Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia Vince Boudreau Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521839890 - Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia Vince Boudreau Index More information

Index

1947 constitution (Burma), 84 Asian currency crisis of 1997–1998, 225, 30 Comrades, 43, 76 236, 240, 245 Abad-Santos, Pedro, 67 Aspinall, Edward, 113 ABRI see Indonesian military Ateneo de Manila, 143 ABSU, 202, 205 Aung Gyi, 190, 192, 194, 195, 198, 209, Aceh, 103, 110, 119–120, 165, 235, 237 212, 213, 244 AFL-CIO, 222 Aung San, 43, 44–45 Africa, 17, 19 Aung San Suu Kyi, 190, 209 agrarian reform campaign (Indonesia), 60 Austerity Movement, 113 Akhmadi, Heri, 116 Aveneri, Shlomo, 33 Aksi kaprihatinan, 230 Avila, Charles, 144 All-Burma Student Union, see ABSU Ayatollah Khomeini, 125 Alvarez, Heherson, 62 Ambon, 110 baden perjuangan, 57 American Society of Travel Agents, 145 Bali, 7, 9, 128 Amnesty International, 7 BANDILLA, 182 Amoy, 43 Bandung, 108, 113, 117, AMRSP (Philippines), 137 225, 229 Angkatan 66, 110, 157, 163 barangay, 134 Anglo-Burmese Wars, 40, 41 basic Christian communities, 177 anti-Chinese violence: in Burma, 88, 91, Bataan, 150 101, 155, 203; in Indonesia, 106, 113, Bataan nuclear power plant, 177 223–224, 225, 233 BAYAN, 182–183, 184 Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League Beissinger, Mark, 24 (AFPFL), 45–49 Benjarmasin, 224, 234 Anti-Fascist Organization (Burma), Bicol, 138 44–45 Bloody Friday, 194, 195 Anti-Fascist Students League (Burma), 97 BMP, 140 anti-Japanese violence (Indonesia), Bogor, 116 114–115 Bratton, 31 April 6th Liberation Movement, 144, Britain, 20, 59 144–145, 178 British Aerospace, 222 Aquino, Agapito (Butch), 181 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Aquino, Benigno, 62, 136, 142–144, 148, 14, 193, 201, 205, 213 151, 166, 178–180, 181, 182, 183, Budiman, Arief, 112, 128 186, 240 Burma, 3, 29, 37–51, 53, 54, 65, 66, 103, Aquino, Corazon, 179, 180, 181, 182, 104, 105, 116, 136, 137, 148, 184–185, 188, 249, 250 149–150, 152, 156 Aquino family, 81, 134 Burma Independence Army, 43–44, 48 Arakan, 193 Burma Medical Association, 206 ASEAN, 117 Burma Socialist Program Party, 39, Asia, 17 84–86, 89–90, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100,

282

Index 283

154, 157, 162, 167, 192, 200, Chinese: Embassy, 91; in Burma, 90–91;in 212–213, 244 Indonesia, 51, 54; in the Philippines, Burma Trade Union Congress, 46–47 69 Burmese: Assembly elections, 42; CIDES, 223 Communist Party (BCP), 8, 39, 42, 43, Cipinang jail, 131 45–46, 48, 50, 71, 75, 79, 79–80, 81, civil associations, 18 84, 87, 91, 96, 97–99, CNL, 137 154–155, 159, 197, 203, 214; Coalition of Organizations for the constitution (1935), 42; constitution Restoration of Democracy (1974), 43, 101; democracy (Philippines); see CORD movement, 3, 35, 190–214, 238–254; Cold War, 8, 17, 34, 78, 81 labor strikes, 92–93, 93–94, 99; collective repertoire, 20, 22 military, 6, 8, 9, 37, 46, 48, 48–49, colonial education: in Burma, 65, 67, 75, 49–51, 77, 77–78, 86–87, 89–90, 93, 76; in Indonesia, 67; in the Philippines, 94–95, 98, 99, 101, 153, 154, 159, 65, 67 159–160, 165, 170, 199–201, 206, colonial rule, 37, 75–76 American, 41, 42, 208, 210, 212, 213, 214, 245, 249, 64–68, 69; British, 39, 40–45, 54, 251; military coup of 1962, 6, 37, 54–55, 56, 59, 75–76; Dutch, 41, 37–40, 50–51, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 101; 53–57, 59, 75–76; in Burma, 54, military takeover of 1988, 210; 54–55, 56, 75–76; in India, 40;in Nationalist Army (BNA), 44–45; Indonesia, 42, 53–57, 59, 75–76;inthe protest, 11, 12, 18, 152, 157, 158, Philippines, 64–68, 69, 75–76, 163 159–160, 162, 190–214, 217; Comintern, 43, 68 Revolutionary Council, 39; student Command and General Staff College union, 37, 50–51, 81, 86, 99, 101; (Philippines), 71 student protest, 6, 8, 81, 90–91, 93–99, Communist Party of the Philippines/New 100; Way to Socialism, 39, 50, 84, 192, People’s Army (CPP/NPA), see, 200; Workers and Peasants Party, Philippine, Communist Party. 46–47, 89 Congress of the Filipino People, see Bush, George, 213, 214 KOMPIL. Constitutional Commission (Philippines), Cairo, 233, 234 62, 73 Callahan, Mary, 44 Constitutional Referendum of 1984 Cambodia, 2 (Philippines), 180 Camp Aguinaldo, 184 contentious forms, 24, 26, 28–30, Camp Crame, 183, 184 30–36, 35 caretaker government (Burma), Conveners’ Group (Philippines), 182 48, 77 CORD, 181, 182 Carter, Jimmy, 141 Cordilleras, 150 Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Corporatism, 60, 62, 80, 103 Philippines, 177 cross-boys, 109–110 Catholic Church (Philippines), 72, Crouch, Harold, 113 137–138, 141, 148, 156, 160, CSM (Philippines), 137 160–161, 177, 180, 184 Cultivation System (Indonesia), 54 Catholic clergy, 141, 180 cultural center of the Philippines, 177 Cebu, 181 Cultural Revolution, 90–91 Central Bank (Philippine), 70, 70–74 Central Intelligence Agency, 7 Darul Islam, 121 Central Java, 51 Davao, 183 Central Luzon, 78 Dayak, 224 Ceribon, 225 Democratic Students’ Organization, 39 Chauk, 93 demonstration effect, 30 Chico River Dam, 150 decolonization, 19–22, 75–77; in Burma, China, 41, 197 21, 54, 54–55, 56, 69, 75–77;in Chinese Communist Party, 43 India, 31; in Indonesia, 19, 21, 53–57,

284 Index

66, 69, 75–77; in the Philippines, 66, Federation of Free Workers (Philippines), 75–77; in Southeast Asia, 19, 21 72, 160 democracy, 23, 32–33, 179, 200, 204 fifth force, 61 Democracy Defense Team, 229 fighting peacock, 98, 101, 171, 196, 202 Democracy Forum, 130–131, 219 First Class Native Schools (Dutch), 53 democracy protest, 1, 4, 16, 30–36, First Quarter Storm, 157 238–254 Burmese, 171, 190–214, FLAG (Philippines), 136–137 238–254; Indonesian, 172, 212, Ford, Gerald, 140 215–237, 238–254; Philippine, Foreign Broadcast Information Service 176–189, 183–185, 212, 238–254 (FBIS), 14 Democratic Alliance (Phillipines), 68 Forkot see Urban Forum Democratic Students Organization Francisco, Ronald, 24 (Burma), 47, 96, 99 Free Speech Forum, 217–218, 230, 232 demonetization (Burma), 192, 203, 211, Friar lands (Philippine), 65 241, 242, 248 fuel hike protests (Indonesia), DeNardo, James, 24 127–128, 164 Dewan Mahasisaw; see student councils Dharsono, General, 107, 117 Gabriella, 146 diffusion, 30 Gadja Mada university, 117, 231 Dili, 222 Galoni monks, 203, 204, 205 Diokno, Senator Jose, 62, 136, 142, 181 Gandhi, Mahatma, 31 diplomasi nationalists, 55, 56 GAPUR (Indonesia), 113 Diponogoro St., 217, 218 GERAK, 234 Djadja, Major General, 230 Gerakan Anti-Anarki, see GERAK Dohbama Asyiayone, 42, 55 Garuda Airlines, 121 Dorman-Smith, Governor, 44–45 global capitalist system, 33 DPR, 116, 235 global north, 29 dwifungsi, 59, 108 global south, 18 GOLKAR, 216, 224, 236, 240, 250 East Asia Youth League, 44 Gozali, Faisal, 121 East Java, 116, 247 Guided Democracy, 53, 57, 58, 59–62, 78, East Jember, 225 80, 105–106, 157, 159 East Timor, 110, 119–120, 128, 131, 165, Gunness, Christopher, 201 215, 222, 235, 237 Eastern Europe, 33 Habibie, B. J., 227, 234, 235, 236, 249, 250 Edhi, Sarwo, General, 107 Hatta, Mohammad, 54, 55, 56, 57, 76 EDSA (Philippines), 185, 249 Haggard, Stephan, 30 educational institutions, 159–160 Hainan, 43 El Salvador, 31, 238 Harmoko, 234 Elections: Burmese, 157, 241; Indonesian, Hawes, Gary, 70 163, 166, 220–224, 235, 250; hell drivers, 109–110 Philippine, 142–143, 180, 183, helmet law protests (Indonesia), 128 183–184, 185, 188, 242, 251 Hlan Han, Dr., 97 Enrile, Juan Ponce, 74, 144, 178, 179, HMI (Indonesia), 115 184–185 Hsaya San Rebellion, 41, 42 Escalante, 183 Htun Aung Kyaw, 197 Ethnic minorities, 2 HUKs (Philippines), 68 Executive Committee, 177 Human Rights Watch, 223 Humanika Foundation, 223 Fanon, Franz, 31 Hutchcroft, Paul, 69 Fabian socialism, 43 fascism, 33 IBP (Philippines), 142–143, 150, 166 FBSI (Indonesia), 124 Idris, Kamal, General, 107, 117 Federation of Free Farmers (Philippines), IMF, 140, 148, 179, 231, 232 72, 160 import substitution, 69, 70

Index 285

India, 41 Johnson, President Lyndon, 72 Indian Communist Party, 43 Justice for Aquino, Justice for All (JAJA), Indies Association, 54 178 Indonesia, 3, 29, 39, 66, 136, 137, 148, Jusuf, Daud, Dr., 117 149, 152, 176, 214 Indonesia Foundation, 112 Ka Kwe Ye, 90 Indonesian: authorities, 2, 93; Army Kabataan Makabayan, 72 Strategic Reserve Command Kachins:, 44 troop defections, 46 (KOSTRAD), 7; Communist Party Kahin, George, 53 (PKI), 7, 9, 9–10, 37, 51–53, 54, KAK, 112 54–55, 57, 59–62, 64, 71, 75, 78, Kalimantan, 128, 235 80, 81, 83, 103–104, 105–109, 119, Kalompok Studi, see study groups, 122, 132, 155, 155–156, 157, Indonesia 157–158, 159; Democracy KAMI (Indonesia), 106–107, 111, 115 Movement, 3, 35, 215–237, 238–254; KAP (Philippines), 67 Islamic Revolutionary Board, 121; KAPPI (Indonesia), 111 military (Armed Forces of the Karagatan, 74 Republic of Indonesia), 6–7, 9, 51–53, Karen, 44, 45, 75; troop defections, 46 58–62, 77, 77–78, 80, 81, Kartowibowo, Sawito, 116 82, 103–104, 106, 106–110, 112–115, KASAPI (Philippines), 145 117, 117–118, 121, 125, 126–127, Katipunan, 76 130, 155, 157, 160, 165, 172, 213, Kaufman, Robert, 30 216, 217, 218–222, 223, 226, 231, Kayah State, 205 232–236, 240, 246, 250; Military Kedung Ombo Dam, 129, 215 takeover of 1965, 6–7, 9, 51–53, KEPARAD, 234 61–62, 80, 81, 103, 106–107, 154; keterbukaan, 126–133, 156, 167, 172, Nationalist Party (PNI), 51; protest, 215–216, 221, 223, 224, 229, 230, 12, 18, 103, 103–133, 104–105, 152, 231, 239, 240–241 158–159, 162–164, 215–237, Khin Nyunt, 190 238–254; repression, 4–12, King’s College, 222 13, 35, 62–64, 79–82, 103–133, KIPP, 219 215–237; student protests, 103, 105, KM (Philippines), 138 106–120, 127–128, 129, 131–132, KMU, 146, 147 132–133 KMP, 146 Insein Prison, 195 KNPI, 115 Interim National Assembly, 140–141 Kommando Jihad, 121 Inya Lake, 194, 195, 198 KOMPIL, 180 IPMI, 127 KOPASSUS, 229, 233 Iran, 183 KOPKAMTIB, 113, 117 Irrawaddy Delta, 41, 46 Korea, 213 KOSTRAD, 106 Jakarta, 77, 80, 106, 110, 113–115, 114, Kuomintang (KMT), 43, 48, 77 116, 119, 121, 131, 164, 217–220, Kropotkin, 31 225 Japan, 43–45 La tonden˜a strike, 140 Japanese occupation:, 20 of Burma, 43, 56, Laban, 142–143, 166, 178 68; of Indonesia, 56, 68; of the labor strikes, 93–94, 95, 99, 101 in Philippines, 68 Burma, 93–94, 95, 99, 101, 157, 162, Java, 7, 9, 59, 131 170; in Indonesia, 103, 129–130, Javanese aristocrats, 41 156, 172, 220, 222; in the Philippines, Jember, 222 136, 140, 141, 153, 157, 162, 181–182 Jesuit, 142, 143 Lacaba, Jose, 73 jinglees, 199, 214 Lan Zin Lu Nge (Burma), 93 Jogjakarta, 56, 57, 112, Land disputes: Indonesia, 128, 221, 234 129, 152, 156, 171

286 Index

Latin America, 17 martial law (Philippines), 62–64, 71–74, 79, Laurel, Salvatore, 143 81, 86, 134–148, 158–159, 160–161, LBH (Indonesia), 122–123, 128–129, 167, 176, 182, 187, 239–240 215, 219 Marxism, 12, 43, 67, 68, 101, 188, 197 Lev, Daniel, 59 Masjumi, 58 liberal government, 11, 12, 18 mass organization legislation, Indonesia, Liberal Party (Philippine), 73, 74, 180 105, 123–124, 128–129, 156 Light a Fire Movement, 144–145, 178 Massachusetts, 222 Lim, Ben, 144 Maung Maung, Dr., 206, 210, Lintner, Bertil, 42, 195, 201 213, 245 Litaay, Alexander, 221 Maung Maung Kyaw, 198 logic of repression, 10 McCammon, 26 Lombok, 225 McCoy, Alfred, 69 Lon Htein, 194–195, 199, 200 McVey, Ruth, 53, 78 Long March, 130 Medan, 130, 217 Lopez Family, 62, 81, 134, 144 mimbar bebas, see Free Speech Forum lottery protests (Indonesia), 128, 164 Mindanao, 139, 146 Loveman, Mara, 24 Minhla, 89 LSM, see NGO, Indonesian missionaries, 40 Lyceum University, 72 MNLF, 139 Monks, see Sangha Macapagal, Diodado, 140–141 Moral force, 109, 109–110, 113, 114, Machmud, Amir, 112 115, 117, 118, 120, 132, 159, 163, Madiun Uprising, 57, 58 218, 230 Madura, 222 Moulmein, 209 Madurese, 224 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 44–45 Mahasiswa Ujungpandang Bertanya, 116 Movement radicalization, 17 Makati, 179, 181 Movement objectives, 18 Malacan˜ang, 73, 185 MPR (Indonesia), 167, 216, 226, 227, 231, Malay sultans, 41 232, 233–234, 240, 242 Malari protests, 111, 113–115, 114, Muhammadiyah, 54, 123, 226, 226–227 116–117, 233 Mujahedin command, 121 Malaya, 59 Murdani, Benny, 172 Maluku, 119–120, 235 Murtopo, Ali, 114, 117, 121 Mandalay, 37, 46, 50, 193, Muslim organizations (Indonesia), 59 196, 197, 203–204, 205, 208–209, Myenigone, 199 213, 247 Myint Soe, 98 Mandalay Bar Council, 203 Myothugyis, 40 Manglapus, Raul, 62 Manila, 65, 72, 144, 145, 158, 174, Nacionalista Party (Philippine), 74 182, 183 Nagani Book Club (Burma), 43 Manila Airport, 178 Nahdlatul Ulama, 51, 62, 112, 130, 219 Manila Rizal Party Branch, 142–143 NAMFREL, 181, 183–184 Mao Tse Tung, 31, 90–91 Nasution, General, 59, 117, 220 Marcos, Ferdinand, 3–4, 7–8, 9–10, 18, National Committee on Human Rights 62–64, 69, 70, 70–74, 75, 78–79, (Indonesia), 222, 223 79–82, 86, 134–136, 138–139, National Covenant for Freedom, 147 140–146, 153–154, 159–160, 161, National Defense College (Philippines), 71 165–166, 166–167, 168, 170, National Democratic Movement 173, 239, 241, 246, 247, (Philippines), 135, 143, 146–148, 250, 251 167, 176, 178, 180–183, 184, 239–240 Marcos, Imelda, 178 National Movement for Free Elections, see Marker, Jamsheed, 222 NAMFREL martial law (Burma), 156 National Movement for Freedom, Justice martial law (Indonesia), 58 and Democracy, 178

Index 287

National Pride Committee (Indonesia), 114 Indonesian, 12; Philippine, 12, national strike, 207 28, 247 National United Front (Burma), see NUF ormas, see mass organization legislation, National Union of Students in the Indonesia Philippines, 72 Outer Island Political Pressure National Unity for Democracy and (Indonesia), 58–59 Freedom, 143 Nationalist Alliance, 182 P4 classes, Indonesia, 124 nationalist movements, 19, 24, 37, 68, Pakpahan, Muchtar, 128, 220, 222 75–77 Burmese, 6, 19, 40, 54, 54–55, Pancasila, 166 56, 69, 98, 171; Indonesian, 21, 55, 69; Parliamentary Democracy Party (Burma), Philippine, 19, 21, 66 96, 97, 99 Nationalities Conference (Burma), patterns of political contention:, 4, 10–11, 49–50, 61 12, 161–169, 179, 211, 238–254 of NDF(Philippines), 138, 150–151, 176, repression, 26 180–183, 184, 186–187 PDI (Indonesia), 108, 132, 159, 215–222, Ne Win, 3–4, 6, 8, 9, 18, 37, 48, 62–64, 74, 229, 230, 240 75, 79–82, 85, 90, 93, 97, 98, 99, PDP-LABAN, 180, 183, 184 101–102, 105, 134, 135, 160, 161, 165, PDSP (Philippines), 137 168, 170, 191, 192, 194, 195, 198, Peace March of 1963 (Burma), 89 200–201, 206, 213, 241, 244, 248 Peace Parley of 1963 (Burma), 87, 89, 95, Negros, 143, 190 99, 157 Netherlands, 51–53, 65 pemuda nationalists, 75 New Nationalist Alliance (Philippines), see Pemunkus, Sri Bintang, 228 BAYAN Peninsular Games, 92, 100 New Order, 7, 10, 51, 80, 81, 82, 82–83, 86, People’s Peace Committee (Burma), 89 103–133, 153, 159, 161, 216, 218, People’s Revolutionary Party (Burma), 218–220, 221, 224, 226, 227, 229, 42, 46 231, 234, 241, 250 People’s Volunteer Organization (PVO), New People’s Army, 74, 136, 138–139, 45, 45–46 146–148, 149 Perhimpuan Indonesia, 54 New Society, 81, 82, 82–83, 139–151 Pesantren, 55, 75, 124 Nexus/Lexus, 14 PETA (Indonesia), 56, 57 NGOs: Indonesian, 103, 120–121, ‘‘Petition of 50’’, 126, 128, 220 122–124, 127, 128–130, 133, 152, petrus killings, 121–122, 166 156, 158, 159, 163–164, 165, 172, Philippines, 3, 29, 54, 93, 104, 152–153, 215, 219–222, 228, 245; Philippine, 213, 236 145, 148 Philippine–American War, 64 Nicaragua, 183 Philippine: Assembly, 42, 65–66; Central Nigeria, 2 Bank, 148, 179; Civil Liberties Nike Corporation, 222 Union, 136; Communist Party NKK/BKK, 105, 117–119, 120, (CPP), 7–8, 9, 62, 134–140, 136, 122, 123, 127, 152, 158, 163–164, 138–139, 140–141, 144, 146–148, 216, 231 149, 156, 184, 240, 244, 248; Northern Protest, 18, 152, 253 Commonwealth, 71; Congress, 68, North Cotabato, 144, 183 72; Constabulary, 64, 69; North Korea, 74 Constitution of 1972, 134, 136, 140; NUF, 39, 84, 85, 89, 197 Democracy Movement, 3, 30, 35, 176–189, 238–254; judiciary, 73; Opinion Taking General Assembly, 204 labor groups (colonial period), 66; opportunity structure, 22 martial law, 7–8, 9–10, 13; military Opposition Young Generation Group (AFP), 9, 62, 71, 81, 139, 178, 183, (Indonesia), 112 213, 246, 248, 249; Military oppositional culture, 11–12, 28, 29, 35, Academy, 183; Muslim Insurgency, 169–174, 247 Burmese, 12, 28; 8; Protest, 11–12, 18, 134–151,

288 Index

152–153, 194, 210, 219, 237; repression, 2–3, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, Repression, 35, 62–64, 79–82, 23–25, 24–30, 26, 35–36, 37, 75, 134–151; Senate, 68, 72; Supreme 79–82, 82–83, 190–214 Court, 72 Research methodology, 13–14 in Burma, Pinaglabanan Church, 73 13–14; in Indonesia, 13; in The PKP (Philippines), 68, 71 Philippines, 13, 13–14 Plaza Miranda bombing, 74 revolution:, 17, 18, 28, 33, 34, 76, 134, 146, Political Islam (in Indonesia), 57, 58, 61 158, 167, 173–174, 176, 186 Political Process Model, 18, 35 Indonesian, nationalist, 77–78 Political opportunity, 4, 25, 27, 28–30, 31, Revolutionary Council (Burma), 50, 79–80, 35, 169, 174, 187, 239, 239–243, 252, 82, 89, 154, 161 254 Revolutionary Period (Indonesia), 58 post-colonial state authorities, 21–22, 23 riot police (Burma), see Lon Htein Burmese, 23; Indonesian, 23 risk hierarchies, 27–28 PPBI (Indonesia), 219, 222 ROTC, 71 PPP (Indonesia), 108, 127, 132, 159, 218, RPKAD, 107 221, 222, 224, 228 PRD (Indonesia), 131, 219–220, 224, 228, Saigon, 17 245 Salim, Emil, 227 Presidential Security Force (Philippine), 71 Salonga, Senator Jovito, 62 Protest cycle, 26, 154, 171, 242, 251 salvage killings, 145, 166 Provisional Parliament (Indonesia), 116 SAMAKANA (Philippines), 146 PRRI Rebellion (Indonesia), 58 Sangha, 40, 41, 89, 94, 95, 160, 203, 204, Public Intellectuals (Indonesia), 125–126, 211 130–131, 133, 172, 226 SBSI, 130 PUDI (Indonesia), 228 Security and Administration Committees Pyinmana, 193 (Burma), 87 Security Councils (Burma), 85 Quezon, Manuel, 71, 163 Sein Lwin, 192, 200, 205, 206, 213 Separatist movements: Burmese, 155, 241; Radio Veritas, 184 Indonesian, 103, 110, 119–120, 131, Rais, Amien, 226, 226–227, 250 158, 165, 171, 172, 215, 222, 222; RAM, 184 Philippine, 135, 139, 141 Ramos, General Fidel, 178, 184–185 Seriket Islam, 54, 55 Rangoon, 37, 46, 86, 89, 92, 93–99, 94–97, Shan Principles Paper, 49 193–198, 198–200, 199, 201, 204, Shwedagon Pagoda, 171, 195, 202 205, 205–208, 210 Sin, Archbishop Jaime Cardinal, 137, 140, Rangoon General Hospital, 205 180, 181, 182, 184 Rangoon Institute of Medicine, 199 Sinyetha (People’s Revolutionary Party, Rangoon Institute of Technology, 97, 193, Burma), 42 193–194 Sitibondo, 223 Rangoon University, 6, 42, 79, 86, 93, 94, Sjahrir, Sutan, 55 98, 100, 193–194, 196, 198 SK 028, 115, 115–117 Reagan, Ronald, 183 SLORC, 190–191, 236 Red and White Front (Indonesia), 229 SMID (Indonesia), 219, 222 Red Guards, 91 SMPT, 127 Reform Armed Forces Movement, see RAM Social Democratic Movement regime transition, 30 defections from, 31, (Philippines), 135, 139, 143, 145, 182, 32–34 184, 186 Regional Unified Commands Social formation, 19–22 (Philippines), 71 socialist movement (Philippines), Religious institutions, 160–161, 184–185 182, 184 Rengasdengklok, 223 Socialist Party: Burmese, 45, 48; Philippine, Repertoires of Contention, 1, 12, 26 67

Index 289

socialist period (Burma), 80, 81, 82, 82–83, Sulawesi, 225 84 Sule Pagoda, 195 SOKSI, 60 Sumatra, 7, 9, 106, 116, Solarz, Stephan, 213 125, 225 Sophian, Sophan, 220 Sumitro, General (Indonesia), 112, South Africa, 31, 238 113–114, 127, 163 Southeast Asia, 15, 18, 19, 44, 67, 152 Suparman, 230, 231, 231 Soviet Union, 24, 95 Surabaya, 116, 221, 222 SPSI (Indonesia), 124 Surakarta, 234 state formation, 19 European, 19–20, 21 Surito, 127 State Law and Order Restoration Suryadi, 215–216, 217, 221 Committee, see SLORC state socialism, 33 Taman Mini protests, 111–113 strategic hamletting, 141, 145 Taman Siswa movement, 54 STI (Indonesia), 222 Tamanan, 225 strike committees (Burma), 191, 197, 198, Tan˜ada, Lorenzo, 142, 143 202–210, 208–209, 241, 245, 247 Tanaka, Japanese Prime Minister, 114 strike newspapers, 191, 202, 241 Tanjung, Faisal, 218 student councils (Indonesia), 111, 113, Tanjung Priok Massacre, 125 116, 117 Tarlac, 138 student protest, 2, 27, 93–99 Burmese, Tasikmalaya, 223 37–40, 41, 41–42, 47, 79–80, 83, 86, Tatmadaws, see Burmese military 92, 93–99, 100, 162, 170, 202–203, tats (Burma), 42, 43 241, 242; Indonesian, 10, 103, 105, TFD (Philippines), 136–137 106–120, 127–128, 129, 131–132, Thailand, 174 132–133, 155–156, 157–158, 159, Thakin (Burma), 42–43 162–164, 165, 166, 172, 230, Thakin Kodaw Hmine, 98–99, 100, 233–234; Philippine, 72, 136, 141, 101, 162 143, 173, 184 Thamaing Spinning Mill, 93 student representative bodies (Indonesia), Thayeb, Sjarif, Major General, 106, 115 118 Thompson, Mark, 145 Student Union, Burma, 6, 8, 37, 50–51, 81, Threat attribution, 26 86, 94, 99, 101, 171, 211 Tien, 24–30 Student United Front (Burma), 39, 42, 48, Tilly, Charles, 20 87 Tim Pembela Demokrasi, see Democracy students’ vows, 116 Defense Team study groups, Indonesia, 120, 121, 156 Tin Aye Kyu, 98, 99 Suara Ibu Peduli, 227 Tin Maung Oo, 96, 97–99 Subianto, Probowo, 227, 228, 229, 232, Tin Oo, 190, 209, 213 233–234 Toer, Pramoediya Anna, 131 Sudharmono, General, 127 Tokyo, 43 Suez Canal, 53 Township organizing committees, 85 Suharto, 3–4, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9–10, 18, 34, 37, Township peasant councils, 85, 157 62–64, 74, 75, 79–82, 86, 103, Trade Union Congress of Burma, 46 105–106, 108, 112, 117, 126–127, Traffic law protests (Indonesia), 164 130, 134, 135, 155, 160, 163, 166, Trisakti University, 233, 242 168, 172, 177, 216, 220, 223, 224, Tritura (Indonesia), 107 227, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 236–237, 238–254, 240, 241, 244, U Nu, 48, 49–50, 89, 92, 96, 97, 99, 105, 246, 247, 249–250 159, 209, 210 Sukarno, 9, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58–61, 76, U Thant funeral protests, 94–97, 100, 101, 77–78, 106–108, 157, 159, 215 160, 162, 165, 171 Sukarnoputra, Guruh, 215 Ujan Pandang, 230 Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 132, 216–222, underground, 18, 27, 64, 94, 97–98, 226, 226–227, 236 99–101, 154–156 in Burma,

290 Index

87–89, 91–92, 94, 97–98, Visayas, 141 99–101, 154–156, 161, 162, 164, 171, Voice of America, 193, 205, 213 190–191, 191–211, 193, 196–197, Volksraad, 54–55 199–200, 201–205, 202–203, 211, 241, 245, 252; in Indonesia, 108, 118, Wahid, Abdurrahman, 219, 220, 223, 226, 121–122, 154–156, 160; in the 235, 236, 250 Philippines, 87, 139, 140, 147, 149, Wartasan, 127 153, 154, 154–156, 166 West Java, 125 UNIDO, 178, 180 West Kalimantan, 223 Union Party (Burma), 49, 89, 96 West Papua, 57, 59, 103, 110, 119–120, United Front, 68 165, 215, 237 United Front Commission white flag communists (Burma), 46 (Philippines), 142 White Book of the Student Struggle, 117 United Nations, 59, 192, 222 White Group, 1973–74 (Indonesia), 112 United States, 9, 14, 17, 74, 81, 141, 144, Wiranto, 234, 235, 236 146, 150, 178, 181, 182, 183, 185, WOMB (Philippines), 146 206, 213 Civil Rights Movement, 32; Wood, Elizabeth, 31, 238–239 Economic influence, 73 Working Cabinet (under Guided University of Indonesia, 113, 115 Democracy), 59 University of the Philippines, 159 World War One, 41 University Student Councils (Philippines), 72 World War Two, 19, 20, 42, 55, Urban Forum, 232 77, 78 in Burma, 20, 43; in Indonesia, 55–57, 56; in the Philippines, 20, 68, Van de Walle, 31 69, 78 Vatican, 178 Wurfel, David, 62 Vatican II, 72 Vatikiotis, Michael, 120, 121 Young Man’s Buddhist Association Ver, Fabian, 71, 144, 178, 179, 183, (Burma), 41 184–185 Vietnam War, 72 Zambales, 138 Village Organizing Councils (Burma), 84