FINLAND's RELATIONS with the SOVIET UNION, 1940-1952 By
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Finnish Shopping Centers 2020 Centers Shopping Finnish Finnish Councilfinnish of Shopping Centers • Suomen Kauppakeskusyhdistys Ry
Succesful and evolving shopping center business – the beating heart of community! Menestyvä ja kehittyvä Finnish Shopping Centers 2020 kauppakeskusliiketoiminta – yhdyskunnan sykkivä sydän! Kauppakeskukset Finnish Council of Shopping Centers Annankatu 24, 2. krs. 00100 Helsinki puh. +358 9 4767 5711 www.kauppakeskusyhdistys.fi Finnish Shopping Centers 2020 Centers Shopping Finnish Kauppakeskukset Finnish Shopping Centers 2014 Centers Shopping Finnish Kauppakeskukset www.kauppakeskusyhdistys.fi Finnish Council of Shopping Centers • Suomen Kauppakeskusyhdistys ry Finnish Shopping Centers 2020 Kauppakeskukset 4 5 Introduction The Finnish Shopping Centers 2020 industry review transparency and knowledge of the sector among they are conveniently accessible. The business mix centers is as part of a community structure which is compiled by the Finnish Council of Shopping investors, customers, traders, and the main stake- changes constantly according to customer needs. is conveniently accessible. The key is to create rele- Centers. It provides a package of information on holders in the sector, both in Finland and abroad. Business proprietors are able to operate in an eco- vant spaces for people and to provide a community shopping centers for everyone interested in the logically and socially responsible way. The shopping hub. The ongoing trend is to provide non-retail uses sector. This is already the fourteenth annual review. Shopping centers are adapting to center business in Finland has reached its 30-year by increasing leisure in shopping centers and also Shopping Centers 2020 contains key figures about continuous change anniversary. It is not yet a mature sector, but it is in town centre regeneration. The mixed-use town the business sector as well as standardised intro- an area with continuous development. -
4.Murtomäki 2017.10192 Words
Sibelius in the Context of the Finnish-German History Veijo Murtomäki Introduction The life and career of a composer cannot be considered as an isolated case without taking into account the wider context. The history of ideas and ideologies is always part of any serious enquiry into an artist’s personal history. Therefore we must bear in mind at least four points when considering the actions of artist and his or her country. Firstly, as the eminent Finnish historian Matti Klinge has observed, "the biggest challenge for understanding history is trying to situate oneself in the preconditions of the time-period under scrutiny while remembering that it did not know what the posterity knows."[1] Writing history is not primarily a task whereby the historian provides lines for actors to speak, but rather is an attempt to understand and explain why something happened, and to construct a context including all of the possible factors involved in a certain historical process. Secondly, supporting (or not opposing) an ideology prevailing at a certain time does not mean that the supporter (or non-opponent) is committing a crime. We could easily condemn half of the European intellectuals for supporting Fascism, Nazism, Communism or Maoism, or just for having become too easily attracted by these – in their mind – fascinating, visionary ideologies to shape European or world history. Thirdly, history has always been written by the winners – and thus, historiography tends to be distorted by exaggerating the evil of the enemy and the goodness of the victor. A moral verdict must be reached when we are dealing with absolute evil, but it is rare to find exclusively good or bad persons or civilizations; therefore history is rarely an issue of black and white. -
The Baltic Sea Region the Baltic Sea Region
TTHEHE BBALALTTICIC SSEAEA RREGIONEGION Cultures,Cultures, Politics,Politics, SocietiesSocieties EditorEditor WitoldWitold MaciejewskiMaciejewski A Baltic University Publication Case Chapter 2 Constructing Karelia: Myths and Symbols in the Multiethnic Reality Ilja Solomeshch 1. Power of symbols Specialists in the field of semiotics note that in times of social and political crises, at Political symbolism is known to have three the stage of ideological and moral disintegra- major functions – nominative, informative tion, some forms of the most archaic kinds of and communicative. In this sense a symbol in political symbolism reactivate in what is called political life plays one of the key roles in struc- the archaic syndrome. This notion is used, for turing society, organising interrelations within example, to evaluate the situation in pre- and the community and between people and the post-revolutionary (1917) Russia, as well as various institutions of state. Karelia Karelia is a border area between Finland and Russia. Majority of its territory belongs to Russian Republic of Karelia, with a capital in Petrozavodsk. The Sovjet Union gained the marked area from Finland as the outcome of war 1944. Karelia can be compared with similar border areas in the Baltic Region, like Schleswig-Holstein, Oppeln (Opole) Silesia in Poland, Kaliningrad region in Russia. Probably the best known case of such an area in Europe is Alsace- -Lorraine. Map 13. Karelia. Ill.: Radosław Przebitkowski The Soviet semioticity When trying to understand historical and cultural developments in the Russian/Soviet/Post-Soviet spatial area, especially in terms of Centre-Peripheries and Break-Continuity paradigms, one can easily notice the semioticity of the Soviet system, starting with its ideology. -
Russian History: a Brief Chronology (998-2000)
Russian History: A Brief Chronology (998-2000) 1721 Sweden cedes the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea to Russia (Treaty of Nystad). In celebration, Peter’s title Kievan Russia is changed from tsar to Emperor of All Russia Abolition of the Patrarchate of Moscow. Religious authority passes to the Holy Synod and its Ober- prokuror, appointed by the tsar. 988 Conversion to Christianity 1722 Table of Ranks 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion 1723-25 The Persian Campaign. Persia cedes western and southern shores of the Caspian to Russia Muscovite Russia 1724 Russia’s Academy of Sciences is established 1725 Peter I dies on February 8 1380 The Battle of Kulikovo 1725-1727 Catherine I 1480 End of Mongol Rule 1727-1730 Peter II 1462-1505 Ivan III 1730-1740 Anne 1505-1533 Basil III 1740-1741 Ivan VI 1533-1584 Ivan the Terrible 1741-1762 Elizabeth 1584-98 Theodore 1744 Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst arrives in Russia and assumes the name of Grand Duchess 1598-1613 The Time of Troubles Catherine Alekseevna after her marriage to Grand Duke Peter (future Peter III) 1613-45 Michael Romanoff 1762 Peter III 1645-76 Alexis 1762 Following a successful coup d’etat in St. Petersburg 1672-82 Theodore during which Peter III is assassinated, Catherine is proclaimed Emress of All Russia Imperial Russia 1762-1796 Catherine the Great 1767 Nakaz (The Instruction) 1772-1795 Partitions of Poland 1682-1725 Peter I 1773-1774 Pugachev Rebellion 1689 The Streltsy Revolt and Suppression; End of Sophia’s Regency 1785 Charter to the Nobility 1695-96 The Azov Campaigns 1791 Establishment fo the Pale of Settlement (residential restrictions on Jews) in the parts of Poland with large 1697-98 Peter’s travels abroad (The Grand Embassy) Jewish populations, annexed to Russia in the partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) and in the 1698 The revolt and the final suppression of the Streltsy Black Sea liitoral annexed from Turkey. -
This Document Has Been Downloaded from Tampub – the Institutional Repository of University of Tampere
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University This document has been downloaded from Tampub – The Institutional Repository of University of Tampere Post-print Authors: Häkli Jouni Cultures of demarcation : territory and national identity in Name of article: Finland Name of work: Nested identities : identity, territory, and scale Editors of work: Herb Guntram H., Kaplan David H. Year of 1999 publication: ISBN: 0-8476-8466-0 Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Pages: 123-149 Discipline: Social sciences / Social and economic geography Language: en URN: http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:uta-3-959 All material supplied via TamPub is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorized user. Author’s copy. Originally published in Guntram H. Herb & D. H. Kaplan (eds.). Nested identities: Identity, Territory, and Scale. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield (1999), 123-149. Cultures of Demarcation: Territory and National Identity in Finland JOUNI HÄKLI Introduction This chapter explores the significance of geographical scale in the negotiation of spatial identities, and especially attempts to understand the processes of nation- building in Finland, which stands out as an exceptional case among the several "successor states" born out of the European geopolitical turmoil in the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. -
1 Capitalism Under Attack: Economic Elites and Social Movements in Post
Capitalism under attack: Economic elites and social movements in post-war Finland Niklas Jensen-Eriksen Author’s Accepted Manuscript Published as: Jensen-Eriksen N. (2018) Capitalism Under Attack: Economic Elites and Social Movements in Post-War Finland. In: Berger S., Boldorf M. (eds) Social Movements and the Change of Economic Elites in Europe after 1945. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77197-7_11 Introduction For Finland, the post-war era began in September 1944 when it switched sides in the Second World War. The country, which had fought alongside Germany against the Soviet Union from the summer of 1941 onwards, was now left within the Soviet sphere of influence.1 In this altered political situation, new social movements, in particular those led by communists and other leftist activists, challenged the existing economic and political order. However, this article argues that the traditional economic elites were remarkably successful in defending their interests. When the ‘years of danger’, as the period 1944–48 has been called in Finland, ended, it remained a country with traditional Western-style parliamentary democracy and a capitalist economic system. Before the parliamentary elections of 1945, Finnish Prime Minister J.K. Paasikivi, the main architect of the country’s new foreign policy (which was based on the attempt to maintain warm relations with the Soviet Union), urged voters to elect ‘new faces’ to Parliament.2 The voters did so. A new communist-dominated political party, the Finnish People’s Democratic League (Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto, SKDL) received a quarter of the seats. -
Bibliographie D'histoire De L'amérique Française (Publications Récentes)
Document generated on 10/01/2021 10:33 a.m. Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française Bibliographie d’histoire de l’Amérique française (publications récentes) Centre de bibliographie historique de l’Amérique française Volume 36, Number 4, mars 1983 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/304117ar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/304117ar See table of contents Publisher(s) Institut d'histoire de l'Amérique française ISSN 0035-2357 (print) 1492-1383 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this document Centre de bibliographie historique de l’Amérique française (1983). Bibliographie d’histoire de l’Amérique française (publications récentes). Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française, 36(4), 612–633. https://doi.org/10.7202/304117ar Tous droits réservés © Institut d'histoire de l'Amérique française, 1983 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ BIBLIOGRAPHIE D'HISTOIRE DE L'AMÉRIQUE FRANÇAISE (PUBLICATIONS RÉCENTES) préparée depuis 1967 par le Centre de bibliographie historique de l'Amérique française sous la direction de Paul AUBIN (Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture) et Paul-André LINTEAU (Université du Québec à Montréal) Cette bibliographie est réalisée à partir du dépouillement systématique de plus de 400 périodiques. -
Arctic and North
Arctic and North. 2012. № 6 1 ISSN 2221-2698 Arctic and North Arkhangelsk: Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named after М. V. Lomonosov 2011. № 4 (November) Arctic and North. 2012. № 6 2 ISSN 2221-2698 Arctic and North. 2011. № 4 (November) Electronic periodical edition © Northern (Arctic ) Federal University named after M. V. Lomonosov, 2011 © Editorial Board of the journal «Arctic and North», 2011 Published 4 times a year The journal is registered like electronic periodical edition on Russian and English languages. The testimony of the Federal service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technologies and communications (№ FC77-42809 from the 26 of November 2010.) The journal is registered in the system of the Russian Index of the scientific quotations (RINZ), where should be placed all the regular issues of the journal. A license agreement is № 96- 04/2011R on April 12, 2011.12. The journal is registered in the Depository in the electronic editions FSUE STC «Informreg- istr» (registration certificate № 543 от 13 October 2011) and it was also given a number of state registrations 0421200166. Founder: The federal state autonomous institution of higher education «The Northern (Arc- tic) Federal University» named after M.V. Lomonosov. The chef editor − Lukin Urii Fedorovich, Doctor of History, Professor. Editorial council Editorial board Vostryakov Lev Evgenievich Vertishin Aleksey Nikolaevich Glazichev Vyacheslav Leonidovich Dregalo Aleksandr Alekseevich Dergachev Vladimir Aleksandrovich Zalivskii Nikolai Pavlovich Kefeli -
Social Studies Education in New Brunswick, 1991-2000
!"#$%& An overview of Social Studies in New Brunswick Schools from 1990-1999 (School days museum) & '()*#+%,",& & !"#$%&'()*$%+,-(#.$',//(',*,0.$&1$+"#$23456.$7#')0#$)$+"(89$&1$+"#$:).+$ ;(+"$+&+)*$/#1&/0$1&/$+"#$',//(',*,0.$&1$+"#$23356.<$!"(.$'")89#$*#-$+&$)$;"&*#$ 8#;$;)=$&1$+#)'"(89$)8-$*&&>(89$)+$.&'()*$.+,-(#.$#-,')+(&8$(8$?#;$@/,8.;('><$ A(+"$+"#$B/&;+"$&1$+#'"8&*&9=$)8-$)$0&/#$/):(-*=$'")89(89$;&/*-C$+"#$.&'()*$ .+,-(#.$'*)../&&0.$)8-$',//(',*,0.$8&;$.+/,99*#$+&$>##:$,:<$$ -",./,,"*0&*1&2*/3.%,& Primary Sources New Brunswick Department of Education, (1997) History 10 - History Curriculum including rationale, Program Design and Components, Outcomes, Assessment and Resources. New Brunswick Department of Education, (1992) History 112 - Ancient Medieval History curriculum including rationale, key concepts and resources New Brunswick Department of Education, (1994) Political Science 120 - Political Science curriculum including rationale, key questions and resources. New Brunswick Department of Education, (1998) Canadian History 1998 - Canadian History curriculum including rationale, key questions and resources. New Brunswick Department of Education, (1993) Canadian Geography 120 - Canadian Geography: Portraits of a Nation curriculum including rationale, key questions and resources. New Brunswick Department of Education, (1993) History 120 - World Issues curriculum including rationale, key questions and resources. Secondary Sources Crewe, James. (1998). Atlantic Canada In The Global Community, Breakwater Books. Walker, R.J. (1997). Prologue to the Present Don Mills, Ontario Oxford University Press -Textbook published for use in Grade Ten Ancient Medieval History in the late nineties. Multiple Authors, (1992). Ideologies: Second Edition Canada McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited -Textbook used for Grade Twelve Political Science in the nineties. Evans A. S. & Martinello, (1988) Canada’s Century: Second Edition Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited -Textbook used for Grade Twelve Modern Canadian Studies in the nineties. Clark, P. -
Bibliografi Över Finlands Tidningspress Bibliography
SUOMEN SANOMALEHDISTÖN BIBLIOGRAFIA 1771-1963 BIBLIOGRAFI ÖVER FINLANDS TIDNINGSPRESS 1771-1963 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FINNISH NEWSPAPERS 1771-1963 TOIMITTANEET - REDIGERAD AV - EDITED BY VAINÖ KAARNA (t) & KAARINA WINTER HELSINKI 1965 7 Lyhenteita Förkortningar k.k. = ... kertaa kuukaudessa k.k. = . gånger i månaden k.v. = ... kertaa viikossa ks. = se p-p. = ... päiväinen painos k.v. = gånger i veckan äk = äänenkannattaja p.p. = . dagars upp1. v:sta, v:lta = från år Ed Kansallinen edistyspuolue äk (äänenkannattaja) = organ Ik1 = Isänmaallinen kansanliike Kans.sos. = Kansallissosialistinen puolue Ed = Nationella framstegspartiet Kok = Kansallinen kokoomus Ik1 = Fosterländska folkrörelsen Komm = Kommunistinen puolue Kans.sos. = Nationalsocialistiska partiet Kp = Kansanpuolue 1917-18, 1933-36, Kok = Nationella samlingspartiet Suomen kansanpuolue 1951— Komm = Kommunistpartiet L1 = Lapuan liike Kp Folkpartiet 1917-18, 1933-36, M1 = Maalaisliitto Finska folkpartiet 1951— Ns = Nuorsuomalainen puolue L1 == Lappo-rörelsen P = Puolueeton М1 = Agrarförbundet Pv = Suomen pienviljehjåin puolue Ns = Ungfinska partiet Rkp = Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue P = Partilös Sd = Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puo- Pv = Finlands småbrukarparti lue Rkp = Svenska folkpartiet Skdl = Suomen kansan demokraattinen liitto Sd = Finlands socialdemokratiska parti Skp = Suomen kommunistinen puolue Skd1 = Demokratiska förbundet för Fin- Sktl = Suomen kristillisen työväen liitto lands folk Sm = Suomalainen puolue (vanha) Skp = Finlands kommunistiska parti Spp = Suomen pientalonpoikain -
The Finno-Soviet Conflict of 1939-1945 in November 1939 a War Broke out Between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finl
the Finno-Soviet conflict of 1939-1945 In November 1939 a war broke out between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finland. The causes of the conflict lay primarily in the world political situation. Germany had already began a war of conquest by invading Poland September first of the same year. Soviet Union sought to protect its borders in view of surging fascist ideas and Germany’s intents to expand. The Soviet Union had primarily wanted to solve the dispute diplomatically before the outbreak of the war. To safeguard itself, the USSR had two aims: First, to move the Finno-Russian border further away from Leningrad, giving Finland a twofold area of land further north along the border in return. Second, to stop any outside force from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territories. The Soviets also wanted some certain strategically important areas, including a few islands in the Gulf of Finland in order to prevent a landing to Finland or the Baltics. The suggestions put forward by the Soviet Union were discussed between the states. The Soviet Union was interested in a mutual defense treaty with Finland. The Soviets and Finland would repel an attacker together should they tread on Finland. Representatives from both countries met over half a dozen times, but in the end the offer was refused. The reasons were numerous; the leaders of the state harbored an aggressive “Greater Finnish” ideology that they had fermented within the populace all throughout 1920’s and 30’s. The idea of Greater Finland was based on the goal of incorporating northwestern parts of the Soviet Union into Finland. -
RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 a Thesis Presented To
RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 A Thesis Presented to the Department of History Carroll College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Academic Honors with a B.A. Degree In History by Rex Allen Martin April 2, 1973 SIGNATURE PAGE This thesis for honors recognition has been approved for the Department of History. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge thankfully A. Patanen, Attach^ to the Embassy of Finland, and Mrs. Anna-Malja Kurlkka of the Library of Parliament in Helsinki for their aid in locating the documents used In my research. For his aid In obtaining research material, I wish to thank Mr. H. Palmer of the Inter-Library Loan Department of Carroll College. To Mr. Lang and to Dr. Semmens, my thanks for their time and effort. To Father William Greytak, without whose encouragement, guidance, and suggestions this thesis would never have been completed, I express my warmest thanks. Rex A. Martin 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... v I. 1937 TO 1939 ........................................................................................ 1 II. 1939 TO1 940.................................................... 31 III. 1940 TO1 941............................................................................................. 49 IV. 1941 TO1 944 ......................................................................................... 70 V. 1944 TO 1947 ........................................................................................