The Bolshevil{S and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Bolshevil{S and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds The Bolshevil{s and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds Chinese Worlds publishes high-quality scholarship, research monographs, and source collections on Chinese history and society from 1900 into the next century. "Worlds" signals the ethnic, cultural, and political multiformity and regional diversity of China, the cycles of unity and division through which China's modern history has passed, and recent research trends toward regional studies and local issues. It also signals that Chineseness is not contained within territorial borders ­ overseas Chinese communities in all countries and regions are also "Chinese worlds". The editors see them as part of a political, economic, social, and cultural continuum that spans the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, South­ East Asia, and the world. The focus of Chinese Worlds is on modern politics and society and history. It includes both history in its broader sweep and specialist monographs on Chinese politics, anthropology, political economy, sociology, education, and the social­ science aspects of culture and religions. The Literary Field of New Fourth Artny Twentieth-Century China Communist Resistance along the Edited by Michel Hockx Yangtze and the Huai, 1938-1941 Gregor Benton Chinese Business in Malaysia Accumulation, Ascendance, A Road is Made Accommodation Communism in Shanghai 1920-1927 Edmund Terence Gomez Steve Smith Internal and International Migration The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Chinese Perspectives Revolution 1919-1927 Edited by Frank N Pieke and Hein Mallee Alexander Pantsov Village Inc. Chinatown, Europe Chinese Rural Society in the 1990s Identity of the European Chinese Edited by Flemming Christiansen and Towards the Beginning of the Zhang Junzuo Twenty-First Century Flemming Christiansen Chen Duxiu's Last Articles and Letters, 1937-1942 Birth Control in China Edited and translated by Gregor Benton 1949-1999 Population Policy and Demographic Encyclopedia ofthe Chinese Overseas Development Edited by Lynn Pan Thomas Scharping The Bolshevil\s and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Alexander Pantsov UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I PRESS HONOLULU For Katya, Nina, and Dasha © 2000 Alexander Pantsov Published in North America by University of Hawai'i Press 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 First published in the United Kingdom by Curzon Press Richmond, Surrey England Printed in Great Britain Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pantsov, Alexander, 1955- The Bolsheviks and the Chinese revolution 1919-1927 / Alexander Pantsov. p. em. - (Chinese Worlds) Originally published: Richmond, Surrey, England: Curzon Press, 2000. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8248-2319-2 (cloth: alk. paper). - ISBN 0-8248-2327-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Communism-China-History. 2. China-History-Warlord period, 1916-1928.3. Trotsky, Leon, 1879-1940.4. Stalin, Joseph, 1879-1953. 5. Communism-Soviet Union-History. I. Title. II. Series. HX418.P362000 951.04'I-dc21 99-049835 Contents Acknowledgements VB Abbreviations X Introduction Part I Russian COIIlIIlunisIIl and the Ideological Foundations ofthe Chinese COIIlIIlunist MoveIIlent 9 I Communism in Russia as a Socio-cultural Phenomenon 11 2 The Theory of Permanent Revolution in China 23 Part II Lenin and the National Revolution of China 39 3 Lenin's Concept of the United Front 41 4 New Course of the CCP: From Permanent Revolution to the Tactics of Collaboration 53 Part III Stalin's Shift in the COIIlintern's China Policy 71 5 The Birth of Stalinism 73 6 The Genesis of Stalin's China Policy 84 Part IV Trotsky's Views on China in Flux 99 7 Trotsky and the Formation of the United Front in China 101 8 The Rise of the Russian Left Opposition and the Chinese Question: In Search of a United Platform 110 Part V Trotsky vs. Stalin: The China Factor in 1927 125 9 The Stalinists and the Opposition at the Apex of the Chinese Revolution 127 v The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Revolution _ 10 The Fall of the Opposition and the Evolution of Stalin's and Trotsky's Views on China 152 Part VI The Stalin-Trotsky Split on China and the Chinese Communists 161 11 Chinese Revolutionaries: From Moscow Students to Dissidents 163 12 The Tragedy of the Chinese Trotskyists in Soviet Russia 189 Conclusion 209 Notes 215 Bibliography 258 Primary Sources 258 Secondary Sources 270 Selected Biographical List 279 Index 301 VI Acl\nowledgements This work was made possible by financial support from the Chiang Ching­ kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange (Taipei, Taiwan), to which I express my deep gratitude. In addition to the Foundation, I would like to thank the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies (USA) and the British Academy, from whom I received short-term grants in 1991 and 1992. This study was originally written in Russian in 1993 when I was working in the Moscow Institute of Comparative Political Science at the Russian Academy of Sciences, but due to some peculiar circumstances it has not been published in Russia. I am indebted to a group of my closest colleagues and friends from the United Kingdom and the USA who made it possible for my book to appear in English. Their contribution to my translation, editing and polishing the manuscript are invaluable. My sincere thanks go to Professor Emeritus Morris Slavin ofYoungstown State University; Professor Gregor Benton of the University of Leeds; Professor Steven Levine of the University of Montana; Professor Woodford McClellan of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Professor William Pelz of Elgin Community College; Professor Donald Raleigh of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Mr. Eric Schuster of DePaul University; Mr. George Shriver; and Mr. John Sexton of the Reuter Agency. My study required extensive exploration in quite a number of archives and libraries in several countries. I am grateful to all the people who helped me in my research in Russia, the United States, the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom, France, and Taiwan. Special appreciation is due to Dr. Alexander Chechevishnikov ofMoscow State University and Dr. Konstantin Sheveliev of the Institute of Far Eastern Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences; Professor Zhao Mingyi of Shandong University and Dr. Mi Zhenbo of Nankai University; Professor Emeritus Pierre Broue of Institute Leon Trotsky; Professor Emeritus Morris Slavin and his wife Sophie; Professor Woodford McClellan and his wife Irina; Mr. John Sexton and his wife Jane; Mrs. Dora Benton; Professor Gregor Benton; Professor William Pelz; Rev. Thomas Croak, C.M. of DePaul University; Professors VII The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Revolution _ Ch'en San-ching, Ch'en Yung-fa and Dr. Yu Miin-ling of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Mrs. Zeya Krasko and her husband Gennadii; and Mrs. Svetlana Sheinina and her husband Dmitrii. I have profited from my personal contacts with those who witnessed and encountered the events which are being described in this book. I will always gratefully remember Mr. Wang Fanxi, Mrs. Nadezhda Adolfovna Joffe, Mrs. Tatyana Invarovna Smilga, Mr. Ivan Yakovlevich Vrachev. Professors Gregor Benton, Pierre Brow~, Morris Slavin, William Pelz, and Woodford McClellan, as well as Mr. Wang Fanxi, Dr. Wang Danzhi (son of CCP activists Wang Ming and Meng Qingshu), Dr. Yuri Felshtinsky, Mrs. Rozaliya Ephraimovna Belenkaya (daughter of Russian repressed Trotsky­ ist Ephraim Moiseevich Landau), and Mrs. Lin Yin (granddaughter of the Chinese Trotskyist Fan Wenhui), were particularly generous in lending and giving me unique materials from their private archives and libraries. I am also grateful to Mr. Nikolai Semenovich Kardashiev, son of the ECCI official Simon Karlovich Brike. I also deeply appreciate the friendly attitude to my work expressed by fellows of the Russian Center for the Preservation and Study of the Records of Modern History and the Archives of the Russian Academy of vi Sciences. In particular, I would like to thank Drs. Kirill Anderson and Valery Shepeliev, as well as Svetlana Rozental, Larisa Rogovaya, Ludmila Kosheleva, Liudmila Karlova, and Yuri Tutochkin. I wish, further, to thank Director Richard Wendorf and the staff of the Houghton Library at Harvard University, and the staff of the Bureau of Investigation, Taipei, Taiwan for their generous assistance. I must also mention my teachers of Chinese history and politics at the Institute ofAsian and African Studies at Moscow State University and the Institute of Comparative Political Science at Russian Academy of Sciences to whom I will never be able to fully repay my debts, notably the late Professor Mikhail F. Yuriev and Professor Vilia G. Gelbras. A number of colleagues read sections of the manuscript and were charitable in making very helpful comments. Among them I am particularly grateful to Academician Boris Koval of the Russian Association of Political Science, Dr. Elena Belozerova of the Institute of Comparative Political Science at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Lev Delyusin of the Institute of World Politics and Economy at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Fridrikh Firsov, Professor Arlen Meliksetov of the Institute of African and Asian Studies at Moscow State University, Professor Moisei Persits, Professor Alexander Grigoriev of the Institute of Far Eastern Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Professor Georgii Cherniavsky. The technical contribution of Professor Alexei Maslov of the Institute of Far Eastern Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences and Mr. Daniel
Recommended publications
  • Stalinism and Trotskyism in Vietnam
    r Telegram: Defend the DRV-NLF! The following telegram was sent as the u.s. imperialists mined Haiphong harbor and the North Vietnamese coast. At the time Soviet bureaucrats were preparing to receive Nixon in Moscow just as their Chinese counterparts a few months earlier wined and dined him in Peking as he terror-bombed Vietnam. Embassy of the U.S.S.R. Washington, D.C. U.N. Mission of the People's Republic of China New York, N.Y. On behalf of the urgent revolutionary needs of the international working class and in accord with the inevitable aims of our future worker~ government in the United States, we demand that you immediately expand shipment of military supplies of the highest technical quality to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and that you offer the DRV the fullest all­ sided assistance including necessary Russian-Chinese joint military collaboration. No other course will serve at this moment of savage imperialist escalation against the DRV and the Indochinese working people whose military victories have totally shattered the myths of the Vietnamization and pacification programs of Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon. signed: Political Bureau, Spartacist League of the U.S. 8 May 1972 copies to: D RV and N LF delegations, Paris -from Workers Vanguard No.9, June 1972 6 n p Stalinism and Trotskyism In• Vietnam ~···· l,~ ~ r SPARTACIST PUBLISHING co. Box 1377, G.P.O. New York, N.Y. 10001, U.S.A . • December 1976 Ho Chi Minh Ta Thu Thau CONTENTS CHAPTER I In Defense of Vietnamese Trotskyism (I:·: • >'~ Stalinism and Trotskyism in Vietnam ...................
    [Show full text]
  • Russian History: a Brief Chronology (998-2000)
    Russian History: A Brief Chronology (998-2000) 1721 Sweden cedes the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea to Russia (Treaty of Nystad). In celebration, Peter’s title Kievan Russia is changed from tsar to Emperor of All Russia Abolition of the Patrarchate of Moscow. Religious authority passes to the Holy Synod and its Ober- prokuror, appointed by the tsar. 988 Conversion to Christianity 1722 Table of Ranks 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion 1723-25 The Persian Campaign. Persia cedes western and southern shores of the Caspian to Russia Muscovite Russia 1724 Russia’s Academy of Sciences is established 1725 Peter I dies on February 8 1380 The Battle of Kulikovo 1725-1727 Catherine I 1480 End of Mongol Rule 1727-1730 Peter II 1462-1505 Ivan III 1730-1740 Anne 1505-1533 Basil III 1740-1741 Ivan VI 1533-1584 Ivan the Terrible 1741-1762 Elizabeth 1584-98 Theodore 1744 Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst arrives in Russia and assumes the name of Grand Duchess 1598-1613 The Time of Troubles Catherine Alekseevna after her marriage to Grand Duke Peter (future Peter III) 1613-45 Michael Romanoff 1762 Peter III 1645-76 Alexis 1762 Following a successful coup d’etat in St. Petersburg 1672-82 Theodore during which Peter III is assassinated, Catherine is proclaimed Emress of All Russia Imperial Russia 1762-1796 Catherine the Great 1767 Nakaz (The Instruction) 1772-1795 Partitions of Poland 1682-1725 Peter I 1773-1774 Pugachev Rebellion 1689 The Streltsy Revolt and Suppression; End of Sophia’s Regency 1785 Charter to the Nobility 1695-96 The Azov Campaigns 1791 Establishment fo the Pale of Settlement (residential restrictions on Jews) in the parts of Poland with large 1697-98 Peter’s travels abroad (The Grand Embassy) Jewish populations, annexed to Russia in the partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) and in the 1698 The revolt and the final suppression of the Streltsy Black Sea liitoral annexed from Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution Was Also a Radical Educational Institution Modeled After Socialist 1991 36 for This Information, See Ibid., 58
    only by rephrasing earlier problems in a new discourse that is unmistakably modern in its premises and sensibilities; even where the answers are old, the questions that produced them have been phrased in the problematic of a new historical situation. The problem was especially acute for the first generation of intellec- Anarchism in the Chinese tuals to become conscious of this new historical situation, who, Revolution as products of a received ethos, had to remake themselves in the very process of reconstituting the problematic of Chinese thought. Anarchism, as we shall see, was a product of this situation. The answers it offered to this new problematic were not just social Arif Dirlik and political but sought to confront in novel ways its demands in their existential totality. At the same time, especially in the case of the first generation of anarchists, these answers were couched in a moral language that rephrased received ethical concepts in a new discourse of modernity. Although this new intellectual problematique is not to be reduced to the problem of national consciousness, that problem was important in its formulation, in two ways. First, essential to the new problematic is the question of China’s place in the world and its relationship to the past, which found expression most concretely in problems created by the new national consciousness. Second, national consciousness raised questions about social relationships, ultimately at the level of the relationship between the individual and society, which were to provide the framework for, and in some ways also contained, the redefinition of even existential questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets Not Capitalism Explores the Gap Between Radically Freed Markets and the Capitalist-Controlled Markets That Prevail Today
    individualist anarchism against bosses, inequality, corporate power, and structural poverty Edited by Gary Chartier & Charles W. Johnson Individualist anarchists believe in mutual exchange, not economic privilege. They believe in freed markets, not capitalism. They defend a distinctive response to the challenges of ending global capitalism and achieving social justice: eliminate the political privileges that prop up capitalists. Massive concentrations of wealth, rigid economic hierarchies, and unsustainable modes of production are not the results of the market form, but of markets deformed and rigged by a network of state-secured controls and privileges to the business class. Markets Not Capitalism explores the gap between radically freed markets and the capitalist-controlled markets that prevail today. It explains how liberating market exchange from state capitalist privilege can abolish structural poverty, help working people take control over the conditions of their labor, and redistribute wealth and social power. Featuring discussions of socialism, capitalism, markets, ownership, labor struggle, grassroots privatization, intellectual property, health care, racism, sexism, and environmental issues, this unique collection brings together classic essays by Cleyre, and such contemporary innovators as Kevin Carson and Roderick Long. It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism. “We on the left need a good shake to get us thinking, and these arguments for market anarchism do the job in lively and thoughtful fashion.” – Alexander Cockburn, editor and publisher, Counterpunch “Anarchy is not chaos; nor is it violence. This rich and provocative gathering of essays by anarchists past and present imagines society unburdened by state, markets un-warped by capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Old Master
    INTRODUCTION Four main characteristics distinguish this book from other translations of Laozi. First, the base of my translation is the oldest existing edition of Laozi. It was excavated in 1973 from a tomb located in Mawangdui, the city of Changsha, Hunan Province of China, and is usually referred to as Text A of the Mawangdui Laozi because it is the older of the two texts of Laozi unearthed from it.1 Two facts prove that the text was written before 202 bce, when the first emperor of the Han dynasty began to rule over the entire China: it does not follow the naming taboo of the Han dynasty;2 its handwriting style is close to the seal script that was prevalent in the Qin dynasty (221–206 bce). Second, I have incorporated the recent archaeological discovery of Laozi-related documents, disentombed in 1993 in Jishan District’s tomb complex in the village of Guodian, near the city of Jingmen, Hubei Province of China. These documents include three bundles of bamboo slips written in the Chu script and contain passages related to the extant Laozi.3 Third, I have made extensive use of old commentaries on Laozi to provide the most comprehensive interpretations possible of each passage. Finally, I have examined myriad Chinese classic texts that are closely associated with the formation of Laozi, such as Zhuangzi, Lüshi Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of Mr. Lü), Han Feizi, and Huainanzi, to understand the intellectual and historical context of Laozi’s ideas. In addition to these characteristics, this book introduces several new interpretations of Laozi.
    [Show full text]
  • Exodus General Idea of the Revolution in the XXI Century
    Exodus General Idea of the Revolution in the XXI Century Kevin A. Carson 2021 Contents Reviews 5 Abstract 6 Preface 7 Part One: Background 8 Chapter One: The Age of Mass and Maneuver 9 I. A Conflict of Visions .................................... 9 II. The Triumph of Mass in the Old Left .......................... 15 III. The Assault on Working Class Agency ......................... 42 IV. Workerism/Laborism .................................. 49 Chapter Two: Transition 52 I. Drastic Reductions in Necessary Outlays for the Means of Production . 52 II. The Network Revolution and the Imploding Cost of Coordination . 57 III. The Impotence of Enforcement, and Superiority of Circumvention to Resistance . 70 IV. Superior General Efficiency and Low Overhead .................... 74 V. Conclusion ......................................... 78 Part Two. The Age of Exodus 79 Chapter Three: Horizontalism and Self-Activity Over Vanguard Institutions 80 Introduction ......................................... 80 I. The New Left ........................................ 81 II. Autonomism ........................................ 90 III. The 1968 Movements and the Transition to Horizontalist Praxis . 98 IV. The Post-1994 Movements ................................ 100 Chapter Four: The Abandonment of Workerism 115 I. The Limited Relevance of Proletarianism in the Mass Production Age . 115 II. Technology and the Declining Relevance of Proletarianism . 116 III The Abandonment of Proletarianism by the New Left . 117 IV. The Abandonment of Workerism in Praxis . 127 Chapter Five: Evolutionary Transition Models 131 Introduction and Note on Terminology . 131 2 I. Comparison to Previous Systemic Transitions . 132 II. The Nature of Post-Capitalist Transition . 146 Chapter Six: Interstitial Development and Exodus over Insurrection 157 Introduction ......................................... 157 I. The Split Within Autonomism .............................. 159 II. The Shift From the Factory to Society as the Main Locus of Productivity .
    [Show full text]
  • Communist) Academy
    4 I SCIENCE, ORTH ODOXY, AND THE QUEST FOR HEGEMONY AT THE SOCIALIST (COMMUNIST) ACADEMY Bolshevik intellectuals presented their cause as a class strug­ gle with bourgeois academia. Their primary field of battle in higher learning, however, was first and foremost institutional. When Evgenii B. Preobrazhenskii insisted in the Socialist Academy's newly founded jour­ nal in 1922 that the academy "represents the highest scientific research institute of Marxist thought," the academy leader was linking the Bol­ shevik declaration of war in organized intellectual life to his own insti­ tutional base. It has rarely been considered, but such assertions of pri­ macy implied as many internal ramifications for the Bolsheviks as outward effects for the nonparty intellectual world. The Socialist Academy - Preobrazhenskii elaborated on his claim to authority - "does not recognize social science not operating on the basis of Marxism. The Academy must turn itself into its own kind of Gosplan in the realm of ideology."l In this formulation, the assertion of orthodoxy, and the vision of a new kind of planned science, or nauka, is intertwined with the claim to hegemony - not simply of a doctrine, a party, or a class, but of an institution.2 1. E. Preobrazhenskü, "Blizhaishie zadachi Sotsialisticheskoi Akademii," Vestnik Sotsia­ listicheskoi Akademii (henceforth cited as VSA), no. 1 (November 1922): 7, 9. 2. "Hegemony" is employed not in tbe Gramscian sense, but in the blunter meaning most frequently implicit in tbe Bolshevik use of tbe word gegemoniia, denoting wide-ranging dornina­ tion, political subordination, and eon�ol over activities and resources. THE SOCIALlST (COMMUNIST) ACADEMY 1 193 No matter that Gosplan, the central state planning agency, was of negligible importance at the time Preobrazhenskii wrote; no matter, indeed, that the Socialist (after 1924, Cornmunist) Academy never achieved the hegemony in the Soviet scholarly world that its leaders coveted.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Flag White Masks: Anti-Racism and Anarchist Historiography
    Black Flag White Masks: Anti-Racism and Anarchist Historiography Süreyyya Evren1 Abstract Dominant histories of anarchism rely on a historical framework that ill fits anarchism. Mainstream anarchist historiography is not only blind to non-Western elements of historical anarchism, it also misses the very nature of fin de siècle world radicalism and the contexts in which activists and movements flourished. Instead of being interested in the network of (anarchist) radicalism (worldwide), political historiography has built a linear narrative which begins from a particular geographical and cultural framework, driven by the great ideas of a few father figures and marked by decisive moments that subsequently frame the historical compart- mentalization of the past. Today, colonialism/anti-colonialism and imperialism/anti-imperialism both hold a secondary place in contemporary anarchist studies. This is strange considering the importance of these issues in world political history. And the neglect allows us to speculate on the ways in which the priorities might change if Eurocentric anarchist histories were challenged. This piece aims to discuss Eurocentrism imposed upon the anarchist past in the form of histories of anarchism. What would be the consequences of one such attempt, and how can we reimagine the anarchist past after such a critique? Introduction Black Flag White Masks refers to the famous Frantz Fanon book, Black Skin White Masks, a classic in anti-colonial studies, and it also refers to hidden racial issues in the history of the black flag (i.e., anarchism). Could there be hidden ethnic hierarchies in the main logic of anarchism's histories? The huge difference between the anarchist past and the histories of anarchism creates the gap here.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Loss Phenomenon in Taiwan: a Narrative Inquiry—Autobiography and Phenomenological Study
    Language Loss Phenomenon in Taiwan: A Narrative Inquiry—Autobiography and Phenomenological Study By Wan-Hua Lai A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION Department of Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning University of Manitoba, Faculty of Education Winnipeg Copyright © 2012 by Wan-Hua Lai ii Table of Content Table of Content…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……ii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……...viii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………ix Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...xi Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………………………..…xii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xiv Chapter One: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….….1 Mandarin Research Project……………………………………………………………………………………2 Confusion about My Mother Tongue……………………………………………………….……………2 From Mandarin to Taigi………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Taiwan, a Colonial Land………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Study on the Language Loss in Taiwan………………………………………………………………….4 Archival Research………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Chapter Two: My Discovery- A Different History of Taiwan……………………………………….6 Geography…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 Population……………………………………………….…………………………………………………….……9 Culture…………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………..9 Society………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………10 Education…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………11 Economy……………………………………………………………………………………….…………….………11
    [Show full text]
  • For the Fear 2000 O Workers' [Ights O Tibetan Lmpressions Chilie Talks About His Recent Trip HIGHLIGHTS of the WEEK Back to Tibet (P
    Vol. 25, No. 40 October 4, 1982 A CHINESE WEEKTY OF NEWS AND VIEWS Economic Iargels For the fear 2000 o Workers' [ights o Tibetan lmpressions chilie talks about his recent trip HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK back to Tibet (p. 22). New Central Committee Economic Targets by the China Was Top at WWVC Members Year 2000 The Chinese team was number An introduction to some of the General Secretary Hu Yao- one in the Ninth World Women's 271 middle-aged cadres who bang recently announced that Volleyball Championship in were recently elected to the Cen- China iirtends to quadruple its Pem, thus qualifying for the tral Committee of the Chinese gross annual value of industrial women's volleyball event in the Olympic Games years Communist Party (p. 5). and agricultural production by two from the year 2000. Historical, po- now (p. 28). Mrs. Thatcher in China litical and economic analyses support the conclusion that it is The first British Prime poasible to achieve this goal Minister to visit China, Mrs. (p. 16). Margaret Thatcher held talks with Chinese leaders on a numr .Workers' Congresses ber of questions, including bi- This report focuses on several lateral relations and Xianggang workers' congresses in Beijing (Hongkong) (p. 9). that ensure democratic manage- ment, through examining prod- Si no-J apanese Rerations uction plans, electing factory This September marked the leaders and supervising manage- 1Oth anniversary of the nor- ment (p. 20). malization of China-Japan rela- Today's Tibet tions. The rapid development of friendship and co-operation Oncs a Living Buddha, now between the two countries an associate professor of the during period reviewed Central Institute Nationali- An exciting moment during this is for the match between the Chi- (p.
    [Show full text]
  • I I I I I I I ISBN: 0-85964-482-0 I I I J :1 I I I TABLE of CONTENTS I PREFACE Iii
    A R C H. I V E S 0 F T H E 'I SOVIET COMMUNIST PARTY AND SOVIET STATE I I I I I Catalogue of Finding Aids and Docun1ents I fro1n three kev•. : archives i on n1icrofihn I I Fourth edition: June 2004 I I Published jointly by Slate Archival Service Hoover Institution on vVar. I Revolution and Peace of Russi a CRo' sarkhi \ .·) I I Distributed b\· l CfJ.., CHA D\VYCK-llFALEY 1:~ I f 1· I I I I Fourth Edition: June 2004 I I I I I I I ISBN: 0-85964-482-0 I I I J :1 I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS I PREFACE iii I INTRODUCTION v I HOW TO USE THE CATALOGUE xiii HOW TO ORDER MICROFILM XIV I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii CENTRE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF CONTEMPORARY DOCUMENTATION (TsKhSD) I [Renamed Russian State Archive of Contemporary History - RGANI] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 1 I DELA/DOCUMENTS SERIES 2 ~ I RUSSIAN CENTRE FOR THE PRESERVATION AND STUDY OF DOCUMENTS OF MOST RECENT HISTORY (RTsKhIDNI) I [Renamed Russian State Archive of Social and Political History - RGASPI] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 3 I DELA/ DOCUMENTS SERIES 10 STATE ARCHIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (GARF) I r-series [Collection held at Pirogovskaia Street] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 15 I DELA I DOCUMENTS SERIES 57 I STATE ARCHIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (GARF) a-series [Collection held at Berezhkovskaia Naberezhnaia] I OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 69 I DELA I DOCUMENTS SERIES 89 I, I­ I I 111 I PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION I The State Archival Service of the Russian Federation (Rosarkhiv), the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and Chadwyck-Healey concluded an agreement in April 1992 to I microfilm the records and opisi (finding aids) of the Communist Party of the fonner Soviet Union, as well as other selected holdings of the State Archives.
    [Show full text]