The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries. Compared to the Meiji government, the Chinese government’s role in all of the three aspects was insufficient. Furthermore, I explore why the Chinese government did not lead China’s economic development efficiently. The Manchu question—Manchu rule of Qing China and Manchu supremacy over other ethnic groups—triggered ethnic rebellions between the early 1850s and the early 1870s, which severely undermined the government in economic, political, and military terms. Ethnic rebellions in turn were caused by the government’s unequal ethnic policies that had established an ethnic hierarchy in the empire. Moreover, the government spent a disproportionate amount of funds on the Manchu stipend to financially support the group compared to the government’s investment in modern industries. The Manchu question surfaced after 1895 in the sense that pro-dynastic reforms attempted to deal with it. The 1911 Revolution eventually brought the Manchu question to an end. INDEX WORDS: Qing government, Ethnic relations, Industrialization, Eight Banner system, Ethnic Inequality THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2008 Copyright by Wei Li 2008 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Committee Chair: Toshi Kii Committee: Heying Zhan Charles Gallagher Douglas Reynolds Kim Reimann Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2008 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to my committee members for guiding me through the long process of writing this dissertation. Toshi Kii accepted my request to be the chair at a critical time. Both Toshi Kii and Jenny Zhan helped me to revise the manuscript several times. Kim Reimann and Douglas Reynolds provide insightful comments as well. I thank Chip Gallagher for his understanding. Behrooz Ghamari commented on the first draft of this project. My parents and my brother Lei funded my research trip to China. Finally I thank Jiahong for her patience and encouragement. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES viii CHAPTER I. AN INTRODUCTION 1 Existing Explanations 3 Theoretical Framework of the Study 10 II. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT 15 The Manchu Question 19 Central Research Question 23 III. DESIGN OF THE PROJECT 26 A Multiple Disciplinary Approach to China’s Industrialization 26 Why Do I Include Japan in This Study 28 Formulation of the Hypothesis 29 Qing Political Structure 32 Archival and Primary Data 37 Data Used in the Case Chapters 40 Clarification of Terminology 41 Outlines of the Case Chapters 48 IV. STATE POWER AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE QING 52 The Rise of the Later Jin and the Making of the Manchus 53 The Influence of State Power on Manchu Culture 58 The Qing Conquest of the Mongols 60 Mechanisms for Ruling the Mongols 66 The Qing Conquest of the Chinese 69 Mechanisms for Ruling the Chinese 74 vi The Qing Conquest of the Miao 77 Mechanisms for Ruling the Miao 79 The Qing Conquest of the Uyghurs 82 Mechanisms for Ruling the Uyghurs 83 The Qing Conquest of the Tibetans 85 Mechanisms for Ruling the Tibetans 86 Conclusion 91 V. MANCHU-CHINESE INEQUALITIES IN THE QING 93 Manchu-Chinese Inequalities 93 Manchu-Chinese Segregation 97 The State’s Measures to Maintain Ethnic Boundaries 98 State-Sanctioned Ethnic Hierarchy in the Qing 106 Conclusion 117 VI. ETHNIC CONFLICTS AND CONSEQUENCES 122 Anti-Manchu Rebellions before the Taiping Rebellion 122 The Taiping Rebellion 126 The Taiping Domino Effect 133 Socioeconomic Implications of Ethnic Rebellions 137 Impact of Ethnic Rebellions on the State 140 Conclusion 145 VII. THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA BETWEEN 1865 AND 1895: 146 COMPARISON WITH CONTEMPORARY JAPAN Foundations of Industrialization 148 International Environment: Relations with the West by 1895 150 Modern Development: 1865-1895 153 The State’s Role 160 vii The Manchu Stipend and Qing Finances 171 Manchus vis-à-vis Samurai 179 Conclusion 186 VIII. THE DECLINE OF STATE POWER AND THE CHINESE SHOWDOWN 189 ON THE MANCHU QUESTION: 1895-1911 The Surfacing of the Manchu Question 189 Anti-Manchu Propaganda by the Revolutionaries 195 Anti-Manchu Armed Revolts 210 Summary 217 IX. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 219 Summary of the Study 219 China and Japan in Theories of Economic Development 221 State and Ethnic Relations 227 Ethnic Relations and Chinese Nationalism 280 Further Research 234 REFERENCES 237 APPENDICES A: A Document by Hong Rengan 251 B: Proclamation on the Extermination of Demons 252 C: A Document by Hong Rengan 254 D: The First Proclamation by Yang and Xiao 256 E: The Second Proclamation by Yang and Xiao 257 F: The Third Proclamation by Yang and Xiao 260 G: Confession by Xiong Chengji 261 H: A Speech Draft by Qiu Jin 263 I: Proclamation by Qiu Jin 264 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1 Qing Military Expenses on Quelling down Ethnic Rebellions 138 Table 6.2 Qing Silver Reserve during the Period of the Taiping Rebellion 139 Table 7.1 Provincial Banner Soldiers’ Monthly Pay 173 Table 7.2 Capital Soldiers’ Monthly Pay 173 Table 7.3 Number of Capital Banner Soldiers in 1851 173 Table 7.4 Number of Capital Banner Troops 173 Table 7.5 Number of Provincial Banner Troops 174 Table 7.6 Simplified Version of Capital Banner Troops’ Stipend 174 1 CHAPTER I: AN INTRODUCTION Late Qing China’s economic transformation is of great importance to modern Chinese history and the geopolitics of modern East Asia. China began to industrialize during the Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-95). The main thrust of this movement was military modernization and industrialization (1865-95). The movement lasted roughly three decades. In 1895 it ended abruptly with China’s defeat in the Sino-Japanese War. In retrospect, the movement signified the first stage of China’s industrialization. During this period China began to change from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrial society. As of 1895, a number of large-scale modern factories and facilities had been constructed in China. These projects were built by imitating Western technology and production and were new and foreign to the Chinese at the time. With the establishment of modern factories, capitalist relations of production appeared in China. Hence in socioeconomic terms the aforementioned three decades mark a period of significant changes in Chinese history. The aforementioned changes notwithstanding, industrialization was slow in speed, limited in scope, and moderate in outcome when compared to that of contemporary Japan. The difference between the two countries had calamitous impact for China. Lacking a solid modern economic base to sustain its military campaign, China lost the Sino-Japanese War in 1895. Consequently, China suffered significant financial and territorial losses. China had suffered qualitatively similar losses inflicted by Western powers, but nothing was comparable in scale. For instance, China paid 14.7 million taels1 of silver to Britain after the Opium War as compensation (Zhou 2000: 81). After the Sino-French War (1883-1884), China paid nothing to France. However, the Treaty of Maguan (Japanese: Shimonoseki) signed after the war stipulated that China pay 230 million taels of silver to Japan in three years and cede Taiwan to Japan (ibid: 318). Worse, the war ushered in a wave of territorial, financial, and political demands by imperial powers. China’s international relations deteriorated. Internally the war had a major impact on China’s 1 A tael is approximately 37 grams. As an indicator of the relative value of a tael of silver, here I cite the amount of banner soldiers’ monthly stipend. The monthly stipend of banner soldiers stationed in the capital varied between 2-4 tales depending on rank (Ding 2003: 220). The stipend was supposed to support the soldier and his family members. 2 sociopolitical structure. The Qing government began to loose its ability to control and administer the society. A decade or so later, the Qing dynasty was subverted, which marked the end of dynastic empires that had existed in China for more than 2,000 years.
Recommended publications
  • European and Chinese Coinage Before the Age of Steam*
    《中國文化研究所學報》 Journal of Chinese Studies No. 55 - July 2012 The Great Money Divergence: European and Chinese Coinage before the Age of Steam* Niv Horesh University of Western Sydney 1. Introduction Economic historians have of late been preoccupied with mapping out and dating the “Great Divergence” between north-western Europe and China. However, relatively few studies have examined the path dependencies of either region insofar as the dynamics monetiza- tion, the spread of fiduciary currency or their implications for financial factor prices and domestic-market integration before the discovery of the New World. This article is de- signed to highlight the need for such a comprehensive scholarly undertaking by tracing the varying modes of coin production and circulation across Eurasia before steam-engines came on stream, and by examining what the implications of this currency divergence might be for our understanding of the early modern English and Chinese economies. “California School” historians often challenge the entrenched notion that European technological or economic superiority over China had become evident long before the * Emeritus Professor Mark Elvin in Oxfordshire, Professor Hans Ulrich Vogel at the University of Tübingen, Professor Michael Schiltz and Professor Akinobu Kuroda 黑田明伸 at Tokyo University have all graciously facilitated the research agenda in comparative monetary his- tory, which informs this study. The author also wishes to thank the five anonymous referees. Ms Dipin Ouyang 歐陽迪頻 and Ms Mayumi Shinozaki 篠崎まゆみ of the National Library of Australia, Ms Bick-har Yeung 楊 碧 霞 of the University of Melbourne, and Mr Darrell Dorrington of the Australian National University have all extended invaluable assistance in obtaining the materials which made my foray into this field of enquiry smoother.
    [Show full text]
  • Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color
    History in the Making Volume 8 Article 7 January 2015 Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color Hannah Knight CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Hannah (2015) "Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color," History in the Making: Vol. 8 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color by Hannah Knight Abstract: The question of identity has been one of the biggest questions addressed to humanity. Whether in terms of a country, a group or an individual, the exact definition is almost as difficult to answer as to what constitutes a group. The Manchus, an ethnic group in China, also faced this dilemma. It was an issue that lasted throughout their entire time as rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911) and thereafter. Though the guidelines and group characteristics changed throughout that period one aspect remained clear: they did not sinicize with the Chinese Culture. At the beginning of their rule, the Manchus implemented changes that would transform the appearance of China, bringing it closer to the identity that the world recognizes today. In the course of examining three time periods, 1644, 1911, and the 1930’s, this paper looks at the significant events of the period, the changing aspects, and the Manchus and the Qing Imperial Court’s relations with their greater Han Chinese subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017
    Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2017 The Taiping Rebellion Chair: Nicholas Wu Director: [Name] 1 Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 CONTENTS Letter from the Chair……………………………………………………………… 3 The Taiping Rebellion:.…………………………………………………………. 4 History of the Topic………………………………………………………… 4 Current Status……………………………………………………………….7 Country Policy……………………………………………………………… 9 Keywords…………………………………………………………………...11 Questions for Consideration………………………………………………...12 Positions:.………………………………………………………………………. 14 2 Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dear Delegates, Welcome to PMUNC 2017! This will be my fourth and final PMUNC. My name is Nicholas Wu, and I’m a senior in the Woodrow Wilson School, pursuing certificates in American Studies and East Asian Studies. It’s my honor to chair this year’s crisis committee on the Taiping Rebellion. It’s a conflict that fascinates me. The Taiping Rebellion was the largest civil war in human history, but it barely receives any attention in your standard world history class. Which is a shame — it’s a multilayered conflict. There are ethnic, economic, and religious issues at play, as well as significant foreign involvement. I hope that you all find it as interesting as I do. On campus, I’m currently figuring out how to write my thesis, and I’m pretty sure that I’m going to be researching the implementation of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). I’m also involved with the International Relations Council, the Daily Princetonian, the Asian American Students Association, and Princeton Advocates for Justice. I also enjoy cooking. Best of luck at the conference! Please don’t hesitate to reach out if you have any questions. You can email me anytime at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Similarities and Differences of the 1911 Revolutions in Mongolia and China
    The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Number 1, 1994 RESEARCH NOTE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THE 1911 REVOLUTIONS IN MONGOLIA AND CHINA Khereid L.Jamsran As a result of the 1911 revolutions against the Qing dynasty, Mongolia and China became independent and established their own governments. The revolutions in these two countries had some similarities as well as differences which 1 would like to discuss briefly. Similarities 1. Both the Mongols and the Chinese were under Manchu domination for more than two hundred years. The revolutions of 1911 were the result of the anti-Ding movement for national independence in both nations. This meant that these revolutions, both in Mongolia and China, had the single goal of overthrowing the Ding regime and of restoring national indepen- dence with their own governmental systems. 2. The Qing dynasty, from the mid-nineteenth century on, became a semi- colony of imperialist powers, so both revolutions were organized on the same souci-political basis. 3. The 1911 revolutions in Mongolia and China had the common aim of re- storing national independence through armed struggle. 4. The imperialist powers and progressive people supported the anti-Ding movement for national liberation as well as its fighters or revolutionaries in the Ding Empire. 5. After the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, the revolutionaries in Mongolia and China established their own forms of government. Differences 1. China was the center of the Qing dynasty. At that time China began to develop trade and industry which gave rise to a working class and national capitalists However, the feudal Qing regime was an obstacle in the way toward full prosperity of a new society, thus the new classes became politically active and organized illegal revolutionary organizations whose main task was the over- throw of the Qing regime and the establishment of a republican form of govern- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Coin quality, coin quantity, and coin value in early China and the Roman world Version 2.0 September 2010 Walter Scheidel Stanford University Abstract: In ancient China, early bronze ‘tool money’ came to be replaced by round bronze coins that were supplemented by uncoined gold and silver bullion, whereas in the Greco-Roman world, precious-metal coins dominated from the beginnings of coinage. Chinese currency is often interpreted in ‘nominalist’ terms, and although a ‘metallist’ perspective used be common among students of Greco-Roman coinage, putatively fiduciary elements of the Roman currency system are now receiving growing attention. I argue that both the intrinsic properties of coins and the volume of the money supply were the principal determinants of coin value and that fiduciary aspects must not be overrated. These principles apply regardless of whether precious-metal or base-metal currencies were dominant. © Walter Scheidel. [email protected] How was the valuation of ancient coins related to their quality and quantity? How did ancient economies respond to coin debasement and to sharp increases in the money supply relative to the number of goods and transactions? I argue that the same answer – that the result was a devaluation of the coinage in real terms, most commonly leading to price increases – applies to two ostensibly quite different monetary systems, those of early China and the Roman Empire. Coinage in Western and Eastern Eurasia In which ways did these systems differ? 1 In Western Eurasia coinage arose in the form of oblong and later round coins in the Greco-Lydian Aegean, made of electron and then mostly silver, perhaps as early as the late seventh century BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018,
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Mongolia
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: CHN30730 Country: China Date: 13 October 2006 Keywords: CHN30730 – Tibetan Buddhism – Government Treatment – Inner Mongolia This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Questions 1. Please provide some background information on this Huang Jiao group. 2. Please provide information on the Chinese government’s treatment of this group, especially in Mongolia. RESPONSE 1. Please provide some background information on this Huang Jiao group. The file indicates that the applicant is from Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The applicant claims to practice a religion from Tibet similar to Buddhism. According to the US Department of State, most ethnic Mongolians practice Tibetan Buddhism (US Department of State 2006, International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – China, 15 September, Section 1 – Attachment 1). Huang Jiao means yellow religion in Chinese. One reference to huang jiao was found amongst the sources consulted. The article published in The Drama Review in 1989 reports that huang jiao is the yellow sect of Tibetan Buddhism (Liuyi, Qu et al 1989, ‘The Yi: Human Evolution Theatre’, The Drama Review, Vol 33, No 3, Autumn, p.105 – Attachment 2). The yellow sect of Tibetan Buddhism is more commonly known as Gelug but is also known as Geluk, Gelugpa, Gelukpa, Gelug pa, Geluk pa and the Yellow Hat sect.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Curcumae Kwangsiensis for Anti-Lung Cancer Activities: a Preclinical Trial Study
    Basic research Novel green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by Curcumae kwangsiensis for anti-lung cancer activities: a preclinical trial study Zhihong Liu1, Zhuohong Zhang2, Xiaomei Du2, Ying Liu3, Abdullah Alarfaj4, Abdurahman Hirad4, Siddique Akber Ansari4, Zhiguo Zhang2 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Corresponding author: Xi’an, Shaanxi, China Zhiguo Zhang PhD 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xian XD Group Hospital, Department of Lianhu District, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province Respiratory and Critical 3Department of Surgery, Dayi County People’s Hospital, Dali County, Weinan, Shaanxi, Care Medicine China Xidian Group Hospital 4Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 97 Fengdeng Road Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Lianhu District Xi’an, Shaanxi Submitted: 9 February 2021 710077, China Accepted: 7 March 2021 E-mail: zzhzhangzhuohong. [email protected] Arch Med Sci DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms/134059 Copyright © 2021 Termedia & Banach Abstract Introduction: The present work describes the green synthesis and charac- terization and cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-human lung cancer activ- ities of silver nanoparticles containing Curcumae kwangsiensis folium leaf aqueous extract. Material and methods: Ag nanoparticles were produced by mixing the AgNO3 solution with aqueous C. kwangsiensis folium leaf extract. Charac- terization of Ag nanoparticles was done by FE-SEM, FT-IR, TEM, and UV-Vis. FE-SEM and TEM images revealed an average diameter of 15-21 nm for the nanoparticles. MTT assay was used on common human lung cancer cell lines, i.e., lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma (HLC-1), lung moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (LC-2/ad), and lung poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (PC-14) cell lines, to survey the cytotoxicity and anti-human lung cancer effects of Ag nanoparticles.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
    11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).
    [Show full text]
  • Life, Thought and Image of Wang Zheng, a Confucian-Christian in Late Ming China
    Life, Thought and Image of Wang Zheng, a Confucian-Christian in Late Ming China Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Ruizhong Ding aus Qishan, VR. China Bonn, 2019 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Hutter, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kubin, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Betreuer und Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Ralph Kauz, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Veronika Veit, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung:22.07.2019 Acknowledgements Currently, when this dissertation is finished, I look out of the window with joyfulness and I would like to express many words to all of you who helped me. Prof. Wolfgang Kubin accepted me as his Ph.D student and in these years he warmly helped me a lot, not only with my research but also with my life. In every meeting, I am impressed by his personality and erudition deeply. I remember one time in his seminar he pointed out my minor errors in the speech paper frankly and patiently. I am indulged in his beautiful German and brilliant poetry. His translations are full of insightful wisdom. Every time when I meet him, I hope it is a long time. I am so grateful that Prof. Ralph Kauz in the past years gave me unlimited help. In his seminars, his academic methods and sights opened my horizons. Usually, he supported and encouraged me to study more fields of research.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth- Century Amdo Scholar Sum Pa Mkhan Po Ye Shes Dpal ’Byor (1704-1788)
    Renaissance Man From Amdo: the Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth- Century Amdo Scholar Sum Pa Mkhan Po Ye Shes Dpal ’Byor (1704-1788) The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:40050150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Renaissance Man From Amdo: The Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth-Century Amdo Scholar Sum pa Mkhan po Ye shes dpal ’byor (1704-1788) ! A dissertation presented by Hanung Kim to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2018 © 2018 – Hanung Kim All rights reserved. ! Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp Hanung Kim Renaissance Man From Amdo: The Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth- Century Amdo Scholar Sum pa Mkhan po Ye shes dpal ’byor (1704-1788) Abstract! This dissertation examines the new cultural developments in eighteenth-century northeastern Tibet, also known as Amdo, by looking into the life story of a preeminent monk- scholar, Sum pa Mkhan po Ye shes dpal ’byor (1708-1788). In the first part, this study corroborates what has only been sensed by previous scholarship, that is, the rising importance of Amdo in Tibetan cultural history.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Commerce Poverty Alleviation Experience in Shaanxi Province
    Best Practice on the Inclusive Trade of the APEC Region Xi’an Experience in E-commerce Poverty Alleviation APEC E-Commerce Business Alliance December 4, 2018 Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................... 2 E-commerce Poverty Alleviation Experience in Shaanxi Province ......................... 5 1. Do a Good Job in Design and Work in an All-round Way .................................. 5 2. Lay a Solid Foundation and Create a Good Environment .................................. 5 3. Bring in Competitive Enterprises to Lead E-commerce Poverty Alleviation ..... 6 4. Coordinate Production and Marketing to Promote Connectivity between Agriculture and Commerce ..................................................................................... 6 5. Conduct Personnel Training and Strengthen the Service System ....................... 6 6. Innovate the Business Modes.............................................................................. 7 Typical Cases of E-commerce Poverty Alleviation in Shaanxi Province ................ 9 1. Lantian County, Xi’an City .............................................................................. 9 2. Yaozhou District, Tongchuan City ................................................................. 12 3. Ankang City ................................................................................................... 14 4. Huinong E-commerce Co., Ltd. ....................................................................
    [Show full text]