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Russian : A Brief (998-2000)

1721 cedes the eastern shores of the to (Treaty of Nystad). In celebration, Peter’s title Kievan Russia is changed from tsar to Emperor of All Russia Abolition of the Patrarchate of . Religious authority passes to the Holy Synod and its Ober- prokuror, appointed by the tsar. 988 Conversion to 1722 Table of Ranks 1237-1240 Mongol 1723-25 The Persian Campaign. Persia cedes and

southern shores of the Caspian to Russia Muscovite Russia 1724 Russia’s of Sciences is established 1725 Peter I dies on 8 1380 The Battle of Kulikovo 1725-1727 Catherine I 1480 End of Mongol Rule 1727-1730 Peter II 1462-1505 Ivan III 1730-1740 Anne 1505-1533 Basil III 1740-1741 Ivan VI 1533-1584 1741-1762 Elizabeth 1584-98 Theodore 1744 Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst arrives in Russia and assumes the name of Grand Duchess 1598-1613 The of Troubles Catherine Alekseevna after her marriage to Grand Duke Peter (future Peter III) 1613-45 Michael Romanoff 1762 Peter III 1645-76 Alexis 1762 Following a successful coup d’etat in St. Petersburg 1672-82 Theodore during which Peter III is assassinated, Catherine is proclaimed Emress of All Russia Imperial Russia 1762-1796 Catherine the Great 1767 Nakaz (The Instruction)

1772-1795 Partitions of 1682-1725 Peter I 1773-1774 Pugachev 1689 The Revolt and Suppression; End of Sophia’s Regency 1785 Charter to the 1695-96 The Azov Campaigns 1791 Establishment fo the Pale of Settlement (residential restrictions on ) in the parts of Poland with large 1697-98 Peter’s travels abroad (The Grand Embassy) Jewish populations, annexed to Russia in the (1772, 1793, and 1795) and in the 1698 The revolt and the final suppression of the Streltsy liitoral annexed from . By the 1860s, 1700 Beginning of the Northern (1700-21) and the Pale included: all of Russia’s Poland, , commencement of Russia’s iindustrial development, Belorus, most of , the Crimean Penninsula including the building of the navy and . Abolished in 1917 Introduction of the new chronology (the Julian 1796-1801 I is retained for the days of the month) 1801-1825 I 1703 Construction of St. Petersburg begins 1801-1810 Incorporation of Publication of the first Russian newspaper, Vedomosti 1804 Ukaz, confirming of the right of Jews to access to any 1709 The defeat of Charles XII of Sweden at educational institution in Russia 1710 The Old Church Slavonic script is modernized into a 1805 The secular 1807 Treaty of Tilsit 1710-13 The Turkish War 1808-1809 Incorporation of 1711 Abolition of the Boyar Duma and establishment of the 1812 Fort Ross founded in California Governing Senate 1812 invades Russia, Moscow falls 1712 St.Petersburg is proclaimed capital of Russia 1813 "Battle of Nations" (Leipzig) 1714 Instituted succession by primogeniture 1814 Paris falls to the Allies 1718-22 Establishment of the Kollegia (ministries) Russian History: A Brief Chronology

1815 The Battle of Waterloo 1870-78 1814-1815 of , The Holy 1871-72 Dostoevsky, The Possessed 1815 Russia's population 45,000,000 1872 Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy 1823-31 Pushkin (1799-1837), Onegin 1873-74 The Populist Movement "To the People" 1825 Decembrist Rebellion 1874 The Military Reform 1825-1855 I 1976-79 1830 Polish Rebellion 1877 The Trial of 193 1833 Proclamation of "Official " 1877-1878 The Balkan War 1834 Belinsky (1811-48), "Literary Musings" 1879 People's Will 1835 New Legal Code 1881 Alexander II assassinated 1836 Chaadaev (1794-1856), Philosophical Letters 1881-1894 Alexander III 1840 Lermontov (1814-41), The of Our Time 1882 A wave of anti-Jewish pogroms in 1842 Gogol (1809-52), Dead Souls 1887 Publication of Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morals 1847-51 Turgenev (1818-83), Sportsman's Sketches Introduction of Numerus Clausus, restricting the entry of Jews in gymnasia and universities 1848 in 1894-1917 Nicholas II 1848 Herzen (1812-70), From the Other Shore 1898 Social Democratic Party formed 1849 The Petrashevsky 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War 1851 Russia's Population 67,000,000 1905 The Bloody Sunday (January 22) 1851 (serfs = 44% of the population) Manifesto (October) establishing a limited 1854-1855 The in Russia 1855-81 Alexander II 1905-1907 First Russian 1859 Darwin, The Origins of Species 1905-1912 Constitutional and Parliamentary Reforms 1855-57 Relaxation of and re-emergence of civil 1906 First Duma (July-October) society 1907 Second (March-June) 1861-64 The Great Reforms Stolypni “coup d’etat”, a new severely restricting 1861 Emancipation of Peasants Proclaimed franchise 1861 The Declaration of the Tver Nobility 1907-12 Third (Nov. ’07 – Jun. ’12) 1861-62 University disturbances 1912-1917 Fourth Duma 1862 Petersburg fires 1906-1911 Stolypin Reforms 1862 Turgenev, Fathers and Sons 1911 Prime Minister, P.A. Stolypin is assissinated (Sept. 1862-64 Chernyshevsky (1829-79) What Is To Be Done 18) 1862-63 Financial Reforms 1911-13 Beilis Case (so-called Jewish blood libel, levelled against a Jewish bookkeeper from Odessa) 1863-69 Tolstoy’s War and 1914 The Great War 1863 Polish Rebellion February, The 1863 The Reform of Universities 1917 1864-68 The Zemstvo (elected local ) 1864-66 Judicial Reform 1864 Dostoevsky (1821-81), Notes From Underground 1865-76 Expansion into Central 1865 Press "Temporary Rules" (abolition of prior censorship) 1866 Karakozov's attempt to assassinate the; tsar; beginning of the "reaction" 1869 J.S. Mill, The Subjection of Women 1870 The Municipal Reforms

G. Freidin 2 Russian History: A Brief Chronology

Trotsky on the militarization of the revolutionary state The Period (1917-1991) 1920- and 1922

1921 1917 Feb. Strikes and riots precipitating Feb. Red invades Georgia Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' deputies organized Creation of Provisional , headed by Kerensky, is Workers' unrest in Petrograd established Mar. Sailors' revolt Mar. Nicholas II abdicates 10th Party Congress; Birth of the Apr. returns to Russia (lifting of War and establishment of a mixed 1st coalition economy) attemp seizure fo power in Petrograd Lenin incapacitated June All-Russian Congress of Soviets` Mar.-Apr. 11th party Congress; Stalin is elected General Secretary Kerensky orders an offensive at the front Apr. Patriarch placed under house arrest July The July Days" (riots and demonstrations by radical June-July Trial and execution of Metropolitan Veniamin workers and soldiers) Aug. Capture of Kerensky becomes the head of the 2nd Colaition 1921-22 Famine in the region; givernment seizes Church Provisional Government valuables ostensibly for the purpose of famine relief Aug. General Kornilov's failed coup Dec. (USSR) is established Sept. 3d Colaition Provisional Government 1922 Novemb The Bolshevik Coup D'État Restrictions on private economy begin er 7 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets hands over poer to 1923 (October Bolsheviks Apr. 12th party Congress 25) the First Conclave of the Living Church (i..., one that Novembe Decrees on Land and Peace recognizes the Boslhevik regime) r 8 July Publication of the USSR Constitution Nov. 9 Decree on Suppression of Hostile Newspapers summer the "scissors" crisis to the Constituent Assembly 1924 Nov. 15 Declaration of Rights of the Peoples of Russia Jan. Lenin dies Dec. 20 The (the Extraordinary Commission to 1st USSR Constitution adopted Fight Counter-Revolution) May 13th party Congress; Trotsky's opposition condemned 1918 by the Party Jan. Constitutent Assmebly is in session; forcibly dissolved Great Britain recognizes USSR by the Bolsheviks on Jan 19 Dec. Stalin's doctrine of " in one country" Creation of 1924-25 Further restrictions on private economy Legislation on the separation of Church and State 1925 Patriarch Tikhon anathemizes the Bolshevik regime Jan. Trotsky dismissed as of War February Introduction of the Apr. 14th Party Conference ("" is Nationalization of Land accepted) Mar. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceding Ukrain ot June Central passes a liberal resolution on 7th Party Congress plurality in the sphere of belles lettres May Gerogia, , 1926 June 14 One-Party established Oct. Trotsky is expelled from (Decrees on Nationalization of Large- The Scale Industry) May Rupture of diplomatic relations with Britain; war scare July Socialisr Revolutionary uprising in Moscow and Dec. 11th party Congress (banning "deviations from the Party elsewhere 1927 Line; collectivization of agriculture is resolved) First Soviet Russian Constitution (Russian Soviet Restrictions on the "" Federated Socialist ) Bukharin's Angry Remarks (campaign against summer begins bohemianism) Aug. The Whites capture 1928 Sept. declared May The Grain Procurement Crisis Nov. Germans withdraw from occupied Russian territory The Shakhty Trial (mining engineers accused of Kolchak seizes power in () confess at the ) 1918- Allied intervention (100,000 troops altogether) The Alschuler et al. Trial (culmination of campaign 1920 against Bohemianism) 1919 July Bukharin on the menace of Stalin Oct. 1919 Bolshevik Russia is blockaded by foreign powers Central Committee sends youth activists to college -Jan. Oct. Beginning of the 1st Five Year Plan (to Dec. 1932) 1920 Collectivisation of agriculture commences March 8th party Congress; Centralization of the Communist 1928- Five million rural disappear from the Party (creation of the Politburo and ) 1934 countryside Oct. The Whites advance on Moscow and Petrograd 1929 Dec. Kolchak's army is routed Apr. Law on "religious associations" 1920 the "Right Deviation" (Bukharin et al.) is condemned March Denikin's army is routed Fall mass collectivization and "" commence Apr. Poland invades Ukraine Nov. Bukharin is expelled from the Politburo; Aug. Red Army fails to take Warsaw is defeated Tambov region peasant insurrection agaginst the 1930 Bolsheviks Mar. Stalin's "Dizzy with Success" Oct. Soviet-Polish armistice Mayakovsky commits suicide Nov. Red Army defeats Wrangel in G. Freidin 3 Russian History: A Brief Chronology

Nov.- Trial of the "Industrial Party" education Dec. 1941 1931 1940-41 The Katyn Forest massacre of the Polish officer Mar. Trial of ' "Union Buro" and intellectuals 1932 German Invasion of the USSR Apr. Central Committee resolution on reforming "literary- July Stalin's first public broadcast artistic orhganizations." RAPP is dissolved Sept. Beginning of Leningrad fall Ryutin's program is circulated in the Central Committee falls Oct. Construction of the Dneprostroi hydro-electric plant Oct. Moscow is in direct danger; evacuation of the city begins commences Dec. loses the Dec. Introduction of internal (propiska) 1942 Non-agression treaty with Sept. Wehrmacht at 1932-34 Drought and famine Oct. restoration of officers' full status in Red Army 1933 Nov. encircles Germany's at Stalingrad Jan. 1933 Hitler comes to power in Germany 1943 May Opening of the Belomor Canal (built with convict labor) Jan. Wehrmacht's 6 Army surrenders at Stalingrad USA recognizes USSR General Valsov (in ) calls for the overthrow of 1934 the Stalinist regime Jan. 17th Party Congress (the Congress of the Victors) July Battle for May is arrested Sept. the Moscow patriarchate is re-established June The new 1944 Aug. 1st Congress of Soviet Writers Jan. Leningrad blockade is lifted Dec. Kirov's and the First Purge June Allies establish the second fron in France USSR joins the Aug.-Oct. the Warsaw rising 1935 Sept. General Vlasov establishes Committee for the Libreation Jan. Death of Kuibyshev of the Peoples of Russia (KONR) Feb. Model Collective Farm statute 1945 Aug. Stakhanovite labor campaign begins Feb. Conference Sept. Reintroduction of ranks in Red Army Alection of Patrairch Alexii 1936 Solzhenitsyn is arrested 1936-38 May 8 Germany surrenders (8 million dead is currently the lowest estimate of the July-Aug. victims of the Great Terror) 1946 Feb. is merged with the Academy of 1946-50 4th Five Year Plan Sciences Aug. Campaign against the writers Akhmatova and June Death of Gorky Zoshchenko (the Zhdanov Speech and the Central New family law ( is outlawed) Committee Decree) July outbreak of Party high schools are established Aug. Trial of Zinoviev, Kamenev et al. Sept. Decree on "measures to liquidate the breaches of the Sept. Yezhov succeeds Yagoda as head of NKVD Kollective Farm statute" Dec. the Stalin Constitution 1946-47 Famine in Ukraine Civil war in 1947 1937 Sept. is establsihed Jan.1937 Trials of Radek, Pyatakov et al. Dec. Currency reform Feb. death of Ordzhonikidze 1948 May-June Dismissal, arrest and execution of 1948-53 Campaigne against the "cosmopolites" (Jews, Tukhachevsky and other peoples) Powers of the army political restored Jan. murder of Jewish Theater actor Mikhoels 1937- The purgeof the military command Feb. Communist coup in 1939 June expelled from Cominform 1938 Aug. Lysenko's victory at the Agricultural Academy 3d Five Year Plan (to ) ( of geneticists) Stalin's Short Course is published Death of Zhdanov Mar. Trial of Bukharin, Rykov, Krestinsky, Rakovsky, Yagoda Autumn the Leningrda purge (disappearence of Voznesensky) et al. Nov. of the Jewish Anti- Committee Sept. Chamberlain's and Deladier's of Germany 1948-49 Collectivization of agriculture in the Baltic regions Dec. Introduction of "labor " for workers to control 1949 migration Thater is closed in Moscow Beria succeeds Yezhov as head of the NKVD 1950 1939 June Stalin's article on linguistics (attack on Marr) proclaiming Feb. 18th Party Congress (only 20% of those who attended langauge to be part of base, not superstructure the 17th Congress) July Law on workers' councils is passed in Yugoslavia Aug. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 1951-5 1939-40 of Poland (sept. 1939) and the occupation of 5th Five year Plan the by the Soviet Union in accordance with the secret protocols of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 1952 Nov. Soviet- Oct. 19th Party Congress 1940 Vas. Grossman's For the Just Cause is published in the Mar. Peace with Finland journal Novyi Jume of Baltic states 1953 Aug. work abseteeism is made a criminal offence Jan. The Doctor's Plot Trotsky is assassinated in Oct. Introduction of fees ofr higher and upper secondary G. Freidin 4 Russian History: A Brief Chronology

Mar. 4, Stalin's death Affairs of Church in a letter to 1953 Malenkov appointed Prime Minister 1966 May revolt in the Feb. Trial of Siniavsky and Daniel July arrest and execution of Beria; revolt in Vorkuta labor Mar. Demonstyration by the in Moscow camp 23 party Congress Sept. Krushchev is confirmed as the 1st Secretary of the 1967 CPSU May Andropov appointed to head the KGB 1954 June Arab-Israeli war Pospelov's Commission begins investigation of Stalin's 1968 repressions Jan. Trial of Ginzburg and Galanskov (for the May Revolt in Kengir labor camp publication of the White Paper about the trial of 1954-56 The Sinaivsky and Daniel) 1954 Solzhenistyn is released from the Dubcek becomes 1st Secretary of the Czech CP 1955 Apr. 1st issue of the samizdat of Current Events Feb. Bulganin replaces Malenkov as Prime Minister Aug. troops invade Czechoslsovakia May Warsaw Pact is formally established 1969 Krushchev and Bulganin visit Yugoslavia Jan. Formation of the Initiative Group for the Defence of Civil Khrushchev visits the Rights 1956 1970 Feb. 20th Party Congress and Krushchev's Secret Speech Feb. Tvardovsky is removed as editor of Novyi mir Apr. Criminal liability ofr absenteeism is abolished Mar. Sakharov, Turchin and Medvedev write to Brezhnev June Workers' riots in Poznan (Poland) Apr. 1st issue of the Jewish samizdat journal fees for higher and secondary education are abolished Publication in the West of Grossman's Forever Flowing Oct. Gomulka becomes 1st Secretary of the Polish United (1953-1963) Workers partyGeneral strike and street disturbances in Dec. Two Jews sentenced to death and then reprieved for Budapest attempting to highjack an airliner Nov. Societ intervention in ; Kadar is installed as 1st Workers riot in Poland; Gierek replaces Gomulka s 1st Secretary of the Hungarian Workers' Party Secretatry of Polish United Workers' Party 1957 1971 June Central Committee backs Khrushchev against the "anti- 1971-75 9th Five Year Plan party group" Feb. Large Jewish demonstration outside the Supreme Soviet Oct. Marshal Zhukov is dismissed as Defence Minsiter building in Moscow; beginning of large-scale Jewish 1958 to Feb. Khrushchev replaces Bulganin as Prime Minister Apr. 24th party Congress Oct. Pasternak is awarded Nobel Prize for 1972 Dec. New Criminal Code Jan. 1st issue of Chronicle of Lithuanian educational reform wide-spread arrests and searches among Ukrainina 1959 intellectuals 1959-65 Seven Year Plan May Riots in (Lithuania) following self-immolation of Khrushchev launches the maize campaign R. KalantaShcherbitsky becomes 1st Sec. of the Sept. Workers' unrest in () Ukrainian CP 1960 Sept. Shervadnadze becomes 1st Sec. of the Georgian CP May death of Pasternak 1973 1961 Apr. Andropov and Gromyko join the Politburo Kiev Crypt Monastery is closed Publication of Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago in the Apr. Gagarin's flight in space West First arrests of young people at the Mayakovsky Square 1974 potery readings Apr. Solzhenitsyn is arrested and then deported from the July anti-Church legislation USSR Oct. 22nd Party Congress -- the height of de-Stalinization; 1975 Stalin is removed from the Mausoleum Aug. Accords on European Security and Cooperation 1962 Oct. Sakharov is awarded Nobel Prize for Peace June Strikes and rioting in Novocherkassk (bloody reprisals) 1976 Oct. 1976-80 10th Five Year Plan Nov. Solzhenitsyn's One Day is published Formation of the Groups in 1963 several Mar. Khrushchev warns writers "against bourgeois influences" Feb.-Mar. 25th Party Congress fall poor grain harvest; beginning of large-scalse shipments June Workers unrest in Poland of grain form US Sept. Formation of KOR in Poland 1963 KGB arrests Grossman's manuscripts, including Life 1977 and Fate June Brezhnev assumes the title of the USSR President 1964 Nov. New Soviet Constitution published Apr. Fire at Ukrainina 1978 Oct. Central Committee Meeting replaces Khrushchev with Apr. Kalq coup in AfghanistanStreet deminstrations in Brezhnev in defence of Vassily Grossman dies (b. 1905) July Trial of Shcharansky 1965 1979 Mar. Agricultureal reforms Jan. Three "Armenian nationalists" executed Sept. aproval of Kosygin's economic reforms Apr. Brezhnev awarded Lenin Prize in Literature Dec. 1st unofficial demonstartion on Pushkin Square calling Dec. Soviet military intervention in for the observance of the Constitution 1980 Eshliman and Yakunin criticize the church for Jan. Sakharov is exiled to Gorky subservince to the state and criticise the Council for G. Freidin 5 Russian History: A Brief Chronology

July-Aug. in Moscow majorities Aug. Workers unrest in Gdansk; formation of Solidarity April Novo-Ogaryovo negotiations in the new Union Treaty Oct. Street demonstrations in June Yeltsin elected Dec. Death of Kosygin Aug. Attempted coup d'état 1981 Dec. 31 Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1981-5 11th Five Year Plan 1992- Beginning of the “Yeltsin ” Dec. Jaruzelski declares in Poland Liberalization of Prices and Macroeconomic reform Grossman's Life and Fate is published in the West under 1982 1993 Gaidar is replaced by Victor Chernomyrdin under Sept. Last Helsinki watch group disbanded pressure from the Supreme Soviet Nov. Brezhnev dies and is replaced by Andropov April Yeltsin wins the Referendum on his reform course and 1983 sets up a Constituent Assembly to redraft the Apr. Andropov falls seriously ill constitution 1984 Sept. Yeltsin abolishes the Soviets and calls for a general Feb. Andropov dies and is replaced by Chernenko 1985 Oct. Supreme Soviet and Vice President Rutskoy impeach Mar. Chernenko dies and is replaced by M.S. Gorbachev Yeltsin and mount an insurrection in the street of April Central Committee Plenum establishing radical reforms Moscow until Yeltsin puts down the revolt May Anti-alcohol campaign Dec. General election to the Duma, lower Chamber of the 1986 new Russian parliament and a referendum on the new Apr. Explosion of the nuclear plantPerestroika and constitution granting the president substantial powers becoming a reality 1994 Beginning of the “first” Chechen war (December) that 1987 soon becomes a most unpopular war at home. Nov. Gorbachev denounces the Party's monopoly on truth 1996 General election brings Yeltsin another term in office Dec Yeltsin is dismissed as Moscow CP chief. and deals a blow to the communists. General Lebed, 1988 elevated after a showing in the polls, negotiates a truce June Formation and the recognition of the Popular front of in and is soon dismissed for insubordination Estonia Yeltsin undergoes bypass surgery but never completely Nov. Declaration of the Supremacy of Estonian over recovers Soviet laws 1997- Beginning of the currency and economic stabilization Dec. Earthquake in Armenia 1998 1998 Prime Minister Chernomyrdin is replaced by Kirineko 1989 (March) Feb. Withdrawal from Afghanistan Russia suffers a major economic crash as a result of the Mar. Elections to Congress of People's Deputies (first global crisis and weak financial infrastructure further contested elections in the Soviet Union) undermined by rampant Apr. "Blody Sunday" in TbilisiGorbachev is elected President Sept. Yeltsin dismisses Kirienko and after a series of of the USSR by Congress of Peoples Deputies unsuccessful attempts to confirm Chernomyrdin in the Mar.-Dec. Presidential Council Duma appoints as Prime Minister May Declaration of independence by Lithuanian parliament March Primakov is replaced by former Minister of the Interior, Aug. Lithuanian parliament declared the Soviet annexation of Victor Stepashin Lithuania in 1940 null and void. Sept. Ailing Yeltsin dismisses Stepashin and replaces him with Dec. Lithiania abolishes 's monopoly on , former head of the FSB political power Several building in Moscow and elsewhere in Collapse of communism in , including Russia are bombed by anonymous terrorists as some of the Chechen war lords invade the neighbouring War between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorny in the hope of winning the Muslim regions of Karabakh the to their cause. In response Putin Grossman's Forever Flowing is published in Russia spearhead a large scale military operation, with intense 1990 popular support. Mar. Mass demonstrations in Moscow against Article 6 of the Dec. Yeltsin resigns his presidency. Constitution guaranteeing the Communist Party of the 1999 Running against the communists, Putin wins the general USSR a monopoly on political powerRepeal of Article 6 election but by a rather slim margin. of the USSR Constitution 2000 Putin’s political and economic reforms are aimed at June-July 28th Party Congress. A.N. Yakovlev leaves the Politburo strengthening the federal government while encouraging July Yeltsin resigns from the CP productivity by a dramatic lowering of taxes. His Dec. Shervadnadze's speech ("Dictatorship is coming") attempts, at clumsy, to fight corruption and re- Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago is published in Russia establish the authority of the state and presidency are 1991 seen by some as an encroachment on the hard won Jan. Security forces make a bloody and unsuccessful attempt freedoms of the Yeltsin’s era. to a coup d'état in and Feb. 91% of Lithuanian voters approve of independence Mar. Estonia and approve independence by large

G. Freidin 6