Languages of Myanmar
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Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 41
Mon-Khmer Studies VOLUME 42 The journal of Austroasiatic languages and cultures Established 1964 Copyright for these papers vested in the authors Released under Creative Commons Attribution License Volume 42 Editors: Paul Sidwell Brian Migliazza ISSN: 0147-5207 Website: http://mksjournal.org Published in 2013 by: Mahidol University (Thailand) SIL International (USA) Contents Papers (Peer reviewed) K. S. NAGARAJA, Paul SIDWELL, Simon GREENHILL A Lexicostatistical Study of the Khasian Languages: Khasi, Pnar, Lyngngam, and War 1-11 Michelle MILLER A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography 12-25 Elizabeth HALL A phonological description of Muak Sa-aak 26-39 YANIN Sawanakunanon Segment timing in certain Austroasiatic languages: implications for typological classification 40-53 Narinthorn Sombatnan BEHR A comparison between the vowel systems and the acoustic characteristics of vowels in Thai Mon and BurmeseMon: a tendency towards different language types 54-80 P. K. CHOUDHARY Tense, Aspect and Modals in Ho 81-88 NGUYỄN Anh-Thư T. and John C. L. INGRAM Perception of prominence patterns in Vietnamese disyllabic words 89-101 Peter NORQUEST A revised inventory of Proto Austronesian consonants: Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic Evidence 102-126 Charles Thomas TEBOW II and Sigrid LEW A phonological description of Western Bru, Sakon Nakhorn variety, Thailand 127-139 Notes, Reviews, Data-Papers Jonathan SCHMUTZ The Ta’oi Language and People i-xiii Darren C. GORDON A selective Palaungic linguistic bibliography xiv-xxxiii Nathaniel CHEESEMAN, Jennifer -
LCSH Section K
K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar
Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar Asia Report N°312 | 28 August 2020 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 235 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. A Legacy of Division ......................................................................................................... 4 A. Who Lives in Myanmar? ............................................................................................ 4 B. Those Who Belong and Those Who Don’t ................................................................. 5 C. Contemporary Ramifications..................................................................................... 7 III. Liberalisation and Ethno-nationalism ............................................................................. 9 IV. The Militarisation of Ethnicity ......................................................................................... 13 A. The Rise and Fall of the Kaungkha Militia ................................................................ 14 B. The Shanni: A New Ethnic Armed Group ................................................................. 18 C. An Uncertain Fate for Upland People in Rakhine -
No.9 Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter June 1990
[Last updated: 28 April 1992] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- No.9 Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter June 1990 This NEWSLETTER is edited by Gehan Wijeyewardene and published in the Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies; printed at Central Printery; the masthead is by Susan Wigham of Graphic Design (all of The Australian National University ).The logo is from a water colour , 'Tai women fishing' by Kang Huo Material in this NEWSLETTER may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgement. Correspondence is welcome and contributions will be given sympathetic consideration. (All correspondence to The Editor, Department of Anthropology, RSPacS, ANU, Box 4 GPO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.) Number Nine June 1990 ISSN 1032-500X The International Conference on Thai Studies, Kunming 1990 There was some question, in the post Tien An Men period, as to whether the conference would proceed. In January over forty members of Thammasart University faculty issued an open letter to the organizers, which in part read, A meeting in China at present would mean a tacit acceptance of the measures taken by the state, unless there will be an open critical review. Many north American colleagues privately expressed similar views. This Newsletter has made its views on Tien An Men quite clear, and we can sympathize with the position taken by our colleagues. Nevertheless, there seems to be some selectivity of outrage, when no word of protest was heard from some quarters about the continuing support given by the Chinese government to the murderous Khmer Rouge. This does not apply to the Thai academic community, sections of which were in the vanguard of the movement to reconsider Thai government policy on this issue. -
An Outline of the Structure of the Akha Language1 (Part 1)
Tonan Ajia Kenkyu (The Southeast Asian Studies) Vol. 8, No.1 June, 1970 1 An Outline of the Structure of the Akha Language ) (Part 1) --Introduction and Phonemics-- by Makio KATSURA* Introduction: Akhas and their Language The Akhas call themselves"Akha" (/'laka/), while other ethnic groups call them by different names. Generally the Shans both in Burma and in Thailand use the name "Kaw" (/k;);)/), and the Northern Thais, "E-kaw" (/'liik;);)/). The prefix /'lii-/ in l1iik;)JI might be the same as Ilii-I, which is often prefixed to nouns and denotes "female," such as /'liinii/, /'liinan/, /'liimtew/, etc. This is perhaps because of the eye-striking appearance of the Akha women. "Kha Kaw" C/khaa kJ;)/) is mostly used by the Laotians or the inhabitants of Laos, but the /khaa-/ is very often prefixed to the names of the minority peoples regardless of their geneological relations. The Thai Lus often call the Akhas "Kaw Ho Laem" Uk;);) hoo Ih:m/), which means "Akhas with pointed head," due to the shape of the head-dress of the Akha women. The name "O-ni" or "Wo-ni" used by the Chinese includes not only the Akhas but also many peoples belonging to the Burmese-Loloish Group.2l These names used by other peoples * {i TIIiU;ffi-~~ 1) This is a part of the report of the author's field work on the Akha language conducted in Northern Thailand in 1964-1965 under the sponsorship of the National Research Council of Thai land and the Center for Southeast Asian Studies of Kyoto University. -
Hill Tribes Phrasebook & Dictionary 4 Preview
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION........................................................ 7 Hill Tribes of SE Asia Map .......8 Vietnam & Laos .......................10 Local Names of the Five Myanmar (Burma) ................. 10 Largest Groups ...................9 Thailand .................................... 10 China .............................................9 The Languages .......................14 LAHU ...................................................................... 17 Culture, Subgroups Sounds....................................... 21 & Locations ........................17 The Language .........................24 Lahu Language Map ............ 18 Words & Phrases .................... 26 AKHA ...................................................................... 41 Culture, Subgroups Sounds....................................... 50 & Locations ........................41 The Language .........................52 Akha Language Map ............ 42 Words & Phrases .................... 55 LISU ........................................................................ 75 Culture & Locations .............. 75 The Language .........................81 Lisu Language Map .............. 76 Words & Phrases .................... 84 Sounds....................................... 79 MONG ..................................................................... 99 Culture, Subgroups Sounds.....................................104 & Locations ........................99 The Language .......................108 Mong Language Map.........100 Words & Phrases ..................111 -
THE PHONOLOGY of PROTO-TAI a Dissertation Presented to The
THE PHONOLOGY OF PROTO-TAI A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Pittayawat Pittayaporn August 2009 © 2009 Pittayawat Pittayaporn THE PHONOLOGY OF PROTO-TAI Pittayawat Pittayaporn, Ph. D. Cornell University 2009 Proto-Tai is the ancestor of the Tai languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. Modern Tai languages share many structural similarities and phonological innovations, but reconstructing the phonology requires a thorough understanding of the convergent trends of the Southeast Asian linguistic area, as well as a theoretical foundation in order to distinguish inherited traits from universal tendencies, chance, diffusion, or parallel development. This dissertation presents a new reconstruction of Proto-Tai phonology, based on a systematic application of the Comparative Method and an appreciation of the force of contact. It also incorporates a large amount of dialect data that have become available only recently. In contrast to the generally accepted assumption that Proto-Tai was monosyllabic, this thesis claims that Proto-Tai was a sesquisyllabic language that allowed both sesquisyllabic and monosyllabic prosodic words. In the proposed reconstruction, it is argued that Proto-Tai had three contrastive phonation types and six places of articulation. It had plain voiceless, implosive, and voiced stops, but lacked the aspirated stop series (central to previous reconstructions). As for place of articulation, Proto-Tai had a distinctive uvular series, in addition to the labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal series typically reconstructed. In the onset, these consonants can combine to form tautosyllabic clusters or sequisyllabic structures. -
Myanmar | Content | 1 Putao
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Development of Basic Literacy Learning Materials for Minority Peoples in Asia and the Pacific
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 377 740 FL 800 845 TITLE Development of basic Literacy Learning Materials for Minority Peoples in Asia and the Pacific. Final Report of the Second Sub-Regional Workshop (Chiang Rai, Thailand, February 22-March 5, 1994). INSTITUTION Asian Cultural Centre for UNESCO, Tokyo (Japan).; Ministry of Education, Bangkok (Thailand).; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Bangkok (Thailand). Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. PUB DATE Mar 94 NOTE 142p.; Illustrations contain small and broken print. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO6 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Classroom Techniques; *Educational Needs; Foreign Countries; *Indigenous Populations; Instructional Effectiveness; *Instructional Materials; *Literacy Education; *Material Development; *Minority Groups; Teaching Methods; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Workshops IDENTIFIERS *Asia; Burma; China; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Mongolia; Philippines; Thailand; Vietnam ABSTaACT A report of a regional workshop on development of instructional materials for basic literacy education of minority groups in Asia and the Pacific is presented.Countries represented include: China; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar (Burma); Philippines; Vietnam; and Thailand. The workshop's objectives were to discuss the need for effective literacy learning materials, develop guidelines for preparing effective basic literacy learning materials for minority language populations, and suggest methods for their use. The report begins with an overview of the proceedings and resulting recommendations. Subsequent chapters summarize: needs and problems in education of minority populations; guidelines for preparation of effective basic literacy learning materials; studies of specific language groups; resource papers on Thai hill tribes and development of basic literacy materials in minority languages; a report from UNESCO and its Asian/Pacific Cultural Center; nine country reports; and national followup plans. -
Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman Zainab Khalid SIT Study Abroad
SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2011 Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman Zainab Khalid SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Khalid, Zainab, "Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman" (2011). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1074. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1074 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman Zainab Khalid SIT FALL 2011 5/1/2011 1 Introduction: Assimilation/Dissimilation The Hui are a familiar sight in most cities in China; famed for their qingzhen restaurants and their business acumen. Known usually as the “Chinese speaking Muslims,” they are separated from the nine other Muslim xiaoshu minzu by a reputation for assimilation and adaptability that is a matter of pride for Hui in urban areas. A conversation with Hui women at Nancheng Mosque in Kunming revealed that they believed Hui to be at an advantage compared to other xiaoshu minzu because of their abilities to adapt and assimilate, “we are intelligent; we know what to do in order to survive in any environment.” Yet, the Hui of Yunnan also have a history of dissimilation- the Panthay Rebellion of 1856 took the shape of a Sultanate in Dali as Hui forces led a province-wide revolt against the Qing Empire. -
Report, Part-I, Vol-XII, Burma
CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901. VOLUME XII. BURMA. PART I. REPORT. BY C. C. LOWIS, OF THE INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, SUPERINTENDENT, CENSUS OPERATIONS. RANGOON: OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA. 19 02 • PREFACE. I FIND it impossible to place adequatelY on record my acknow ledgments to those who have laboured with me in the preparation of this Report. To review the proofs as a connected whole is to realize, to an overwhelming degree, how much I am beholden to others and to take the measure of my indebtedness is to be seized with an uneasy sense of the hopelessness of attempting to compound, even. to the scC!-n tiest extent, with all of my many creditors. I must leave it to the pages of the Report itself to bear grateful testimony to my obli gations. A glance at the language chapter will tell how shadowy a production it would have been wIthout the benefit 9f Dr. Grierson's erudition. Every paragraph of the caste, tribe and race chapter will show with how lavish .a hand I have drawn upon Sir George Scott for my material. I would, however, take this opportunity of specially thanking Dr. Cushing and Mr. Taw Sein Kho, who have responded more than generously to my appeals for assistance and advice. '1 he greater part of the Report has been shown to Mr. Eales, and it is to his ripe experience that I am indebted for hints which have led me to alter portions. To Mr. Regan, Superintendent of Government Printing, my thanks are due for having, in the face of sudden and quite excep tional difficulties, succeeded in passing this volume through the Press without undue delay.