SPACE SECURITY 2006 SPACESECURITY.ORG SPACE SECURITY 2006 SPACESECURITY.ORG PARTNERS Governance Group Simon Collard-Wexler International Security Research and Outreach Programme, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada Amb. Thomas Graham Jr. Cypress Fund for Peace and Security Dr. Wade Huntley Simons Centre for Disarmament and Non-proliferation Research, University of British Columbia Dr. Ram Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University Dr. William Marshall Belfer Centre for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University and Space Policy Institute, George Washington University John Siebert Project Ploughshares Sarah Estabrooks Project Manager, Project Ploughshares Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publications Data Advisory Board Space Security 2006 Amb. Thomas Graham Jr. (Chairman of the Board), Cypress Fund for Peace and Security ISBN 13: 978-1-895722-53-6 Philip Coyle III ISBN 10: 1-895722-53-5 Center for Defense Information Air Marshall Lord Garden © 2006 Spacesecurity.org House of Lords, UK Design and layout by Graphics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Theresa Hitchens Center for Defense Information Cover image: ESA-J.Huart Dr. John Logsdon Space Policy Institute, George Washington University Printed in Canada Dr. Lucy Stojak Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University First published July 2006 Dr. S. Pete Worden Brigadier General USAF (ret.) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 8 Acronyms PAGE 11 Introduction PAGE 13 Executive Summary PAGE 26 Chapter One: The Space Environment PAGE 44 Chapter Two: Space Security Laws, Policies, and Doctrines PAGE 62 Chapter Three: Civil Space Programs and Global Utilities PAGE 79 Chapter Four: Commercial Space PAGE 96 Chapter Five: Space Support for Terrestrial Military Operations PAGE 114 Chapter Six: Space Systems Protection PAGE 130 Chapter Seven: Space Systems Negation PAGE 146 Chapter Eight: Space-Based Strike Weapons PAGE 157 Annex One: 2005 Space Security Survey Results PAGE 159 Annex Two: Expert Participation PAGE 162 Annex Three: Active Military Satellites PAGE 161 Endnotes Space Security 2006 Acronyms ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile GAGAN GPS and GEO Augmented Navigation ANGELS Autonomous Nanosatellite Guardian for Evaluating GEO Geostationary Orbit Local Space GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System ASAT Anti-Satellite Weapon GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle GNSS Global Navigator Satellite System ATV Automated Transfer Vehicle GPS Global Positioning System AWS Advanced Wideband System HAND High Altitude Nuclear Detonation BMD Ballistic Missile Defense HEL High Energy Laser CBM Confidence-Building Measures HELSTF High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility CD Conference on Disarmament HEO Highly Elliptical Orbit CEV Crew Exploration Vehicle IADC Inter-Agency Debris Coordinating Committee CNES Centre National d’Études Spatiales ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile CNSA Chinese National Space Administration ILS International Launch Services ACRONYMS CONUS Continental United States INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization COPUOS United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium Outer Space ISO International Organization for Standardization COSPAR-SARSAT Committee On Space Research – Search and Rescue ISRO Indian Space Research Organization Satellite-Aided Tracking ISS International Space Station CSA Canadian Space Agency ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulation CX-OLEV ConeXpress Orbital Life Extension Vehicle ITU International Telecommunications Union DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency DART Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology JHPSSL Joint High-Power Solid-State Laser DBS Direct Broadcasting by Satellite LEO Low Earth Orbit DGA Délégation Générale pour l’Armement MDA Missile Defense Agency DOD United States Department of Defense MEO Medium Earth Orbit DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System MIRACL Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser DSP Defense Support Program MKV Miniature Kill Vehicle DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency MOD Ministry of Defence (UK) EADS European Aeronautics Defence and Space Company MOST Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars EC European Commission MPX Micro-satellite Propulsion Experiment EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle MSV Mobile Satellite Ventures EHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime EKV Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US) ELINT Electronic Intelligence NEO Near-Earth Object ESA European Space Agency NFIRE Near-Field Infrared Experiment EU European Union NGA National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (US) FALCON Force Application and Launch from the Continental NGO Non-Governmental Organization United States NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US) FAA Federal Aviation Administration (US) NORAD North American Aerospace Defense command FCC Federal Communications Commission (US) NSTAC National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee FMCT Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty NTM National Technical Means FOBS Fractional Orbital Bombardment System 8 9 Space Security 2006 Introduction ORS Operationally Responsive Spacelift The strategic environment of outer space is evolving rapidly. A growing number and diversity INTRODUCTION OST Outer Space Treaty of actors are accessing and using space; revenues from its commercial exploitation are growing; PAROS Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space satellite services affect daily life all over the world; and military space applications are continually expanding. While demonstrating the vital importance of this environment, PEIS Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement intensifying space use creates governance challenges including management of space traffic, QZSS Quazi-Zenith Satellite System orbital debris, and the distribution of scarce resources such as orbital slots and radio frequency. RAIDRS Rapid Attack Identification Detections Reporting System It has become clear that technological and political developments are outstripping the existing RAMOS Russian-American Observation Satellite program governance framework for outer space. These governance challenges will become increasingly RASCAL Responsive Access, Small Cargo, Affordable Launch salient as states’ dependence on space for national security grows. program Space Security 2006 aims to provide a comprehensive and integrated assessment of the state of RFTWARS Radio Frequency, Threat Warning, and Attack Reporting space security. It is the third such annual evaluation of space security, which for these purposes ROKVISS Robotic Components Verification on the International is defined as the secure and sustainable access to and use of space, and freedom from space- Space Station based threats. The report examines international developments in space security according to RSSS Remote Sensing Satellite System eight indicators, providing a comprehensive overview of the concerns of military, civilian, and commercial space stakeholders from around the world. SAINT Satellite Interceptor SALT Strategic Arms Limitations Talks This project accepts the position that space is a global commons, as enshrined in the 1967 SAR Search and Rescue (Satellite-based) Outer Space Treaty, bordering every community on Earth. There is no doubt that national and international security dynamics on Earth and space security are interlinked: space systems can SBI Space-Based Interceptors enhance national security by providing transparency and by supporting military operations SBIRS Space-Based Infrared System and international security concerns on Earth risk spilling over into the space environment. SBL Space-Based Laser However, our approach posits that there are policies that can enhance the security of all actors SBSS Space-Based Surveillance System in space. Space security need not be a zero-sum game but instead can be a path to prosperity SBSW Space-Based Strike Weapon and a path to peace. SDI Strategic Defense Initiative The pursuit of space security is plagued by certain contradictions. For example, the acquisition SHF Super High Frequency of independent space access by more actors could aggravate environmental concerns in space. SIGINT Signals Intelligence Technologies that enable more effective use of space for some often have the inherent potential SMV Space Maneuver Vehicle to negate the secure use of space for others. Indeed, the same assets used for space surveillance and collision avoidance could provide precision targeting of space assets. These contradictions SOI Silicon-On-Insulator are commonly interpreted from the national security vantage points of individual space actors. SSL Solid State Laser However, these concerns need to be explored and collectively managed, and, by their very SSN Space Surveillance Network nature, require a common understanding of space security. We expect this report will provide SSS Space Surveillance System food for thought in this regard. STSS Space Tracking and Surveillance System It is our hope that Space Security 2006 will improve the transparency of activity in outer space. SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission As with all security matters, perceptions and misperceptions are tremendously important. The TECSAS Technology Satellite for Demonstration and