Communist International (Comintern), 32, consumer culture 34, 162–3, 225, 227, 285 art, 291–3 Communist Party (CCP) gender, 69, 76, 78–9, 85–6 art, 273, 283, 286–7 media, 330, 333, 336 cinema, 301–3, 305–8, 310, 312 socialism &, 155 Confucianism, 136, 146–7, 153 sociopolitical history, 41, 44 diaspora culture, 123, 126 sports & physical culture, 355 early twentieth century, 30–7 see also marketization ethnicity, 93 cooking. see food gender, 70, 72–9, 81–3, 86–7 corruption, 24, 37, 109, 230–1, 238, 305, 324, historiography, 54–7, 59, 62 327–9, 335 Internet, 336 countryside. see rural areas literature, 220–2, 225, 227–8, 228–9, 231, Creation Society (Chuangzao she), 225 236, 251 Critical Review (Xueheng), 240 media, 318–24, 330 Cross, Lance, 349–50 modern culture, 2–6, 11–12 Cubism, 281 music & performing arts, 253, 258–60, 263 Cui Jian, 265 religious traditions, 18, 174–6, 179, 185, cultural diversity, 94–7 189, 193–4 diaspora cultures, 128–32 socialism, 155–7, 160–70 ethnicity, 93, 95, 97, 101, 108–9 sociopolitical history, 29, 39–40, 42–3 see also multi-culturalism sports, 347–8, 354 Cultural Revolution (1960s–1970s) see also leftists art, 273, 283–4, 287 Communist Revolution (1949) cinema, 312 art, 282 Confucianism, 12, 147 cinema, 302 diaspora culture, 129 literature, 220, 236–7, 243, 245 ethnicity, 96, 99 socialism, 155, 157, 163 gender, 69, 71, 76–7, 84–5 sociopolitical history, 20, 35–7 historiography, 56, 62 community festivals. see festivals language, 213 concessions, foreign, 9, 23–4, 28, 31, 118, 225, literature, 231, 246–7, 249 275, 281, 305 music & performing arts, 255, 260–6, 268 Confucianism, 135–54 nationalism, 6, 58, 61 Chineseness, 11–13 religious traditions, 174–6, 178, 181, 185 cinema, 303–5 socialism, 156, 167–8 culture, 16, 18 sociopolitical history, 38–40, 43 diaspora cultures, 125, 132 sports, 351–2, 354 ethnicity, 8, 92 TV, 319, 327 gender, 72–3 cultural studies, 16 historiography, 46, 48, 50, 53, 55, 60, 63 culture (wenhua) literature, 239, 242, 249 deﬁ nition, 3–13, 14–19 modernizing in nineteenth century, 5, ethnicity &, 91 135–41 historiography, 48–50 music & performing arts, 257, 263 sociopolitical history, 21–2, 27, 36 physical culture, 340 see also diaspora cultures religious traditions, 139, 145, 149, 173, Curtius, Ernst, 340 188 cyberculture. see Internet socialism &, 158 sociopolitical history, 21–2, 24–31, 36, 39 Dadaism, 291 see also New Confucianism Dai Jitao, 162

382 Index

Dai people, 111 Duara, Prasenjit, chapter by, 5–6, 46–67 Dalai Lama, 187 Dunhuang, 282 dance. see music & performing arts Durkheim, Emile, 178 danwei. see work units Dutch. see Netherlands Daoism, 18, 53, 140, 158, 161, 173, 175–6, 179–83, 187, 263, 343–4 Eastern culture Daur language, 201 art, 290, 293, 348 Davis, Darrell William, 313 Confucianism, 135, 140, 144, 151–2 de Bary, William Theodore, 136 historiography, 49, 64–5 Deang language, 201 religious traditions, 18 Declaration (1958), 11–12 socialism, 156, 158, 160–1 democracy sports & physical culture, 342, 347, 349, cinema, 311 355, 357 Confucianism, 138–40, 143–5, 149–53 see also Orientalism culture, 5, 15–16 economic conditions & growth, 1–2 historiography, 59 art, 273, 282, 289–91 Internet, 15 Confucianism, 135, 140, 151–2 literature, 219 diaspora cultures, 118, 120–1, 127, 129 media, 336 ethnicity &, 96, 98, 100–1, 103, 105–7, 110 religious traditions, 195 gender &, 70–1, 74–5, 78, 80, 83–5, 87 socialism, 161–2, 167 historiography, 46, 48, 63–4 sociopolitical history, 15, 23–4, 27, 30, 32, 43 language, 211, 214 sports & physical culture, 340 literature, 218, 237 demonstrations. see dissent; Tiananmen media, 318–24, 330–1, 333, 335 Square demonstrations (1989) religious traditions, 173, 177, 195–6 Deng Xiaoping, 4–5, 40–3, 156, 166, 169, 231, socialism, 163, 165, 167–8 310, 320, 352 sociopolitical history, 20, 22, 24, 29, 31, Deng Yingchao, 75 33–6, 38, 40, 42–4 Dewey, John, 30, 53 sports & physical culture, 1–2, 349, 353–6 diaspora cultures, 14, 115–34 Edstrøm, Sigfrid, 347 art, 275–6, 289, 292–3 education Chinese language, 119, 122, 125, 130, 198, art, 274, 279–80, 289 303 Chinese language, 1–2, 203–4, 206–9, Chineseness, 8–10 212–15 cinema, 298, 309–10, 314 cinema, 306 cultural diversity, 128–32 Confucianism, 136–7, 147 historical background, 116–21 culture &, 1–2, 14, 16–17 historiography, 63–4 diaspora cultures, 116–17, 122–4, 129–31 literature, 245 ethnicity &, 92, 103, 105, 106–8, 109 modern choices, 125–8 gender &, 69, 71, 73–4, 78, 80 modernity, 121–5 historiography, 52–3, 61, 63, 65 sports & physical culture, 345 literature, 222, 235 see also migrant societies media, 320, 333 Ding Ling, 74–5, 220, 226, 228, 230 music & performing arts, 256, 266 Dirlik, Arif, chapter by, 6, 155–72 religious traditions, 191, 195 dissent, 41, 43, 94, 105, 174, 251, 318 socialism, 157, 159–60, 162 see also human rights; Tiananmen Square sociopolitical history, 22–7, 29–31, 38, 40–1 demonstrations (1989) sports & physical culture, 342, 357 Document 19, 175–6 egalitarianism. see equality Dong Shouyi (Shou-yi Tung), 339, 347–50 elites Dong Xiwen, 283 Chinese language, 202 Dongxiang language, 201 cinema, 312 Dragon TV, 329 diaspora cultures, 126 drama. see literature; music & performing ethnic, 92, 94 arts; television historiography, 46, 54–5 DTV (digital television), 321 literature, 239

Index 383

sociopolitical history, 22, 24, 30, 33, 36, languages & education, 106–8, 199–201, 41, 43 210, 212, 214 sports, 354 literature, 242, 249 emigration. see diaspora cultures; migrant minorities, 101–2 (see also Hui; Manchus; societies Mongols; Uyghurs) England. see British music & performing arts, 259 English language, 198–9, 203–4, 208, 211 racism, 31 anglophone culture, 1, 15, 80 religious traditions, 173–4 ‘China,’ 7 sociopolitical history, 26–8, 42 cinema, 298 state politics and, 98–101 diaspora culture, 117, 125 urban areas, 109–12 ethnicity, 107 xenophobia, 6 gender, 82 Xinjiang, 102–6 Internet, 334 see also Han Chinese literature, 250 Euken, Rudolf, 145 music & performing arts, 255 European culture sociopolitical history, 43 art, 272–4, 279, 281, 293 sports, 343, 357 cinema, 316 Enlightenment, 48, 52, 57, 69, 81, 151–2, 161 Confucianism, 152 entrepreneurs, 42, 46, 78, 104, 117, 122, 167, diaspora cultures &, 116–17, 120–6, 129–30 196 ethnicity, 94, 100 environment, 41–2, 169–70 gender, 68–9, 80–1 equality historiography, 15, 46–7, 49, 51–4, 56–7, cinema, 311 59, 61–2, 65 Confucianism, 135, 139–40 housing developments, 8–9 ethnicity, 92, 100 Internet, 333 gender, 70–1, 80–1, 84–5, 138–9 languages, 201, 211, 302–3 historiography, 53, 57, 63 literature, 224, 227, 239 socialism, 158, 168–9 modernity, 3 sociopolitical history, 21, 27, 29–30, 32, 37 music & performing arts, 13, 260 Era of Reform and Opening-up. see post- physical culture, 340 Maoist China religious traditions, 188, 191 Ererba, 2/28, 194, 313 socialism, 156, 158, 160–2, 170 ethics sociopolitical history, 15, 26, 31 Confucianism, 137, 144, 147–52 sports, 347 diaspora cultures, 121 TV, 322 ethnicity, 92 European powers. see foreign powers literature, 219, 231, 238–9 Evans, Harriet, chapter by, 17, 68–90 media, 325, 333, 335 Ewenki language, 201 music & performing arts, 254, 262 Expressionism, 279 religious traditions, 173, 177, 180, 184 socialism, 159 Fagushan, Dharma Drum Mountain, 187 sociopolitical history, 22, 26 Falungong, 56, 179, 332, 345 sports & physical culture, 342 family ethnic nationalism, 51, 64, 94, 108–10, 112, art, 284 174 cinema, 304, 307, 309 ethnicity, 91–114 Confucianism, 136–8, 140, 149, 151 Chineseness, 7–9, 92 culture, 17 cinema, 302, 308, 310 diaspora cultures, 118–20 Confucianism, 139, 141 ethnicity, 102, 104, 107 diaspora cultures, 12–13, 116, 118–19, 124, gender, 72–3, 79–80, 84 127–8 religious traditions, 173, 177–8, 187, 195 historiography, 49–52, 63–4 socialism, 159 history, culture & identity, 108–9 sociopolitical history, 20–2, 29–31, 38, identiﬁ cation & assertion, 98–101 41, 43 independence, 51, 64, 94, 108–10, 112, 174 see also clans & lineages

384 Index

Fan Kuan, 293–4 military, 4, 23, 25–6, 135–6, 189, 191–2, Fan Wenlan, 56 218–19, 298 Fang Dongmei (Thomé H. Fang), 141 music & performing arts, 256 Fang Lijun, 291–2 religious traditions, 174, 189–92 Fang, Thomé H. see Fang Dongmei socialism, 159, 163, 170 Fei Mu, 305 sociopolitical history, 22–5, 28, 31–2 Felski, Rita, 68 sports, 349 femininity. see gender foreign students, 1, 265 feminism. see women’s movement Formosa. see Taiwan Feng Xiaocai, 60 France Feng Xiaogang, 316 art, 275–6, 279, 283, 288 Feng Youlan, 11, 17, 56, 141 cinema, 315 fengshui, 177 ethnicity, 92 festivals historiography, 3, 52, 55 music & performing arts, 259, 264 literature, 225 popular religious, 55, 60, 173, 175–8, 180, music & performing arts, 262–3, 267 182–4, 188–9, 195–6 religious traditions, 189 feudalism socialism, 158, 160, 162 cinema, 303, 308 frontier societies. see migrant societies Confucianism, 11, 153 Fu Baoshi, 276, 282, 286–8 literature, 220, 222 Fu Manchu, 2 modernity &, 5, 46, 54–5, 57–8 Fu Poshek, 305 music & performing arts, 258–9, 267–8 Fujian, 7, 95, 119, 181–2, 186, 194, 199 religious traditions, 175–6 socialism &, 163, 165, 167 Gan dialect, 198 ﬁ ction. see literature Gang of Four, 12 Field, Andrew, 304 Gansu, 101, 174, 199, 201 Fifth Generation (cinema), 13, 297, 312, 314 Gao Jianfu, 276–8, 285 ﬁ lm. see cinema Gao Xingjian, 249, 262–3 Flath, James, 61 Gao Yihan, 30 Foguangsham, Buddha’s Light Mountain, Gaoshans language, 201 186–8 GDP, 40, 42–3 folk culture, 3, 55–6, 61, 100, 176, 253, 259, gender, 17, 68–90 263–4, 328 academic debates, 80–2 food, 11, 96–7, 104–5, 174, 178, 185–6, 344 diaspora cultures, 120 footbinding, 2, 29, 95, 259 equality & discrimination, 70–1, 80–1, Forbidden City, Beijing, 282, 287 84–5, 138–9 foreign concessions, 9, 23–4, 28, 31, 118, 225, ethnicity &, 107 275, 281, 305 literature, 245 foreign cultures, 8, 86 market narratives, 77–9 art, 273–4, 280, 284 marketization, 70–1, 77–9, 81, 83 cinema, 297–300, 302, 316 May Fourth Movement (1919), 72–3 literature, 219, 241, 246, 250 narrative interventions, 83–7 media, 321, 327, 332 neutrality (androgyny), 76–9, 84–5, 245, music & performing arts, 257, 260 261, 329 see also Japan; Western culture performing arts, 261, 266–8 foreign investment, 20, 42–3, 63, 163 socialism, 73–7 foreign powers, 4, 22, 298, 345 sociopolitical history, 27 art, 275, 285 sports & physical culture, 341–3, 347, 353–5 cinema, 298 ‘Generation X,’ 250 Confucianism &, 141 gentry. see scholar-gentry (wenren) diaspora cultures, 121, 126–7 Germany, 9, 31, 157, 225, 266, 285, 330, 340, gender, 74 346 historiography, 46, 48–9, 51–4, 56–7, 59, Giles, Herbert A., 340–1, 355 61–2, 65 Gladney, Dru, 97, 100, 173–4 literary response, 218–20, 222, 227, 230 globalization

Index 385

art, 272–4, 293 cinema, 308 capitalism & socialism, 155–6, 169 Confucianism, 137 cinema, 13, 130, 297, 299, 314–16, 347 diaspora culture, 125 Confucianism, 143–4, 146, 148–9, 150–3 ethnicity, 8, 92–3, 95–102, 104–6, 108, cultural inﬂ uences, 1, 13, 16–19 111–12 diaspora cultures, 117–18, 124, 126, 131–2 gender, 69 gender, 69–70, 79, 81, 83, 85–7 historiography, 49–50, 52, 63–4 historiography, 53 homogenization myth, 94–7 literature, 242, 250 languages, 199–200, 214 media, 318, 330–3, 336 literature, 248 music & performing arts, 266, 269 music & performing arts, 258 religious traditions, 194 physical culture, 342 sociopolitical history, 44 religious traditions, 173, 194 sports & physical culture, 346–58 sociopolitical history, 24, 26–7, 30 see also international politics; Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220), 47, 56, 181, 183, internationalism 203, 277, 327 GMD. see Nationalist Party Han Shaogong, 249–51 Google.com, 336 Han Zhixun (Hon Chi-fun), 289–90 governance, 4–5, 13, 20, 30, 124, 138, 150–1 Hanfei, 12 Great Commonwealth, 5 Hangzhou, 280, 291 Great Leap Forward (1958–60), 36–7, 166, Hao Ran, 230 319, 349 Harrison, Henrietta, 29 Greece, classical, 15, 57, 145, 148, 241, 340, He Bingsong, 56 343, 355 He Jianjun, 315 Gu Cheng, 246 He Lin, 141 Gu Hongming, 125 He Long, 351 Gu Jiegang, 51–2, 54 He Zhen, 158 Gu Mu, 136 He Zhenliang, 348, 353, 355 Gu Wenda, 292 Hebei, 199 Guan Shanyue, 285, 288 Heilongjiang, 199, 201 Guangdong, 7, 95, 119, 181–3, 199 Henan, 199 see also Guangzhou (Canton) Hindi/Urdu language, 198 Guangxi, 199, 201, 214 Hinduism, 119–20 Guangxu emperor, 4, 24 historiography, 46–67 Guangzhou (Canton) cultural sites, 3 art, 274, 280, 293 diaspora cultures, 116–21 historiography, 59, 61 ethnicity, 108–9 Internet, 332 gender, 68, 70, 72, 87 music & performing arts, 265 imperial era, 21 religious traditions, 191 Liang Qichao, 48–50 socialism, 156, 163 literature, 219 sociopolitical history, 28, 31, 33 Maoist China (1949–76), 55–8 Guanyin, 187 periodization, 3–4, 47–50, 68, 72, 87, 273 Guizhou, 199, 201 reform era & globalization, 58–65 Gunn, Edward, 245 religious traditions, 174–6 Guo Moruo, 257 Republic (1912–49), 50–5 Guo Yuhua, 83 socialism, 155–72 guohua (national painting), 276 HIV/AIDS, 80 Guomindang. see Nationalist Party Hmong language, 95 guoyu. see Modern Standard Chinese Ho, David, 130 Hobsbawm, Eric, 60 Hainan, 199, 332 Hockx, Michel, chapter by, 14, 235–52 Hainan spy plane encounter (2001), 97 Hodgson, Dorothy L., 69, 78 Hakka dialect (Kejia), 198, 298, 308–9 Hohhot, 92, 105–6 Hakka people, 95, 182 Hokkien language. see Hakka dialect Han Chinese Hollywood cinema, 307, 315–16

386 Index

Hon Chi-fun. see Han Zhixun socialism, 157, 161, 163–5, 167, 170 Hong Kong sociopolitical history, 31–3, 37, 40–1, 44 art, 275, 288–90, 293 sports & physical culture, 344, 349 Buddhism, 187–8 imperial China Chineseness, 9, 11 art, 274, 277, 280, 293 cinema, 297, 299–301, 303, 305, 309–14 Chinese language, 201–5, 208 Confucianism, 150, 152 Confucianism, 135–41, 151 culture, 124, 129–30, 132 culture, 6, 47 Daoism, 181–3 diaspora cultures, 116, 118, 120–1, 128, 132 ethnicity, 95, 100, 118 ethnicity, 92, 95 gender, 86 historiography, 47–53, 55–6, 58, 60, 62 historiography, 61, 63 history, 7–8 Internet, 331 media portrayals, 309, 327–8 languages, 200, 208, 215 music & performing arts, 262, 267 literature, 244–5 sociopolitical history, 20–30 modernity, 7 TV depictions, 327 religious traditions, 176, 178, 190 see also the names of dynasties Special Administrative Region, 182, 311 imperial examinations. see civil service TV, 322 examinations Hong Shen, 257 imperialism, foreign. see foreign powers Hou Bo, 284 Impressionism, 279 Hou Hsiao-hsien, 297, 313 India, 144–5, 183, 330, 339 Hsiao Kung-ch’uan, 139 Indo-European languages, 201 Hsu, Henry, 349 Indonesia, 115, 119–20, 123, 125, 130–1, 351 Hu, King, 310 industry Hu Feng, 223 art, 283 Hu Hanmin, 162 Confucianism, 136, 143 Hu Jintao, 169 gender, 69, 78 Hu Mei, 312–13 language reform, 215 Hu Sheng, 57 literature &, 219, 225–6 Hu Shi, 30, 53–4, 211, 257 socialism, 158–9, 162, 166–7 Hu Yepin, 226 sociopolitical history, 21, 28, 31–2, 35, 37, Huang, David Henry, 132 40–2, 121 huaqiao. see diaspora cultures Inner Mongolia, 96–7, 99, 101, 105, 108–9, huayu. see Modern Standard Chinese 201, 214 Hubei, 199, 214 integration Hui dialect, 198 diaspora cultures, 119 Hui people, 95, 102–6, 111, 174, 201 ethnic minorities, 93, 101, 308 human rights, 43, 73–4, 151, 332, 336, 345 intellectuals see also dissent Chinese language, 201–2 humanism, 11, 22, 73, 75, 151–2, 357 Confucianism, 151 humanitarianism, 30 diaspora cultures, 129 Hunan, 191, 199, 201, 214, 242, 266, 329 ethnicity, 102–3, 109–10 Hundred Flowers Campaign, 231 gender, 72–3 historiography, 56, 58 Ibsen, Henrik, 72, 257 literature, 219–20, 227, 229, 231, 235, ideology 237–9, 247, 249, 251 art, 280, 283, 286–7 modernity, 7 cinema, 307 music & performing arts, 262 Confucianism, 147 physical culture, 340–3 diaspora cultures, 123, 126–9 religious traditions, 173–4 gender, 69, 72, 75, 77, 81, 84, 87 socialism, 156–60, 165–6 historiography, 55, 58, 63–4 sociopolitical history, 27–8, 30, 32, 34–5, literature, 218, 221, 243, 246, 248 38–40, 42–3 media, 318–19, 324, 328, 330 International Olympics Committee (IOC), music & performing arts, 258–9, 265 339, 345–51, 352–3, 355

Index 387

international politics war with China (1937–55) (see Japanese contemporary, 1, 3, 100 occupation (1937-45)) diaspora cultures, 132 war with Russia (1904–6), 255 ethnicity, 106 Japanese language, 204 ping-pong diplomacy, 350–2 Japanese occupation (1937–45) religious traditions, 190–1, 195 art, 282 sports, 342, 347–55 cinema, 305 see also Cold War; Communist diaspora cultures, 122, 126 International (Comintern) literature, 223, 226–7, 237, 242, 244–5, 255 International Settlement, Shanghai, 225 religious traditions, 176 internationalism, 6, 164, 225 sport, 352 see also globalization war atrocities, 64 Internet Jesuits, 188, 208, 216 alternative media & public forum, 330–2 See also Roman Catholic Christianity censorship, 43, 335–6 Jesus Family, 192 culture &, 18 Jet Li (Li Lianjie), 301, 347 gender, 79 Jews, 99, 117–18, 188 literature, 250–1 Jia Lusheng, 231 religious traditions, 179 Jia Zhangke, 315 urban youth culture, 7, 332–5 Jiang Kanghu, 157–8 written language, 15 Jiang Qing, 260, 266, 351 see also television Jiangsu, 95–6, 199, 325–6 involutionary tradition (literature), 218, 220, Jiangxi, 199 232, 235–52 Jiangxi Soviet, 34–5 IPTV (Internet television), 321, 330, 335 Jilin, 199, 201 Islam Jin dialect, 198 diaspora culture, 119, 125, 131 Jin Yong, 327 Mainland culture, 18, 50–1, 103–6, 111, Jing language, 201 173–5, 188 jingju. see Peking Opera Italy, 188 journalism. see media Ju Ming. see Zhu Ming Jankowiak, William, chapter by, 8, 91–114 Judaism, 99, 117–18, 188 Japan art, 274–6, 282, 285 Kam-Tai languages, 95, 201 cinema, 298–9, 305, 308, 313, 316 Kang Youwei, 4–5, 24, 26, 48, 60, 62, 137–41, Confucianism, 136, 151–2 146 diaspora culture, 116, 119, 122–3, 126 Kant, Immanuel, 147–8 ethnicity, 94, 100, 109 Katayama Sen, 162 gender, 72, 86 Kawakami Hajime, 156, 162 historiography, 48–9, 51–2, 54, 56–7, 60–2, Kazakh language, 95, 201 64–5 Kazakhs, 94–5, 174 Internet, 330, 332–3 Kejia. see Hakka dialect language, 205, 209 Key, Ellen, 73 literature, 219, 223, 225–7, 239, 241–2, 245 Khaw Soo Cheang, 131 modernity, 3, 5 Killanin, Lord, 349–50, 352–3 music & performing arts, 254–8, 260–1, Kingston, Maxine Hong, 132 300 Kirgiz language, 201 Olympics, 339 Koguryo, 62, 65 religious traditions, 175–6, 179, 185–6, Kong Xianxi. see Kung, H. H. 190, 192–4 Korea socialism, 156, 158, 162, 165–6 Confucianism, 151–2 sociopolitical history, 22, 24–7, 30–2, 34–6 diaspora culture, 52, 116, 119 sports, 340, 342, 347, 350–4 ethnicity, 100 Taiwan occupation (1895–1945), 176, 308 gender, 86 TV, 322, 327 historiography, 62, 64–5 war with China (1894–5), 24, 136 socialism, 156, 167

388 Index

sociopolitical history, 24 Li Yinhe, 80, 82 sports, 350 Li Yuchun, 329 TV, 327 Li Zhensheng, 284 Korean language, 95, 201, 204 Liang Qichao Korean War, 167, 230, 259 literature, 60, 219, 223, 235, 254 Koreans (minority), 308 New Historiography, 47, 48–50, 53–4 Koselleck, Reinhart, 48 reformism, 4–5, 26, 342 Kotoku Shusui, 156 women’s education, 29 Koxinga. see Zheng Chenggong Liang Shuming, 11, 18, 141, 143–6 Kropotkinites, 145, 158, 161–2, 166 Liang Sicheng, 288 Kucong people, 99 Liaoning, 199, 201 Kung, H. H. (Kong Xianxi), 339 liberalism kung fu, 16, 297, 302, 346 art, 273, 293 Kwan, Stanley, 304 Confucianism, 151, 153 diaspora cultures, 124, 127–8 Lai Chi Tim, 182 gender, 70, 72–3 land reform, 34–6, 41, 158, 167, 185 historiography, 54, 62 languages, 7–8, 198–217 literature, 219, 231 cinema, 298, 302 sociopolitical history, 34 Confucianism, 136 Liebold, James, 64 culture &, 15 Lim Boon Keng (Lin Wenqing), 125 diaspora cultures, 14, 118, 125 Lin Fengmian, 27, 276, 279–81, 283, 287 ethnicity &, 95, 97–8, 104–5, 106–8, 111 Lin Wenqing. see Lim Boon Keng media, 334 Lin Zexu, 135 religious traditions, 176, 194–5 Lin Zhaohua, 262 sociopolitical history, 22 lineages. see clans & lineages see also Chinese language literacy, 22, 26, 202–4, 215, 219, 225, 341 Lao She (Shu Qingchun), 221, 227, 259–60 Literary Association (Wenxue yanjiu hui), Latin America, 116, 123–4, 283, 351 224, 226 Latin script. see romanization Literary Revolution, 235 Laughlin, Charles, chapter by, 14, 218–34 literati. see scholar-gentry (wenren) League of Left-wing Writers (Zhongguo zuoyi literature zuojia lianmeng), 225–6 Chinese language, 203, 211–12, 215 Lee, Ang (Li Ang), 130, 297 Communist Party, 228–9 Lee, Bruce, 297, 347 culture &, 1–2, 14–16 Lee, Haiyan, 62 diaspora cultures, 123 Lee Kuan Yew, 130 gender, 70, 77, 82 Lee Xing, 309 genres, 237–9, 346 leftists, 34, 218, 225–6, 303, 305, 309, 349 historiography, 53–5 see also Communist Party involutionary tradition, 14, 235–52 Legalism, 12–13, 53 media &, 328, 333–4 Leninism, 32–3, 156, 163–4, 168 recent developments, 250–1 Levenson, Joseph, 55, 136 revolutionary tradition, 14, 26, 54, 218–34, Li Ang (Ang Lee), 130, 297 235–42, 250, 252 Li Da, 73 socialism, 162 Li Dazhao, 73 sociopolitical history, 22, 26–8, 30–1, 34, Li Feigan (Bajin), 152 37–9, 43, 254–9 Li Hong-zhang, 60, 135 see also New Literature Li Hongzhi, 179, 345 Liu Baiyu, 229 Li, Jet (Li Lianjie), 301, 347 Liu Binyan, 230–1 Li Keran, 285, 287 Liu Chunhua, 283–4 Li Lianjie (Jet Li), 301, 347 Liu E, 237–8 Li Shaohong, 302 Liu Guosong (Liu Kuo-song), 289–90, 293 Li Shizeng, 158 Liu Haisu, 279 Li Tie, 309 Liu Kaiqu, 288 Li Xiaojiang, 80–1 Liu Kang, chapter by, 6–7, 318–38

Index 389

Liu Kuo-song. see Liu Guosong music & performing arts, 258, 260–1, 265 Liu Shipei, 11, 158 physical culture, 341, 344, 346, 351–2 Liu Shuxian, 141 religious traditions, 194 Liu Sifu (Shifu), 158 socialism, 156, 160, 163–6 London Missionary Society, 191 sociopolitical history, 34–6 Long March, 35, 163 ‘Talks’ (1942), 227–9, 282 Louie, Kam, 235, 342, 347 TV, 319–20 chapter by, 1–19 Maoist China (1949–1976) Lu Dongbin, 182–3 art, 283–8, 292 Lu Ling, 223 Confucianism, 147 Lu Shoukun (Lui Shou-kwan), 289–90 culture, 15 Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren), 31, 54, 220, 223, 223, diaspora culture, 129 225, 241–2 gender, 70–1, 75, 77, 83, 85, 87 Lu Zhuangzhang, 209 historical consciousness, 55–8 Lui Shou-kwan. see Lu Shoukun historiography, 54 Lutherans, 195 Internet, 333 literature, 229, 245–7 Ma Yifu, 141 music & performing arts, 258–61, Ma Yoyo, 132 267–8 Ma Yuan, 248 physical culture, 344 Macau, 7, 95, 118, 124, 129, 132, 188, 191, 274 socialism, 168 McDougall, Bonnie S., 235 sociopolitical structures, 20, 37–44 Mackay, George L., 194 Marchetti, Gina, 307 Mackerras, Colin, 108 marketization chapter by, 13, 253–71 art, 295 Malaysia, 108, 117, 119, 123, 125, 127, 130–2 cinema, 312–16 management. see governance Confucianism, 152 Manchu dynasty. see Qing (Manchu) dynasty ethnicity &, 103, 106 (1644–1911) gender, 70–1, 77–9, 81, 83 Manchu-Tungus languages, 95, 201 historiography, 61 Manchuria, 34, 51–2 literature, 236, 252 Manchurians, 201 media, 321–3, 330, 333–5 Manchus music & performing arts, 269 minority, 50, 99, 342 sociopolitical history, 40–2 music & performing arts, 259 sports & physical culture, 354 religious traditions, 174, 185 see also consumer culture Mandarin Chinese, 198–200, 202–3, 205–7, martial arts, 18, 297, 300–2, 309–10, 316, 212–13, 216 327–8, 341–3, 345–7 cinema, 302–3, 308–9 Marxism distribution, 198 Chinese revolution, 5, 161–7 ethnicity, 95, 98, 105–7 Confucianism &, 147 religious traditions, 194–5 gender, 70, 73–5 sports, 344 historiography, 56–7 see also Modern Standard Chinese literature, 223, 229 mandarins. see bureaucracy; scholar-gentry sinicization of (Makesi zhuyide (wenren) Zhongguohua), 164 Mang Ke, 246 socialism &, 156, 160, 162, 164–5, 168, 170 Manichaeism, 188 sociopolitical history, 22, 32, 34 Manifesto (1958), 142–3 masculinity. see gender Mao Dun, 224–5, 228 mass culture Mao Zedong art, 282 art, 283–6, 288 historiography, 16, 55, 62 cinema, 312 literature, 228 historiography, 57–8, 65 music & performing arts, 258–9 as ‘Kang Liang,’ 4 socialism, 157, 165 literature, 227, 231 sociopolitical history, 34, 37–8

390 Index

materialism, 56–7, 84, 142, 144–5, 147, 150, Ming Taizu, 3 168 minorities. see ethnicity May Fourth Movement (1919) minsheng. see people’s livelihood art, 282 missionaries culture, 3–5 Buddhist, 183, 196 gender, 70, 72–3, 75, 82 Christian, 23, 25, 142, 175, 188–95, 208, 340 historiography, 53–6, 59–60 Mo Yan, 250 literature, 232, 248 mobile phones. see cellular phones music & performing arts, 254, 256–7 mode of production, Asiatic, 57–9 socialism, 156, 160, 162 modern Chinese culture sociopolitical history, 31, 33 deﬁ nition, 1–19 sports & physical culture, 326, 350–1, diaspora cultures, 132 353–5 Modern Chinese Dictionary (1998), 204, 207 May Thirtieth Movement, 33, 163 Modern Chinese language, 206, 211 media Modern Standard Chinese (putonghua, guoyu, art, 280, 287 huayu), 125, 199–200, 204, 206–7, 210, diaspora cultures, 122, 124 212–14, 302–3 gender, 72–3, 77–80, 83–4, 86 Modern Written Chinese, 205, 211–12 historiography, 61 modernity language, 213 artistic modernism, 273–9, 281–3, 287, literature, 219, 223, 229, 231, 236–7, 240, 289–90, 293 248, 250 cinema, 298, 300, 301–3, 304–5, 309, 311–24 music & performing arts, 256, 264–6 deﬁ nition, 3–7, 12–13, 18 religious traditions, 179, 185, 193–5 diaspora cultures, 115–19, 121–5 sociopolitical history, 24, 27–8, 31, 43 gender, 68–9, 71, 76, 78–9, 84–7 sports & physical culture, 355 historiography, 46–50, 53, 56, 58 see also Internet; television literary modernism, 218, 220, 232, 235, medicine, Chinese, 55, 343 238–9, 243–4, 247, 250–1 Mei Guangdi, 240 music & performing arts, 262 Mei Lanfang, 257, 268, 300 New Confucianism, 141–3 Meiji Restoration (Japan), 5, 49, 205, 219 religious traditions, 193, 195 Mencius, 140, 151, 340 socialism, 160–1, 169 merchants. see commerce modernization Miao people, 98, 242 art, 276 Miao-Yao languages, 95, 201 cinema, 298–9, 309, 314 middle class. see bourgeoisie Confucianism, 135–41, 143–7, 150–3 migrant societies, 10, 16, 117–18, 123–4, 128–9 diaspora cultures, 118, 122, 124–5, 128 see also diaspora cultures gender, 83, 85 migration, internal, 41–2, 78, 80, 84, 96, historiography, 3, 5, 59, 61 101–2, 106 languages, 198–217 military literature, 219, 239, 242 foreign powers, 4, 23, 25–6, 135–6, 189, music & performing arts, 254, 264 191–2, 218–19, 298 religious traditions, 174, 195 historiography, 48, 60 socialism &, 158 literature, 222, 226, 228–30 sociopolitical history, 20–1, 23–4, 27–9, 43 music & performing arts, 258 sports & physical culture, 158, 340–1, 343, socialism &, 163–4 346, 355 sociopolitical history, 24, 29–30, 32–7, Moism, 12–13, 53 39–40 Mongolia, 21, 52, 64 sports & physical culture, 340–2, 345–6, Mongolian languages, 95, 109, 201 351, 355–6 Mongoloid peoples, 116 Taiwan, 176, 194–5, 293, 313 Mongols, 50–1, 92, 94, 97, 99, 101, 105–9, see also martial arts; Red Army 111, 174 Min dialect, 194, 198–9, 209, 213 monks & nuns, 180, 183–8 Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 21, 59, 120, 141–2, mono-culturalism, 91–4, 102, 106, 108 181, 202–3, 310 Moore, Henry, 290

Index 391

morality. see ethics Nationalist Party (Guomindang, GMD) Morrison, Robert, 191 architecture, 282 Mou Zongsan, 12, 141–3, 147–50 art, 288, 293 movies. see cinema cinema, 301–2, 305–6, 308, 312–13 Mozi, 12–13, 53 diaspora culture, 126 multi-culturalism, 91–5, 102, 106, 109–11, 153 early twentieth century, 30–7 Murphy, Henry K., 282 historiography, 6, 52, 56–7, 59 museums, 3, 61–2, 280, 356–7 languages, 207 music & performing arts, 13, 253–71 literature, 225 Chinese language, 203 religious traditions, 175–6, 185–6, 190, 194 Confucianism, 148 socialism &, 157, 162–6 diaspora cultures, 130, 132 sports, 347–8 gender, 72, 76, 78–9, 266–8 nationalization, 37, 306 historiography, 55 naturalism. see realism late Qing reform, 254–6 Neilson ratings (TV), 322, 326 literary drama, 218, 220, 224, 226–8 Neo-Confucians Maoist China (1949–76), 39, 258–61 modern (see New Confucianism) post-Maoist China, 43, 261–6 Song & Ming dynasty, 141–2 Republic (1912–1949), 256–8 Nestorian Christianity, 188 television, 328–9 Netherlands, 115–16, 190, 194 see also opera; television Netherlands East Indies. see Indonesia Muslims. see Islam Network News (Xinwen lianbo), 323–5 mythology, 21–2, 52, 75, 108, 135, 242, 345 New Confucianism (xin ruxue), 11–13, 17–18, 140, 141–53 Nahm-mouh lao, 182 anarchism, 161 Nanjing, 33, 240, 280, 282, 325–6 global discourses, 150–3 Nanjing Decade (1928–37), 20, 33, 40 Mou Zongsan, 147–50 ‘National Culture.’ see popular culture response to iconoclastic modernizers, National Day, 29 143–7 National Essence School, 11, 27, 346 Western modernity and, 141–3 national identity. see nationalism see also Confucianism national language. see Modern Standard New Culture Movement (xin wenhua yundong) Chinese art, 273, 282 National Language Movement, 205 Confucianism &, 12, 143 national minorities. see ethnicity languages, 211, 216 National People’s Congress, 260, 355 literature, 240, 242 National Salvation Movement, 166 music & performing arts, 256–7 nationalism physical culture, 346 art, 273, 276–7, 279–80, 283, 285, 288–9, socialism, 158, 162 293 sociopolitical history, 30–1, 40 Chinese language, 201 New Democracy, 165–9 cinema, 297–9, 304–5, 306–9, 310–16 The New Era, 158 culture &, 6, 16 New Literature (xin wenxue), 239–41 diaspora cultures, 122–3, 126, 129 New National Pronunciation (xin guoyin), ethnicity, 91–2, 94, 97, 101–1, 108–9, 112 206 (see also ethnic nationalism) New Policy (Qing), 25 gender, 79 New Wave. see cinema historiography, 47–56, 59–65 New World Society, 158 media, 332 New Youth (journal), 53, 256 music & performing arts, 255, 257, 259 New Zealand. see Australasia national identity, 5–6, 46–67 Newer New Humanity socialism &, 155, 162–4, 170 (xinxin renlei), 333 sociopolitical history, 20–1, 26, 28–35, news, 318–20, 323–6, 331–2, 335 42, 44 newspapers. see media sports & physical culture, 339–42, 346–7, NGOs, 43, 80 350, 353–4, 358 Ni Tuoshen, 192

392 Index

Ningxia, 199 Overmyer, Daniel L., chapter by, 17–18, Nobel Prize, 262 173–97 Non-Aligned Movement, 351 overseas Chinese. see diaspora cultures non-Chinese languages, 200–1, 210, 212, 214–15, 239, 298, 357 painting. see art see also English language Pan Jiajun, 283–4 North America Pan, Lynn, 63 art, 272, 283 Pang Laikwan, 299 cinema, 316 patriotism. see nationalism diaspora culture, 116–17, 122–4, 127–31 peasant culture socialism, 158 cinema, 306 sports, 347 Confucianism, 151 see also Canada; United States ethnicity, 92–3, 102–3 northern China, 100, 178, 180, 191–3, 198, gender, 76, 78 202–3, 206 literature, 222, 224, 226–9, 242 Northern Expedition, 32–3, 225 music & performing arts, 258–9, 264 novels. see literature rebellions, 22, 25, 54, 226 socialism, 15, 164–5 Oceania, 115, 123–4 sociopolitical history, 27, 33–8, 40–2 See also Australasia Pei, Y. M., 130 Oei Tiong Ham, 131 Peking. see Beijing ofﬁ cials. see bureaucracy Peking Opera (jingju), 230, 255, 260–1, 300 Old Chinese language, 202–3, 211–12 Peking University, 12, 30, 53, 241, 280 Old National Pronunciation (lao guoyin), 206 Pentecostalists, 192, 195 Old Summer Palace. see Yuanmingyuan People’s Daily (Renmin ribao), 323, 331 Olympic Charter, 348 People’s Liberation Army. see Red Army Olympic Committee of the People’s Republic People’s Literary Press, 259 of China, 353 people’s livelihood (minsheng), 32, 163 Olympics, 18, 339–60, 341, 350–1 People’s Republic of China (PRC) 2008 Games (Beijing), 1, 18, 346, 348, 355, art, 273, 275–6, 282–8, 292 356–8 Chineseness, 8 post-Maoist period, 339–40, 345–6, 353–6, cinema, 297, 299, 301–3, 306–9, 310, 312, 358 314 struggle for readmission to IOC, 352–3 Confucianism, 141, 146–7, 150, 153 see also International Olympics diaspora cultures &, 128 Committee ethnicity, 93–5, 103, 109 one-child policy, 41 gender, 74, 83 one China principle, 348, 352 historiography, 56–7, 63–5 opening up. see post-Maoist China languages, 206, 208, 212–13, 215 opera literature, 222, 229, 248 cinema, 300, 308 modernity, 4, 6 European, 260, 263, 266 Olympics, 339 gender, 69, 76–7 religious traditions, 175, 178, 180, 185, historiography, 55 187–9, 193 religious traditions, 177–8, 182–3, 196 socialism, 167, 169 revolutionary model, 230 sports, 347–53 sociopolitical history, 22, 253, 258, 268 TV, 319 see also Cantonese opera; Peking Opera underground literature, 245–7 (jingju) see also Maoist China (1949–76); post- opium, 189, 191 Maoist China (1978–) Opium Wars, 3–4, 22, 61–2, 174, 191 peranakan (Baba) culture, 119, 125, 131 Orientalism, 2, 10, 85, 142, 340–3 performing arts. see music & performing arts Osugi Sakae, 156 periodization. see historiography Outer Mongolia, 51 Philippines, 116, 119, 125, 130–1, 190 Ouyang Yuqian, 257, 267 philosophy Ovechkin, Valentin, 230 body culture, 343

Index 393

Confucianism, 135–6, 138–44, 147, 150, 153 Chineseness, 11 culture, 1–2, 11–12, 15 cinema, 301, 311–16 gender, 73 ethnicity, 93 historiography, 53 gender, 71, 77–9, 80, 83, 85 literature, 218–19 government, 1–2 socialism, 159, 164 historiography, 58–65 sociopolitical history, 22, 27, 31 literature, 237, 244–52 physical culture, 18, 339–60 media, 318–38 Chinese vs Western body culture, 343–5 modernity, 5 sociopolitical history, 29 music & performing arts, 254, 261–6, 269 see also martial arts Olympics, 353–6 pilgrimages religious traditions, 193 Buddhist, 183, 186 socialism, 157, 166, 169 Muslim, 173 sociopolitical history, 20–1, 37–44 ping-pong diplomacy, 350–2 sports & physical culture, 344–6, 352, pinyin (hanyu pinyin), 15, 209–11, 213 353–8 Pizi Cai. see Bum Cai Postal system, 209 plays. see music & performing arts postmodernism, 13, 275 poetry. see literature postsocialist society, 169 politics poverty, 20, 43, 103, 120, 221 art, 273, 277, 282–9, 291, 293 power Chinese language, 201–2, 205, 208, 213 culture &, 16 cinema, 302, 306, 310, 312 diaspora cultures, 117 Confucianism, 135, 138–40, 147–52 gender, 75, 261 culture &, 15–16 literature, 219–20, 231, 235 diaspora cultures, 9, 117–21, 123–30 socialism &, 155, 168, 170 early twentieth century, 24–30, 32 Presbyterian Church, 176, 191–2, 194–5 ethnicity, 94–7, 98–101, 102–3, 110, 112 print culture. see media gender, 71, 73–7, 82–3, 85–7 privatization, 42 historiography, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58–9, progress 63–4 cinema, 299, 314 history, 4, 6–7, 13, 20–45, 68 Confucianism, 135, 138 literature, 218–22, 225, 227–32, 235–6, 238, diaspora cultures, 117 245, 247, 250–1 ethnicity &, 100, 103 media, 318–19, 322, 325, 327, 330–2, 335–6 gender &, 87 music & performing arts, 253–5, 261, 265 historiography, 47–8, 50, 55–7 religion &, 18, 187, 193–5 language &, 212 socialism &, 156–7, 160–1, 164–5, 167–9 sociopolitical history, 21, 26 sports & physical culture, 341, 345, 347–53 proletarian literature, 225–6 see also international politics; proletariat. see workers sociopolitical structures; state Protestant Christianity, 173, 175–6, 189, 191–5 pollution. see environment publishing. see media popular culture (‘National Culture’) Pure Land School, 183, 186 art, 293 Chineseness, 11 Qi Rushan, 257 diaspora cultures, 119 Qian Gang, 231 literature, 218, 220, 254, 309 Qian Mu, 141 Maoist, 15, 54–6 Qian Xuantong, 257 media, 328–30, 333, 335 Qiangguo luntan. see Strong Power Forum music & performing arts, 254, 259, 335 Qianlong era (1796), 49 pornography, 43, 80, 266 qigong (energy cultivation), 1, 78, 179, 344–5 Portuguese, 188, 349 Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), 7, 49, 56, 199, 203 post-Chinese culture, 13–14 Qin Zhaoyang, 231 post-Maoist China (1978–) Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911) art, 273, 275, 284, 288–95 art, 282, 288, 290 Chinese language & culture, 1–2 cinema, 298, 299–301, 310

394 Index

Confucianism, 135, 135–41, 136, 139 see also Buddhism; Christianity; Daoism; diaspora culture, 120, 125 festivals; monks & nuns; pilgrimages; ethnicity, 94–5 temples historiography, 4–5, 46, 48, 50–1, 53, 57–8, Ren Bonian, 282 60, 62 Renan, Ernest, 55 languages, 203 Renmin ribao. see People’s Daily late reformers, 4–5 reportage literature (baogao wenxue), 226, literature, 218–19, 236–8 229–32 music & performing arts, 254–6, 255 Republic (1912–1949) physical culture, 342 art, 273–5, 276–82, 283, 285, 287–8 reformists, 4–5, 23–6, 50, 60, 135–40, 158, cinema, 298, 300, 301–6 174–5, 185, 254–6, 341–3 Confucianism, 139 religious traditions, 174–5, 181, 185–6, 189 ethnicity, 94 socialism, 156–8 gender, 70 sociopolitical history, 20, 21–4, 25–30, 33, historiography, 50, 50–5, 64 38, 43 languages, 209 sports, 340, 346 literature, 220, 237, 241–5, 249 TV depictions, 327 modernity, 3, 6 Qinghai, 101, 214 music & performing arts, 256–8, 268 Qinghua University, 143 Olympics, 339 Qu Yuan, 242 religious traditions, 174–5, 178, 185–6 Quanzhen Complete Perfection School, socialism, 156, 158 180–3 sociopolitical history, 26–7, 30–7 quoyu. see Modern Standard Chinese TV, 319 Republic of China. see Taiwan race. see ethnicity Republic of Five Nationalities, 51–2, 63 Rack, Mary, 98 restaurants. see food re-education, 38, 231 Revolution of 1911, 20, 23, 26–7, 29–30, 32, 51, realism 57, 60, 159 art, 276–7, 283, 285, 290 Revolutionary Alliance (tongmeng hui), 175 cinema, 299, 303, 305–9, 312–13 revolutionary tradition literature, 218–20, 223–5, 236, 248 art, 273, 276, 285–6, 288 performing arts, 257, 259 cinema, 306–7 Reclus, Elisee, 158 diaspora cultures, 117 rectiﬁ cation campaign (1942), 36–7, 75 gender, 69, 74, 82–5 Red Army (later, People’s Liberation Army), historiography, 4, 46, 54–5, 57–61 34, 163, 166, 308, 312 literature, 14, 26, 54, 218–34, 235–42, 250, Red Guards, 39, 43, 61, 76–7, 85 252 Reform Era. see post-Maoist China Marxism, 161–7 reformists. see Qing (Manchu) dynasty media, 327–8, 333 Religious Affairs Bureau, 175, 189 music & performing arts, 254, 258, 260–1, religious traditions, 17–18, 173–97 265 art &, 280, 284 socialism, 155–66, 168–9 Confucianism &, 139, 145, 149, 173 sociopolitical history, 20, 26–7, 35–7, culture &, 15 39–40 diaspora cultures, 117, 119, 121, 125 sports & physical culture, 341, 356 ethnicity &, 103–5 see also Communist Revolution (1949); historical background, 52, 174–6 Revolution of 1911; social change indigenous popular sects, 173, 176, 178–9, Ricci, Matteo, 188 180, 184–6, 189, 192, 249 rock music (yaogun yinyue), 264–5, 269 local community traditions, 17, 55, 60, 173, Roman Catholic Christianity, 62, 116, 139, 175, 176–8 173, 175, 188–91, 193, 208, 216 media, 332 romanization, 15, 194, 208–10 music & performing arts, 254, 264 romanticism sociopolitical history, 22, 38, 43 cinema, 306 sports & physical culture, 342, 345 gender, 77–8, 84

Index 395

literature, 218, 238, 241, 244–5 literature, 239, 244, 250–1 media, 327, 333–4 media, 333, 335 sociopolitical history, 31 music & performing arts, 266–7 roots seeking literature (xungen pai), 243, Shaanxi, 174, 199, 258, 286 247–50 see also Yan’an Ruan Lingyu, 298, 304–6 Shandong, 31, 61–2, 173, 180, 192, 199 rural areas Shanghai art, 283 art, 275, 279–80, 287, 293 cinema, 307, 312 art & architecture, 281–2 ethnicity, 93, 109 cinema, 299–300, 302–3, 305, 310 historiography, 59 diaspora culture &, 118 language, 213, 215 ethnicity, 96 literature, 226–30, 242–3, 249 foreign concessions, 9, 23 music & performing arts, 253–4, 264, 269 gender, 68–9 religious traditions, 175–6 historiography, 60, 65 socialism, 156, 163, 166–7, 169 housing developments, 8–9 sociopolitical history, 21, 33–42 Internet, 333 Russia, 51–2, 94, 161, 255, 267 Labour University, 162 See also Soviet Union languages, 199, 214 Russian language, 201 literature, 225, 237–9, 244–5, 250 music & performing arts, 255–6, 265 Saich, Tony, 57–8 religious traditions, 180, 192 Sanger, Margaret, 73 socialism, 156, 162–3 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), sociopolitical history, 28, 31–3, 352 332 TV, 319, 321, 329 scholar-gentry (wenren) see also International Settlement, Shanghai art, 285 Shanghai Incident (1932), 226 Confucianism, 140 Shanxi, 96, 199 culture, 16–17 Shaoxing Opera (yueju), 268 diaspora cultures, 121, 124–5 Shen Congwen, 242–3, 246, 249 historiography, 46, 48, 53–4 Shengyan, 187 literature, 219, 235, 237 Shenzhen, 78, 355 media portrayal, 327 Sherpa people, 99 physical culture, 327 Shi Chongming, 287 sociopolitical history, 20–5, 27, 29, 33, 36–7 Shi Lu, 285–6 science & technology Shi Zhecun (Shi Zhicun), 243–4, 246 cinema, 299–301, 307, 330 Shifu. see Liu Sifu Confucianism, 135, 142–5, 148–50, 152 Shifu’ism, 158 diaspora cultures, 117, 120–1, 125, 129 Shih, Chi-Yu, 98 ethnicity &, 103 Shu Qingchun. see Lao She historiography, 55, 58–9 Shu Ting, 246 literature &, 219 Shun (sage-king), 47, 138 media, 322, 328, 330, 333, 335, 353 Sichuan, 101, 199, 201, 214, 263, 267, 290, 302 modernity, 5 silk route, 7 religious traditions, 188 Sima Qian, 47 socialism, 161, 167, 169 Singapore, 63, 117, 119, 125, 127, 130, 132, 152, sociopolitical history, 30 200, 208 secret societies, 27 single-child policy. see one-child policy self-criticism, 37–8, 41, 74 Sino-Tibetan languages, 95, 201 self-strengthening movement (1860s), 60, Sinocentrism, 6–7, 123 135–6 sinology, 142, 340–1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Sixth Generation, 13, 315 332 social change, 4, 20–45 sexual relations, 11, 16, 73, 76–7, 80–2, 86 art, 273 cinema, 304–5 literature, 219–20, 222, 236, 239, 247, 250 ethnicity, 100 media, 318

396 Index

music & performing arts, 253, 256 cinema, 306–7 sociopolitical history, 27 diaspora culture &, 126, 129 Social Darwinism, 5, 26, 30, 47, 51, 341–2, 354 ethnicity, 94 social realism. see realism historiography, 56–7 social revolution. see social change literature, 225, 230 socialism music & performing arts, 13, 253, 300 art, 283, 285, 287–8 socialism, 156, 161–8 cinema, 299, 305–8, 312 sociopolitical history, 32, 35, 39 Confucianism &, 146 sports, 348, 354 diaspora cultures, 123, 127 Spanish, 9, 116, 190 gender, 71, 73–7, 83–5 Spencer, Herbert, 342 historiography, 56–8, 62 spirituality, 7, 13, 143, 145–6, 148–50, 219, 280, language, 212 340, 355 literature, 222, 228, 229–32, 236, 248 sports, 18, 339–60 Marxism in Chinese revolution, 161–7 Cold War, 347–50 music & performing arts, 258–9, 263 media, 326, 350–1, 353–5 origins in China, 157–61 Orientalism, 340–3 sociopolitical history, 6, 11, 27, 32, 40, see also martial arts 155–72 Sports Law (1955), 356 sports, 347–8 Spring Willow (Chunliu) Society, 255 state, 167–9 Standard Chinese. see Modern Standard Socialist Party. see Chinese Socialist Party Chinese socialist realism. see realism Standard Modern Written Chinese, 216 socialist revolution. see Communist state Revolution (1949); revolutionary art, 283, 287, 295 tradition Chinese culture, 8 Society for the Study of Socialism, 158 Chinese language, 201, 207–10, 212–14 sociopolitical structures cinema, 297–9, 301–3, 306–10, 312–15 art, 273 Confucianism, 135–40, 151 Confucianism, 144 diaspora cultures, 127 early twentieth century, 24–30 ethnicity &, 91–7, 98–101, 102, 104–8, 111–12 gender, 69 gender &, 75, 84, 87 Maoist China, 37–44 historiography, 46, 49, 51, 56, 58, 60, 64 post-Maoist China, 37–44 literature, 229, 231, 237, 248, 250–2 Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911), 21–4 media, 318–21, 323–5, 331, 335–6 Sohu Blog, 334 music & performing arts, 265, 269 soldiers. see military religious traditions, 174–5, 177–9, 181, Song dynasty (960–1276), 120, 141–2, 180, 183, 184–5, 188–91, 193–5 203, 254–5, 293, 341 socialism, 156–8, 161, 167–9, 170 Soto sect, 186 sociopolitical history, 20–45 South America. see Latin America sports & physical culture, 340, 347, 355–6 Southeast Asia, 115–16, 120, 122–5, 130–1, 178, see also governance 183, 186 Strong Power Forum (Qiangguo luntan), 331 southeast China, 104, 199 students southern China art, 284 art, 274 Confucianism, 136 cinema, 316 diaspora cultures, 124 dialects, 198, 203, 205, 210 ethnicity, 105 diaspora cultures, 118, 121 foreign, 1, 265 ethnicity, 99–100 historiography, 58–9 music & performing arts, 264 literature, 240 socialism, 158, 163 media, 331 Southern Min dialect, 194 socialism, 157–8, 163 southwest China, 98 sociopolitical history, 27–8, 30–2, 35–6, Soviet Union 43, 68 art, 13, 284 sports & physical culture, 357

Index 397

Su Tong, 247 Talimankan Desert, 102 Su Xiaokang, 59, 231 Tan, Amy, 132 subaltern culture, 16, 20 Tan Cheng Lock, 131 Sukarno, President, 351 Tan Dun, 129–30, 266 Sun Chuanfang, 279 Tan Shen, 80 Sun Society (Taiyang she), 225 Tan Sitong, 18 Sun Yat-sen Tan, Sor-Hoon, chapter by, 11, 135–54 art, 276–7 Tang dynasty (618–907), 2, 52, 183, 188, 203, ethnicity, 94 341 historiography, 47, 51, 53 Tang Junyi, 12, 141–3 socialism, 158, 162–3, 165 Tang Lian, 246 sociopolitical history, 22, 27, 31–3 Tantric tradition, 185 Sun Yusheng, 325 Taoism. see Daoism Sun Zhigang, 332 technology. see science & technology superstition, 50, 175–6, 301, 303, 307 television surrealism, 248, 281 culture &, 16 drama & entertainment, 60, 326–30 table tennis, 350–2 history & structures, 7, 58–9, 264–6, 313, Tahiti, 115 319–23, 335–6 Tai Chi, 290 language, 213 Tainan, 194 news programmes, 323–6 Taipei. see Taiwan ratings, 322, 326–9 Taiping Rebellion, 22, 54, 57, 174, 181, 183, sports, 326, 350–1, 353–5 189, 192 temples, 43, 55, 60, 173–8, 180–7, 189, 192 Taiwan Teo, Stephen, 310 art, 275, 283, 288–90, 293 terrorism, 94 Buddhism, 186–7 Thailand, 119, 123, 125, 130–1, 188 Chineseness, 8–9, 11 Thatcher, Margaret, 310 cinema, 297–300, 306, 308–9, 311–14, 315 theatre. see music & performing arts Confucianism, 150, 152 Third Force, 166 Daoism, 181–3 Three People’s Principles, 32, 34, 163, 165 diaspora cultures &, 124, 128–30, 132 Three Selfs policy, 193 Ererba, 2/28 (28 February 1947 incident), Tian Han, 227, 257 194, 313 Tian Zhuangzhuang, 312 ethnicity, 97, 100, 104, 108, 118, 176, 190, 194 Tiananmen Square, 287–8 gender, 86 Tiananmen Square demonstrations (1989) historiography, 51, 63–5 art, 275, 291 Internet, 331, 333 cinema, 312–13 Japanese occupation (1895–1945), 176, 308 ethnicity, 93, 312–13, 315 languages, 199–201, 208–9, 215, 298, 300, Internet, 332 308 music & performing arts, 265 literature, 245 socialism, 156, 169 martial law, 176, 194–5, 293, 313 sociopolitical history, 42–3, 58–9 modernity, 7 Tianjin, 28, 319, 347 Protestant Christianity, 194–5 Tianyu Community, 332 religious traditions, 173, 176, 178–9, 188 Tibet Roman Catholic Christianity, 190–1 cinema, 308 socialism, 156 ethnicity, 97, 100–1 sociopolitical history, 24, 43 historiography, 52, 64 sports, 347–53 Internet, 332 White Terror, 313 languages, 201, 214 Taiwan Straits tension, 332 literature, 248 Taixu, 186 religious traditions, 185 Taiyang she. see Sun Society sociopolitical history, 21 Taizhou school, 144 TV, 320 Tajik language, 201 Tibetan Buddhism, 185, 187

398 Index

Tibetan-Burman languages, 98, 201, 214 cinema, 299–300, 306, 316 Tibetan language, 95, 201 diaspora cultures, 117, 125 Tibetans, 26, 51, 94, 97, 101, 107–8, 111, 174, ethnicity, 92–3, 97, 101–7, 109–12 185, 308 gender, 69, 77–9, 84–6 To, Johnnie, 311 historiography, 58–9 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 93 language, 213 Tolstoy, Leo, 158 literature, 225–8, 238–9, 243–5 tongmeng hui. see Revolutionary Alliance media, 7, 318, 328, 330, 332–5 trade music & performing arts, 253–4, 264, 269 art, 274–5 religious traditions, 175 diaspora cultures, 116, 118, 120–1, 124 socialism, 156, 163, 166–7, 169 ethnicity, 102–3 sociopolitical history, 21, 23, 28–9, 31, media, 328 33–41 religious traditions, 173, 178, 189, 191, 196 utopian socialism, 155–6, 168–9 sociopolitical history, 4, 7, 20, 27, 41–2 see also anarchism transnationalization. see globalization Uyghur language, 95, 201 travel, 2, 78, 191, 274, 280, 282, 284–5 Uyghurs, 26, 94, 97, 102–3, 102–6, 105, 107, see also diaspora cultures; migration, 111, 174, 308 internal treaty ports. see concessions, foreign Va language, 201 Trudeau, Pierre, 352 Van Gogh, Vincent, 293–4 True Jesus Church, 192 Van Lau. see Wen Lou Tsai Ming-liang, 315 Vatican, 189–91 Tu Wei-ming, 12, 63, 129, 141, 150–3 vernacular language (baihuawen), 30–1, 53–4, Tujia language, 214–15 203, 205–7, 211–12, 216, 218–19, 237–41, Tujia people, 98–9, 215 251 Tung, Shou-yi. see Dong Shouyi Vietnam, 119, 156 Turkic-Altaic languages, 95 Vietnamese language, 95 Turkic languages, 201 visual arts. see art Turkic peoples, 103–4, 111 Volleyball World Cup, 353–4

underground literature (PRC), 245–7 Wade-Giles system, 209–10 united front Wan Jiabao. see Cao Yu ﬁ rst, 32 Wan-Li-Ma-Wang (rock band), 264 second (anti-Japanese war), 35, 56, 165 Wang Bin, 307 United Nations, 80, 210, 351 Wang, C. T. (Wang Zhengting), 339 United States Wang, David Der-wei, 236 architecture, 8–9, 282 Wang Gen, 144 art, 289–90, 292, 348 Wang Guangyi, 291–2 Chineseness, 12 Wang Gungwu, chapter by, 9, 115–34 cinema, 307 Wang Guowei, 254 Confucianism, 136, 141, 148, 150, 152 Wang Wuxie (Wucius Wong), 289–90, 293 ethnicity, 92, 100 Wang Xiaobo, 82 gender, 80 Wang Xiaonong, 255 historiography, 55, 63 Wang Xiaoshuai, 315 Internet, 330–3, 336 Wang Yangming, 144, 151 literature, 53, 225, 240, 245 Wang Zhe, 180 music & performing arts, 256, 259, 266, Wang Zhengting (C. T. Wang), 339 300 warlords, 6, 28–33, 35, 41, 185, 279, 301 religious traditions, 179, 191, 195 Way of Pervading Unity (Yiguan dao), 176 socialism, 156, 158, 162, 167, 170 Wei Hui, 250–1, 333 sports, 340, 345, 348–9, 351–2 Wei Minglun, 263, 267–8 TV, 322–3, 327, 329 Wen, King, 138 see also Hollywood cinema; North America Wen Lou (Van Lau), 290 urban areas Wen Yiduo, 240 art, 275, 282, 292–3 wenhua. see culture

Index 399

wenren. see scholar-gentry (wenren) socialism, 163, 165 Wenxue yanjiu hui. see Literary Association sociopolitical history, 27–34, 37–43 wenyanwen. see classical Chinese language World Trade Organization, 269 Western culture World Wars, 15, 31, 123, 126–7, 143, 167, 176, art, 272–3, 275–7, 279–85, 290, 292–3 289, 305, 350 cinema, 299, 303 see also Japanese occupation (1937–45) Confucianism &, 135–7, 140–6, 149–52 World Wide Web. see Internet diaspora culture &, 116–17, 122, 124, 126, writing systems 128, 130–1 non-Chinese languages, 201, 210, 214 ethnicity, 103, 108, 110, 112 see also Chinese script gender, 69, 72–3, 79, 81, 83, 85–7 Wu Changshuo, 282 historiography, 59–60 Wu dialect, 198, 213–14 interaction with, 3, 5–6, 9, 13, 15, 18 Wu Jianren (Wu Woyao), 237–8 Internet, 333, 336 Wu Mi, 240 languages, 208, 211, 216 Wu Woyao. see Wu Jianren literature, 219, 230, 238–40, 243, 246 Wu Zetian (emperor), 267 music & performing arts, 253, 255–8, Wu Ziniu, 312 260–6, 268 Wu Zuxiang, 227 physical culture, 340–2, 343–5, 346–8 Wuhan, 28, 227 religious traditions, 175, 192 wushu. see martial arts socialism, 170 sociopolitical history, 22, 28, 30 Xi Chuan, 247 sports, 349–51, 355–6, 358 Xia Yan, 226 thinking on China, 2 Xia Zengyou, 219 TV & Internet, 318 Xiamen dialect, 209 Western imperialism. see foreign powers Xiang dialect, 198 Westernization, 6, 22, 143, 146, 148–9, 152, Xiang Ding, 79 239–40, 356, 358 Xiao Chu’nü, 73 White Cloud Temple (Baiyunguan), Beijing, Xiao Zhiwei, 302 180 Xibe language, 201 women xin wenhua yundong. see New Culture cinema, 304–5, 307 Movement ethnicity, 95 xin wenxue. see New Literature historiography, 55, 60 Xingyun, 186 literature, 235, 245 Xinjiang, 64, 96–7, 101, 102–6, 107, 111, 174, media, 327, 329 201, 214, 320 music & performing arts, 259, 261, 265–8 See also Central Asia religious traditions, 191 Xinlang Blog, 334 socialism, 157, 159 Xinwen lianbo. see Network News sociopolitical history, 28–30, 42–3 xinxin renlei. see Newer New Humanity sports & physical culture, 341–3, 347, 353–5 Xiong Shili, 11, 141 see also gender Xu Beihong, 276–7, 279–80, 283 women’s movement, 29, 70–7, 80–3, 85, 159, Xu Bing, 291–3 239, 266–7 Xu Fuguan, 12, 141–2 Wong, Wucius. see Wang Wuxie Xu Zhenya, 239 Wong Kar-wai, 311 Xu Zhimo, 241 Woo, John, 297, 310–11 Xueheng. see Critical Review work camps, 38 Xunzi, 12, 151 work ethic, 17, 120, 151, 308 work units (danwei), 38–9 Yamazaki Ansai, 151 workers Yan Fu, 5, 219 diaspora cultures, 124 Yan Haiping, 262 gender, 76, 83 Yan’an, 35, 74–6 proletarian literature, 221–2, 224, 225–6, Yan’an period, 57, 166, 222, 227–9, 258 227–30 Yang Chen Ning, 129 proletarian performing arts, 258 Yang, Edward, 297, 313

400 Index

Yang Liwei, 328 Zen Ze-kiun Joseph, 190 Yang, Rae, 76, 85 Zeng Guofan, 60, 135, 141 Yangtze River, 7, 33, 35, 198 Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang), 244–5, Yao (sage-king), 47, 138 246 Ye Shengtao, 224–5 Zhang Binglin, 11, 27, 51, 53 Yeh, Emilie Yueh-yu, 313 Zhang Dainian, 152 Yellow Emperor, 51, 63 Zhang Daq, 282 Yellow River, 7, 59, 198 Zhang Daqian, 283 Yellow River Piano Concerto, 260 Zhang Hongtu, 292–4 Yi Feng (art magazine), 281 Zhang Junmai (Carson Chang), 12, Yi people, 107 141–3 Yi T’oegye, 151 Zhang lineage, 181 Yi Zhongtian, 82 Zhang Shichuan, 300 Yinguang, 186 Zhang Tianshi, 181 YMCA, 339–40, 347 Zhang Yimou, 297, 312, 358 youth culture Zhang Yuan, 315 cinema, 306 Zhang Zhen, 299, 301 Cultural Revolution (1960s–70s), 96 Zhang Zhidong, 136–7, 141 historiography, 61 Zhao An, 328 language, 214 Zhao Shiyu, 60 literature, 229, 239, 246, 249 Zhao Shuli, 227–9 media, 7, 318, 327–31, 332–5, 336 Zhao Wuji (Zao Wou-ki), 283 music & performing arts, 265, 269 Zhejiang, 199, 214, 268 socialism, 159 Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), 190 sociopolitical history, 28–9 Zheng He, 120 see also students Zhengyan, 187 Yu Dan, 13 Zhengyi (Correct and Uniﬁ ed) Order, Yu Guozhen, 192 181–2 Yu Hua, 247, 250 Zhongguo shehui zhuyi dang. see Chinese Yu Jian, 251 Socialist Party Yu Long, 266 Zhongsan suit, 69 Yu Ying-shih, 129, 141 Zhongyang renmin guangbo diantai. see Central Yuan dynasty (1276–1368), 120, 203, 254–5 People’s Radio Station Yuan Shikai, 30, 60, 259 Zhou Bichang, 329 Yuan Weishi, 61 Zhou Enlai, 147, 268, 347 Yuanmingyuan (Old Summer Palace, Zhou Shuren. see Lu Xun Beijing), 3, 62 Zhou Zuoren, 241–2, 244, 246 Yue. see Cantonese dialect Zhu Ming (Ju Ming), 290 yueju. see Shaoxing Opera Zhu Rongji, 325 Yunan, 199 Zhu Shilin, 309–10 Yunnan, 98, 101, 201 Zhu Xi, 141, 148, 151 Zhuang people, 98 Zao Wou-ki. see Zhao Wuji Zou Rong, 51 Zarrow, Peter, chapter by, 4, 20–45 Zuo Zongtang, 135