A New Model for a Foreign Langu Age Learner's

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A New Model for a Foreign Langu Age Learner's A NEW MODEL FOR A FOREIGN LANGU AGE LEARNER’S DIGTIONARY by Philippe R. M/HumWé A thesis siibBiitted in pariial Mfilmenl of the requirements for the degree of Doutor em Letras Univeráidade Federal de Santa Catarina 1997 Approved by Prof. Dr. José Luiz Meiarer Chairman of the Supervisory' Committee Pós-GrâduaçSo de Literatura e Língua Inglesa November Í997 Esta tese foi julgada adequada e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês para a obtenção do grau de DOUTOR EM LETRAS Opção Língua Inglesa e Lingüística Aplicada ao Inglês tíkJlfhOLff) Dr®. BarbaraOughtonBaptísta Coordenadora Dr. José Luiz Meurer Orientador Banca Examinadora: Dr. José Luiz Meurer Orientador ‘. Rosa Weingòld Ko|lhder Dr. Jean Binon (Uili:i^. Católica de Leuven, Bélgica) V D|r“. SilAyia Serrai i ^ (UNICAMP) Dr. Richard Malcolm Coulthard (Univ. de Birmingham, Inglaterra) FlorianópoHs, 19 de dezembro de 1997. Every author may aspire to praise, the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach, and even this negative recompense has been granted to very few. Johnson in the Preface to the English Dictionary. Voor Femand Humblé, In memoriam UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA A NEW MODEL FOR A FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNER’S DICTIONARY by Philippe R. M. Humble Chairperson of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Dr. José Luiz Meurer Pós-graduação em Lingua e Literatura Inglesa n Abstract This thesis deals with the problem of foreign language lexicography proposing a new dictionary model. It is concerned with the lack of adequacy between, on the one hand, current reference works and, on the other, the learners’ needs. These needs have been insufficiently investigated and this thesis suggests that the lack of substantial results in the area is due to a flawed research methodology. It is suggested that a qualitative type of research, instead of a quantitative one, should yield better results. A sample of this kind of qualitative analysis, carried out on dictionary examples, bears out that dictionaries would gain with a separation of the encoding and decoding parts. This had already been suggested by a few researchers in the past at a theoretical level. A series of consequences of this separation are then considered and, as a result, recommendations are formulated for the compiling of dictionaries in the future. These recommendations mainly tend to improve the encoding part of the dictionary. They were partly induced by new technologies, without being dictated by them. The relevance of this work lies mainly in the possible practical outcome of what is here proposed: a new kind of foreign language dictionary. Resumo Esta tese é um trabalho de pesquisa lexicográfica voltado para o ensino de uma língua estrangeira. Propõe-se aqui um novo modelo de dicionário, melhor adaptado às necessidades dos usuários modernos. Segundo o autor, estas necessidades são hoje muito mais de produção e não mais unicamente de compreensão. O fato dessas novas necessidades serem insuficientemente pesquisadas deve-se a uma metodologia de pesquisa inadequada. Sugere-se que um tipo de pesquisa qualitativa, no lugar de uma quantitativa, levaria a melhores resultados. Um exemplo deste tipo de pesquisa qualitativa e aplicada a exemplos, mostra que os dicionários ganhariam em eficiência se as funções lexicográficas de produção e compreensão fossem consideradas separadamente. Alguns pesquisadores já defenderam esta posição no passado a um nível teórico, mas suas conseqüências práticas nunca foram consideradas. É precisamente o que se tenta fazer aqui. Algumas recomendações são formuladas para a compilação de dicionários de língua estrangeira no fiituro, mais do que nada para produção. A informática, em parte responsável para a maior necessidade de dicionários de produção, é considerada uma ferramenta essencial. A relevância deste trabalho está também nas eventuais conseqüências práticas do que se propõe aqui. ni Table of Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................................................... vii Glossaiy................................................................................................................................................. .............................ix C hapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Statement o f the Problem .................................... ........... .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objectives and Hypothesis .........................................................................................................................................2 1.3. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................................................5 1.3.1. Data of this Research...............................................................................................................................................5 Bilingual Dictionaries...................................................................................................................................................5 Learner’s Dictionaries...................................................................................................................................................6 Bilingualised Dictionaries........................................................................................................................................... 7 Monolingual Native Speaker’s Dictionaries................................................ .............................................................7 Others..................................................................................... ........................................................................................7 1.3.2. Data Analysis...................................... .................................................................................................................... 8 C hapter 2 L exicography a n d Lea r n er ’s N e e d s ................................................................................................... 21 2.1. Dictionaries in a Historical Perspective .............................................................................................................21 2.2. Learner’s Dictionaries ............................................................................................................................................. 25 2.3. Bilingual Dictionaries ...............................................................................................................................................27 2.4. Bilingualised Dictionaries ....................................................................................................................................... 28 2.5. The Longman Language Activator .......................................................................................................................30 C hapter 3 Review of C riticism ...................................................................................................................................... 33 3.1. Dictionary Use and Users - Questionnaires and Experiments ...................................................................33 3.1.1. Questionnaires........................................................................................................................................................ 33 3.1.2. Criticisms of Questionnaires................................................................................................ ; .............................. 35 3.1.3. Controlled Experiments.............................................................................. ........................................................ .38 3.1.4. Atkins and Varantola............................................................................................................................................ 39 3.1.5. Hillary Nesi’s Research on Examples................................................................................... ............................ 42 3.2. Dictionaries and Computers .......................................... ....................................................................................... 45 3.3. The Needfor New Kinds o f Research ..................................................................................................................48 C hapter 4 Exa m ples : The core of foreign la ng ua ge lexicography ........................................................ 50 4:1. General Considerations ............................................................................................................. .............................50 4.1.1. Overview of the Research on Examples.............................................................................................................50 4.1.2. The Nature of Examples.......................................................................................................................................54 4.1.3. The Function ofExamples................................................................................................................................... 57 4.1.4. Examples for Decoding and Examples for Encoding ......................................................................................58 4.2.
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