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The Textiles of the Han Dynasty & Their Relationship with Society
The Textiles of the Han Dynasty & Their Relationship with Society Heather Langford Theses submitted for the degree of Master of Arts Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Centre of Asian Studies University of Adelaide May 2009 ii Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the research requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Centre of Asian Studies School of Humanities and Social Sciences Adelaide University 2009 iii Table of Contents 1. Introduction.........................................................................................1 1.1. Literature Review..............................................................................13 1.2. Chapter summary ..............................................................................17 1.3. Conclusion ........................................................................................19 2. Background .......................................................................................20 2.1. Pre Han History.................................................................................20 2.2. Qin Dynasty ......................................................................................24 2.3. The Han Dynasty...............................................................................25 2.3.1. Trade with the West............................................................................. 30 2.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................32 3. Textiles and Technology....................................................................33 -
Rediscovering the Idea of Cultural Heritage and the Relationship with Nature: Four Schools of Essential Thought of the Ancient Han Chinese
heritage Article Rediscovering the Idea of Cultural Heritage and the Relationship with Nature: Four Schools of Essential Thought of the Ancient Han Chinese Otto Chen * and Dawei Han Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-117-903-5428 Received: 12 June 2019; Accepted: 28 June 2019; Published: 3 July 2019 Abstract: After a long-standing debate of pluralism in heritage conservation, the global practice has just started to broaden its view from material to people and even to nature, leading to the potential of a more comprehensive understanding and harmony between these spheres. Notwithstanding that the shift from material to people and then to nature seemingly looks like the only path in the modern heritage conservation movement to achieve the foregoing goals, in fact, there exist some regional cultures that originally featured particular views on human–nature harmony. This paper hence highlights the regional difference in heritage with a focus on China of ancient times, which unfolds the particular perspective emphasising the unity of human and nature. With a case study of Huaqing Palace of the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), the research is expected to be the first attempt to rediscover that the four schools of thought, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and I Ching, had jointly formed a “wisdom” system of the ancient Han Chinese in shaping the idea of cultural heritage, as well as the idea of heritage conservation, which were inherited by modern Chinese without knowing and recognising it. The paper, therefore, argues that without understanding and acknowledging the significance of the ancient Han Chinese’s particular view on nature and the universe formed by the four schools of thought behind the material, it is not likely to protect and promote comprehensively their heritage value, such that the importance of cultural diversity will be just rhetoric. -
Lu Zhiqiang China Oceanwide
08 Investment.FIN.qxp_Layout 1 14/9/16 12:21 pm Page 81 Week in China China’s Tycoons Investment Lu Zhiqiang China Oceanwide Oceanwide Holdings, its Shenzhen-listed property unit, had a total asset value of Rmb118 billion in 2015. Hurun’s China Rich List He is the key ranked Lu as China’s 8th richest man in 2015 investor behind with a net worth of Rmb83 billlion. Minsheng Bank and Legend Guanxi Holdings A long-term ally of Liu Chuanzhi, who is known as the ‘godfather of Chinese entrepreneurs’, Oceanwide acquired a 29% stake in Legend Holdings (the parent firm of Lenovo) in 2009 from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences for Rmb2.7 billion. The transaction was symbolic as it marked the dismantling of Legend’s SOE status. Lu and Liu also collaborated to establish the exclusive Taishan Club in 1993, an unofficial association of entrepreneurs named after the most famous mountain in Shandong. Born in Shandong province in 1951, Lu In fact, according to NetEase Finance, it was graduated from the elite Shanghai university during the Taishan Club’s inaugural meeting – Fudan. His first job was as a technician with hosted by Lu in Shandong – that the idea of the Shandong Weifang Diesel Engine Factory. setting up a non-SOE bank was hatched and the proposal was thereafter sent to Zhu Getting started Rongji. The result was the establishment of Lu left the state sector to become an China Minsheng Bank in 1996. entrepreneur and set up China Oceanwide. Initially it focused on education and training, Minsheng takeover? but when the government initiated housing Oceanwide was one of the 59 private sector reform in 1988, Lu moved into real estate. -
Rome and China Oxford Studies in Early Empires
ROME AND CHINA OXFORD STUDIES IN EARLY EMPIRES Series Editors Nicola Di Cosmo, Mark Edward Lewis, and Walter Scheidel The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium Edited by Ian Morris and Walter Scheidel Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires Edited by Walter Scheidel Rome and China Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires Edited by Walter Scheidel 1 2009 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rome and China : comparative perspectives on ancient world empires / edited by Walter Scheidel. p. cm.—(Oxford studies in early empires) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-533690-0 1. History, Ancient—Historiography. 2. History—Methodology. 3. Rome—History— Republic, 265–30 b.c. -
"Ancient Mirror": an Interpretation of Gujing Ji in the Context of Medieval Chinese Cultural History Ju E Chen
East Asian History NUMBER 27 . JUNE 2004 Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie R. Barme Associate Editor Helen Lo Business Manager Marion Weeks Editorial Advisors B0rge Bakken John Clark Lo uise Edwards Mark Elvin (Convenor) John Fitzgerald Colin Jeffcott Li Tana Kam Lo uie Le wis Mayo Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Benjamin Penny Kenneth Wells Design and Production Design ONE Solutions, Victoria Street, Hall ACT 2618 Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the twenty-seventh issue of Ea st Asian History, printed August 2005, in the series previously entitled Papers on Far Ea sternHist ory. This externally refereed journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, Ea st Asian Hist ory Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 2 6125 314 0 Fax +61 26125 5525 Email [email protected] Subscription Enquiries to Marion Weeks, East Asian History, at the above address, or to [email protected]. au Annual Subscription Australia A$50 (including GST) Overseas US$45 (GST free) (for two issues) ISSN 1036-6008 iii CONTENTS 1 Friendship in Ancient China Aat Vervoom 33 The Mystery of an "Ancient Mirror": An Interpretation of Gujing ji in the Context of Medieval Chinese Cultural History Ju e Chen 51 The Missing First Page of the Preclassical Mongolian Version of the Hs iao-ching: A Tentative Reconstruction Igor de Rachewiltz 57 Historian and Courtesan: Chen Yinke !l*Ji[Nj. and the Writing of Liu Rushi Biezhuan t9P�Qjll:J,jiJf� We n-hsin Yeh 71 Demons, Gangsters, and Secret Societies in Early Modern China Robert]. -
Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of The
Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of the Chinese Bronze Age Behzad Bavarian and Lisa Reiner Dept. of MSEM College of Engineering and Computer Science September 2006 Table of Contents Abstract Approximate timeline 1 Introduction 2 Bronze Transition from Clay 4 Elemental Analysis of Bronze Alloys 4 Melting Temperature 7 Casting Methods 8 Casting Molds 14 Casting Flaws 21 Lost Wax Method 25 Sanxingdui 28 Environmental Effects on Surface Appearance 32 Conclusion 35 References 36 China can claim a history rich in over 5,000 years of artistic, philosophical and political advancement. As well, it is birthplace to one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. By 1100 BC, a high level of artistic and technical skill in bronze casting had been achieved by the Chinese. Bronze artifacts initially were copies of clay objects, but soon evolved into shapes invoking bronze material characteristics. Essentially, the bronze alloys represented in the copper-tin-lead ternary diagram are not easily hot or cold worked and are difficult to shape by hammering, the most common techniques used by the ancient Europeans and Middle Easterners. This did not deter the Chinese, however, for they had demonstrated technical proficiency with hard, thin walled ceramics by the end of the Neolithic period and were able to use these skills to develop a most unusual casting method called the piece mold process. Advances in ceramic technology played an influential role in the progress of Chinese bronze casting where the piece mold process was more of a technological extension than a distinct innovation. Certainly, the long and specialized experience in handling clay was required to form the delicate inscriptions, to properly fit the molds together and to prevent them from cracking during the pour. -
崑崙纏手八卦kunlun Twining Hands Bagua Qigong
崑崙纏手八卦 Kunlun Twining Hands Bagua Qigong In Kunlun Twining Hand Bagua we walk in a circle in order to gather the Qi from all eight directions which is Bagua (eight situation). When we walk, we cover clockwise and anti-clockwise which also connects with post natal and prenatal Qi and to stimulate our internal organs. Chinese Qigong discovered that each direction connects with an internal organ. This balances our Qi and gets rid of negative Qi. Other movements in the form connect particularly with the Liver, stimulating this area and releasing excess Liver Qi. This helps to make our liver soft and healthy. When we stand with our toes in and heels turned out in movement two, this shape represents the Chinese writing for the number eight (八). In movement eighteen, the Gua Palm develops Qi for transmission for healing ourselves. Below is a poem for this form. 口訣: 五行八卦深, 造詣在中心, 提供氣功素, 伸手打病氣. 任督兩脈動, 必須到心中, 心中往上升, 升到五行中. Poem: Five Elements and Bagua principle are very profound - need to understand in the heart. That will bring up the level of Qigong training. Slapping with hands to eliminate the sick Qi. Smoothing Ren and Du Mai, then the Qi reaches to the middle Dantian, then continue to rise up, at the end high up to Five Elements (Sky high). 1. 放鬆站立 Relaxed Stance 2. 八字亮掌 Open the Palms in Eight Shape Step 3. 陰陽撩掌 Yin Yang Spiral Palms (left palm over the right palm) 4. 旋轉點髃 Spiral Hitting Jianyu Points 5. 背瓜貫氣 Passing Qi to the Back with the Claw 6. 轉身回氣 Recover Qi by Turning the Body 7. -
For the Fear 2000 O Workers' [Ights O Tibetan Lmpressions Chilie Talks About His Recent Trip HIGHLIGHTS of the WEEK Back to Tibet (P
Vol. 25, No. 40 October 4, 1982 A CHINESE WEEKTY OF NEWS AND VIEWS Economic Iargels For the fear 2000 o Workers' [ights o Tibetan lmpressions chilie talks about his recent trip HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK back to Tibet (p. 22). New Central Committee Economic Targets by the China Was Top at WWVC Members Year 2000 The Chinese team was number An introduction to some of the General Secretary Hu Yao- one in the Ninth World Women's 271 middle-aged cadres who bang recently announced that Volleyball Championship in were recently elected to the Cen- China iirtends to quadruple its Pem, thus qualifying for the tral Committee of the Chinese gross annual value of industrial women's volleyball event in the Olympic Games years Communist Party (p. 5). and agricultural production by two from the year 2000. Historical, po- now (p. 28). Mrs. Thatcher in China litical and economic analyses support the conclusion that it is The first British Prime poasible to achieve this goal Minister to visit China, Mrs. (p. 16). Margaret Thatcher held talks with Chinese leaders on a numr .Workers' Congresses ber of questions, including bi- This report focuses on several lateral relations and Xianggang workers' congresses in Beijing (Hongkong) (p. 9). that ensure democratic manage- ment, through examining prod- Si no-J apanese Rerations uction plans, electing factory This September marked the leaders and supervising manage- 1Oth anniversary of the nor- ment (p. 20). malization of China-Japan rela- Today's Tibet tions. The rapid development of friendship and co-operation Oncs a Living Buddha, now between the two countries an associate professor of the during period reviewed Central Institute Nationali- An exciting moment during this is for the match between the Chi- (p. -
Münzen Aus Dem Reich Der Mitte – Von Der Kaurischnecke Zum Käsch
Münzen aus dem Reich der Mitte – von der Kaurischnecke zum Käsch Um 1500 v. Chr. benutzte man in China Schneckengehäuse als Münzen; später wurden die Schnecken aus Knochen oder Kupfer nachgeahmt. Daneben zirkulierte Gerätegeld, zum Beispiel in Form von Messer- oder Spatenmünzen, aber auch runde Münzen waren in Gebrauch. 211 v. Chr. begann der erste chinesische Kaiser mit der Ausgabe von einheitlichen Reichsmünzen, aus denen sich schliesslich die Käschmünze entwickelte: eine runde Kupfermünze mit viereckigem Loch, die bis zum Ende der chinesischen Kaiserzeit im Jahr 1911 ausgegeben wurde. 1 von 21 www.sunflower.ch China, Shang-Dynastie, durchbohrte Cypraea moneta (Kauri) Denomination: Cypraea Moneta (Kauri) Prägeautorität: Prägeort: Prägejahr: -1500 Gewicht in Gramm: 0.9 Durchmesser in mm: 21.0 Material: Andere Eigentümer: Sunflower Foundation Kaurischnecken waren die langlebigste Währung aller Zeiten. In China wurden sie schon vor über 3000 Jahren als Geld benutzt und liefen, zusammen mit anderen Zahlungsmitteln, bis 1578 um. Die chinesische Schrift, die im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. entwickelt wurde, verwendet das Zeichen für Kauri noch heute in Wörtern wie Münze, Geld, Kaufen, Wert und ähnlichen. Das Zeichen ist auch Bestandteil der Inschrift auf vielen chinesischen Käschmünzen. Der venezianische Händler Marco Polo, der im späten 13. Jahrhundert während mehrerer Jahre in China lebte, überlieferte in seinen Reisebeschreibungen (Il Milione) einige Preise. Demnach bezahlte man damals in China für ein Huhn 5 Kauri, für vier Kilogramm Getreide 8 Kauri und für eine Kuh 320 Kauri. 2 von 21 www.sunflower.ch China, Zhou-Dynastie, Kauriimitation aus Knochen, ca. 700 v. Chr. Denomination: Kauriimitation Prägeautorität: Zhou-Dynastie Prägeort: Unbestimmt Prägejahr: -700 Gewicht in Gramm: 2.84 Durchmesser in mm: 28.0 Material: Andere Eigentümer: Sunflower Foundation Um dem Handel und dem täglichen Gebrauch zu genügen, brauchte man eine grosse Menge Kauris. -
Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). -
'Four Gracious Plants' and 'Dongguri'
http://dx.doi.org/10.7230/KOSCAS.2015.40.497 A Study of Kwon Kisoo's Paintings : focused on The 'Four Gracious Plants' and 'Dongguri' I. INTRODUCTION II. INFLUENCES III. THE 'FOUR GRACIOUS PLANTS' IV. CHARACTER ANALYSIS OF 'DONGGURI' V. CONCLUSION REFERENCE ABSTRACT John Adjah, Mihee Hong 초 록 권기수는 한국의 가장 촉망되는 화가 중 한사람이다. 그의 작품에는 많은 동양 예술의 비유들과 철학이 담겨져 있다. 화가로서, 권기수는 그의 그림에 동양적 사 상과 현대적 사상을 모두 채택하였다. 그의 주요 주제들은 ‘매화꽃, 국화, 난초 그 리고 대나무’이다. 이 식물들은 한국에서 ‘사군자’라고 알려졌으나, 영어로 ‘네 개 의 품위 있는 식물’ 또는 ‘네 개의 온화한 식물’ 번역되기도 한다. 또한 이 식물들 은 네 개의 계절을 나타낸다. 그들은 각기 다른 환경에서 자라나고, 동양 미술에서 이 식물들의 품격과 지성은 매우 중요하게 여겨진다. 권기수 역시 그의 작품 속에 사군자를 소재로 많이 사용하고 있다. 그의 모든 작품에는 ‘동구리’라는 캐릭터가 나온다. 2002년에 빠른 붓 스트로크 에 의해 고안된 동구리는 권기수의 작품에서 주요한 캐릭터이다. 동글동글하고 귀 여운 인상의 동구리는 많은 사람들에게 칭찬과 사랑을 받는다. 동구리는 보통 ‘사 군자’ 가운데 살고 있다. 바위와 산과 같이 특색 있는 지역에 있는‘사군자’는 동구 리가 살고 있는 곳이다. 동구리는 또한 등산, 달리기, 앉기 등과 같이 다양한 동작 을 취하고 있다. 이 모든 동작들이 이번 과제에서 해석되어온 은유를 묘사한다. 주제어 : 사군자, 동구리, 은유, 모티브, 캐릭터 497 I. Introduction Oriental art depicts objects and motifs which convey a different meaning beyond what is seen. This way of representing objects symbolically is known as metaphor. Kwon Kisoo is one of the most famous painters in Korea today. His paintings are full of rich visual motifs and metaphors. -
The Wisdom of Emptiness: Selected Works from the Xubaizhai Collection Audio Guide Script
The Wisdom of Emptiness: Selected Works from the Xubaizhai Collection Audio guide script 400 Exhibition overview Welcome to “The Wisdom of Emptiness: Selected Works from the Xubaizhai Collection” exhibition. Xubaizhai was designated by the late collector of Chinese painting and calligraphy, Mr Low Chuck-tiew. A particular strength of the collection lies in the Ming and Qing dynasties works by masters of the “Wu School”, “Songjiang School”, “Four Monks”, “Orthodox School” and “Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou”. This exhibition features more than 30 representative works from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the twentieth century. This audio guide will take you through highlighted pieces in the exhibition, as well as the artistic characteristics of different schools of painting and individual artists. 401．Exhibit no. 1 Shen Zhou (1427 – 1509) Farewell by a stream at the end of the year 1486 Hanging scroll, ink and colour on paper 143 x 62.5 cm Xubaizhai Collection Shen Zhou, courtesy name Qinan, was a native of Suzhou in Jiangsu province. He excelled in painting and poetry as well as calligraphy, in which he followed the style of Huang Tingjian (1045 – 1105), while his students included Wen Zhengming (1470 – 1559) and Tang Yin (1470 – 1524). Shen was hailed as the most prominent master of the Wu School of Painting and one of the Four Masters of the Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644). Studying under Chen Kuan (ca. 1393 – 1473), Du Qiong (1396 – 1474) and Liu Jue (1410 – 1472), Shen modelled his paintings on the styles of Wang Fu (1362 – 1416) and the Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty (1279 – 1368), but he also extended his interest to the works of the Zhe School and incorporated its techniques into his art.