Vol. 25, No. 40 October 4, 1982
A CHINESE WEEKTY OF NEWS AND VIEWS
Economic Iargels For the fear 2000 o Workers' [ights o Tibetan lmpressions chilie talks about his recent trip HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK back to Tibet (p. 22).
New Central Committee Economic Targets by the China Was Top at WWVC Members Year 2000 The Chinese team was number An introduction to some of the General Secretary Hu Yao- one in the Ninth World Women's 271 middle-aged cadres who bang recently announced that Volleyball Championship in were recently elected to the Cen- China iirtends to quadruple its Pem, thus qualifying for the tral Committee of the Chinese gross annual value of industrial women's volleyball event in the Olympic Games years Communist Party (p. 5). and agricultural production by two from the year 2000. Historical, po- now (p. 28). Mrs. Thatcher in China litical and economic analyses support the conclusion that it is The first British Prime poasible to achieve this goal Minister to visit China, Mrs. (p. 16). Margaret Thatcher held talks with Chinese leaders on a numr .Workers' Congresses ber of questions, including bi- This report focuses on several lateral relations and Xianggang workers' congresses in Beijing (Hongkong) (p. 9). that ensure democratic manage- ment, through examining prod- Si no-J apanese Rerations uction plans, electing factory This September marked the leaders and supervising manage- 1Oth anniversary of the nor- ment (p. 20). malization of China-Japan rela- Today's Tibet tions. The rapid development of friendship and co-operation Oncs a Living Buddha, now between the two countries an associate professor of the during period reviewed Central Institute Nationali- An exciting moment during this is for the match between the Chi- (p. 12). ties in Beijing, Dongga Luosang- nese and Peruvian teams.
Woter ond Lond Tronsport ARTICLES & DOCUMENTS Network BEIJING REVIEW Con Chino Reoch lts Economic Good Eorly Rice Horvest Torgets by 2000? 't6 New Progress in Treoting How Chinese Workers Exercise Published every Mondoy by Pollution BEIJINO REVIEW Their Democrotic Rights 24 Boiwonzhuonq Rood, Beijing Peosonts Enjoy Pensions Our Correspondent Zhong- The People's Republic of Chino Minister on Chino's Higher Non 18 Educotion Workers' Congresses in Chino 20 British Pr.ime Minister Visits lmpressions of Tibet Donggo Vol. 25, No. 40 October l, 19A2 Chino Luosongch ilie - 22 Chino, Angolo Recognize Eoch CONTENTS Other FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26-N CUTTURE & SCIENCE 28-30 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS INTERNATIONAL 11-15 3 ART PAGE 31 Sociolist Spirituol Civilizotion Begin Administrotion Con- Culturol Editor Xin demned-Zhong Toi Xiongrong- 10 Yeors of Chino-Jopon Relo- tions Xin Ping BElJll{c REVIEW (USPS t{0. 658-110) is TETTERS 4 - West Germon Government published weekly lor USS 1 3.50 per year by Collopses Beiiing Review, 24 Baiwanzhuang Bood, EVENTS & TRENDS 5-10 Zhong Yunwen lMF, World- Bonk Meeting: Soiiing, China. Socond-class postagc paid Newly Elected Centrol Com- Seeking o Woy to Resolve at San trancisco, CA. Postmaster: Ssnd mittee Members the Finonciol Crisis Xin oddress drangos ro China Books & Announcement Bu - Poriodicals. lnc.. 2929 24th Strset, San Whot Legocy to Bequeoth Pokiston Now Exports Wheot francisco, CA S4110. Children ? - Chen Mouhuo Notes f'rom the Editors
the socialist society. Although the reality of our country is Socialist Spiritual Ciuilization still a far cry from the ideal world described by Marx and Engels, the latter is the great Why is socialist spiritual civil- exerts a tremendous impact on goal of our long-term struggle. izadion an important charac- the latter. The present drive to accomplish teristic of the socialist system? the four modernizations and the In expounding the process of great efforts made to build so- human beings entering into a cialist spiritual civilization as we In his report to the 12th Party period resulting from civilized build socialist material civiliza- Congress (see issue No. 37), Hu of material pro- the development tion are all for the purpose of Yaobang, General Secretary of duction, the emergence of social advancing towards this great the Party Central Committee, division labour, the discovery of ideal. said: "Socialist spiritual civili- of the written language and its zation constitutes an important application to recording of docu- Material civilization and spir- characteristic of the.. socialist ments, Marx and Engels pointed itual civilization are interrelated. system and a major aspect of its out that slavery in antiquity, But this does not mean that superiority," The report also serfdom in the Middle Ages under the socialist system, a so- made a scientific exposition of and wage labour in modern cialist spiritual civilization will the relations between socialist times were the three great grow spontaneously with the material civilization and socialist forms of servitude characteristic development of material civili- spiritual civilization and the oI the three great epochs of zation. The reason is that while significance and functions of the civilization, aII based on the material wealth can be used to latter. exploitation of one class by an- benefit the people, it can also be The building of socialist spirit- other. Marx and Engels also used to rsli,sfy some people's prediction ual civilization consists, by and made the scientific selfish desires and even do harm development of large, of two interrelated as- that with the to the people. The key point is history, a of a higher pects: one is the development of civilization the world outlook and morality by the education, science, culture, pub- stage characterized elimi- of the people who control the nation the one lic health, physical culture and of exploitation of material wealth. other undertakings, including class by another that is, com- munist civilization- was bound As regards the contacts be- healthy and varied mass recrea- - tween countries, a state with a tional activities and entertain- to emerge. By that time, the would flow with products highly developed material civil- ment of good taste; the other is land generation ization can either use its ma- the raising of the people's po- like spring water, a of communist new people would terial wealth to assist oppressed Iitical consciousness and moral peoples as be able to develop their talents nations and or use it standards, of which the most means to exploit and control freely in all respects, a thorough a important aspect is to foster rev- peoples. rupture with the traditional re- other countries and olutionary ideals, morality and This is determined by a coun- lations of ownership and with discipline. In socialist China, try's social system, its guiding traditional concepts would be the building of socialist spiritual ideology and its policies. civilization should be centred achieved; and, in a sense, human round the fostering of com- beings would finally divoree The importance of building muhist ideology. themselves from the animal socialist spiritual civilization is world and would consciously to raise a generation of new In probing the laws governing treat the world and life with a people with communist ideology the development of human his- scientific attitude. AII this ob and morality, thereby promoting tory, Marxism always links ma- viously involves demands both material civilization and ensur- terial production with spiritual on material production and on ing that it will develop in the production. The mode of spirit- spiritual production. right direction. ual production is decided by a specific form of material pro- Today, China is still in the Cultural Editor duction and at the same time initial stage of communism - Xiangrong - Xin October 4, 7982 New Developments in Tibet How does the Chinese press answer the questionsl froni your TETTERS readers? I have read the article "Latest Is it through letters? Developments in Tibet" (issue No, I"assine Treare "Beijing Review" Helps 25). According to our limited avail- able news about the legendary Kati,, Mali My Teoching "roof of the world," I always Apart from erchanging thought in the past that Tibet was uietos through letters, u)e Beijing Reoieu helps me something like the most under- carrg articles on solne coln- understand the Chinese PeoPle's developed villages inhabited by monlg asked" questions. The life today, as well as the pbst Indians in Peru's Ayllu del In- Letters colurnn also occasion- and even the future of China.. canato. allg prot:id,es sorne short I'm quite interested in the articles ansu)ers to readers' questions. about China's economY, its in- I am very glad to know that pro- _ Ed. habitants and its minority nation- gress is being made in Tibet. As similar ,alities. I teach courses on China, the elevation of Tibet is Some Suggestions using both Beiiing Reoieus and to the Andes Mountains of Peru, China Reconsrructs. I find many Tibet is suitable for growing the One thing I feel unsatisfied with useful articles in these magazines. primitive grain crop tarui. I is that the articles you carry have hope that after our correspondent been condensed or were Publish- Except for some mistakes in makes an all-round explanation at ed much earlier bY Chinese translation, your weekly is quite the Academy of Agricultural papers. I wish you could translate satisfying. Sciences in Beijing, he may the articles you plan to cairY in I would also like to make some render a practical assistance to ' a more timely manner. criticisms. The Foreign Relations the growing of the crop which is superior to the soybean. in addition, the articles in the column isr devoid of substance. It international column are too short. is confined to general reporting. It would be better if you'd select For instance, it carries sPeeches Jose Aragon Aedo some detailed and authoritative made by government heads dur- Cusco, Peru articles on international problems. ing their visits to China and few essentials of their negotiations Elizafani Mugweri with Chinese leaders. Rules for Peosqnts Kamuli, Uganda The articles in the column Articles & Documents are alwaYs The most interesting article to I recommend the following too long. Sometimes, you do me was the one in issue No. 26 topics to you: not paragraph clearly. entitled "Rules for Peasants." Chinese a,ncient history, reli-' But, I think the articles on the grons in China, Chinese relations good. It interested me very much. All other Arab social situation are quite guid- with Islamic and the rules are appropriate for countries and Present, You courageously expose erro- especially the Past tendencies give real il- ing a community, socialism - and interrrational poli- neous and which encourage respectt for lustrations of present-day China. ones cles. the old and love of the Young, The article about Tibet carried unity and mutual help and oppos- Dbtdhi Ezzeililine in issue No. 25 is of great impor- ing quarrels, fighting and creating Draham, Tunisia tance, because it is difficult for disturbances. I also liked those patrio'tism people to imagine the actual con- that encourage and Your comments on international ditions in present-day Tibet. care for public property, and above all, those that oppose gaining events are objective and compre- Special Features touch on sPme public hensive. The major shortcoming profit at the expense of is the brevity, only five It actual issues and are helpful to welfare. Pages. understanding China. should contain more. We wan! more iteins in "From the Chinese I wish you would carry more Ashigbui Nani Roobinhood Press." A full Page of letters advertisements for new books in Wute, Akatsi, Ghana should be published. Please de- foreign languages. Tiver Beiiing Reoietu quickly. Istvan Magyar Danish Altaf o4d St. Gallen, Switzerland Understqnding the Post Lahore, Pakistan Present Chino
Chinese Low ond lnstitutions Beiji,ng Reoiero helPs readers to deeply understand events in I am a law professor and am ancient and preqent-daY China. very interested in Chinese law and institutions as well asr inter- Your journal strives to serve national trade and investment. cultural and scientific work. So, Articles which deal with these to me, it is the best source of areas expand mY understanding news. and are the most useful. The journal also Provides read- L. Taylor ers with the news about the Los Angeles, Ca., USA world. Beijlng Retsieto, No. 40 CHINA EVENIIS & TITENIDS
POLITICAL weak links was the load- ing platform plant, and Wang was appointed to Announcemenl ilewly Elecled Genlral be in charge of the plant. He united the workers The General Office and the International Gommittee tlembers Liaison Department of the Central Com- and staff to overcome mittee of the Chinese Communist Party Many middle-aged cadres diffieulties, and through issued the following announcement on were recentLy elected to the the efforts of the entire September 28: Central Committee of the works, the cross-country The General Office, and the Internaiional Chinese Communist Party" trucks were successfully Liaison Department, of the Central Com- mittee These people have common produced month of the Chinese Communist Party, as in half a entrusted by the Party Central Committee, the following characteristics: a befors schedule. extend heartfelt thanks to the Communist firm political stand, good educa- Parties, Workers' Parties, heads of state, In 1979, he was pro- tion, many years of experience leaders of political parties, friendly organ- moted to deputy direc- izations personnel greet- working at the grass-roots level and for the warm tor of the works. At ings and good wishes they had expressed and close ties with the masses. that time, the works in their messages or letters sent to the They are servants of the people Chinese Communist Party on the occasion were just trying out with both political consciousness of the successful convening of its 12th overall quality control National Congress and the election Hu and professional competence. of measures. On the one Yaobang as General Secretary of the Cen- Wang Zhaoguo, tral Committee of the Chinese Communist 41, is secre- hand, he studied the Party. tary of the Party committee and theories and on the deputy director of the China other, he made investiga- No. 2 Motor Vehicles Works. A tions and solicited the graduate of the Harbin Poly- opinions of the technical and he has been studying and work- technic in 1966, he worked suc- managerial personnel as well as ing out a management system cessively as a technician and of the workers. Finally, he pro- centring around the reduction of secretary of a Communist Youth posed a system that ensured cost. The system is being tried l,eague organization. When this balanced production and work out now. newly built auto works decided quality. The outlook of the in 1975 to produce its first 2.5- workers changed quickly with Qian Yongchang, 49, is one of ton cross-country trucks, several the implementation of this the first generation of naviga- areas of the works turned out method and both production and tion experts trained in New to be problematic. Among the transport improved. Since 1980, China. He received his educa- tion at the Dalian Mercantile Marine Institute. After gradua- tion, he worked on board ships and was captain for 14 years. He has been to the major sea- ports in the world. Loyal to the cause of the Party, he has work- ed tirelessly and gets on well with his colleagues, and has done his work remarkably. With the help of veteran cadres, he has gradually acquired the ex- perience necessary for a leading post. Earlier this year, he was promoted from general manager of the China General Ocean- Going Shipping Corporation to giving Wang Zhaoguo (right, front row) a talk to workers Vice-Minister Communica- and staff of the No. 2 Motor Yehicles Works on the of guldelines of the l2tb Party Congress. tions.
October 4, 7982 Liu Hongru, 51, was formerly contributions to the nation property. Nevertheless, these an apprentice and is now deputy through years of hard work, veteran comrades, instead of director of the Agriculture Bank donate their savings to the state giving their children large sums of China. His contributions have rather than bequeath them in bank savings, houses or other significantly improved the work to their children. property, have bestowed upon of the bank. Early in 1981, the them revolutionary To name a few: the tradition national economy faced potential of plain living, utter devotion to dangers. One important factor Cai Chang is a leader of the the state and hard work. In a was inflation. At that time, Chinese women's movement and sense, such property is truly the some people proposed control- one of the Party's earliest richest legacy. ling consumption to reduce the women members. She is a long- issuance of banknotes,, However, time Party and state leader and Liu favoured taking positive lives very simply. In 19?5, measures to aid the development after the death of her husband. ECONOMIC of agriculture and light and the late Vice-Premier Li Fuchun textile industries so as to in- who was a veteran revolution- crease the amount of commodi- ary, she gave 100,000 yuan of Water and Land Transport ties to keep pace with the is- their many years' savings to the Jletwork suance of currency. The Peo- Party as membership dues. ple's Bank (which functions as Recently, she put in 30,000 yuan Improvement of the world- the nation's central bank) decid- more of her savings f or her famous Grand Canal, built 2,400 ed its currency policy on this Party membership dues. years ago, is one facet of a gigantic programme to expand proposal during the economic The ?2-year-old NPC Stand- readjustment. It issued more China's water and land trans- ing Committee Vice-Chairman port. loans to the light and textile in- Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme recently goal dustries. The dual of de- donated a Iarge sum of money Although a rudimentary veloping ths econom/ and stabi- he had saved over the years to nationwide transport network Iizing the currency was achieved. the government. He has often already exists, it remains a There are also many Party said to his children something weak link in China's ,national and administrative cadres among the late Premier Zhou Enlai once economy. The country has fal the new members of the Party told some other cadres' children: too few facilities for shipping Central Committee, including "Your parents do not leave anY coal from the north, especially Redi, a Tibetan. He was born legacy for you to enjoy, still less from Shanxi, to other parts of into a poor herdsman's family. any prerogatives. If they leave China. The loading and unload- ing coastal ports When he was young, he was a you anything, it is the arduous, capacity of the beggar and was once a lower- glorious revolutionary task." chiefly used for shipping goods abroad is decidedly insufficient. level Lama. The People's death, Cheng Just before his Nor can the current passenger Liberation Army rescued him retired PLA officer Luoping, a transport services meet the fast- and sent him to study in Bei- told his three and a Communist, growing demand for them. jing. Now, he is secretary of children not to expect him to the Party Committee of the Ieave them any property. "What The Grand Canal, 1,794 km Tibet Autonomous Region. I have are three pieces of shrap- long, stretches from Beijing nel the enemy left in my body Shan- There are 211 newly elected through Tianjin, Hebei, I'11 give one to members of the Party Central during the war. dong and Jiangsu.to Hangzhou each of you. They will remind in Zhejiang Province. The cur- Committee, accounting for 60 you to work hard," he said. and per cent of the total number of rent large-scale dredging is concentrated members and alternate members. AII parents hope that after other work on it Two-thirds of them are younger their death their children wil] in Jiangsu. than 60, the youngest being 38. grow up to be useful citizens and The communications and live well. It is only natural to transport departments are What Legacy to Bequeath bequeath them some property. mapping out plans to imProve In China, donations to the gov- Children? transport, including: ernment are not encouraged The Chinese press recently has and, according to the Marriage upgrading of the published news about veteran Law, parents and children have trunk-technical railway lines and build- cadres who, after making great the right to inherit each other's ing new ones for coal transport;
6 Beiiing Ret:ieus, No. 40 cillNli\ EVEN tS & tItTNIDS
A Skerrh llop ol lhe ilo.th-Sc,th Wots ord l,ond [osl-We:t Wuhr ond Iond Irrnsport f,oules Ironrport lqJter year and despite heavy rains and tilaterlogging, a rich har- ve6t was gathered. The total output is estimated to be 1.5 million tons more than last year's 49.5 million tons;.hitting an all-time high. The good harvest is attributed to the establishment of different f orms of the responsibility system in production and the popularization of agro-tech- niques. .(t/l \/ Chjna expects an all-ruund rich grain harvest this year, said a responsible member of the Ministry of Agriculture. In ad- roirwoy seo route fl'"H:"r:"r^:i: #;Ji ,T:il #; - developing- ocean, coastal and Beijing-Sh and Changjiang River transport; ways; 2) the - briilding railways and high- 'hY"T: ways in southwest China; 1:o . ' 3) the" developing the railways so Lianyungang in Jiangsu to - heavier :iT,ll,:l :::**:*" :ir#["J" #1x'",;."1]",1}; lggr,qr line; 5) the Hangzhou-Zhuzhou, -building larger and special- ':.:'""::fl-"i*;-,.ri.x,j:" rT,l;ffiss in Trearing service, linking up railrvay. ffi#:F:ilygi"?"tr highway, water and. air traffic. These 12 river and land trans- improving water transport on- the Grand ffioott"?T, canal' log.ooo km of i The canal is one of six main routes and 10,0 north-south water and land lines (for petr transport routes. The other The total lengt "three wastes"-waste liquid, five are: 1) the north-south sea km. more thai six times as long- navigation route, 2) the Beijing- as in the early 1950s. waste gas and waste residue. Shanghai and Shanghai-Hang- In lgz9. the state directed 16? zhou railways, 3) th Good Earry [ice flarvest -#':]i:ffJ: to comprete Guangzhou ra,way, ; ,"r,: ;x_ jing-Datong, Datong-Taiyuan, China reaped Taiyuan-Jiaozuo, Jiaozuo-Zhi- harvest this ye cheng, and Zhicheng-Liuzhou early rice pro railways; 5) the Baotou-Lan- the south whic zhou, Baoji-Chengdu and 60 per cent o chengdu-Kunming total. railways. jects required of it, and the The six east-west trunk water Though the area so',un to eai'- metallurgical departme;ets ful-, and land transport routes are: ly rice decreased by i13,000 filled over ?0 per cenL of their 1) the Beijing-Baotou-Lanzhou hectares compared with last tasks. The chemical, arma-
October 4, 7982 peasants ment, light, textile, building PeaSantS EnjOy PenSiOnS number of pensioned materials and pharmaceuticatr in any single area in China. Until quite recently, few industrial departments were In the Huaxi production bri- also slated clean=up. peasants were supported by for gade of Jiangyin County, Jiang- public funds after they became su Province, where brigade-run The Anshan Iron and Steel too old to work. But today, 11 industries and sideline occuPa- Corripany, the largest in China, provinces and municipalities tions have developed very quick- has basically controlled its once offer retirement benefits to ly and the per-unit rice outPut serious environmental pollution. more than 426,000 elderly is high, each of the 107 peasant The amount of dust in the air peasants. pensioners is provided with free around it dropped 53.5 per cent The pensions are provided by food and fuel and supplied with from 280 tons per square kile 3,400 well-off production bri- five yuan in pocket money a metre a month in 1977 to 130 gades in these provinces and month. real income, their tons in 1981; the rate of treated In municipalities. In the brigades, monthly pension is higher than waste gas reached 52 per cent, men older than 65 and women yuan person. rate of 20 for one the circulation utility over 60 may retire, provided water reached 86.5 per cpnt, and tradi- they have worked in the collec- Following the Chinese the utility rate of surplus heat pensioned peasants still tive for more than 10 years. tion, reached 43.7 per cent. The monthly pension is gen- live with their children who erally 10 to 15 yuan and, in also provide support for them. Guilin, a famous scenic spot, Jiabao some areas, as much as 20 yuan Eighty-year-old Zhai has become more beautiful since and his wife of the Huaxi bri- power plant, pulp a month. The pensions are a, a workshop gade live with three Younger of a paper mill and a steel-mak- drawn by the production bri- gades profits generations. Zhai said he and ing workshop were closed down from the of their collective enterprises and his wife are not lonely at all. and a printing house, a dyeing side- Iine occupations or from their They look after their three- plant and a,n electroplating grandson public welfare fund. year-old great and factory were moved out. After are delighted to watch him several years of treatment, the In the rural areas. rent, toddling about, lively and picturesque Lijiarlg River, whose water, vegetables, eggs. poultry playful. water was contaminated, has and meat cost little or no Respect the old is encour- been restofed to its clean, lucid money. Thus, 10-15 is for ]'uan state. former self. enough for a peasant's monthly aged by the Party and has been a common prac- expenses. It long With industrial pollutants tice in the countryside to pro- fr.om nearby industrial enter- The 11 municipaiities and vide old people who . have no prises gone, the water in provinces include the munici- close relatives to look after them palities of Beijing. Shanghai Hangzhou's beautiful West with "five guarantees" - food, [,ake has become purer than and Tianjin, and Zhejiang, clothing, housing, medical care before. Jiangsu, Shandong and Liaoning and funeral expenses. Offering Provinces where the agricul- pensions to elderly Peasants is Pollution by crude oil has tural economy is quite de- practised on a trial basis in a been controlled over large areas veloped. Take Shanghai for small number of rural produc- on the Bohai Sea and Huanghai an example. The output of tion brigades which follow the Sea. grain and economic crops in its example of the Pension sYstem 10 suburban counties has been for urban workers and staff These achievements not- among the nation's highest for members. withstanding, industrial pollu- years. Since the mid-l970s, tion remai.ns a serious problem most of these counties have ex- in China. The state is pressing panded their handicrafts. i-ICA]_iJNA ahead with the anti-pollution fishery and other sideline occu- I D L work in an effort to improve pations. which give them over the environment as soon as half of their total agicultural possible. At present, the income and a growing collective Minister on Ghina's emphasis is olr enterprises locat- accumulation fund. Now more lligher Education ed in or near tourist areas, than 120,000 older suburban densely populated places and Shanghai peasants have been China should diversifY higher water sources. granted pensions, the Iargest education programmes to ac-
8 Beijing Reoieu, No. 40 CHINIA TVENIS & 'IiTENIDS
commodate China's unevenly - Higher education should be enroll students from those dereloped economy and culture, restructured. The proportion areas, he suggested. Thest: according to the ne\vly ap- between the various depart- studenls have practical know- pointed Mirlister of Education. ments of iiberal arts and science ledge and experience and are Minister He Dongchang. 59, a and betrveen students to be willing to return to their home 1945 aeronautics graduate of trained as advanced, interine- areas upon graduation. China's Southwest Associated diate and junior spccialists China should continue to University, started teaching at should gradually be adjusted to Iearn from the experience of Qinghua University in 1948. IIe suit the needs of economie and foreign countries, including sert,ed as Vice-President of social development. Therefore, thcse of the third world coun- Qinghua between 19?8 and last it is necessary to develop the tries, the minister said. But, May. He was elected :i mernber' vocati.onal and technical educa- China rnust embark on its own of the Party Central Committee tion system. way of developing education at the 12th Party Congress held He Dongchang said that to and r,lrcrk out an educational not long ago. ovel'come the disproportions in system and structurc. suitable With an underdeveloped econ- higherr education, the Ministry for China's conditions. Ilc: em- omy, he explained to a Xinhua ol Education is organizing a phasized ttrat China'.s education correspondent. China cannot planning committee to forecast is aimed at training students and need not develop all its in- society's needs and offer advice with a sociaiist outlook rvho are stitutions of higher learning on restructuring. At l.he same willing to serve the people. into regular four- or five-.u-ear time. to solve the contradiction-s universities, let alone attempt between higher education and to copy institution^s in the West, the actual needs ol state con- Furthermore, different special- si ruction. some enqineering FOREIGN ists require dilterent arnounts -specialities should broaden the R.ETATIONS of schooling. the minister said. scope <-rf cour.\es r:ffered so i,hat In particuiar . there shrruji be the students wiil have a wider twGyear colleges range of knowledge. The minis- British Prime Minister try is exploring the possibility He also made the irtlirru'lng of assigning some students to Uisits suggestions: China jobs before they graduate so -. The concept of higher bhat their courses can be British Prime Minister Mrs. educatlon should be expanCed changed to dovetail with their Margaret Thatcher, at the invi- to includ.e any post-seconciarl' futule field tation oI the Chinese Govern- education that meets special nrent, paid an oificial visit to present, requiren:ents; At the number of Chirra from September 22 to 26. coliege graduates needed by Radio, television and cor- She r.virs the first British Prime - departments of finance, econo* Minrster to hnve come lo China. respondence courses! night uni- my', iaw, management, agricul- versities and workers' universi- ture and light industry is far In Beijing, Premier Zhao Zi- ties and othet' forms of higher greater than the number the yang and Prime Minister l\[rs. education for adults should be state can provicie, the ministerr Thatcher held two rounds o{ developed. Horvever. there must said. This is a problem made talks; Cornrade I)eng Xiaoping be a strict and uniform exami- prominent by recent years' eco- also met with Mrs. Thatcher. nation system. Students who nomic readjustment mea.sures The talks and meeting proceed- pass examinations in subjects that have girzen priority to the ed in a friendly atrnosphere. they given study should be development of the above- credits, and those rvho have got mentioned fields. Bilateral R,elations. Zhac: Zi- enough credits shouid receive yeng said that the Britlsh col)ege diplomas. There should Colleges of agriculture and Prime Minister's visit to Chjna be planned guidance for the forestry and medical and is a major event in Sino-British courses of study and the training teachers' schools which train relations and an important in- of unneeded specialists should specialists for the rural. pas- dication of the development of tle avoided; toral and forest areas should their relati<.rns, He expressed
October 4. 1982 -qmall and weak neighbour. The new coalition gov€rnment should enjoy more active sup- port internationally.
Middle East Situation. Zhao Z-,yang said: "The Chinese Gov- ernment and people strongly condemn Israel's savage aggres- sion and atrocities. Israel must puil out ali its aggressor troops from I-ebanon immediately and unconditionally." Mrs. Thatcher expressed her concern about the situation in the Middle East, the situation in Lebanon in partic- ular.
Premier Zhao Ziyatg welcoming British Prime Minister Mrs. trIargaret She also outlined the British Thateher. Government's views on the situation in Europe, the issue of disarmament and the lelations the belief that through joint ef- the common aim of maint;aining betw'een Europe anci the United forts, co-operation betrveen the the prosperity and stability of States. Zhao Ziyang spoke two countries will be further {ianggang, both sides agreed about Sino-US, Sino-Soviet and strengthened. He said: "True, that, after Mrs. Thatcher's re- relations. Lead- there are problems left over cent visit, the two sides will Sino-Japanese that from history that need to be enter further talks on the issue ers of both countries held solved through consultations. through diplomatic channels. both sides shared the same or However, I believe that prob- similar view on major interna- lems of this kind are not dif- The Chinese Government's tional questions. ficult to solve so long as both position on the recovery of the Vice-Chaire sides approach and develop sovereignty of the whole region Deng Yingchao, Sino-British relations in a iong- of Xianggang is unequivocal man of the NPC Standing Com- rrith Mrs. Thatcher. term strategic perspective and and known to all. mittee, raet take the Five Principles of Question of Afghanistan. Mrs, The itinerary of Mrs. That- Peaceful Coexistence as the Thatcher pointed out that the cher and her party included problems basis in dealing with question of Afghanistan now Beijing, Shanghai and Guang- between us," existing under occupation shculd not be zhou. Mrs. Thatcher said that one forgotten. The invasion of Af- change which had given her ghanistan 1/as a big mistake particular encouragement was by the Soviet Union. Zhao Zi- Ghina, Angola Iecognize the way in ra'hich Sino-British yang expressed appreciation of Each 0ther relations had developed. She Mrs. Thatcher's stance on the question of Afghanistan. said that British industry had The Government of the Peo' become much more competitive Kampuchean Mrs. ple's Republic of China and the in the last year or two and that Question. Thatcher said: We rMarmly sup- Government of the PeoPle's now ready help it stands to port the new Coalition Govern- Republic of Angola have China's ambitious modernization ment of Democratic Kampuchea decided to recognize each other, programme. and support Democratic Kam- and haveappointed their resPec- Issue of Xianggang (Hongkong). puchea's seat in the United Na- tive represen'uatives to ccme Leaders of both countries held tions. We have not recognized into contact with each other in in-depth' discussions on the and will not recognize the Heng Paris as from SePternber 27, question of Xianggang in - a Samrin regime. Zhao Ziyang 1982 on the normalization of friendly atmosphere. Both sides pointed out that the essence of relations and establishment of made clear their respective po- the Kampuchean question is diplomatic relations between sitions on this issue. Following Viet Nam's aggression agains'u a the two countries.
10 Beiiing Reuiew, No. 40 ,: ID INITERNIA'TIONI\I R ?POTT tS & COMIAENITS
and an observation point at the Begin Administration Condemned entrance of Shatila Camp just 200 metres from one of the siaughtcring grounds. Further- SHOCKED world has unani- anese president-elect Bashir A more, the bodies of the viclims fL m6u51y denounced the Begin Gemayel's assassination on Sep were piled up by the walls of administration for the massacre tember 14 to immediately in- the camps and buried by Isr:aeli of Palestinian refugees in West vade West Beirut. After oc- troops using bulldozers. Beirut. On September 24, the cupying West Beirut. the Israeli Ltni.ted Nations General As- forces used more than 250 tanks The enormity of the crime sembly adopted a resolution and armoured personnel carriers shook the Israeli populace. Is- condemning Israel for the and 14 self-propelled guns of rael's opposition party Pui for-- massacre. various calibres to surround the ward a motion calling for thc Sabra and Shatila Camps and. estabiishment of a state com- Foscist Brutolity according to the Israeli army missi October 4, 1982 11 the Begin administration to say that Begin's cabinet had af Kampuchean Coalition Govern- that it will hold an investigation proved allowing the armed units rhent, peace in the Middle East. into the incident. However, it ro enter the camps to search for and the North-South dialogue. is still covering up by claiming remnant PLO guerrillas and Japanr:se Prime l\,[ini-ster Zen- that Israeii troops "did not en- arms caches. One Israeli official ko Suzuki agreed to Chinese: ter" the camp6 and that the;r disclosed that the Begin ad- Premier Zhao Zi7'ang's proposal were "unaware" of what was ministration had drawn up this lor the principle going on inside. plan before the tragic death of three-poin'" dr.rring Zhao's japan Lebanese president-elect Bashir visit to last Sophistry cannot whitewash May. repre- Gemayel. The agreemcnt the facLs. At the September 22 senl.s the internal and foreign Knesset debate, Defence Min- As more and more facts come policy interests rtf both countries ister Ariel Sharon admitted that to light, Begin, Sharon and their for the foreseeable future. he had authorized the entry into likes cannot exonerate them- Japan's overall secut'ity strat- the camps of the armed units selves. They are exposed to the egy requires it ensure the that carried out the slaughter. '*,hole world as the butchers io suppll' r.lf luel mSterials Western news agencies citing behind the Beirut holocaust. and ras, from China. its close neighbour, high Israeli of ficials relrcrted Zhong Tai - s.) as to diversify its fuel and ener'.q-v resources. In the face of the long-standing economic '' Yeors "stagf lation in the West. ,0 of Chino-topon Relotions Japan finds China's vast market to oe of enormous appeal. qEPTEMBER this year ushered period. In the same the bi- China u,ith its rich mineral \-r in the 1Oth anniversary of lateral trade volume increa-sed and other resources and Japan normalization nearly 10 times. 1.1 the of Sino- from biiiion with its advanced industrial Japanese diplomatic relations. US dollars lg72 10 biliion in to technology can share what each dollars i981. In the past l0 years three in has and supply what each has events have particularly pro- Tourist travel betrveen the not. .In view of the international moted bilateral relations: two countrise has increased 12 environment. both the Chinese the announcement of nor- times, from a mere 9.000 ten and .Iapanese people need to pool - years persons malization on September 29. ago to 127.000 efforts to combat hegemonism 1972; last year. r,nd salegual{ ur6r'1d peace. Also since 1972, ,12 pairs the signing of the Sino- oI China's modernization efforts - Chinese-Japanese sister cities Japanese Peace and Friendship r,:qurre a long-term stable and have been formed. Treaty on August 12, 1978, and pe aceiu) !nieruationai etrviron- Similar friendly co-operation - the proclamation last May men. as rvell as fav<;urable ex- of a three-point principle for is expected to continue to iernal conditions. long-term and stable bilateral characterize Sino-Japanese re- Tr-.e 10th arniversar-v tras relations by the Chinese and lations in the future. u'i:nes-.eci ur:interrupteC de- Japanese premiers. an The Sino-Japanese Peace and ,,'6lr-rprnent of SinoJapanese ties. The three-point principle may Friendship Treaty has contribut- Since the end of 1980, the be summarized as: peace and ed to bilateral efforts to fight premiers of the two coun- friendship, equality and mutual hegemonism. to mai.ntain peace tries have exchanged visits benefi.t. and long-ter.m stability. in Asia and in the world, and to tn'ice, in addition to trequent Chinese and Japanese govern- further develop relations be- official exchanges and meetingr; tween the two mental and popular efforts countries. at orher levels. It was decid- .spurred rapid development oI At the UN General Assembly ed early last month to hold bilateral relations. sessions of 1980 and 1981. both the tirst people-to-PeoPle meet- Since 1972,.China and Japan China and Japan condemned ing in Tokyo on October 7. Such role nf have signed a number of agree- the Soviet invasion of Afghani- meetings will inct'ease the ments for trade. post and com- stan and the Vietnamese inva- private visits betw-een the Peo- munications. air and maritime sion of Kampuchea. ple of the two countries. transportation, fishing, culture, For separate reasons, both Both counti'ies have marked science and technology. China and Japan support the the occasit-rn since last sPring 12 Beiiing Reuiew, No' 40 Ir\TEitFlt\ tlOr\r\[ REPOIT ts & coMMeN"rs lvith wide ranging private and tions. Nevertheless, the people The Schmidt government's official activities on an unprece- of [he twn countries expect their position was weakened by rrrany dented scale. friendly relations to Iast for factors. The fundamental one generations. Through concerted was continuous economic How€r,er, the influence the of a efforts, they will overcome ob- deplession u'hich put the gov- small gror.rp of .Iapanese Right- stacles and ensure the continued ernrnent in an inextricabie ists who oppose relations with growth of their relatic;ns free predicament. China cannot be ignored. Fur- from the impact of international therrnore. other problems have storms and stress. Continuous Economic cropped up in developing rela- - Xin Ping Depression After the oil crisis of the 70s. lVest Germany's economy turn- West German Government ed from a slow growth into a decline. The tcltal value of the Collapses national economy in 1981 was 0.3 pr.r' cent less than that of FIEN four ministers of the party coalition nearly broke t 980. l'ree l)emocratic Party apart over the 1982 and 1983 suddenly' purlled out of the budgets. Although the two sides Unemployment has sharpiy cabinet on September' 17, West reached a compromise agree- increased. In August this year Germany's 13-year-old coalition ment iir July, two months later 1.8 miliion people were unern- governrnent had to coIlapse. they openly disagreed on ho,rv to ployed, the most in 33 years. solve the issue of the l0-billion- The Federal Labour Bureau On September 20. Chairman mark deficit in the budget. The predicted that by the end of crf the Christian Democratic Social I)emor:r'atic Party fa- this year the numbel of unem- Uni.on HeLmut Kohl, Chairmah- voured an increase in loans and plcyed will be more than 2 mil- of the Christian Social Union taxes to compensate budget def- lion, more than twice the 1980 Franz Josef Strauss and Chair- icits. the Free Democratic number. man of the Free Democratic but Parr.'* l{ans-Dietrich Genscller Party advocateci cutbacks in In addition to this, the na- spending public r,r,elfare. met in Bonn and decided to pre- and A tional debt has greatly expand- stalemate ensued. sent a "consrructive motion of no ed. Last year the budget deficit confidence" and to replace Chancellor Schmidt opexly was 39 billion marks. Because Chancellor Helmut Schmidt cr:iticized the Free Democratic of ihe need to borrorv money to cover the large deficit, the state with Helrnut Kohl , In a major Party at cabineL meetings" In a political development following September 9 state-of-the-nation debt grew to 532 billion marks the Schmidt government's col- address to parliament, Schmidt by the end of 1980, 30 per cent gross product. lapse. it was decided to move provoked a split with his ruling of the na'uional tlp the general elections to partners by saying that thclse West German econornic cir- March 6 next yeat. ministers of the Fr"ee Democrat- cles say that there is no sign of ic Party who not agree r*'ith economic recovery. Long Disputes did his policy should pull out [rom The contradictions and dis- the government. Pofi Loses Support putes arnong the ruling Social econom;/ continu- On Sepiember 12. Economics With the Democratic and Free Derrocrat- ously on the decline. the contra- ic Parties are of long standing. I"Iinister Otto Lambsdorff , in violation of usual cabinet prac- dictions inside and outside the Repr-esenting different interests, ruling party have become sharp. tice. made public an economie the two partit:s have serious The SociaI Democratic Party dif{erences or:er }row to extri- memorandum to Chancellor Schmidt criticizing the govern- lost many state and local elec- cate West Get'many from its tions. Many members ment's economic policy. He also of its econclinic crisis, especially re- have withdrawn from the party. garding unemploymenl and demanded a big reduction in budqer deficiis. public welfare. The disputes The opposition Christian Dem- sped up the prr:cess of dissolu- ocratic Union Has grown. It In recent months the two- tion. now has over one million mem- October 4, 1982 13 bers, 10 per cent more than the tian Democratic Union. This caused dissatisfaction among Social Democratic Party. It con- w'as a signal for a nationwide developing countries. trols five of L0 states and West realignment. But the Free Agreement Reoched Berlin. Recent public opinion Democratic Party suffered a big polls show that if the general defeai in the Hesse elections. But, as a result of concerted elections were held now, the This has sharpened its internai efforts by the third world rep- opposition party would win conflicts and is unfavourable resentatives, an agreement was 53.7 per cent of votes, the So- for its new coalition's potential reached by members of the cial Democrats would get 31.4 to replace the Schmidt govern- World Bank. The agreement per cent and the Free Democrat- ment. commits the International De- ic Farty wouid have 5.1 per velopment Association (IDA), cent. The Free l)emocratic Par. With the end of the coalition an affiliate of the World Bank, government which started in ty was afraid that if it remains to provide $7 billion in 1983 and 1969, the contention between the 1984 for easy-term credits io allied with the Social Democrat- various political forces on the ic Party, it rvill lose even more low-income countries. An addi- Bonn political stage will be- tional $2 billion will be contrib support. So it deeided to change and more com- partner. conre sharper uted to the IDA by 31 couh- its In the state elec- plicated. tions in Hesse on September 26, tries in 1984, the agreement states. it pu'oliciy turned to the Chris- -Zhang Yunwen The United States, one of 32 countries contributing funds to IDA in recent years, did not IMF, World Bonk .Meeting join the agreement this year. In 1980 contributing rnembers Seeking o Woy to Resolve of the World Bank agreed to provide $12 billion in additional Finoncidl Crisis funds for IDA in 1981 through Ihe 1983. Of that, the United states to provide billion. T N his opening speech at the stacles frorn some developed was S3.24 I 37th annuai meeting of the countries. As a result, third But, because the United lnternational Monetary Fund world countries' total foreign States has fallen behind on its (iMF) and the World Bank held debt is rapidly growing and is contributions and rvi11 not com- in Toronto on September 6, estiniated to be US$505,000 mil- plete its 1981-83 contributions Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Iion. If their debt keeps in- until 1984, programmes were Oliiott Trudeau warned that the creasing and they continue de- cut 35 per cent, from $4.1 billion "conditions we face today are faulting on their payments, the to $2.7 billion in fiscal 1982. worse than any" since World world financial community will The US delegates pledged at War II. face the danger of collapse. the annual meeting that their government its best to More than 1,000 delegates The serious financial situation will try decided from 146 countries attended the aroused strong reaction among contribute the amount annual meeting. the representatives at the meet- in the 1980 agreement. ing" Many third world repre- The continuing Western eco- At the annual meeting, the 32 sentatives were critical of de- countries agreed to open discus- nomic crisis and the deveioping veloped countries that had re- countries' economic troubles sions soon on IDA funding be- neged on promises to provide tw'een 1985 and 1987. But no caused by the industrialized more loans and international countries' measures to shif t agreement has been reached on aid. The third world countries the fund quota of the IMF. This their economic crisis on to them also called on the IMF to adopt have bacily strained the interna- question will be discussed at measures to help promote their year's meeting tional financial system. next Washington economic cievelopment and in- of the IMF interim committee. Most developing countries' crease IN{F comrnon funds, so as export commodity prices and to provide more assistance Chinese Finonce Minister's earnings have declined sharply to debt-ridden countries. US Speech and their: drive to export manu- opposition to these proposals, Chinese Finance Minister factrrred goods continues to be which were supported by the Wang Bingqian said in a speech hampered by protectionist ob majority of other countries, on September 7 that promoting 14 Beijing Reuieus, No. 4A lNTe,tNlr\TIOFIAL itEPOtt tS & COMMEN tS the econonric developrnent of roles in promoting international to move in that direction and developing countries is of pri- economic co-operation. He ex- rvork for greater improvernents mary importance to world eco- pressed the hope that these two and rnore reforms. nomic development, and world world instit'utions will continue Xin Bu peace and stability. - The economies of ihe develop ing countries have deteriorated Pakistan Now Exports Wheat for a series trf external reasons. he said. The developing coun- -|\TOT long ago, a freight tlain to rise in 1980-81, reaching tries do need.to adopt adjust- 1\ t*dua with 1,300 tons of 11.475 mrilion tons, rvhile the ment measures to overcome wheat chugged torvards the country's total consumption was their economic difficulties, but Iranian border from Punjab 10 million tons. In 1981-82, t}re developed countries are also Province, Pakistan. It was a Pakistan suffered from drought duty-bound to give them eccl- pai't of the first 50,000-ton con- drrring plantiag season and nomic assistance. tract for wheat from Pakistan rain during the harwest. How- to Iran. Though small in ever, an expert in the Ministry "Regrettably," he said, "this 'and year, rvhen the developing coun- quantity, it represents an amaz- of Food, Agriculture Co- tries are facing great economic ing change for Paklstan which operatives estimates that pro- difficulties, there has been no importeC wheat f<.rr 30 years. duction is sure to be more than 11 million tons. progress towards the establish- Beginning in 1952, Pakistan ment of a neiv international imported an average of one Effective Meosures economic order. Negotia- million tons of wheat annually. tions between the North and t.he After a poor harvesi in 19?7-78, Some effective measures have South remain deadlocked. and it bought 2.24 million tons for been adopted by the Pakistan international economic co- 3,500 million rupees in foreign Governrnent to i,ncrease wheat operation is beset u'ith .obsta- exchange, a heavy financial production. cles. " burden. In 1978 it introduced 12 im- "1\[eanwhile. some govern- proved high-yield strains from ments have in.stituled protec- Government Appeol the worlC's principal wheat tionist measures agair*Tt de- Flowever, in 1978 the Pakistan producers. Thereafter, the use veiopirrg countrjes and cut ece Government began a movement of improved seeds has increased nomic aid. Therefore. the n:ul- to produce mcre wheat through- annually. economic assisiance tilateral out the country. In October the The country was divided into provided by the inlernational same year, President Zia ul-Haq 12 ecological areas according to monetary institutions has de- issued a staten:ernt supporting climate, soil and plant diseases creased," he said. this action. He called on the and insect pests. Separate Referring ttr the "IDA crisis" people of +"he whole country to i"gricultural research institutes caused b-v* the failure of a major strii,e fcr .self-sufficiency in food and centres to study plant adap- developed country to honour grains as soon as possible. tability were set up in these fully anWang Bingqian said that the self-suffir:iency in v'heat. The ers, -seeds, chemical f ertilizer':s Il{F and World Bank can wheat imports came to an end and l<.r At the recent 12th National Congress oJ will develop rapidly to greatly boost industrial the Chinese Communist Party, General Secre- output and increase output value. tary I7u Yaobang set f orth the generol objecti'-*e oJ quadrupling the gross anrlual oaLue oJ in- Our rough estimation is that if the produc- dustrial. and agriculturol production bg the tion techniques of our major industries ean reach the level of econornically developed coun- year 2400 - 2,800 billion yua'n. ?his has caus- ed. Liuely discussions etmong the Chinese people tries by the year 2000, we will be able to achieve plan quadrupling production an.d cau,ght the attention of foreigners. Can our of our targe[s. this objectiue be 'reached? ln tb"e Jollouing etcerpts, sonle economists and leoders etpress Analyses of Possibilities their uieu,s, Ed. - Xue Muqiao, Secretary-General of the Econorn- Tentative ldeas ic Research Centre under the State Council and noted economist: Fang Weizhong, Vice-Minister of the State Planning Commission: Quadrupling China's total industrial and agricultural output value by the end of this cen- The tentative ideas f or quadrupling the tury means an average annual increase of. 7.2 production targets are: per cent. I think this can be achieved. First, by 2000. we can double the total In the past 32 years (1950-81), China's total output of cnergy, steel, cement, chenrical ferti- industrial and agricultural output value increas- Iizer', cotton yarn, paper and other imgtrtant ed 9.2 per cent annually on an average; if we mearrs of production from the 1980 figures: it exclude the economic rehabilitation period is irnpossible to quadruple these figures because (1950-52) which witnessed particularly quick power oulput must increase at the same rate as development, it increased 8.1 per cent annually industry. The output of major machinery prod- on an average between 1953 and 1981. In the ucts can increase 4- to 5-fold. previous five Five-Year Plans, excluding the second one (1958-62), it also increased at a rate Second, technical progress will help reduce over 7.2 per cent. wasteful consumption, improve prr:duct and processing quality so that the value produced by During the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981-85), a given amount of energy and raw and semi- we wili strive for a 5 per cent or higher annual finished materials will double, thus doubling increase; during the Seventh Five-Year Plan economic results. Suppose the present per-unit (1986-90), we rvill endeavour to register a 6 per energy consumption fol indu.strial products is cent or higher growth per year. After a solid 100, it will be reduced to 50 by ttre year 2000. foundation is laid. we will achieve an annual 8 Thus one ton of energy will producr: the same per cent or higher increase in the 1990s. In this result as two tons do now. In the ravv and semi- rvay, it is possible to attain the goal of quad- finished materials industries and the various rupling our production targets. processing industries, by increasing the number Some people say. the bigger the base, the of varieties, improving accuracy of processing, lower will be the growth rate. I disagree with replacing outdated products and comprehensive- this view. A big basic number will mean more Iy upgrading products, it will be possible to raise national income. In this way, the percentage the otrtput value of products by a large margin. trf accumulation will be enlarged and science 'Ihird, some newl5, emerging industrial de- and technology will develop at an increasing partments such as electronie, telecommunica- pace. All these are indispensable conditions for tions. nuclear energy. petrochemical and others achieving rapid development. The development 16 Beijing Reuieu, No. 40 of capitalist production usually is conditioned lion yuan in 1976 to 48,400 million in 1981. by the market. Socialist China with its popula- Since it could be doubled in the past five years, tion of 1,000 rnillion, which will inerease to 1,200 why can't it be doubled in the next 10 years? miilion by the end r:f this century, will not be Like rnany other places in the country, Sichuan able to satisfy such a big domestic market even has rich resources and huge potentials. It has if production is more than quadrupied. This is 33 million hectares of barren hills. over 100 mil- different from capitalist countries. lion kilowatts in untapped water resources, immeasurable Of course, it is not easy to achieve the goal underground mineral depo- produc- of quadrupling production targets. Much sits and an enormous industrial capacity arduous work remains to be done. tion yet to be exploited. Many economic result targets, such as profit rate Li Ruihuan, Acting Mayor of Tianjin: on investments and labour productivity, are The Iollowing must be considered regarding more than one-third lower than the nation's the possibility of quadrupling China's totai in- average level. If each yuan of Sichuan's fixed dustrial and agricultural output value in 20 industrial assets could be made to create output years. value at a rate comparable to Shanghai's output, the province's industrial output value Historically: During the 23 years from would be more than doubled. Of course, at- 1957 (the end of the First Five-Year Plan) to tainment of ttris strategic goal requires us to 1980, the average annual growth rate of China's work vigorously, do our work weII in a down- total indus'trial and agrieultural output value to-earth'manner and givg fuller play the was 7.6 per cent. During this period, we suf- to superiority of the socialist system. fered two major setbacks - the "great leap forward" and the "culturai revolution." We Huang Oudong, chairman of the Liaoning learnt our lesson; there rvill be no such major provincial people's congress standing commit- setbacks in the future and so an average annual tee: increase of 7.2 per cent is possible. Liaoning Province, industrial base, Internationally: Other countries have an old ls faced with heavy quadrupled their total inciustrial and agricul- tasks of economic readjust- ment and tural output value in 20 years. China's present enterprise consolidation il the 1980s, so they should be undertaken During conditions are no worse than those countries, with care. this decade, its main tasks are effectively were. Why shouldn't tve be able to achieve to the same goal? readjust the proportion between various eco- nomic departments, to improve economic re- Economically: China has established a con- sults, to lay a solid foundation and build siderable material and technical foundation. Be- its strength. The average annual growth cause our current economic results are poor, we rate is expected to be 5 to 6 per cent and the have great potential for development. If only total industrial and agricultural output value we can consolidate enterprises. improve man- wiII increase 70 per cent. Greater strides should agement, anci speed up technical transformation. be taken"during the 1990s and vigorous efforts we can tap all the potentials. should be made to achieve an 8 to 10 per cent Prrli.ticallyl The year:s of political turmoil average annual growth rate. In this way, by are over and stability and unity have been the end of this century, total industrial and achieved. We norv have a strong Party Central agricultural output value can reach between Committee leadership and a series of principles 200,000 million and 220.000 million yuan, that is, and policies consistent with reality. We have quadrupling the figure of 53,300 million yuan both positive and negative experiences in social- in 1980. ist construciion over the last 30 years and more. These have reinforced our confidence and in- In the past four y-ears since the Third spired us to great eff October 4, 1982 17 the output o-[ many heavy industrial products trial structure, carr)' out technical transforma- declined, Liaoning still achieved a similar rate tion of enterprises, save energy, develop new r-rf growth. Norv that readjustment has pro- energy resources and raise eeonomic results. moted efficiency and heavy industry has begun Chi Biqing, first secretary of Guizhou prov- to take an upturn, believe that it is possible incial Farty commiftee: to reach or even surpass"rze the envisaged rate of growth in the 1980s. The province's total industrial and agricul- tural output value was always the lowest in the Gu Xiulian (temale), a secretary.of the Jiangsu nation. But the situation has undergone great pror/incial Party corirmittee: changes since 19?8. The per-capita annual net nearly Jiangsu has favourable material conditions income in the countryside has now for iis economic developrnent. A strong agri- doubled, although much more needs to be done. cultural scientific research force has been built A full B0 per cent of the province is moun- up in the countryside. Capital goods produc- tainous. Farmland and water surface each ac- tion in agriculture has begun to take shape; a count for 10 per cent of the province's totai system of water conservancy facilities has been area. The province has rich underground established which has a considerable capacity to mlneral resources and is suitable for the de- fight natural disasters. 'Ihe province possesses velopment of forestry, animal husbandry, side- much farm machinery and electric supply line occupations and industry. We'plan.to ex- equipment. Jiarrgsu's totaL agricultural output ploit and d,evelop these superior natural re- value increased 77 per cent in 1981 over that sources. We will strive to narrow the gap be- of 1978, It has a fairly solid industrial founda- tween Guizhou and our neighbouring provinces tion" Its medium and small enterprises are in five year:s, to reach the nation's medium flexibly operated, it can quickly meet market level of development in another five years and demands and has a large assortment of prod- attain the average levei of the nation's total in- ucts. Its total industrial output value was dustrial and agricultural outpLlt value by the 47,400 million yuan in 1981, an increase of g5 year 2000. By that time, Guizhou wili be able per cent over that of 1976. to more than quadruple its production targets. Guizhou has a poor foundation to start with, We are f ully ccnfident that tve can but rve have high aspirations. We will, accord- quadruple the province's total industrial and ing to the rnagnificent goal set for the next 20 agricultural output value by the end of this years. do ouruvork r,vell in various fields and century. The key to achieving this is to con- r,apidly change the province's backward fea- tinue econornic readjustment, improve indus- tures. il Flow Chinese Workers Exercise Thei r Democratic Rights by Our Correspondent Zhang Nan Sociolist modernization is nat possible ui.tlt- c0ngress" in this article) is being restored fairly out the dernocratizatian of political li.fe. The rapidly. A leading member of the municipal last lew gears hatse u;itnessed, the reaiu'al and. trade union council said that the organizations gro'**th of th.e system oJ workers' congress, d have been restored in 90 per cent of the capital's sgstem of der*ocratic tactory rlanagenxent uhich 1,600 indwtrial enterprises. He estimated that uas abalished dunng the 70-gear "cultural ,reu- by the end of this year, most of Beijing's 4,000 alution." Here ue etamine workersl righ.ts und.er enterprises rvill have restored, workers' con- tltis system as tlteg are erercised i,n seoeral gresses. Beijing Ed. factories. - trn Beijrng, the Provisional Regulations Con- lD EIJING is one of the big cities where the cerning Congresses of Workers and Staff, Mem- -LD syslsrn of the congress of workers and bers in Statd-Owned Industrial Enterprises. staff members (abbreviated as the "workers' which was promulgated last year and carried I8 Bei,jing Repieus, No. 40 Ln BeiLjing Reuieut issue No. 36, 1981, have tre* conne an integral part of workers' lives, The workers' congresses meet 2-4 times a year, led by a presidium eiected by workers' representatives. The presidium includes rnem* bers from production and management sectors of the enterprise, with the workers maki:rg up> the majority. Grass-roots trade union organizations serve as the functioning bodies for the workeis' con- gresses, which are cornposed of several working committees in charge of collecting and verifying motions and examining and superl,ising the implementation of the congresses' resolutlons. The Right to Make Decisions 'Itre ?th oongress workers Beijine The wor:kers' congress powers decide oI and s[aff at the has to Special Steel PIant tluring its fifth session. issues concerning workers' well-being, includir:g the use of labour insr.lrance funos antl bonuses. It has the authority to issue rules and reguia- seniority. The workers' congress turned down tions for awards and penalties and to allccate ihis suggest.ion, ruling that the policy would not housing. be revised before it expired. The congrmses' decisions are respected and "We can do nothing about it," said the mill's supported by the Party and administrative de- depuiy director in charge of welfare. "After partments within each enterprise. H'hen dif- all, the workers' eongress has the final word on ference of opinion occurs over ihse issues. the this matter. W'e will abide by its decision aI- workers' congresses have final say. though we think it is not in accordance with the government's call to give preferential treat- At the end of last year. the management of rnent fo rniddle-aged inteilectuals." the No. 2 Cotton I\IiIi suggested to the s'orkers' congress that the year-enC bonuses be evenly Fortunately, the workers' congress respond- divided among the 9,000 workers and staff. The ed with flexibie hou.sing approval practices and justification for this egalitarianism, according allowed some of the middle-aged technicians to the mili director, was that everyone had who badly needed new living quarters to move worked hard that year and the principle of more into the houses. pay for more work, which the factory haci all plied irr issuing monthly bonuses, was not nece$ The Right to Examine sary for the year end. Over the last couple of years, the workers' But the workers' representatives thought congresses have played- an increasing role in differently. They believed that the pri.ncipie of examining and discussing the factory's produc- more pay for more work shoulcl- always be up- tion principles and plans. They are entitled to held. How could the workers' enthusiasm be discuss and examine the director's work reports, mobilized if bonuses were equally divided re- production and construction plans, budgets and gardless of the quality and quantity of u,ork fi.nal aecounts, as well a*s other major manage- done? Finally, the director's suggestion was rnent issues vetoed and the bonus was distributed according "At the beginning, only 30 per cent of the to each person's contribution. motions submitted by the workers' con[Iresses Trvo years ago, the mill's congress decided were related to produetion. The figure has to distribute housing aceor-ding to seniority. reached 70 per cent in the past 12 months," said The policy was to be in effect for three years" a leader of the Beijing trade union council. Last year, when a number of new houses were The process was clear at a recent workers' completed, the mill leadership suggested revis- congress session in the Beijing Special Steel ing the policy to reward a nutnber of rniddle- Plant" one of the municipairty's key enterprises, aged technicians who had made important con- which ernploys nearly 10,000 workers and staff tributions to the mill but had relatively littte members. October 4, 1982 19 The se-qsinn was attended by 150 replesen- tatives, 70 per cent of them elected from among Workers' Congresses in ehina the ,*'olker.s. High on the agenda was a discus- sion of the plant director's work reprrrt and of l'I-l HE svslem of rvr,lrkers'congtcsses ttndet I tf," ieadership of tactorv Paril' commit- a draft oI the plant's regulations. The entire tees is a basic form nt democratic factorl' twoday session was conducted in an atmosphere management in China. Representatives are that was both serious and lively. elected by all workers and staff members from arqong the enterprise's workers, man- Many representatives commented that the agerial and technical persottnel and Partl' per director's refxlrt was a realistic €tssessment of and administrative cadres, more than 60 worker representatives. the company's production and construction for cent are the first six months of 1982. But some criti- This system first appeared in the mid- him giving '1950s on the basis crf the democratic refornrs cized for too littl.e stress to unfa- cart'ied out in enterprises afrer liberation, vourable laciots in production that arose in th.- ,cf year said he had lailed In 195?. the Pariy Central Committee of- second tralf the and ficially decided to jnstitute the system ol to design dctailed measures to cope with energy u'orkers' congresses u;rdel the leadership rri and raw material. shortages. Representative-s Party comrnittees from the steel wire workshop said that their This systenr developed rapidlf in the production was affected because the plant had ear!1'1960s, io not completed a planned ancillary project Ho*'er-er. rvorkers' congresses gg1L,5g the bring imported equipment into their workshop. )and stopped functioning and actually '*'ere iacitll-abolishecl during the 10.v*ears of the The representatit'es also offc:red additions t<-r 'cultural .rei'olutlon (1966-76). u,'hen the the director's report. The steel plate workshop nation: nc:'mal deil.,clalic iile ll"as under- suggesteIe people, maintain only a relative inde- pendence in managernent. The state makes de- plan. These include the orientation of the en- cision-s orl matters coneerning policies and prin' terprises' deveJ opment, producti crn a nd construc- ciples. AIl the major issues are cletermined by tion tasks, economic quotas. the portion <-rf the the leading de'partments according to the state profit to be kept by the enterprises, the suppl-v Bepr€sentatives to the workers' congress at the Beijing Special Steel PIanl, discussing ways to irnprove management. 20 Beijing R,euieu;, No, 40 oi rarv materials and the ways the product.s are thorities approved hirn as the director and he marketed. was relieved of the post of Party committee secretary. Tho Right to Elect The election heid in June this year at the the past the entr-,rprise leaders In were ap- Beijing No. 2 Foodstuff Factory with 1,000 on pointed govern:nent by authoritiee responsible its payroll was conducted by a somewhat dif- for its work. Th:is practice is gradually being re- ferent procedure. placed by elections at the workers' congresses that are then formally approved by the higher The workers' congress preriidium decided to authorities. elect a director and three deputy direetnrs. Two norntnation poils r,r'ere [reid before the election The trade union chairrnan of the Yidege Ink began. In the first poll,. each wor'ker and staff Factory explained how the.y new dircc- elected a member wa$ asked to submit a written ballot tor last Oc'"ober. nominating one candidate for the factory direc- The factory has 250 workers and statf mem- tor and three others fcr deputy directors. In bers. The former director retired scveral years the second poll, each work group or oflice was ago or,r'inq to old age and declining heall,h. With asked to ncminate four candidates for these the approval of the'higher authorities. the work- posts. The results of these trvo polls are shown er-c congress decided to elect a new director. in the table belcirv. The presidium suggested that t.he representa- Acting rvorkers' tives nominate turo candidates, but the majority on the majority will, the congress presidium people who nameci only one man, Zhang Yingqin, lvho rvas listed the four were ncrminated most the cancli- the factory's Party conrmittee secretary. They frequently as dates for the fac'tclry's leaclers. The voting rvas chose hinr because he had worked in the produc- held among the 114 representatives of workets tion, technical and .lccounting departments and and staff members and, Yang Fi;you rpas elected pertorrned well in every area. tactory direclor '*ith 111 votes and Zhou Lixin, But the Party committee secretarv cannol Zhang Hua and Lirr Wanxiang were elected serve cbncurrt--r-rt1y as the f actory director, deputy directors. accorciing to *qovernment regulations. None- theless. because Zhang Yingqin r,r'as an ex- "I've spent rnore than two decades working perienced manager. rnany thought that he in this factory. but this is the first time I've seen workers choose their would do a better j ob as dilect,:n' t}.ran own factory leaders," as secretary. The 28 representati\/es at- said one womall worker in her fifties. tending the congress unanimously vottrd him By the end of 1.981, u'orkers in 246 Beijing as the director'. As a result, the higher au- enterprises had elected their ou"n {actor;r lead- I Number' I Number Number I Nun'rber i Candidates rtoniinated most -+ i ,-+ i -.r I i oft nomi-nomr--^at |i ofoI nonri-noml--^-";- crf(,f rec-xec--^^ ofoI^+ rec-rec^-^- i frequenll:/ '|i iI i naticn nation ommend-. ommend- i--- -- bailots ed can- ed can- b;rllots I i i] Candldate,l issued i cast Ii didates I, didates i f^"r^* fr.-i^.- | i , for fac- :for deput)' '"in.rl- ' Carrdidales for delrul)' direcrors i ] -rorr- , direci,rril ar.".io. d irector' I i rlI ____-__._-_t_ .l Tang I znnu ', zh^ng j r-tu _i,_____-t_,__i-_____t-_____i_i i Fuyou i t,ixin i Hua jWanxiang lst poll llr-^^i_.^ among ?80 ?28 r 749 586 indlvid- llr go% | 84'.t',, B6rL , 689' uai t1zz i 862 rz ,u ', u,orkers i i iot'"iiui.;";;.,tui'",r,"iri"ii.* and staff |,iitiottsItions,tionstions rnembers ..-.i------.--l--.------r-l------2nd poll, itnnlRTqfil among lirr77]1617s,61 work 95".1, i 93% groups B1 I I I s I oi-ttr" i oiti," i of tn" ] c,r the and of- nomina- i nomina- i nomina- | nomina- fices tions . tions , lions lions October 4. 1982 21 ers; by May this year, the figure grew to 391. congress which recognized his talents as a There were even more factories where workefs manager, leaders workshops, work sections and elected of Asking factory leaders to answer questions groups; work but on the whole, this novel about their work in the workers' congress is phenomenon phase, is still in an experimental another form of supervising the leadership. In the last years, some factories have The Right to Supervise couple of conducted popular: "question-and-answer dem- The workers' congress has the right to su- ocratic meetings." pervise leaders and the administrative staff of At the Beijing Special Steel Plant in March the enterpride. iast 5,ear, the more than 400 worker.s' rePresen- The personnel department of the Yidege tatives u'er:e divided into groups ah-d attended Ink Factory recently removed a worker from f ive "question-and-ansvt'er" meetings held in the factory's scientific researeh centre upon the different places. At these meetings the represen- suggestion of the workers' congress. The young tatives questioned the factory leadership and re- man had very little education and technical lated departments on such issues as production, know-how and refused to study and lvork hard. foreign trade, environmental protection, welfare He had been transferred into the research cen- and the bonus system. One of the 23 questions tre, where the working conditions were much asked at the meeting on production was: What tietter than in the workshops, just beeause he mea-sures rvoul'd the factory leadership adopt was son of a leader in the factory's superi<.,r to promote the sales of high-grade products? argan. "We don't care which family he carne In answ-er to this question, the factory director from. We care that he isn't suited to work in cited steei wire as an example. Steel wire pro- the research centre," said one of the workers' duced in this factory enjoys an edge in the na- representatives. tion's competitive market. But because of the poor quality of some other products. customers T'uvo years ago, on another suggestion of the demanded price reductions. The director said workers' congress, the ink factory removed two that wouid be made to raise the quality managerial staff members from their posts. One ef{oris of ihese products and lower the costs. of them was engaged in an unhealthy Iife style and the other was so indolent ihat he often got Before attenciing these meetings some fac- the production statistics mixed up. torl' leaders feared that the wclrkers might hu- nriliate them or put them in an awkward posi- Besides criticizing leading cadres and dis- tion. But the meetings went smoothly and the missing those who are unqualified for their workers were fairly reasonable. "They gave posts, the urorkers' congress also commends to our difficulties and every those u,ho play an exemplary roie. The ink every consideration question was well prepared." said factory's 29-year-old deputy director Mo Ying- they asked the factory director. dong, for example, began his career'as a skilful, hard-working lathe turner and was later pro- A workers' representative said, "Now that moted to a managerial position in the production we are masters of the factory, we shouid know department. He became deputy director last qrhat the factory director and deputy directors October upon the suggestion. cf the workers' are doing and how they are doing it." i-l lmpressions of Tibet by Dongga Luosangchilie rfiHE Central Institute for Nationalitiee sent; Third Plenary Session of the 1lth Party Central I me back to Tibet from July 1981 to the be- Committee, especially aftet' Comrades Hu Yao- ginning of this year to collect materials for bang and Wan Li went to'Iibet and helped direct textbooks and scientific research. It was the the v.'ork there. second time I had returned since the "cultural revolution" (1966-?6). During my recent trip, I A former Living Buddha. the author is no\ ' an assistant professor at the Central Institute for observed with my own eyes the heartelring Nationalities and concut'rently deput.v" director of political and economic changes that follow'ed the the Research Institute on Tibetans. 22 Beijing Reoierp, No. 40 ruling centre of Tibet and a flourishing cultural centre. It is also one of China's major places for the protection of cultural BEIJING relics. One big monastery in Sagya still has more than 20 bronze Yuan Dynasty BuCdhisi statues dazz\ing gold plat- Sagya with ing. Since the Yuan Dynasty, l the monastery has kept more than 10,000 books of scriptures intact. What a valuable treasure they are. for our study of the Buddhist and Tibetan scriptures as well as the history and cui- ture of Tibet! As a Tibetan and a scholar, I feel very Wherever I went, I saw that the policy of happy about the fact that, with the implementa- religious freedom is being restored and imple- tion of the Party's policies in the past few year16, mented. People who believe in religion can pay our national culture has been quickly restorred homage to Buddha, donate to the monasteries and developed, more quickly'than in any pe- and preach according to their own beliefs. AII riod since the democratic reform in Tibet. Here. monasteries and temples can now carry out I would iike to share what I saw and heard as normal religious activities without outside in- well as some of my impressions. terference. Preservation of Cultural Relics In the past two years, the state and the autonomous regional government allocated This time I toured mainly in the Lhasa, more yuan and Xigaze, Gyangze and Sagya districts. I visited than 3 million to maintain famous monasteries, which are not only cerrtres r:enovate Tibet's existing historical and cultural of religious activities but also centres of tradi- relics. Much of this has been used to renovate tional culture and cultural relic preservation. mopasteries. I used to live in the Potala Palace in Lhasa One of the halls of the famous Trashilhunpo when I-was young. Prior tr-r the "cultural revolu- Monastery w-as allocated about one million yuan tion," the government brought together all the of state funds. The local government invited Buddhist scriptures, historic records and iiterary experts from all parts of the country to work manuscripts that still remained in the 17 mon- out plans to preserve the temple's original ap- asteries around Lhasa and stored them in 24 pearane.e. Built in the mrddle of the 15th rooms in the palace. During the tumultuous century, this monastery located on a rnountain years oI the ''cultural revolu- tion," the People's Liberation Members of the committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the Chinese People's Politieal Consultative Conference exanlining cultural Army carefully protected these relics in the Jokhan Monastery in Lhasa. valuable relics, follorving Pre- mier Zhou Enlai's direc- tives. Today, the archives of the successive Dalai Lamas, their correspondence with the em- perors oI various dyna,sties and important documents of Tibetan Iocal governments all are being catalogued and preserved well ir the Potala Pa]ace. Prior to this, practically no lr,'ork rvas done in this field. Built in the Yuan Dynasty, the town of Sagya was once the October 4, 7982 ."..?, teaching materials for middle and primary schools in Tibet were, f or the most part. direct translations of textbooks from inland China. In addition, university level teaching ma- terials in Tibetan are being compiled by representatives from institutes for nationali- ties throughout the conntry. Now the Tibetan language has become a major cout'se in entrance examinations for Tibetan people in Xigaze Town celebrating the "Linka" Festival. primary and middle schools and for the colleges in the autonomous region. slope near Xigaze has been the residential The qudity of Tibetan-speaking teachers quarter for the various Bainqens. The hall has improved. Some veteran inteilectuals in the houses Asia's largest bronze Buddhist statue autonomous regicrnal comnrittee of the Chinese which stands 26 metres high. People's Political Consultative. Cclnference have The Gahdan Monastery, one of the three been invited to teach ol iecture in numerous biggest monasteries in Tibet (the other two schools: Younger teachers have better mastered being the Daipung and Sera Monasteries). was the Tibetan ianguage. I visited a middle school basically destroyed during the "cultural re\ro- in the Xigaze area u'here iirst-1'ear studenls lution." Recently, the state allocated 500,000 could write excellent articles in Tibetan. yuan and encouraged the masses pool to further The g'ide use of Tibetan in cui:ural and funds for its reconstruction. political life is al-so inspiring. Nos'. there are Historical archives have been established more and more progratnmes in Tibetan on for all 24 major cultural relic preservation radio. TV and in artistic performances. The centres in Tibet. Detailed records are kept of Tibet l\{.odern Drama Troupe is one of the the time of building, renovations and alterations fine exponents of the Tibetan art and litera- as we-ll as assessments of value. ture. They have staged foreign and Clti- nese as well as traditional Tibetan plays that Last year the Tibetan cultural relic feed the cultural appetite of the Tibetan people preservation department sent people to every and contribute to the development and enrich- part of the autonomous region to survey the ment of the Tibetnn language. The "August sites of historical interest and collect valuable 1," Changchun and Beijing FiIm Studios have items. In total, more than 2,000 have been re- irained a group of Tibetan dubbing personnel government covered. In a word, the is making so that the Tibetan people can now enjoy films in every possible effort to repair damages and Tibetan. make up losses causd by the "cultural revolution." Of course, the most influential development is the publication of magazines in Tibetan. ln Tibetan Language Promoted recent years, four magazines have appeared in Tibet: Tibetan Literoture (a bimonthly) and The Tibetan language has been protected Tibetan Popular Art (a journal published at by the government since the region's democratic an irregular period) mainly contain Tibetan reform. But, it has never been so widely Iiterary works, proses and poems, novels and promoted, used and developed as it is today. folk tales. Sturly of Tibet (a quarterly) carries academic research and articles on hisiorical First, in education, 'the compilation of errents. Morning Sun is an irregular comprehen- textbooks in Tibetan primary for middle and sive journal put otrt by the Tibet Publications schools has in the main been completed. A Bureau. combination of scientific knowledge with Ti- betan local customs and habits, they are real- In addition, the Xizang Riboo (Tibet Daily) ly "native teaching materials" for Tibetan which started in 1956 has both Han and Tibetan children. Prior to the "cultural revolution," editions. The autonomous region also has a 24 Beijing Reoiew, No. 40 their love for our multinational and united motherland. Although I am more than 50 years old now, I feel inspired when I see the great changes taking place in my hometown under the guidance of the Party's correct principles and policies. I have made up my mind to devote my knowledge and strength to my motherland and my native Tibet in my remaining yearc. tr JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (A quorterly in Chinese) Contents of lssue No. 4, 1982 (published on October 1) Weavers in Pagri Town making wool matresses. Economic Situotion of the Western World in the 8Os ond lts Politicol Repercus- Science and Technology Reuieu (rveekly). These sions Huong Suon offer wide coverage and styles on a range of Jopon-ASEAN "Speciol Relotionship" topics of interest to the Tibetan people. ond Jopon's "Pocific Rim" Develop- ment Strotegy . Pei Monong Development of the National Art Some Reflections on th.e "Policy of Detente" Soviet Union Great importance has been attached to the of the Zhong Zhen, Rong Zhi development of Tibetan national art. Three or four apprentices have been assigned to each of Decline of the British Empire ond Relo- the veteran folk handicraft masters in woollen tions Between Britoin ond the EEC Won Lingying weaving, pottery making. carring and painting. . Fronco-Germon Relotions ond Their FUenzeng Banjue. {6. is the fourth generation Effect on West Europeon Unity of a well-knou'n family of artists. His father ; . Qion Nengxin was a famous painter in the old government. He A Preliminory Anolysis of Mitterrond's began to learn painting from his father when he Policy of Socio-Economic Reforms was 12 and is skilled at traditional local and Zhong Fon Chinese painting. He is now a responsibl,e New Developments in the Trend of Toke- member for fine arts in the Tibet Cultural 'Overs Among US Monopolies Bureau and has four advanced tutorial pupils. Anolysis of o Bitter Bottle Among US- The Cultural Troupe of the Tibet Military Componies . Wen Yon Command and two other units are recording Process of Economic lntegrotion in Lotin two famous ballad singers, Zhaba in his 80s and Americo Li Goxi, Li Jioding Yumei, 42. By now, more than 50 of their songs Focts & Figures and stories have been recorded, and the task is West Europe-USSR Deol on Noturol not finished. Gos A Focus of World Attention . - Sun Qioocheng, Tong Weibin Although what I have written is just a fragmentary view of the new changes that have Ordeol of Civil Wor in Chod Huonzhong taken place in Tibet, it testifies to these con- Sun The current policy cepts: is really based on the Order d,irectlA from interests of the Tibetan nationality, conforms to the will of the people and can promote the CHINA PUBLICATIONS CENTRE development and prosperity of Tibet. (Guoji Shudian) P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China The Tibetan people love their own na- tionality and this kind of love is identified with October 4, 1982 25 FITOM tilt CillNlESi PRESS ...... o ...... OPINTON Third, social commitments are the prerequisite. Once a SOCiAliSt OUtlOOk family is formed, husband and wife are both legally respon- On MarriAge arud Family sible and morally obligated to r each other, their children and A SOCIALIST perspective on ed or imposed by a third party, society. lA- influenced by mspliage and the family nor should it be Fourth, socialist ethics are es- recent partners should was the subject of a money. Both sential. The essence of the so- article in Zhongguo Nongmin correctly exercise their freedom cialist perspective on marriage (China purpose of Boo Peasant Daily) by to marry for the and the family lies in a com- pursuing a happl' family life. Zhar.g Youyu, Vice-President munist spirit, which calls for a Chinese Academy of of the Second. mutual love and married couple to respect, .love Social Sciences. He described mutual resp€ct are the kernel. and care for each other. and the quintessence of this outlook Husband and rvife should en- others, and to link their own as follows: courage each other to pursue happiness to that of their chil- First, love between partners careers and should strive to un- dren and the whole family. with common ideals constitutes derstand and make concess:o:*x the foundation of marriage. to each other on trivial matters - "Zhongguo Nongmin Bao" Marriage should not be contriv- in daily life. (China Peasant DailU) LIFE Homecoming Impressions D) EFORE his happy return to ence was marked only by a few LD tn" mainland, he was a jour- restaurants and stores, with nal's chief editor and a high- that ubiquitous dingy, weather- ranking army officer in Taiwan. beaten look. article which appeared in In an But today, over 30 years la- Renmin Ribao long ago, not ter, my hometown has changed (Maa Bih), Professor Ma Bi beyond recognition. The high- now a member of the National rvay is seething with activitY. Committee the Chinese Peo- of Trucks and buses shuttle to and ple's Political Consultative Con- fro in a constant stream. ference, related his impressions Chaensi itself has become a go- recent visit Chaensi, on his to ing concern, with commune-rirn Xiangtan his hometown in factories, stores and restaurants County, Hunan Province, after lining both sides of its main over three an absence of well thoroughfare. The commune, decades: where the town is located, now Prof, Ma Bi holding his Since my return, I have learnt embraces a population of 17,987, great granddaughter. a lot more about construction twice as large as before libera- in the motherland. What I saw tion, and harvests three times built four small reservoirs, dug in my native place is Partic- as much grain every year, al- a canal eight kilometres long ularly impressive. though the farmland averages and built two irrigation and than one fiLu (a rnu equals it, less drainage stations each with a Chaensi, as I remembered one-fifteenth of a hectare) per bus station on the capacity of 460 kw. Seeing all was a small capita. highway to the provincial caP- these, I felt as if the water in ital, Changsha. but actuallY Since liberation, the local that long canal was flowing very few buses ever turned uP people have repaired the em- through my heart. filling me in those 'days. Its bare exist- bankments around 800 ponds, with something that was espe- 40 26 Beiiing Retsieto, No. cially cool and soothing in the and sideline product processing graphy including "Changes of hot summer. factories, yielding a total annual Dongting Lake" and "History industrial output value of 1.07 of Yueyang Tower." Pre-liberation Chaensi did not million yuan. know what machine-making In 1978, noted Chinese his- was, But now, the commune At a reception held in mY torical geographer Professor leader- bustles with industry - fac- honour by the commune Tang Qixiang of Shanghai's tories producing farm machin- ship, I joined my own PeoPle to Fudan University went to re- ery, sickles and bamboo prod- toast a bright future for mY search the lake, and also inter- ucts; and all the production hometown. viewed He. For three days, the brigades have their own farm -"fisn1nin Ribao" professor bombarded the young agrotechnician with hundreds of questions about the changes PEOPLE of the lake. They discussed a wide range of topics from From Peasant astronomy and geography to To Historical Ceographer Hl'.:'"1"*t;l#t #""1,"1,u'5 every question with ease. rflODAY He Guang5rue is a than 8,000 books, including r historical geographer at the some rare editions. He has read "It's hard to believe a peas- Hunan Provincial Academy of each book at least once. ant could attain this level of Social Sciences, but not long learning through self-study. ago he was a peasant for whom You are really something, He!" historical geography was just a the professor said. In July that spare-time passion. His diligent year, on Professor Tang's rec- self-study made him what he is ommendation, He Guangyue today. was transferred to work at the The son of a peasant family in Hunan Provincial Academy of a village in Yueyang County Social Sciences. beside Dongting Lake, he had In the last four years, this to quit school to join his parents peasant-historical geographer in the fields at the age wrote or compiled 160 papers. Holidays often find He of 12. As a boy he took a fancy One has been accepted for pre- Guangyue on the road making to historical yarns spun by the sentation at the First National social surveys. He has travelled elderly and this kindled his pen- Symposium on Historical Gee the Dongting Lak( on chant for history. around graphy. five occasions, and has wrif,ten he began career as After his 18 essays on its historical geo- "Guangming Rr.bao" an agrotechnician in his county - in 1956, he devoted every even- ing to studying the historical COMMENT geography of the Dongting Lake. Whenever he had diffi- The Right to Refuse cuities understanding reference materials in archaic language, Is Indeed Good he never hesitated to ask others for help, even if this meant long T N order to prevent cadres rect view that workers are the laborious treks along rugged I from making people work masters of the country who country roads. In his unquench- in conditions that violate labour should have the right to super- able thirst f or knowledge, he protection provisions, the Party vise labour protection. This ex- read every book he could lay committee of the Lieshan Col- plains why for many years, not his hands on. liery, located in Huaibei, Anhui a single case of silicosis has been Province, decided, -- reported among Lieshan colliers. He spent most of his wages "workers have the right to refuse to work This not only ensured the work- for books, leaving barely enough where there are no facilities to ers' health but also promoted for meals and pocket money. protect them from silicon dust." production. Through the years, he spent yuan more decision reflects the cor- "Gotugren Ribao" 9,000 and bought This - October 4, 7982 27 CUIIURE & SCIENICT SPORTS and capitalized on the Peru- many, Italy, the Netherlands, vian's lack of familiarity with Puerto Rico, Argentina, Para- World Women's the Chinese players. guay, Spain, Indonesia, Chile and Nigeria. V olleyboll Championship After the match, a cup was presented to the winner by Pres- The Ninth World Women's ident of the International Vol. Minority Sports Meeting Volleyball Championship was leyball Federation PauI Libhud. The first national sports meet held from September 12 to Sep- Trophies were also awarded to of minority nationalities, since tember 26 in Peru. The Chinese runner-up Peru and third place the founding of the People's Re- women's volleyball team, after the United States. public, was held from Septem- winning the Cham- World Cup ber 2-8 in Hohhot, capital of the pionship in Japan last year, cap- other teams finished in The Inner Mongolian Autonomous championship by Japan, tured this the following order: Region. Eight hundred athletes overpowering Peru 3:0 (15:1, Cuba, the Soviet Union. south between the ages of 8 to 86 from 15:5 and 15:11) finals. Korea, Bulgaria, Hun- in the Brazil, 29 delegations representing Thus, China has qualified for the gary, Canada, Australia. Mexico. China's 55 minority nationalities women's volleyball event at the Federal Republic Ger- the of participated in the meet spon- 1984 Olympic Games Los in sored bl' the State Nationalities Angeles. Af f airs Commission and the In an earlier match, the For Your Reference State Ph1'sical Culture and Chinese team was defeated by The Chinese women's volleyball Sports Commission. team part the United States team 0:3. took in the Second, rvere Fourth, Seventh, Eighth About 70 of the events However they persisted and de- and Ninth World Women's Volleyball Cham- purely for exhibition; others feated all'subsequent opponents pionships. They placed as follows: were competitive. including the strong Soviet, Year Eoent Placing One event was a Hui nation- Cuban and Japanese teams called without losing a single game. f956 second sixth ality test of strength 1962 fourth ninth "hurling the bull." A man The finals between China and 1974 seventh fourteenth grasps a bult by its horns and Peru took only 50 minutes. The 1978 eighth sixth yanks the head to one side, then 1982 ninth first Chinese team was superior in puts his shoulder to the animal's servicing, spiking and blockmg jaw and neck, forcing it to kneel. He then bears down on the bull, tossing it on to the ground on its back. Another event, called Dausazi, is a display of tightrope walk- ing skills performed by the Uygurs of Xinjiang Uygur Au- tonomous Region. The athletes walk an 80-metre rope atop a 30-metre pole while performing acrobatic feats. "Small double dagger^s" is an exhibition of traditional Dai swordplay from Yunnan Prov- ince, in which the movements of an attacking elephant are imitated by a man with two knives representing the ele- phant's trunk. as The Chinese champions salute the speclators. On Other events such the Li's the left is the Peruvian team. "bamboo pole jumping," the 28 BeiiLng Reoieu, No. 40 Beijing Marathon The Second Beijing Interna- tional Marathon was held on a clear, windy September 26. Taking part were 182 participants from 18 countries and Xianggang (Hong- kong). Li Jong Hyong, a student from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, swept across the finish Iine ahead of the competition in 2 hours, 14 minutes and 44 seconds. t' t-*.. Italy's Rastello Alessandro was next (2:15'51") and So Chang Sik. another Korean, u'as third (2:16, 56"). -i l* #r The home crowd cheered on Xu rl r\, Liang, the first Chinese finisher. ,\ who placed twelfth (2:19,11,'). The Beijing Marathon has be- come an annual event ratified by The beginning of the Beijing IVlaralhon the International Track Associa- with its winner Li Jong Eyong (inset). tion. Miao's "drum jumping," the Ti- Xinjiang captured 11 titles out as a new beginning to promote betan's "whistiing a shot with of 12. the development of China's an arrow" and "elephant tug Wttshu, the traditional Chi- minority sports activities. of war" were also demonstrated. nese martial arts, arousd wide The four-member Inner Mon- interest among the spectators. It LOCAL OPERA golian wrestling team won top featured boxing routines in imi- honours among the teams from tation of an arhat or a monkey. Three Love Story Operos 15 provjnces, autonomous re- gions and municipalities. In his closing speech, Li To celebrate the 33th anniver- Menghua, Minister of the State sary of the founding of the Archers of the Xibo nation- Physical Culture and Sports People's Republic of China on ality from northwest China's Commission, praised the meet October 1, the local Anhui Left: Athletes of Hui naiionality from Zhejiang Province demonsirating ..hurling the bull" in the rain. Right: "Girls' chasing," by Kazakh athletes from Qinghai province, October 4, 1982 29 modern opera performing troupe Speci,al Work, another huang feelings. One day, on the pre- recently staged three one-act mei opera, is a comedy. Guo text of putting up a hencoop, plays all love stories - -in Haiyan is in love with Zhou she invites Wang to her home to Beijing. These operas are Xiang, her former classmate, help. Although Wang Xiaobo is thought-provoking and artistic. and prepares to get married, 32, he was too poor to get mar. In Fragrant Orchid, a huang But her father disapproves ried before the new policies mei, opera, the main female because Zhou works in a crema- were implemented. Working character Yang Chunlan (Chun- tory, a "special" profession. together with Aunt Chun, he is One lan means spring orchid), a day, the father falls into impressed by her hospitality young worker in a farm machine a river and is saved by and diligence. Finally Aunt statio?r, secretly falls in love Zhou who he hasn't met be- Chun expresses her love in- with Liu Zhlcheng, an honest fore. Without knowing that directly through word plays. He the young man is his daughter's technician in the same station. responds in similar language. But before she expresses her boyfriend he concludes that They are very happy and sing Zhou is brave and honest Iove to Liu, she happens to find a and dance together to welcome person, person out that he already has a girl- the kind of he their new life. friend named Yahg Yanping. wants his daughter to mamy. The comedy ends with Guo's With a long-standing his- girlfriend vain, Liu's is a father finding out that Zhou is tory, huang mei opera ar^d hua self-centred whose shop assistant nobody but his future son- gu opera both are Anhui Prov- principal interests personal are in-law. His erroneous bias vince operas and ar€ popular "happiness" and pleasure. When against some professions in along the lower reaches of she discovers that her future present-day China is criticized the Changjiang (Yangtze) mother-in-Iaw is suffering from River. by the audiences' laughter. Originally from the folk songs a serious eye disease and may and dances, they are light and become some day the Aunt Chun, a hua gu opera blind in joyous future, Yanping does not want from the southern part of Anhui and full of the flavour of the to live with and take care of Province, depicts the changes in countryside. Huang mei her. the peasants' material life and opera is characterized by slow, mental outlook after the flexible lyrical and pleasant melodies. Chunlan, hiding her own economic policies were imple- Hua gu opera, with drums as its feelings Liu, tries con- for to mented in the rural areas. Aunt main accompaniments, is rhyfh- vince Yanping that care of the Chun who has been a widow for mical in nature. older generation is her duty. five years finds that her life is Such local opera styles are Yanping ignores these argu- improving and begins to think ments and gives Liu choice be- good f f traditional a about remarrying. She secretly orms or stories. These one-act tween herself and his mother. falls in Iove with a man in hel three goodbye. love successfully apply Lru says Chunlan then village named Wang Xiaobo. stories feels she can express her love the skills of the traditional to Liu and says she will take A typical rural woman, she is operas to expressing the feelings care of his mother. very shy about expressing her of present-day characters. A scene from "Fragrant Orchid." Stage photo of "Special Work." A scene from "Aunt Chun"' 30 Bei.jing Rersiew, No. 40 Lao Chongpin's Sketches: tr[ountains ,N tc f 1A q B B h' rl f fJ I {l Mt. Lotus in Huangshan (Yellow Mountains). A native of Guangdong's Xinxing County, Lao Chongpin graduated from the fine arts department of the Central China Teachers' College. He is now on the staff of the Ministry of Culture. He has pro- duced and exhibited sketcheq pen-and-ink drawings and traditional Chinese paintings in more than a dozen foreign countries. The theme of these works is famous Chinese mountains. ART PAGE t If rrE $f 6T saHiiiB Scene Along the Lijiang River. BEIJING REVIEW ls Avoiloble in Microform SUBSCRIPTION NOW OPEN FOR 1982 MICROFICHE (comprising oll 52 issues) Subscription Price: US$so.@iyr Bqckfile onnuol microfiche (1977-81) with subject index Price: US$60.0Oryr 1O5x148 mm Silver Holide Microfiche Catalogus on Request Direct Your Inquiries and Orders to: + tr ffiffi, H HE +rt it fl tr t a llafim.rl- ll a4^-*^ lmnar,* o .-tOft CJi;h^ COfpOfatiOn 3uoji Shudian) hego Telex: 22496 GUOJI CN