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Magisterarbeit MAGISTERARBEIT Titel der Magisterarbeit „How does China’s space program fit their development goals?“ Verfasser Manfred Steinkellner, Bakk. phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Innsbruck, Juni 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 811 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Sinologie Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Frank, Prof. Dr. Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik Zusammenfassung Diese Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit dem chinesischen Weltraumprogramm und seiner Rolle im Kontext der chinesischen Entwicklungspolitik. Die Bedeutung ist einerseits durch Chinas wirtschaftlichen Aufstieg gegeben und andererseits durch das erhöhte strategische und kommerzielle Interesse am Weltraum. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit versucht kurz den Weg Chinas zu seiner aktuellen Lage zu skizzieren. Die wichtigsten Entwicklungsschritte in Wirtschaft, Militär und Umwelt werden aufgezeigt um ein besseres Verständnis der Realität zu ermöglichen. Nach einer kurzen Analyse der aktuellen Situation werden die chinesischen Entwicklungspläne untersucht. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf dem elften chinesischen Fünf-Jahres Plan, dem elften chinesischen Entwicklungsplan für Weltraum sowie dem Langzeit Entwicklungsplan für Wissenschaft und Technik. Die Analyse dieser Daten führt zu einem konkreteren Verständnis der aktuellen Ziele Chinas und ermöglicht somit eine Einordnung des Weltraumprogramms in die aktuelle chinesische Entwicklung. Der zweite Teil untersucht sechs Kernbereiche des chinesischen Weltraumprogramms. Es handelt sich dabei um das bemannte Raumfahrtsprogramm, das Mondprogramm, den Telekommunikationssektor, die Erdbeobachtungssatelliten, die Trägerraketen und Weltraumbahnhöfe sowie das chinesische Satellitennavigationssystem Beidou. Die Feststellung der Kapazitäten in diesen Bereichen lässt einerseits einen Vergleich zu anderen Weltraumnationen zu, andererseits zeigt es aber wie, und vor allem wie stark Chinas Weltraumprogramm zu seiner Entwicklung beiträgt. ii How does China’s space program fit their development goals? iii Acknowledgements I wish to give my sincerest thanks to all of those who have supported me while writing this thesis. In particular, my professor Dr. Rdiger Frank deserves special thanks. A thanks for all his suggestions, the time he spent helping me develop and revise my initial research design, for the countless interruptions into his working time he accepted and his support in facilitating my research trip to China, but moreover for something that he did back in 2006. I had tried to write a paper on co-operation between the European Union and China in regard to space. It was an interesting topic but, at the time, I was insufficiently knowledgeable on the topic to fully appreciate it. However, Prof. Frank supported me in learning and continuously invited me to insightful conversations. While the quality of that paper was arguable below standard, it was my first attempt to merge my interest for space and sinology, which has cumulated into this Thesis. Finally, I would like to thank him for is his way of clear thinking, his sharp logic and his sense of humor, ubiquious throughout his classes and in our conversations. These things have all inspired and helped me on my journey. Another integral person is the head of my department, Prof. Dr. Susanne Weigelin- Schwiedrzik. During my first years at the university, her lectures were the ones I most admired, due to their focus, their clarity and their insights into China they had offered. As for my thesis, Prof. Weigelin-Schwiedrzik also helped me with initial thoughts on this topic and how it might be tackled in a way that could be of interest to both the community of sinologists and the space community. Another person that deserves great thanks is one of my teachers from Beihang University in Beijing. Professor Zhu managed to attract and retain in classes. Her stern looks for bad performance ensured that I did my best for any test. Her support throughout all the years I have known her and my friendship with her allowed me to deepen my understanding of China considerably. Without this friendship and support, my path would have been much more difficult at various occasions. Of course, my girlfriend Julia deserves special thanks. Without her support, her incredible patience, her caring love and her deep understanding I would have found it much harder to begin and to conclude this thesis. There are still many others whom I have not mentioned here, but who have supported and aided me. Many of them work in space-related organizations around the world, while others are my friends who have discussed this topic with me or reviewed draft copies. I appreciate the time they have taken and hereby would like to thank them all for their generous support. iv Table of Content 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. On Development .................................................................................................................. 2 3. A peculiar form of development – Chinese development.................................................... 6 4. Development processes...................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Five-Year Plan.............................................................................................................. 12 4.2 Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Scientific and Technological Development ......... 13 4.3 Development Needs ..................................................................................................... 14 5. Current Chinese Development Plans.................................................................................. 16 5.1 Development Focus...................................................................................................... 16 5.1.1 Energy .................................................................................................................... 17 5.1.2 Environment........................................................................................................... 18 5.1.3 Inequality................................................................................................................ 19 5.1.4 Security................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.5 Innovation............................................................................................................... 20 5.1.6 Proposed solutions.................................................................................................. 21 5.2 Space-related goals in the 11 th Five-Year Plan ............................................................ 27 5.3 Other space-supported goals in the 11 th Five-Year Plan.............................................. 29 5.4 Key goals in 11 th Five-Year Plan for Space Development .......................................... 31 5.5 Space-related Goals in the Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Scientific and Technological Development ........................................................................................ 34 6. China’s space program....................................................................................................... 37 6.1 Introduction to space .................................................................................................... 37 6.2 A necessary word on sources ....................................................................................... 38 6.3 Capacity of the Chinese space program ....................................................................... 39 6.3.1 Shenzhou–China’s manned space program............................................................ 40 6.3.2 Imaging satellites.................................................................................................... 48 6.3.3 Space Transport Systems ....................................................................................... 53 6.3.4 Beidou .................................................................................................................... 59 6.3.5 Telecommunication system.................................................................................... 64 6.3.6 Chang’e .................................................................................................................. 69 6.3.7 Capacity Assessment.............................................................................................. 74 7. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 78 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. 82 Bibliography............................................................................................................................. 83 v List of Tables Table 1: Shenzhou flights and their mission goals 42 Table 2: List of Chinese remote sensing satellites 49 Table 3: Performance characteristics of Changzheng-2 family 55 Table 4: Performance characteristics of Changzheng-3 family 56 Table 5: Performance characteristics of Changzheng-4 family 56 Table 6: Chinese spaceports 57 Table 7: Chinese Beidou satellites 61 Table 8: Beidou vs. GPS accuracy 62 Table 9: Selection of Chinese communication satellites 65 Table 10: Technologies required for Moon missions 70 Table 11: Key facts on Chang'e-I 71 List of Figures Figure
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