Vol. 25, No. 40 October 4, 1982

A CHINESE WEEKTY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Economic Iargels For the fear 2000 o Workers' [ights o Tibetan lmpressions chilie talks about his recent trip HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK back to Tibet (p. 22).

New Central Committee Economic Targets by the Was Top at WWVC Members Year 2000 The Chinese team was number An introduction to some of the General Secretary Hu Yao- one in the Ninth World Women's 271 middle-aged cadres who bang recently announced that Volleyball Championship in were recently elected to the Cen- China iirtends to quadruple its Pem, thus qualifying for the tral Committee of the Chinese gross annual value of industrial women's volleyball event in the Olympic Games years Communist Party (p. 5). and agricultural production by two from the year 2000. Historical, po- now (p. 28). Mrs. Thatcher in China litical and economic analyses support the conclusion that it is The first British Prime poasible to achieve this goal Minister to visit China, Mrs. (p. 16). Margaret Thatcher held talks with Chinese leaders on a numr .Workers' Congresses ber of questions, including bi- This report focuses on several lateral relations and Xianggang workers' congresses in (Hongkong) (p. 9). that ensure democratic manage- ment, through examining prod- Si no-J apanese Rerations uction plans, electing factory This September marked the leaders and supervising manage- 1Oth anniversary of the nor- ment (p. 20). malization of China-Japan rela- Today's Tibet tions. The rapid development of friendship and co-operation Oncs a Living Buddha, now between the two countries an associate professor of the during period reviewed Central Institute Nationali- An exciting moment during this is for the match between the Chi- (p. 12). ties in Beijing, Dongga Luosang- nese and Peruvian teams.

Woter ond Lond Tronsport ARTICLES & DOCUMENTS Network BEIJING REVIEW Con Chino Reoch lts Economic Good Eorly Rice Horvest Torgets by 2000? 't6 New Progress in Treoting How Chinese Workers Exercise Published every Mondoy by Pollution BEIJINO REVIEW Their Democrotic Rights 24 Boiwonzhuonq Rood, Beijing Peosonts Enjoy Pensions Our Correspondent Zhong- The People's Republic of Chino Minister on Chino's Higher Non 18 Educotion Workers' Congresses in Chino 20 British Pr.ime Minister Visits lmpressions of Tibet Donggo Vol. 25, No. 40 October l, 19A2 Chino Luosongch ilie - 22 Chino, Angolo Recognize Eoch CONTENTS Other FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26-N CUTTURE & SCIENCE 28-30 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS INTERNATIONAL 11-15 3 ART PAGE 31 Sociolist Spirituol Civilizotion Begin Administrotion Con- Culturol Editor Xin demned-Zhong Toi Xiongrong- 10 Yeors of Chino-Jopon Relo- tions Xin Ping BElJll{c REVIEW (USPS t{0. 658-110) is TETTERS 4 - West Germon Government published weekly lor USS 1 3.50 per year by Collopses Beiiing Review, 24 Baiwanzhuang Bood, EVENTS & TRENDS 5-10 Zhong Yunwen lMF, World- Bonk Meeting: Soiiing, China. Socond-class postagc paid Newly Elected Centrol Com- Seeking o Woy to Resolve at San trancisco, CA. Postmaster: Ssnd mittee Members the Finonciol Crisis Xin oddress drangos ro China Books & Announcement Bu - Poriodicals. lnc.. 2929 24th Strset, San Whot Legocy to Bequeoth Pokiston Now Exports Wheot francisco, CA S4110. Children ? - Chen Mouhuo Notes f'rom the Editors

the socialist society. Although the reality of our country is Socialist Spiritual Ciuilization still a far cry from the ideal world described by Marx and Engels, the latter is the great Why is socialist spiritual civil- exerts a tremendous impact on goal of our long-term struggle. izadion an important charac- the latter. The present drive to accomplish teristic of the socialist system? the four modernizations and the In expounding the process of great efforts made to build so- human beings entering into a cialist spiritual civilization as we In his report to the 12th Party period resulting from civilized build socialist material civiliza- Congress (see issue No. 37), Hu of material pro- the development tion are all for the purpose of Yaobang, General Secretary of duction, the emergence of social advancing towards this great the Party Central Committee, division labour, the discovery of ideal. said: "Socialist spiritual civili- of the written language and its zation constitutes an important application to recording of docu- Material civilization and spir- characteristic of the.. socialist ments, Marx and Engels pointed itual civilization are interrelated. system and a major aspect of its out that slavery in antiquity, But this does not mean that superiority," The report also serfdom in the Middle Ages under the socialist system, a so- made a scientific exposition of and wage labour in modern cialist spiritual civilization will the relations between socialist times were the three great grow spontaneously with the material civilization and socialist forms of servitude characteristic development of material civili- spiritual civilization and the oI the three great epochs of zation. The reason is that while significance and functions of the civilization, aII based on the material wealth can be used to latter. exploitation of one class by an- benefit the people, it can also be The building of socialist spirit- other. Marx and Engels also used to rsli,sfy some people's prediction ual civilization consists, by and made the scientific selfish desires and even do harm development of large, of two interrelated as- that with the to the people. The key point is history, a of a higher pects: one is the development of civilization the world outlook and morality by the education, science, culture, pub- stage characterized elimi- of the people who control the nation the one lic health, physical culture and of exploitation of material wealth. other undertakings, including class by another that is, com- munist civilization- was bound As regards the contacts be- healthy and varied mass recrea- - tween countries, a state with a tional activities and entertain- to emerge. By that time, the would flow with products highly developed material civil- ment of good taste; the other is land generation ization can either use its ma- the raising of the people's po- like spring water, a of communist new people would terial wealth to assist oppressed Iitical consciousness and moral peoples as be able to develop their talents nations and or use it standards, of which the most means to exploit and control freely in all respects, a thorough a important aspect is to foster rev- peoples. rupture with the traditional re- other countries and olutionary ideals, morality and This is determined by a coun- lations of ownership and with discipline. In socialist China, try's social system, its guiding traditional concepts would be the building of socialist spiritual ideology and its policies. civilization should be centred achieved; and, in a sense, human round the fostering of com- beings would finally divoree The importance of building muhist ideology. themselves from the animal socialist spiritual civilization is world and would consciously to raise a generation of new In probing the laws governing treat the world and life with a people with communist ideology the development of human his- scientific attitude. AII this ob and morality, thereby promoting tory, always links ma- viously involves demands both material civilization and ensur- terial production with spiritual on material production and on ing that it will develop in the production. The mode of spirit- spiritual production. right direction. ual production is decided by a specific form of material pro- Today, China is still in the Cultural Editor duction and at the same time initial stage of communism - Xiangrong - Xin October 4, 7982 New Developments in Tibet How does the Chinese press answer the questionsl froni your TETTERS readers? I have read the article "Latest Is it through letters? Developments in Tibet" (issue No, I"assine Treare "Beijing Review" Helps 25). According to our limited avail- able news about the legendary Kati,, Mali My Teoching "roof of the world," I always Apart from erchanging thought in the past that Tibet was uietos through letters, u)e Beijing Reoieu helps me something like the most under- carrg articles on solne coln- understand the Chinese PeoPle's developed villages inhabited by monlg asked" questions. The life today, as well as the pbst Indians in Peru's Ayllu del In- Letters colurnn also occasion- and even the future of China.. canato. allg prot:id,es sorne short I'm quite interested in the articles ansu)ers to readers' questions. about China's economY, its in- I am very glad to know that pro- _ Ed. habitants and its minority nation- gress is being made in Tibet. As similar ,alities. I teach courses on China, the elevation of Tibet is Some Suggestions using both Beiiing Reoieus and to the Andes Mountains of Peru, China Reconsrructs. I find many Tibet is suitable for growing the One thing I feel unsatisfied with useful articles in these magazines. primitive grain crop tarui. I is that the articles you carry have hope that after our correspondent been condensed or were Publish- Except for some mistakes in makes an all-round explanation at ed much earlier bY Chinese translation, your weekly is quite the Academy of Agricultural papers. I wish you could translate satisfying. Sciences in Beijing, he may the articles you plan to cairY in I would also like to make some render a practical assistance to ' a more timely manner. criticisms. The Foreign Relations the growing of the crop which is superior to the soybean. in addition, the articles in the column isr devoid of substance. It international column are too short. is confined to general reporting. It would be better if you'd select For instance, it carries sPeeches Jose Aragon Aedo some detailed and authoritative made by government heads dur- Cusco, Peru articles on international problems. ing their visits to China and few essentials of their negotiations Elizafani Mugweri with Chinese leaders. Rules for Peosqnts Kamuli, Uganda The articles in the column Articles & Documents are alwaYs The most interesting article to I recommend the following too long. Sometimes, you do me was the one in issue No. 26 topics to you: not paragraph clearly. entitled "Rules for Peasants." Chinese a,ncient history, reli-' But, I think the articles on the grons in China, Chinese relations good. It interested me very much. All other Arab social situation are quite guid- with Islamic and the rules are appropriate for countries and Present, You courageously expose erro- especially the Past tendencies give real il- ing a community, socialism - and interrrational poli- neous and which encourage respectt for lustrations of present-day China. ones cles. the old and love of the Young, The article about Tibet carried unity and mutual help and oppos- Dbtdhi Ezzeililine in issue No. 25 is of great impor- ing quarrels, fighting and creating Draham, Tunisia tance, because it is difficult for disturbances. I also liked those patrio'tism people to imagine the actual con- that encourage and Your comments on international ditions in present-day Tibet. care for public property, and above all, those that oppose gaining events are objective and compre- Special Features touch on sPme public hensive. The major shortcoming profit at the expense of is the brevity, only five It actual issues and are helpful to welfare. Pages. understanding China. should contain more. We wan! more iteins in "From the Chinese I wish you would carry more Ashigbui Nani Roobinhood Press." A full Page of letters advertisements for new books in Wute, Akatsi, Ghana should be published. Please de- foreign languages. Tiver Beiiing Reoietu quickly. Istvan Magyar Danish Altaf o4d St. Gallen, Switzerland Understqnding the Post Lahore, Pakistan Present Chino

Chinese Low ond lnstitutions Beiji,ng Reoiero helPs readers to deeply understand events in I am a law professor and am ancient and preqent-daY China. very interested in Chinese law and institutions as well asr inter- Your journal strives to serve national trade and investment. cultural and scientific work. So, Articles which deal with these to me, it is the best source of areas expand mY understanding news. and are the most useful. The journal also Provides read- L. Taylor ers with the news about the Los Angeles, Ca., USA world. Beijlng Retsieto, No. 40 CHINA EVENIIS & TITENIDS

POLITICAL weak links was the load- ing platform plant, and was appointed to Announcemenl ilewly Elecled Genlral be in charge of the plant. He united the workers The General Office and the International Gommittee tlembers Liaison Department of the Central Com- and staff to overcome mittee of the Many middle-aged cadres diffieulties, and through issued the following announcement on were recentLy elected to the the efforts of the entire September 28: Central Committee of the works, the cross-country The General Office, and the Internaiional Chinese Communist Party" trucks were successfully Liaison Department, of the Central Com- mittee These people have common produced month of the Chinese Communist Party, as in half a entrusted by the Party Central Committee, the following characteristics: a befors schedule. extend heartfelt thanks to the Communist firm political stand, good educa- Parties, Workers' Parties, heads of state, In 1979, he was pro- tion, many years of experience leaders of political parties, friendly organ- moted to deputy direc- izations personnel greet- working at the grass-roots level and for the warm tor of the works. At ings and good wishes they had expressed and close ties with the masses. that time, the works in their messages or letters sent to the They are servants of the people Chinese Communist Party on the occasion were just trying out with both political consciousness of the successful convening of its 12th overall quality control National Congress and the election Hu and professional competence. of measures. On the one Yaobang as General Secretary of the Cen- , tral Committee of the Chinese Communist 41, is secre- hand, he studied the Party. tary of the Party committee and theories and on the deputy director of the China other, he made investiga- No. 2 Motor Vehicles Works. A tions and solicited the graduate of the Harbin Poly- opinions of the technical and he has been studying and work- technic in 1966, he worked suc- managerial personnel as well as ing out a management system cessively as a technician and of the workers. Finally, he pro- centring around the reduction of secretary of a Communist Youth posed a system that ensured cost. The system is being tried l,eague organization. When this balanced production and work out now. newly built auto works decided quality. The outlook of the in 1975 to produce its first 2.5- workers changed quickly with Qian Yongchang, 49, is one of ton cross-country trucks, several the implementation of this the first generation of naviga- areas of the works turned out method and both production and tion experts trained in New to be problematic. Among the transport improved. Since 1980, China. He received his educa- tion at the Dalian Mercantile Marine Institute. After gradua- tion, he worked on board ships and was captain for 14 years. He has been to the major sea- ports in the world. Loyal to the cause of the Party, he has work- ed tirelessly and gets on well with his colleagues, and has done his work remarkably. With the help of veteran cadres, he has gradually acquired the ex- perience necessary for a leading post. Earlier this year, he was promoted from general manager of the China General Ocean- Going Shipping Corporation to giving Wang Zhaoguo (right, front row) a talk to workers Vice-Minister Communica- and staff of the No. 2 Motor Yehicles Works on the of guldelines of the l2tb Party Congress. tions.

October 4, 7982 Liu Hongru, 51, was formerly contributions to the nation property. Nevertheless, these an apprentice and is now deputy through years of hard work, veteran comrades, instead of director of the Agriculture Bank donate their savings to the state giving their children large sums of China. His contributions have rather than bequeath them in bank savings, houses or other significantly improved the work to their children. property, have bestowed upon of the bank. Early in 1981, the them revolutionary To name a few: the tradition national economy faced potential of plain living, utter devotion to dangers. One important factor is a leader of the the state and hard work. In a was inflation. At that time, Chinese women's movement and sense, such property is truly the some people proposed control- one of the Party's earliest richest legacy. ling consumption to reduce the women members. She is a long- issuance of banknotes,, However, time Party and state leader and Liu favoured taking positive lives very simply. In 19?5, measures to aid the development after the death of her husband. ECONOMIC of agriculture and light and the late Vice-Premier textile industries so as to in- who was a veteran revolution- crease the amount of commodi- ary, she gave 100,000 of Water and Land Transport ties to keep pace with the is- their many years' savings to the Jletwork suance of currency. The Peo- Party as membership dues. ple's Bank (which functions as Recently, she put in 30,000 yuan Improvement of the world- the nation's central bank) decid- more of her savings f or her famous Grand Canal, built 2,400 ed its currency policy on this Party membership dues. years ago, is one facet of a gigantic programme to expand proposal during the economic The ?2-year-old NPC Stand- readjustment. It issued more China's water and land trans- ing Committee Vice-Chairman port. loans to the light and textile in- recently goal dustries. The dual of de- donated a Iarge sum of money Although a rudimentary veloping ths econom/ and stabi- he had saved over the years to nationwide transport network Iizing the currency was achieved. the government. He has often already exists, it remains a There are also many Party said to his children something weak link in China's ,national and administrative cadres among the late Premier once economy. The country has fal the new members of the Party told some other cadres' children: too few facilities for shipping Central Committee, including "Your parents do not leave anY coal from the north, especially Redi, a Tibetan. He was born legacy for you to enjoy, still less from Shanxi, to other parts of into a poor herdsman's family. any prerogatives. If they leave China. The loading and unload- ing coastal ports When he was young, he was a you anything, it is the arduous, capacity of the beggar and was once a lower- glorious revolutionary task." chiefly used for shipping goods abroad is decidedly insufficient. level Lama. The People's death, Cheng Just before his Nor can the current passenger Liberation Army rescued him retired PLA officer Luoping, a transport services meet the fast- and sent him to study in Bei- told his three and a Communist, growing demand for them. jing. Now, he is secretary of children not to expect him to the Party Committee of the Ieave them any property. "What The Grand Canal, 1,794 km Tibet Autonomous Region. I have are three pieces of shrap- long, stretches from Beijing nel the enemy left in my body Shan- There are 211 newly elected through , , I'11 give one to members of the Party Central during the war. dong and .to each of you. They will remind in Zhejiang Province. The cur- Committee, accounting for 60 you to work hard," he said. and per cent of the total number of rent large-scale dredging is concentrated members and alternate members. AII parents hope that after other work on it Two-thirds of them are younger their death their children wil] in Jiangsu. than 60, the youngest being 38. grow up to be useful citizens and The communications and live well. It is only natural to transport departments are What Legacy to Bequeath bequeath them some property. mapping out plans to imProve In China, donations to the gov- Children? transport, including: ernment are not encouraged The Chinese press recently has and, according to the Marriage upgrading of the published news about veteran Law, parents and children have trunk-technical railway lines and build- cadres who, after making great the right to inherit each other's ing new ones for coal transport;

6 Beiiing Ret:ieus, No. 40 cillNli\ EVEN tS & tItTNIDS

A Skerrh llop ol lhe ilo.th-Sc,th Wots ord l,ond [osl-We:t Wuhr ond Iond Irrnsport f,oules Ironrport lqJter year and despite heavy rains and tilaterlogging, a rich har- ve6t was gathered. The total output is estimated to be 1.5 million tons more than last year's 49.5 million tons;.hitting an all-time high. The good harvest is attributed to the establishment of different f orms of the responsibility system in production and the popularization of agro-tech- niques. .(t/l \/ Chjna expects an all-ruund rich grain harvest this year, said a responsible member of the Ministry of Agriculture. In ad- roirwoy seo route fl'"H:"r:"r^:i: #;Ji ,T:il #; - developing- ocean, coastal and Beijing-Sh and Changjiang River transport; ways; 2) the - briilding railways and high- 'hY"T: ways in southwest China; 1:o . ' 3) the" developing the railways so Lianyungang in Jiangsu to - heavier :iT,ll,:l :::**:*" :ir#["J" #1x'",;."1]",1}; lggr,qr line; 5) the Hangzhou-Zhuzhou, -building larger and special- ':.:'""::fl-"i*;-,.ri.x,j:" rT,l;ffiss in Trearing service, linking up railrvay. ffi#:F:ilygi"?"tr highway, water and. air traffic. These 12 river and land trans- improving water transport on- the Grand ffioott"?T, canal' log.ooo km of i The canal is one of six main routes and 10,0 north-south water and land lines (for petr transport routes. The other The total lengt "three wastes"-waste liquid, five are: 1) the north-south sea km. more thai six times as long- navigation route, 2) the Beijing- as in the early 1950s. waste gas and waste residue. and Shanghai-Hang- In lgz9. the state directed 16? zhou railways, 3) th Good Earry [ice flarvest -#':]i:ffJ: to comprete Guangzhou ra,way, ; ,"r,: ;x_ jing-Datong, Datong-Taiyuan, China reaped Taiyuan-Jiaozuo, Jiaozuo-Zhi- harvest this ye cheng, and Zhicheng-Liuzhou early rice pro railways; 5) the Baotou-Lan- the south whic zhou, Baoji-Chengdu and 60 per cent o chengdu-Kunming total. railways. jects required of it, and the The six east-west trunk water Though the area so',un to eai'- metallurgical departme;ets ful-, and land transport routes are: ly rice decreased by i13,000 filled over ?0 per cenL of their 1) the Beijing-Baotou-Lanzhou hectares compared with last tasks. The chemical, arma-

October 4, 7982 peasants ment, light, textile, building PeaSantS EnjOy PenSiOnS number of pensioned materials and pharmaceuticatr in any single area in China. Until quite recently, few industrial departments were In the Huaxi production bri- also slated clean=up. peasants were supported by for gade of Jiangyin County, Jiang- public funds after they became su Province, where brigade-run The Anshan Iron and Steel too old to work. But today, 11 industries and sideline occuPa- Corripany, the largest in China, provinces and municipalities tions have developed very quick- has basically controlled its once offer retirement benefits to ly and the per-unit rice outPut serious environmental pollution. more than 426,000 elderly is high, each of the 107 peasant The amount of dust in the air peasants. pensioners is provided with free around it dropped 53.5 per cent The pensions are provided by food and fuel and supplied with from 280 tons per square kile 3,400 well-off production bri- five yuan in pocket money a metre a month in 1977 to 130 gades in these provinces and month. real income, their tons in 1981; the rate of treated In municipalities. In the brigades, monthly pension is higher than waste gas reached 52 per cent, men older than 65 and women yuan person. rate of 20 for one the circulation utility over 60 may retire, provided water reached 86.5 per cpnt, and tradi- they have worked in the collec- Following the Chinese the utility rate of surplus heat pensioned peasants still tive for more than 10 years. tion, reached 43.7 per cent. The monthly pension is gen- live with their children who erally 10 to 15 yuan and, in also provide support for them. Guilin, a famous scenic spot, Jiabao some areas, as much as 20 yuan Eighty-year-old Zhai has become more beautiful since and his wife of the Huaxi bri- power plant, pulp a month. The pensions are a, a workshop gade live with three Younger of a paper mill and a steel-mak- drawn by the production bri- gades profits generations. Zhai said he and ing workshop were closed down from the of their collective enterprises and his wife are not lonely at all. and a printing house, a dyeing side- Iine occupations or from their They look after their three- plant and a,n electroplating grandson public welfare fund. year-old great and factory were moved out. After are delighted to watch him several years of treatment, the In the rural areas. rent, toddling about, lively and picturesque Lijiarlg River, whose water, vegetables, eggs. poultry playful. water was contaminated, has and meat cost little or no Respect the old is encour- been restofed to its clean, lucid money. Thus, 10-15 is for ]'uan state. former self. enough for a peasant's monthly aged by the Party and has been a common prac- expenses. It long With industrial pollutants tice in the countryside to pro- fr.om nearby industrial enter- The 11 municipaiities and vide old people who . have no prises gone, the water in provinces include the munici- close relatives to look after them palities of Beijing. Shanghai Hangzhou's beautiful West with "five guarantees" - food, [,ake has become purer than and Tianjin, and Zhejiang, clothing, housing, medical care before. Jiangsu, and and funeral expenses. Offering Provinces where the agricul- pensions to elderly Peasants is Pollution by crude oil has tural economy is quite de- practised on a trial basis in a been controlled over large areas veloped. Take Shanghai for small number of rural produc- on the Bohai Sea and Huanghai an example. The output of tion brigades which follow the Sea. grain and economic crops in its example of the Pension sYstem 10 suburban counties has been for urban workers and staff These achievements not- among the nation's highest for members. withstanding, industrial pollu- years. Since the mid-l970s, tion remai.ns a serious problem most of these counties have ex- in China. The state is pressing panded their handicrafts. i-ICA]_iJNA ahead with the anti-pollution fishery and other sideline occu- I D L work in an effort to improve pations. which give them over the environment as soon as half of their total agicultural possible. At present, the income and a growing collective Minister on Ghina's emphasis is olr enterprises locat- accumulation fund. Now more lligher Education ed in or near tourist areas, than 120,000 older suburban densely populated places and Shanghai peasants have been China should diversifY higher water sources. granted pensions, the Iargest education programmes to ac-

8 Beijing Reoieu, No. 40 CHINIA TVENIS & 'IiTENIDS

commodate China's unevenly - Higher education should be enroll students from those dereloped economy and culture, restructured. The proportion areas, he suggested. Thest: according to the ne\vly ap- between the various depart- studenls have practical know- pointed Mirlister of Education. ments of iiberal arts and science ledge and experience and are Minister He Dongchang. 59, a and betrveen students to be willing to return to their home 1945 aeronautics graduate of trained as advanced, interine- areas upon graduation. China's Southwest Associated diate and junior spccialists China should continue to University, started teaching at should gradually be adjusted to Iearn from the experience of Qinghua University in 1948. IIe suit the needs of economie and foreign countries, including sert,ed as Vice-President of social development. Therefore, thcse of the third world coun- Qinghua between 19?8 and last it is necessary to develop the tries, the minister said. But, May. He was elected :i mernber' vocati.onal and technical educa- China rnust embark on its own of the Party Central Committee tion system. way of developing education at the 12th Party Congress held He Dongchang said that to and r,lrcrk out an educational not long ago. ovel'come the disproportions in system and structurc. suitable With an underdeveloped econ- higherr education, the Ministry for China's conditions. Ilc: em- omy, he explained to a Xinhua ol Education is organizing a phasized ttrat China'.s education correspondent. China cannot planning committee to forecast is aimed at training students and need not develop all its in- society's needs and offer advice with a sociaiist outlook rvho are stitutions of higher learning on restructuring. At l.he same willing to serve the people. into regular four- or five-.u-ear time. to solve the contradiction-s universities, let alone attempt between higher education and to copy institution^s in the West, the actual needs ol state con- Furthermore, different special- si ruction. some enqineering FOREIGN ists require dilterent arnounts -specialities should broaden the R.ETATIONS of schooling. the minister said. scope <-rf cour.\es r:ffered so i,hat In particuiar . there shrruji be the students wiil have a wider twGyear colleges range of knowledge. The minis- British Prime Minister try is exploring the possibility He also made the irtlirru'lng of assigning some students to Uisits suggestions: China jobs before they graduate so -. The concept of higher bhat their courses can be British Prime Minister Mrs. educatlon should be expanCed changed to dovetail with their Margaret Thatcher, at the invi- to includ.e any post-seconciarl' futule field tation oI the Chinese Govern- education that meets special nrent, paid an oificial visit to present, requiren:ents; At the number of Chirra from September 22 to 26. coliege graduates needed by Radio, television and cor- She r.virs the first British Prime - departments of finance, econo* Minrster to hnve come lo China. respondence courses! night uni- my', iaw, management, agricul- versities and workers' universi- ture and light industry is far In Beijing, Premier Zi- ties and othet' forms of higher greater than the number the yang and Prime Minister l\[rs. education for adults should be state can provicie, the ministerr Thatcher held two rounds o{ developed. Horvever. there must said. This is a problem made talks; Cornrade I)eng Xiaoping be a strict and uniform exami- prominent by recent years' eco- also met with Mrs. Thatcher. nation system. Students who nomic readjustment mea.sures The talks and meeting proceed- pass examinations in subjects that have girzen priority to the ed in a friendly atrnosphere. they given study should be development of the above- credits, and those rvho have got mentioned fields. Bilateral R,elations. Zhac: Zi- enough credits shouid receive yeng said that the Britlsh col)ege diplomas. There should Colleges of agriculture and Prime Minister's visit to Chjna be planned guidance for the forestry and medical and is a major event in Sino-British courses of study and the training teachers' schools which train relations and an important in- of unneeded specialists should specialists for the rural. pas- dication of the development of tle avoided; toral and forest areas should their relati<.rns, He expressed

October 4. 1982 -qmall and weak neighbour. The new coalition gov€rnment should enjoy more active sup- port internationally.

Middle East Situation. Zhao Z-,yang said: "The Chinese Gov- ernment and people strongly condemn Israel's savage aggres- sion and atrocities. Israel must puil out ali its aggressor troops from I-ebanon immediately and unconditionally." Mrs. Thatcher expressed her concern about the situation in the Middle East, the situation in Lebanon in partic- ular.

Premier Zhao Ziyatg welcoming British Prime Minister Mrs. trIargaret She also outlined the British Thateher. Government's views on the situation in Europe, the issue of disarmament and the lelations the belief that through joint ef- the common aim of maint;aining betw'een Europe anci the United forts, co-operation betrveen the the prosperity and stability of States. spoke two countries will be further {ianggang, both sides agreed about Sino-US, Sino-Soviet and strengthened. He said: "True, that, after Mrs. Thatcher's re- relations. Lead- there are problems left over cent visit, the two sides will Sino-Japanese that from history that need to be enter further talks on the issue ers of both countries held solved through consultations. through diplomatic channels. both sides shared the same or However, I believe that prob- similar view on major interna- lems of this kind are not dif- The Chinese Government's tional questions. ficult to solve so long as both position on the recovery of the Vice-Chaire sides approach and develop sovereignty of the whole region , Sino-British relations in a iong- of Xianggang is unequivocal man of the NPC Standing Com- rrith Mrs. Thatcher. term strategic perspective and and known to all. mittee, raet take the Five Principles of Question of Afghanistan. Mrs, The itinerary of Mrs. That- Peaceful Coexistence as the Thatcher pointed out that the cher and her party included problems basis in dealing with question of Afghanistan now Beijing, Shanghai and Guang- between us," existing under occupation shculd not be zhou. Mrs. Thatcher said that one forgotten. The invasion of Af- change which had given her ghanistan 1/as a big mistake particular encouragement was by the Soviet Union. Zhao Zi- Ghina, Angola Iecognize the way in ra'hich Sino-British yang expressed appreciation of Each 0ther relations had developed. She Mrs. Thatcher's stance on the question of Afghanistan. said that British industry had The Government of the Peo' become much more competitive Kampuchean Mrs. ple's Republic of China and the in the last year or two and that Question. Thatcher said: We rMarmly sup- Government of the PeoPle's now ready help it stands to port the new Coalition Govern- Republic of Angola have China's ambitious modernization ment of Democratic Kampuchea decided to recognize each other, programme. and support Democratic Kam- and haveappointed their resPec- Issue of Xianggang (Hongkong). puchea's seat in the United Na- tive represen'uatives to ccme Leaders of both countries held tions. We have not recognized into contact with each other in in-depth' discussions on the and will not recognize the Heng Paris as from SePternber 27, question of Xianggang in - a Samrin regime. Zhao Ziyang 1982 on the normalization of friendly atmosphere. Both sides pointed out that the essence of relations and establishment of made clear their respective po- the Kampuchean question is diplomatic relations between sitions on this issue. Following Viet Nam's aggression agains'u a the two countries.

10 Beiiing Reuiew, No. 40 ,: ID INITERNIA'TIONI\I R ?POTT tS & COMIAENITS

and an observation point at the Begin Administration Condemned entrance of Shatila Camp just 200 metres from one of the siaughtcring grounds. Further- SHOCKED world has unani- anese president-elect Bashir A more, the bodies of the viclims fL m6u51y denounced the Begin Gemayel's assassination on Sep were piled up by the walls of administration for the massacre tember 14 to immediately in- the camps and buried by Isr:aeli of Palestinian refugees in West vade West Beirut. After oc- troops using bulldozers. Beirut. On September 24, the cupying West Beirut. the Israeli Ltni.ted Nations General As- forces used more than 250 tanks The enormity of the crime sembly adopted a resolution and armoured personnel carriers shook the Israeli populace. Is- condemning Israel for the and 14 self-propelled guns of rael's opposition party Pui for-- massacre. various calibres to surround the ward a motion calling for thc Sabra and Shatila Camps and. estabiishment of a state com- Foscist Brutolity according to the Israeli army missi

October 4, 1982 11 the Begin administration to say that Begin's cabinet had af Kampuchean Coalition Govern- that it will hold an investigation proved allowing the armed units rhent, peace in the Middle East. into the incident. However, it ro enter the camps to search for and the North-South dialogue. is still covering up by claiming remnant PLO guerrillas and Japanr:se Prime l\,[ini-ster Zen- that Israeii troops "did not en- arms caches. One Israeli official ko Suzuki agreed to Chinese: ter" the camp6 and that the;r disclosed that the Begin ad- Premier Zhao Zi7'ang's proposal were "unaware" of what was ministration had drawn up this lor the principle going on inside. plan before the tragic death of three-poin'" dr.rring Zhao's japan Lebanese president-elect Bashir visit to last Sophistry cannot whitewash May. repre- Gemayel. The agreemcnt the facLs. At the September 22 senl.s the internal and foreign Knesset debate, Defence Min- As more and more facts come policy interests rtf both countries ister Ariel Sharon admitted that to light, Begin, Sharon and their for the foreseeable future. he had authorized the entry into likes cannot exonerate them- Japan's overall secut'ity strat- the camps of the armed units selves. They are exposed to the egy requires it ensure the that carried out the slaughter. '*,hole world as the butchers io suppll' r.lf luel mSterials Western news agencies citing behind the Beirut holocaust. and ras, from China. its close neighbour, high Israeli of ficials relrcrted Zhong Tai - s.) as to diversify its fuel and ener'.q-v resources. In the face of the long-standing economic '' Yeors "stagf lation in the West. ,0 of Chino-topon Relotions Japan finds China's vast market to oe of enormous appeal. qEPTEMBER this year ushered period. In the same the bi- China u,ith its rich mineral \-r in the 1Oth anniversary of lateral trade volume increa-sed and other resources and Japan normalization nearly 10 times. 1.1 the of Sino- from biiiion with its advanced industrial Japanese diplomatic relations. US dollars lg72 10 biliion in to technology can share what each dollars i981. In the past l0 years three in has and supply what each has events have particularly pro- Tourist travel betrveen the not. .In view of the international moted bilateral relations: two countrise has increased 12 environment. both the Chinese the announcement of nor- times, from a mere 9.000 ten and .Iapanese people need to pool - years persons malization on September 29. ago to 127.000 efforts to combat hegemonism 1972; last year. r,nd salegual{ ur6r'1d peace. Also since 1972, ,12 pairs the signing of the Sino- oI China's modernization efforts - Chinese-Japanese sister cities Japanese Peace and Friendship r,:qurre a long-term stable and have been formed. Treaty on August 12, 1978, and pe aceiu) !nieruationai etrviron- Similar friendly co-operation - the proclamation last May men. as rvell as fav<;urable ex- of a three-point principle for is expected to continue to iernal conditions. long-term and stable bilateral characterize Sino-Japanese re- Tr-.e 10th arniversar-v tras relations by the Chinese and lations in the future. u'i:nes-.eci ur:interrupteC de- Japanese premiers. an The Sino-Japanese Peace and ,,'6lr-rprnent of SinoJapanese ties. The three-point principle may Friendship Treaty has contribut- Since the end of 1980, the be summarized as: peace and ed to bilateral efforts to fight premiers of the two coun- friendship, equality and mutual hegemonism. to mai.ntain peace tries have exchanged visits benefi.t. and long-ter.m stability. in Asia and in the world, and to tn'ice, in addition to trequent Chinese and Japanese govern- further develop relations be- official exchanges and meetingr; tween the two mental and popular efforts countries. at orher levels. It was decid- .spurred rapid development oI At the UN General Assembly ed early last month to hold bilateral relations. sessions of 1980 and 1981. both the tirst people-to-PeoPle meet- Since 1972,.China and Japan China and Japan condemned ing in Tokyo on October 7. Such role nf have signed a number of agree- the Soviet invasion of Afghani- meetings will inct'ease the ments for trade. post and com- stan and the Vietnamese inva- private visits betw-een the Peo- munications. air and maritime sion of Kampuchea. ple of the two countries. transportation, fishing, culture, For separate reasons, both Both counti'ies have marked science and technology. China and Japan support the the occasit-rn since last sPring

12 Beiiing Reuiew, No' 40 Ir\TEitFlt\ tlOr\r\[ REPOIT ts & coMMeN"rs lvith wide ranging private and tions. Nevertheless, the people The Schmidt government's official activities on an unprece- of [he twn countries expect their position was weakened by rrrany dented scale. friendly relations to Iast for factors. The fundamental one generations. Through concerted was continuous economic How€r,er, the influence the of a efforts, they will overcome ob- deplession u'hich put the gov- small gror.rp of .Iapanese Right- stacles and ensure the continued ernrnent in an inextricabie ists who oppose relations with growth of their relatic;ns free predicament. China cannot be ignored. Fur- from the impact of international therrnore. other problems have storms and stress. Continuous Economic cropped up in developing rela- - Xin Ping Depression After the oil crisis of the 70s. lVest Germany's economy turn- West German Government ed from a slow growth into a decline. The tcltal value of the Collapses national economy in 1981 was 0.3 pr.r' cent less than that of FIEN four ministers of the party coalition nearly broke t 980. l'ree l)emocratic Party apart over the 1982 and 1983 suddenly' purlled out of the budgets. Although the two sides Unemployment has sharpiy cabinet on September' 17, West reached a compromise agree- increased. In August this year Germany's 13-year-old coalition ment iir July, two months later 1.8 miliion people were unern- governrnent had to coIlapse. they openly disagreed on ho,rv to ployed, the most in 33 years. solve the issue of the l0-billion- The Federal Labour Bureau On September 20. Chairman mark deficit in the budget. The predicted that by the end of crf the Christian Democratic Social I)emor:r'atic Party fa- this year the numbel of unem- Uni.on HeLmut Kohl, Chairmah- voured an increase in loans and plcyed will be more than 2 mil- of the Christian Social Union taxes to compensate budget def- lion, more than twice the 1980 Franz Josef Strauss and Chair- icits. the Free Democratic number. man of the Free Democratic but Parr.'* l{ans-Dietrich Genscller Party advocateci cutbacks in In addition to this, the na- spending public r,r,elfare. met in Bonn and decided to pre- and A tional debt has greatly expand- stalemate ensued. sent a "consrructive motion of no ed. Last year the budget deficit confidence" and to replace Chancellor Schmidt opexly was 39 billion marks. Because Chancellor Helmut Schmidt cr:iticized the Free Democratic of ihe need to borrorv money to cover the large deficit, the state with Helrnut Kohl , In a major Party at cabineL meetings" In a political development following September 9 state-of-the-nation debt grew to 532 billion marks the Schmidt government's col- address to parliament, Schmidt by the end of 1980, 30 per cent gross product. lapse. it was decided to move provoked a split with his ruling of the na'uional tlp the general elections to partners by saying that thclse West German econornic cir- March 6 next yeat. ministers of the Fr"ee Democrat- cles say that there is no sign of ic Party who not agree r*'ith economic recovery. Long Disputes did his policy should pull out [rom The contradictions and dis- the government. Pofi Loses Support putes arnong the ruling Social econom;/ continu- On Sepiember 12. Economics With the Democratic and Free Derrocrat- ously on the decline. the contra- ic Parties are of long standing. I"Iinister Otto Lambsdorff , in violation of usual cabinet prac- dictions inside and outside the Repr-esenting different interests, ruling party have become sharp. tice. made public an economie the two partit:s have serious The SociaI Democratic Party dif{erences or:er }row to extri- memorandum to Chancellor Schmidt criticizing the govern- lost many state and local elec- cate West Get'many from its tions. Many members ment's economic policy. He also of its econclinic crisis, especially re- have withdrawn from the party. garding unemploymenl and demanded a big reduction in budqer deficiis. public welfare. The disputes The opposition Christian Dem- sped up the prr:cess of dissolu- ocratic Union Has grown. It In recent months the two- tion. now has over one million mem-

October 4, 1982 13 bers, 10 per cent more than the tian Democratic Union. This caused dissatisfaction among Social Democratic Party. It con- w'as a signal for a nationwide developing countries. trols five of L0 states and West realignment. But the Free Agreement Reoched Berlin. Recent public opinion Democratic Party suffered a big polls show that if the general defeai in the Hesse elections. But, as a result of concerted elections were held now, the This has sharpened its internai efforts by the third world rep- opposition party would win conflicts and is unfavourable resentatives, an agreement was 53.7 per cent of votes, the So- for its new coalition's potential reached by members of the cial Democrats would get 31.4 to replace the Schmidt govern- World Bank. The agreement per cent and the Free Democrat- ment. commits the International De- ic Farty wouid have 5.1 per velopment Association (IDA), cent. The Free l)emocratic Par. With the end of the coalition an affiliate of the World Bank, government which started in ty was afraid that if it remains to provide $7 billion in 1983 and 1969, the contention between the 1984 for easy-term credits io allied with the Social Democrat- various political forces on the ic Party, it rvill lose even more low-income countries. An addi- Bonn political stage will be- tional $2 billion will be contrib support. So it deeided to change and more com- partner. conre sharper uted to the IDA by 31 couh- its In the state elec- plicated. tions in Hesse on September 26, tries in 1984, the agreement states. it pu'oliciy turned to the Chris- -Zhang Yunwen The United States, one of 32 countries contributing funds to IDA in recent years, did not IMF, World Bonk .Meeting join the agreement this year. In 1980 contributing rnembers Seeking o Woy to Resolve of the World Bank agreed to provide $12 billion in additional Finoncidl Crisis funds for IDA in 1981 through Ihe 1983. Of that, the United states to provide billion. T N his opening speech at the stacles frorn some developed was S3.24 I 37th annuai meeting of the countries. As a result, third But, because the United lnternational Monetary Fund world countries' total foreign States has fallen behind on its (iMF) and the World Bank held debt is rapidly growing and is contributions and rvi11 not com- in Toronto on September 6, estiniated to be US$505,000 mil- plete its 1981-83 contributions Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Iion. If their debt keeps in- until 1984, programmes were Oliiott Trudeau warned that the creasing and they continue de- cut 35 per cent, from $4.1 billion "conditions we face today are faulting on their payments, the to $2.7 billion in fiscal 1982. worse than any" since World world financial community will The US delegates pledged at War II. face the danger of collapse. the annual meeting that their government its best to More than 1,000 delegates The serious financial situation will try decided from 146 countries attended the aroused strong reaction among contribute the amount annual meeting. the representatives at the meet- in the 1980 agreement. ing" Many third world repre- The continuing Western eco- At the annual meeting, the 32 sentatives were critical of de- countries agreed to open discus- nomic crisis and the deveioping veloped countries that had re- countries' economic troubles sions soon on IDA funding be- neged on promises to provide tw'een 1985 and 1987. But no caused by the industrialized more loans and international countries' measures to shif t agreement has been reached on aid. The third world countries the fund quota of the IMF. This their economic crisis on to them also called on the IMF to adopt have bacily strained the interna- question will be discussed at measures to help promote their year's meeting tional financial system. next Washington economic cievelopment and in- of the IMF interim committee. Most developing countries' crease IN{F comrnon funds, so as export commodity prices and to provide more assistance Chinese Finonce Minister's earnings have declined sharply to debt-ridden countries. US Speech and their: drive to export manu- opposition to these proposals, Chinese Finance Minister factrrred goods continues to be which were supported by the Wang said in a speech hampered by protectionist ob majority of other countries, on September 7 that promoting

14 Beijing Reuieus, No. 4A lNTe,tNlr\TIOFIAL itEPOtt tS & COMMEN tS the econonric developrnent of roles in promoting international to move in that direction and developing countries is of pri- economic co-operation. He ex- rvork for greater improvernents mary importance to world eco- pressed the hope that these two and rnore reforms. nomic development, and world world instit'utions will continue Xin Bu peace and stability. - The economies of ihe develop ing countries have deteriorated Pakistan Now Exports Wheat for a series trf external reasons. he said. The developing coun- -|\TOT long ago, a freight tlain to rise in 1980-81, reaching tries do need.to adopt adjust- 1\ t*dua with 1,300 tons of 11.475 mrilion tons, rvhile the ment measures to overcome wheat chugged torvards the country's total consumption was their economic difficulties, but Iranian border from Punjab 10 million tons. In 1981-82, t}re developed countries are also Province, Pakistan. It was a Pakistan suffered from drought duty-bound to give them eccl- pai't of the first 50,000-ton con- drrring plantiag season and nomic assistance. tract for wheat from Pakistan rain during the harwest. How- to Iran. Though small in ever, an expert in the Ministry "Regrettably," he said, "this 'and year, rvhen the developing coun- quantity, it represents an amaz- of Food, Agriculture Co- tries are facing great economic ing change for Paklstan which operatives estimates that pro- difficulties, there has been no importeC wheat f<.rr 30 years. duction is sure to be more than 11 million tons. progress towards the establish- Beginning in 1952, Pakistan ment of a neiv international imported an average of one Effective Meosures economic order. Negotia- million tons of wheat annually. tions between the North and t.he After a poor harvesi in 19?7-78, Some effective measures have South remain deadlocked. and it bought 2.24 million tons for been adopted by the Pakistan international economic co- 3,500 million rupees in foreign Governrnent to i,ncrease wheat operation is beset u'ith .obsta- exchange, a heavy financial production. cles. " burden. In 1978 it introduced 12 im- "1\[eanwhile. some govern- proved high-yield strains from ments have in.stituled protec- Government Appeol the worlC's principal wheat tionist measures agair*Tt de- Flowever, in 1978 the Pakistan producers. Thereafter, the use veiopirrg countrjes and cut ece Government began a movement of improved seeds has increased nomic aid. Therefore. the n:ul- to produce mcre wheat through- annually. economic assisiance tilateral out the country. In October the The country was divided into provided by the inlernational same year, President Zia ul-Haq 12 ecological areas according to monetary institutions has de- issued a staten:ernt supporting climate, soil and plant diseases creased," he said. this action. He called on the and insect pests. Separate Referring ttr the "IDA crisis" people of +"he whole country to i"gricultural research institutes caused b-v* the failure of a major strii,e fcr .self-sufficiency in food and centres to study plant adap- developed country to honour grains as soon as possible. tability were set up in these fully an