DOCSLIB.ORG

Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women. No significant gender difference is shown in outside employment, where men mostly deal with construction, and women mostly with catering and other services. 4. Women’s development: Due to rapid socioeconomic development, women’s status is improving gradually, and they play an increasingly role in politics, education, employment, health, medical care and economic development. C. Resettlement impacts Resettlement impacts are minimized through project design optimization, so that the Project involves temporary land occupation only. Currently, the size and location of temporary land occupation are unknown yet. After the identification of the affected population, they will have priority in temporary employment and skills training according to the EMDP. D. Impacts and benefits for ethnic minorities 5. Project impacts: In addition to temporary land occupation, the Project may also pose some adverse impacts local residents temporarily, and affect their living environment to some extent, including traffic inconvenience, noise and dust, vegetation destruction, surface water pollution, and damages to farmland irrigation facilities during construction. Such impacts can be eliminated or mitigated through appropriate measures. 6. The Project involves cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province, and will benefit all population along the national and provincial highways, including minority population. The EMDP aims to eliminate or mitigate potential negative impacts on the minority population in the project area, and ensure that they benefit from the Project. The Project will help improve traffic and transport conditions, stimulate industrial and economic development, and generate numerous job opportunities directly or indirectly. Minority population will benefit directly from the economic improvement arising from the Project, the measures in the EMDP, and preferential policies and development programs offered by local governments for minority population. These measures and policies will benefit minority households in economic and social development. i EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project 7. The survey shows that minority residents support the Project actively, because they have realized its crucial role in improving their livelihoods and traffic conditions. The Project will improve national and provincial highways in Yunnan Province, promote the development of local tourism, industry and agriculture, facilitate the circulation of commodities and farm products, increase purchase prices of farm products, create a smooth flow of information, increase job opportunities, and improve social services, thereby benefiting most minority residents. E. Attitudes and expectations 8. It is learned from FGDs, interviews and social assessment that local minority organizations and residents support the Project in general, and have proposed expectations for the Project, such as utilizing local building materials and means of transport where possible, minimizing negative production and livelihood impacts on nearby minority residents, absorbing local labor especially minority labor, protecting the safety of humans and livestock, and protecting the environment. F. Measures 9. In order to eliminate or mitigate the Project’s negative social and impacts on local minority residents, and enable them to benefit from the Project, mitigation and benefit enhancing measures have been proposed for them. G. Implementation M&E 13. Implementation Monitoring: The PMO, local governments and departments concerned should monitor EMDP implementation regularly. New findings and suggestions should be included in monitoring reports for submission to the Bank. The external M&E agency will conduct follow-up monitoring on EMDP implementation, and give advice accordingly. The external M&E agency should sample affected households, especially minority households, for survey and interview semi-annually. 14. Implementation Evaluation: As required by the Bank, the implementation process and outcome of the EMDP should be evaluated to ensure that it is implemented as planned. Before project implementation, the PMO will appoint an external M&E agency to develop an M&E plan. ii EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Summary of Project Impacts, Measures and Investment No. Impact/benefit Measure IA Budget Funding source Timeframe Temporary land occupation during Optimizing the design, Owner, design agency, RESETTLEMENT 1 project construction, affecting local protecting rights and interests of 500,000 2014 consulting agency FRAMEWORK residents potential APs Generating noise and dust during Mitigating or eliminating Investment / 2 project construction, affecting some Contractor, local government 2 million 2015-2019 construction impacts construction contract irrigation facilities Damaging grassland and affecting Investment / 3 Environmental protection Contractor, local government 6 million 2015-2019 the environment during construction construction contract Disseminating diseases and giving Protecting public and human Investment / 4 rise to epidemics with the entry of Contractor, local government 1200,000 2015-2019 health construction contract construction staff and dependents Possibly infringing on women’s rights Encouraging women to Owner, contractor, 5 Contractor, local government 100,000 2015-2019 and interests participate in decision-making women’s federation Reducing poor population by 7 Promoting tourism development Local government 5 million Local government 2015-2019 promoting tourism development Inconvenient communication due to 8 Appointing minority officials Contractor 200,000 Contractor 2015-2019 language differences Increasing local finance and local Utilizing local building materials 9 Contractor, local government 30 million Contractor 2015-2019 residents’ income and transport resources 10 Improving local residents’ labor skills Absorbing local labor Contractor, local government 5 million Contractor 2015-2019 Generating job opportunities to Operators, 11 Offering catering services Local government, individuals / 2015-2019 increase income individuals Promoting the employment of Increasing jobs for minority Local government, highway 12 / Individuals 2015-2019 minority residents residents bureau Promoting the development of local 13 Promoting logistics development Local government 10 million Local government 2015-2017 logistics Improving local residents’ labor skills Skills training for population RESETTLEMENT 14 affected by temporary land Local government 400,000 2015-2019 FRAMEWORK occupation Total 60.4 million iii EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Contents 1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Project ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Components .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Integrated Highway Assets Management System............................................... 2 1.2.2 Improving Trunk Highway Maintenance and Emergency Response Systems 2 1.2.3 Institutional Capacity Building............................................................................. 2 1.3 Overview of Resettlement Impacts ........................................................................ 3 1.4 Overview of the EMDP .......................................................................................... 3 2 Natural Overview and Socioeconomic Profile of the Project Area ........................... 5 2.1 Natural Overview ................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 41
    Mon-Khmer Studies VOLUME 42 The journal of Austroasiatic languages and cultures Established 1964 Copyright for these papers vested in the authors Released under Creative Commons Attribution License Volume 42 Editors: Paul Sidwell Brian Migliazza ISSN: 0147-5207 Website: http://mksjournal.org Published in 2013 by: Mahidol University (Thailand) SIL International (USA) Contents Papers (Peer reviewed) K. S. NAGARAJA, Paul SIDWELL, Simon GREENHILL A Lexicostatistical Study of the Khasian Languages: Khasi, Pnar, Lyngngam, and War 1-11 Michelle MILLER A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography 12-25 Elizabeth HALL A phonological description of Muak Sa-aak 26-39 YANIN Sawanakunanon Segment timing in certain Austroasiatic languages: implications for typological classification 40-53 Narinthorn Sombatnan BEHR A comparison between the vowel systems and the acoustic characteristics of vowels in Thai Mon and BurmeseMon: a tendency towards different language types 54-80 P. K. CHOUDHARY Tense, Aspect and Modals in Ho 81-88 NGUYỄN Anh-Thư T. and John C. L. INGRAM Perception of prominence patterns in Vietnamese disyllabic words 89-101 Peter NORQUEST A revised inventory of Proto Austronesian consonants: Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic Evidence 102-126 Charles Thomas TEBOW II and Sigrid LEW A phonological description of Western Bru, Sakon Nakhorn variety, Thailand 127-139 Notes, Reviews, Data-Papers Jonathan SCHMUTZ The Ta’oi Language and People i-xiii Darren C. GORDON A selective Palaungic linguistic bibliography xiv-xxxiii Nathaniel CHEESEMAN, Jennifer
    [Show full text]
  • Next-Generation Sequencing Improves Thalassemia Carrier Screening Among Premarital Adults in a High Prevalence Population: the Dai Nationality, China
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE © American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Next-generation sequencing improves thalassemia carrier screening among premarital adults in a high prevalence population: the Dai nationality, China Jing He, MS1,2, Wenhui Song, PhD3, Jinlong Yang, BS3,5, Sen Lu, PhD4, Yuan Yuan, MS4, Junfu Guo, MS4, Jie Zhang, PhD2, Kai Ye, BS4, Fan Yang, BS4, Fangfang Long, MS3, Zhiyu Peng, PhD4, Haijing Yu, PhD5, Le Cheng, PhD3,6 and Baosheng Zhu, MS1,2 Purpose: Thalassemia is one of the most common monogenic dis- ite α- and β-thalassemia carriers were missed by traditional screens. eases in southwestern China, especially among the Dai ethnic group. The proportion of such α- and β-thalassemia carriers among the Dai Here, we explore the feasibility of a next-generation sequencing people is 8.6% (82/951). For β-thalassemia carriers, the high ratio (NGS) screening method specifically for the Dai people. (66/99) of CD26 mutations may suggest a correlation between CD26 Methods: Blood samples were obtained from Dai people for premar- and the environmental adaption of the Dai people. ital screening. Double-blind, parallel hemoglobinopathy screening Conclusions: Methodological comparisons demonstrate the superi- was conducted using both traditional hematological methods (red ority of NGS for both sensitivity and specificity, provide a compre- cell indexes and hemoglobin electrophoresis, then DNA sequencing) hensive assessment of thalassemia screening strategies, and indicate and an NGS approach. that NGS is a competitive screening method, especially among popu- Results: Among 951 tested individuals, we found a thalassemia car- lations with a high prevalence of disease. rier rate of 49.5% (471/951) using the NGS screen, in contrast to Genet Med advance online publication 26 January 2017 22.0% (209/951) found using traditional methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Butte County MHMP Were Asked to Provide Ratings of the Likelihood That an Event Would Occur in the Future
    BUTTE COUNTY MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL ALL HAZARD PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN MARCH 2007 Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) County of Butte i Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) City of Biggs ii Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 iii Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) City of Chico iv Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 v Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) City of Gridley v Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) City of Oroville vi Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 vii Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) Town of Paradise viii Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Table of Contents 1. Purpose / Vision / Values .............................................................................................1 2. The Planning Process....................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section K
    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K.
    [Show full text]
  • Download 375.48 KB
    ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK TAR:PRC 31175 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (Financed by the Cooperation Fund in Support of the Formulation and Implementation of National Poverty Reduction Strategies) TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR PARTICIPATORY POVERTY REDUCTION PLANNING FOR SMALL MINORITIES August 2003 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 31 July 2003) Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) Y1.00 = $0.1208 $1.00 = Y8.2773 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank FCPMC – Foreign Capital Project Management Center LGOP – State Council Leading Group on Poverty Alleviation and Development NGO – nongovernment organization PRC – People's Republic of China RETA – regional technical assistance SEAC – State Ethnic Affairs Commission TA – technical assistance UNDP – United Nations Development Programme NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government ends on 31 December (ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This report was prepared by D. S. Sobel, senior country programs specialist, PRC Resident Mission. I. INTRODUCTION 1. During the 2002 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Country Programming Mission to the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Government reconfirmed its request for technical assistance (TA) for Participatory Poverty Reduction Planning for Small Minorities as a follow-up to TA 3610- PRC: Preparing a Methodology for Development Planning in Poverty Blocks under the New Poverty Strategy. After successful preparation of the methodology and its adoption by the State Council Leading Group on Poverty Alleviation and Development (LGOP) to identify poor villages within the “key working counties” (which are eligible for national poverty reduction funds), the Government would like to apply the methodology to the PRC's poorest minority areas to prepare poverty reduction plans with villager, local government, and nongovernment organization (NGO) participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Gets Promoted and Why? Understanding Power and Persuasion in China's Cadre Evaluation System
    Who Gets Promoted and Why? Understanding Power and Persuasion in China’s Cadre Evaluation System Zhen Wang Department of Political Science Middle Tennessee State University Prepared for Delivery at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Chinese Studies October 11-13, 2013 New Brunswick, New Jersey 1 Introduction The worldwide speculations that took place before China’s leadership change in 2012 suggest an uncomfortable fact that we know very little about how China’s political personnel system actually works. The authoritarian state is surely to blame for intentionally making the process secretive. But as political scientists, how do we move beyond guesswork and start making better sense of the system? What are the criteria that the Communist Party uses to promote or demote its officials? How are these criteria implemented? And what are the power mechanisms involved in the implementation process? A small group of political scientists have striven to make sense of this murky but highly important subject by examining either the Nomenklatura system at the central level or the Cadre Evaluation System (CES) at the level of sub- national governments. This paper seeks to contribute to this cause of a better understanding of the Communist Party’s personnel management system by further investigating the CES – a personnel management system that assesses the performance of leading local officials from the provincial down to the lowest local level. Based on six months of fieldwork combing interviews with archival research, I argue that China’s cadre evaluation system consists of two intrinsic power mechanisms – top-down control and local autonomy, and that there is more bargaining and negotiation involved in the cadre evaluation process than often assumed.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Governments and Home Rule in South Carolina
    Local Governments and Home Rule in South Carolina A Citizen’s Guide Holley Hewitt Ulbrich and Ada Louise Steirer Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs Clemson University Local Governments and Home Rule in South Carolina A Citizen’s Guide by Holley Hewitt Ulbrich Ada Louise Steirer June 2004 Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs Clemson University Funded by the R.C. Edwards Endowment and the Office of the President 1 Contents ◗ Before You Read This Booklet . Three ◗ Home Rule in South Carolina . Five ◗ Municipalities and Home Rule . Eight ◗ Counties and Home Rule. Fifteen ◗ School Districts and Home Rule . .Twenty-three ◗ Conclusion . Twenty-seven ◗ What Can a Citizen Do? . Twenty-eight About the Authors Dr. Ulbrich is Alumna Professor Emerita of Economics at Clemson University and Senior Fellow of the Strom Thurmond Institute. She has written extensively about tax policy. Ms. Steirer is a re- search associate in community and economic development at the Institute. Both have experience as elected and appointed officials. Cover photos provided by the city of Clemson, Clemson University’s Photo Lab, and the S.C. Association of Counties. View this publication on the Web at www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/ulbrich/home_rule.pdf The views presented here are not necessarily those of the Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs or of Clemson University. The Institute sponsors research and public service programs to enhance civic awareness of public policy issues and improve the quality of national, state, and local government. The Institute, a public service activity of Clemson University, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax-exempt public policy research organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation China Their Alternate the Three Main Religions Among the Tusu Name Is Used to Avoid Confusion with the People
    Tusu November 27 of Western Yi. Tusu speakers, SICHUAN •Lijiang however, cannot understand the speech of other Western Yi •Binchuan •Dayao •Dali Kunming groups in their region and • •Chuxiong must revert to Chinese in •Yunxian •Wanding order to communicate. YUNNAN Scale 0 KM 160 History: For more than 1,300 Population in China: years the Tusu have appeared 31,000 (1999) in Chinese records of Yunnan 31,750 (2000) Province. The Tusu “are said 39,900 (2010) Location: Yunnan to be descendants of the Religion: Polytheism ancient Muocha tribe which Christians: 20 moved from Baoshan to Weishan in ancient times. In Overview of the Tusu the seventh century AD they Countries: China moved to present-day Xiangyun Pronunciation: “Too-soo” County and later spread into Other Names: southeastern Dayao and parts 2 Tusupo, Tu, Turen, Tuzu of Binchuan County.” Population Source: 31,000 (1999 J. Pelkey); Customs: In some areas the Out of a total Yi population of 6,572,173 (1990 census) Tusu love to come together Location: N Yunnan: Xiangyun and participate in local (15,000), Binchuan (13,000), festivals, since it gives them a and Dayao (3,000) counties Jamin Pelkey chance to relax and forget Status: Location: Approximately 31,000 Tusu about their hardships and struggles. The Officially included under Yi people live in the western central part of festivals also serve as a reunion for Language: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmese-Lolo, Yunnan Province in southwest China. In relatives and friends. The Tiger Dance Lolo, Northern Lolo, Yi, Xiangyun County the Tusu inhabit the Festival is held for one week during the first Western Yi Da’aonai Community of Luwu District; the lunar month each year.
    [Show full text]
  • De Sousa Sinitic MSEA
    THE FAR SOUTHERN SINITIC LANGUAGES AS PART OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (DRAFT: for MPI MSEA workshop. 21st November 2012 version.) Hilário de Sousa ERC project SINOTYPE — École des hautes études en sciences sociales [email protected]; [email protected] Within the Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) linguistic area (e.g. Matisoff 2003; Bisang 2006; Enfield 2005, 2011), some languages are said to be in the core of the language area, while others are said to be periphery. In the core are Mon-Khmer languages like Vietnamese and Khmer, and Kra-Dai languages like Lao and Thai. The core languages generally have: – Lexical tonal and/or phonational contrasts (except that most Khmer dialects lost their phonational contrasts; languages which are primarily tonal often have five or more tonemes); – Analytic morphological profile with many sesquisyllabic or monosyllabic words; – Strong left-headedness, including prepositions and SVO word order. The Sino-Tibetan languages, like Burmese and Mandarin, are said to be periphery to the MSEA linguistic area. The periphery languages have fewer traits that are typical to MSEA. For instance, Burmese is SOV and right-headed in general, but it has some left-headed traits like post-nominal adjectives (‘stative verbs’) and numerals. Mandarin is SVO and has prepositions, but it is otherwise strongly right-headed. These two languages also have fewer lexical tones. This paper aims at discussing some of the phonological and word order typological traits amongst the Sinitic languages, and comparing them with the MSEA typological canon. While none of the Sinitic languages could be considered to be in the core of the MSEA language area, the Far Southern Sinitic languages, namely Yuè, Pínghuà, the Sinitic dialects of Hǎinán and Léizhōu, and perhaps also Hakka in Guǎngdōng (largely corresponding to Chappell (2012, in press)’s ‘Southern Zone’) are less ‘fringe’ than the other Sinitic languages from the point of view of the MSEA linguistic area.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tea Horse Road Guide Part 2
    THE TEA HORSE ROAD GUIDE PART 2 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN WRITTEN BY MICHAEL FREEMAN COURTESY OF LUX* 2 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN INTRODUCTION 3 INTRODUCTION Between the 7th century and the middle of the 20th, one of the longest trade route, because in return for tea, which Tibetans came quickly to trade routes in the Ancient World, more than 3,000 kilometres, carried crave, the Tang dynasty wanted horses for the Imperial Army. The route tea from its homeland in the deep south of Yunnan to Tibet. It was added came under strict control, as the trading of tea for war horses became to by a route from a second source, the tea mountains of Sichuan, and the an arm of Tang foreign policy in its dealing with a neighbour that had combined network of stone roads and mountain trails became known as risen from a loose collection of tribal societies to a military power on the the Tea Horse Road, Cha Ma Dao. This was much more than a simple empire’s northwestern border. The Tea Horse Road, marked in red, began in the tea mountains of Caravan on Xishuangbanna and worked its way north through Yunnan to the Tibetan a cliff-cut trail Plateau, later joined by a second route from Sichuan Lead horse in a tea caravan 4 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN THE TEA HORSE ROAD the tea west to join the Yunnan route As the trade developed, it became a and continue to Lhasa. saga of epic proportions, combining These are the broad strokes, but a true odyssey of a journey, long and the Tea Horse Road was a network, difficult, with exchanges between in some stretches coalescing into one, very different cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement of a Systematic Examination of the Relationships Between CDOM and DOC in Inland Waters in China
    Supplement of Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5127–5141, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5127-2017-supplement © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of A systematic examination of the relationships between CDOM and DOC in inland waters in China Kaishan Song et al. Correspondence to: Kaishan Song ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 3.0 License. Figure S1. Sampling location at three rivers for tracing the temporal variation of CDOM and DOC. The average widths at sampling stations are about 1020 m, 206m and 152 m for the Songhua River, Hunjiang River and Yalu River, respectively. Table S1 the sampling information for fresh and saline water lakes, the location information shows the central positions of the lakes. Res. is the abbreviation for reservoir; N, numbers of samples collected; Lat., latitude; Long., longitude; A, area; L, maximum length in kilometer; W, maximum width in kilometer. Water body type Sampling date N Lat. Long. A(km2) L (km) W (km) Fresh water lake Shitoukou Res. 2009.08.28 10 43.9319 125.7472 59 17 6 Songhua Lake 2015.04.29 8 43.6146 126.9492 185 55 6 Erlong Lake 2011.06.24 6 43.1785 124.8264 98 29 8 Xinlicheng Res. 2011.06.13 7 43.6300 125.3400 43 22 6 Yueliang Lake 2011.09.01 6 45.7250 123.8667 116 15 15 Nierji Res. 2015.09.16 8 48.6073 124.5693 436 83 26 Shankou Res.
    [Show full text]
  • Trials of a Tibetan Monk: the Case of Tenzin Delek
    Human Rights Watch February 2004, Vol. 16, No. 1 (C) Trials of a Tibetan Monk: The Case of Tenzin Delek Map 1: Provinces and Autonomous Regions of the People’s Republic of China..............................1 Map2: Sichuan Province and Surrounding Areas....................................................................................2 Map 3: Southeastern Section of Kardze/Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture............................3 I. Summary ....................................................................................................................................................5 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................7 A Note on Methodology.........................................................................................................................8 II. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................10 Tenzin Delek ..........................................................................................................................................12 Lobsang Dondrup..................................................................................................................................14 Bombs......................................................................................................................................................15 III. Arrests...................................................................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]