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Novel Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Curcumae Kwangsiensis for Anti-Lung Cancer Activities: a Preclinical Trial Study

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Novel Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Curcumae Kwangsiensis for Anti-Lung Cancer Activities: a Preclinical Trial Study Basic research Novel green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by Curcumae kwangsiensis for anti-lung cancer activities: a preclinical trial study Zhihong Liu1, Zhuohong Zhang2, Xiaomei Du2, Ying Liu3, Abdullah Alarfaj4, Abdurahman Hirad4, Siddique Akber Ansari4, Zhiguo Zhang2 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Corresponding author: Xi’an, Shaanxi, China Zhiguo Zhang PhD 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xian XD Group Hospital, Department of Lianhu District, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province Respiratory and Critical 3Department of Surgery, Dayi County People’s Hospital, Dali County, Weinan, Shaanxi, Care Medicine China Xidian Group Hospital 4Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 97 Fengdeng Road Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Lianhu District Xi’an, Shaanxi Submitted: 9 February 2021 710077, China Accepted: 7 March 2021 E-mail: zzhzhangzhuohong. [email protected] Arch Med Sci DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms/134059 Copyright © 2021 Termedia & Banach Abstract Introduction: The present work describes the green synthesis and charac- terization and cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-human lung cancer activ- ities of silver nanoparticles containing Curcumae kwangsiensis folium leaf aqueous extract. Material and methods: Ag nanoparticles were produced by mixing the AgNO3 solution with aqueous C. kwangsiensis folium leaf extract. Charac- terization of Ag nanoparticles was done by FE-SEM, FT-IR, TEM, and UV-Vis. FE-SEM and TEM images revealed an average diameter of 15-21 nm for the nanoparticles. MTT assay was used on common human lung cancer cell lines, i.e., lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma (HLC-1), lung moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (LC-2/ad), and lung poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (PC-14) cell lines, to survey the cytotoxicity and anti-human lung cancer effects of Ag nanoparticles. Results: They had very low cell viability and high anti-human lung cancer ac- tivities dose-dependently against HLC-1, LC-2/ad, and PC-14 cell lines with- out any cytotoxicity towards the normal cell line (HUVEC). The IC50 values of Ag nanoparticles were 249, 187, and 152 µg/ml against HLC-1, LC-2/ad, and PC-14 cell lines, respectively. The best results of cytotoxicity and anti-hu- man lung cancer properties were seen at the concentration of 1000 µg/ml. Ag nanoparticles inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in the concentration of 135 µg/ml. Maybe significant anti-human lung cancer potentials of Ag nanoparticles synthesized by C. kwangsiensis folium leaf aqueous extract against common human lung cancer cell lines are linked to their antioxidant activities. Conclusions: After confirming the above results in the clinical trial research, this formulation can be administered to treat human lung cancers in hu- mans. Key words: silver nanoparticles, Curcumae kwangsiensis folium, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, anti-human lung cancer. Zhihong Liu, Zhuohong Zhang, Xiaomei Du, Ying Liu, Abdullah Alarfaj, Abdurahman Hirad, Siddique Akber Ansari, Zhiguo Zhang Introduction ation in the field of medicine. Some studies con- ducted today have shown that some nanoparti- Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men cles have therapeutic properties and provide an and one of the most common cancers in women. excellent alternative to physicochemically differ- The lung cancer signs are dysphagia, shortness ent metal-supported nanoparticles, antibacterial, of breath, cough, coughing up blood, weigh loss, and especially anticancer drugs. Medicinal plants chest pain, shoulder pain, wheezing, fatigue, green-synthesized silver nanoparticles as a special hoarseness, and weakness. The lung cancer me- type of well-known metallic nanoparticles have tastasis symptoms are blurred vision, seizures, recently been used for the cure of several types headaches, and weakness [1–3]. For diagnosis of of tumors and cancers [13, 19, 20, 21, 26–36]. In lung cancer, positron emission tomography, mag- this regard, in the study of Ahmeda et al. Melissa netic resonance imaging, low-dose helical com- puted tomography scan, computed tomography, officinalisgreen-formulated Ag nanoparticles were chest X-ray, molecular testing, blood tests, tho- used as a chemotherapeutic drug to treat leuke- racentesis, needle biopsy, bronchoscopy, sputum mia [37]. A study reported the anti-acute myeloid cytology, and physical and history examination are leukemia abilities of Ag nanomaterials in the cel- used [4]. For the treatment of lung cancer, chemo- lular and molecular conditions. Ag nanoparticles therapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy significantly killed all malignant leukemia cells are used [4, 5]. The main anti-human lung cancer (32D-FLT3-ITD, Murine C1498, and Human HL-60/ chemotherapeutic supplements/drugs are alec- vcr) in nano concentrations [26]. tinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, and brigatinib [5]. Due to There is no study about the remedial capacities severe side effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs of Ag nanoparticles containing natural compounds and supplements, the formulation of the chemo- in the treatment of human lung cancer. However, therapeutic medications from Ag nanoparticles there are many studies about the anti-human lung are the research priority of pharmacology, oncolo- cancer properties of medicinal plants including Hi- gy, and organic chemistry researchers [6–10]. biscus syriacus, Memecylon umbellatum, Mirabilis Nanomaterials, which are the subject of our multiflora, Oscillatoria acutissima, Chelidonium study, have unique competencies different from majus, Nigella sativa, Morinda citrifolia, Bruguiera their macro-scale counterparts due to their low sexangula, Camellia sinensis, Hypsizygus marmo- volume/surface ratio and many advanced and reus, Lentinus edodes, and Viola odorata [38]. new physiochemical properties such as color, sol- C. kwangsiensis folium, as one of the well- ubility, strength, prevalence, toxicity, magnetic, known plants in all of the world, is from the Plan- optical, thermodynamics [11–14]. In recent years, tae kingdom, Zingiberaceae family, Zingiberoide- biological methods that are non-toxic, cost-effec- ae subfamily, Zingibereae tribe, and Curcuma tive, and environmentally friendly have become genus [39]. There are five well-known species in the focus of interest compared to physicochem- this genus. Species in the Curcuma genus includ- ical nanoparticle synthesis methods [13, 15–21]. ing Curcuma kwangsiensis, Curcuma phaeocaulis Various pathways have been developed for the Val., Curcuma sichuanensis, C. kwangsiensis fo- biogenic or biological formulation of nanomateri- lium, Curcuma wenyujin, and Curcuma longa L. als from the salts of different metal ions [14, 19, All of these species are important due to signifi- 20, 22, 23]. The basic principle in the biogenesis cant therapeutic properties; of course, the reme- of nanoparticles is the reduction of metal ions of dial roles of C. kwangsiensis folium are unique. several biomolecules found in organisms. In ad- C. kwangsiensis folium is cultivated in Iran, Ban- dition to reducing the environmental impact of gladesh, Taiwan, Nepal, India, and especially Chi- biological synthesis, it enables the production of na [39, 40]. Recent studies have indicated that large quantities of nanoparticles, which are well C. kwangsiensis folium has notable anti-parasit- defined in size and morphology, independent of ic, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, larvicidal, contamination. Microorganisms, marine algae, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-diabetic, nephro- plant extracts, plant tissue, fruits, and all plants protective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, are administered to formulate nanomaterials [13, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer ac- 14, 19–21, 24–29]. The reduction of metal ions tivities [40]. This species is shown to have steroids, using plant extracts has been a known method saponins, tannin, terpenoids, glycosides, proteins, since the 1900s. Due to the poor understanding of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, the mechanisms of the reducing agents, there has flavonoids, and essential oils as the major phyto- been increased interest in the past 30 years [14]. chemical groups [39]. The antioxidant compounds Recently, scientists have revealed that medicinal of the Curcumae genus are oxygenated sesquit- plants’ green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles erpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, limonene, have excellent anti-cancer properties. Metallic sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, trans-caryophyllene, nanoparticles have achieved notable consider- α-zingiberene, p-cymene, α-pinene, monoterpene 2 Arch Med Sci Novel green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by Curcumae kwangsiensis for anti-lung cancer activities: a preclinical trial study hydrocarbon, β-pinene, α-terpinolene, trans-β- including secondary metabolites were detected elemenone, α-terpineol, β-sesquiphellandrene, by the FT-IR (Shimadzu IR affinity.1). In the UV-Vis and camphor. Certainly the above phytochemi- spectroscopy analysis, characteristic absorption cals have a unique role in the therapeutic effects bands of Ag metal were examined before and of this plant. In Chinese traditional medicine, C. after the nanoparticle synthesis process. TEM kwangsiensis folium is administered to treat can- and FE-SEM analysis of the Ag nanoparticles was cers of various types such as ovarian and uterine performed with JEOL 200 kV by placing them on cancers [39, 40]. a carbon-coated copper grid. Accordingly, the present
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