31ST ANNUAL HORACE MANN MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE OCTOBER 22, 2016

CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY 1945

ALEXANDER KARPF JOSHUA DOOLAN CHAIR MODERATOR TABLE OF CONTENTS

LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR 4 COMMITTEE BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURE 5 TOPIC A: WINNING THE WAR 9

OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC 9

HISTORY 9

CURRENT SITUATION 12

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 12

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 13

PROFILES: 15 SOURCES 23

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 2 LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT

Dahlia Krutkovich DEAR DELEGATES, Isabella Muti Henry Shapiro Secretaries-General Welcome to Horace Mann's 31st annual Model United Nations Daniel Frackman conference, HoMMUNC XXXI! Since 1985, HoMMUNC has Maya Klaris engaged the future leaders of the world in a day full of learning, Noah Shapiro Directors-General debate, and compromise. The conference brings together intellectually curious high school and middle school students to Charles Gay Zachary Gaynor contemplate and discuss serious global concerns. We are honored Ananya Kumar-Banarjee to have inherited the responsibility of preparing this event for Livia Mann over 1000 students that will participate in HoMMUNC XXXI. William Scherr Audrey Shapiro Benjamin Shapiro Regardless of your age or experience in Model UN, we challenge Senior Executive Board you to remain engaged in the discourse of your committees and Joshua Doolan truly involve yourself in the negotiation process. Each committee Jenna Freidus Samuel Harris is comprised of an eclectic group of delegates and will address Charles Hayman and important global concern. Take this opportunity to delve deep Valerie Maier Radhika Mehta into that problem: educate yourself think innovatively to create Evan Megibow the best solutions, and lead the committee to a resolution that Jada Yang Under-Secretaries- could better the world. Through the platform of Model UN, you General will have the chance to gain invaluable skills in leadership, public speaking, and writing and will become a more globally-aware Bliss Beyer Jacqueline Lee person. As a bonus, you will meet like-minded students from Joanne Wang around the area and create lasting friendships. Under-Directors- General Horace Mann Model United Nations has played an immense role Alexander Karpf Chase Kauder in our lives over the past three years, and it has been our pleasure Alexis Megibow to organize HoMMUNC XXXI along with a dedicated senior and Ethan Parisier Mehr Suri junior staff over the past 6 months. We hope you have a fun and Senior Staff enriching experience at the conference.

Mitchell Francis Aaron Thompson Sincerely, Faculty Advisors DAHLIA KRUTKOVICH, ISABELLA MUTI, AND HENRY SHAPIRO Secretaries-General HoMMUNC XXXI

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR

DEAR DELEGATES, Dahlia Krutkovich Isabella Muti Henry Shapiro Welcome to the , 1945, at HoMMUNC XXI! I’m Secretaries-General Alex Karpf, and I will be chairing the CCP alongside my moderator, Josh Daniel Frackman Doolan. I have been doing Model UN since ninth grade, and this will be my Maya Klaris fourth year in the activity. In addition to Model UN, I am also a president of Noah Shapiro Directors-General Horace Mann Debate and write for the political magazine. Outside of school I play a lot of ping-pong (though I’m honestly not very good) and spend way Charles Gay too much time on Facebook. Zachary Gaynor Ananya Kumar- Banarjee The Chinese Communist Party will explore the origins of a nation that today Livia Mann has taken the forefront in global politics. Together we will confront a wide William Scherr Audrey Shapiro range of matters pertaining to the birth of contemporary , ranging from Benjamin Shapiro epic battles to cunning military tactics, from delicate diplomatic crises to Senior Executive imminent internal emergencies. Delegates will have to choose whether to Board prioritize victory over the Koumintang, relations with foreign powers, or Joshua Doolan agricultural stability, all in the context of Communist China’s precarious Jenna Freidus Samuel Harris condition. Along the way each delegate will collaborate to craft directives Charles Hayman yet also employ portfolio powers to further his or her own agenda, perhaps Valerie Maier at the expense of the Party itself. Radhika Mehta Evan Megibow Jada Yang I advise delegates to arrive to committee with a strong grasp of Chinese Under-Secretaries- history, with an understanding of the great schism that has just unraveled in General China and the actions that will effectively respond to its causes. Although Bliss Beyer Josh has prepared an extensive and informative background guide on the Jacqueline Lee topic, I highly recommend that delegates pursue additional research that Joanne Wang Under-Directors- could provide them unique avenues of action in committee. Every General participant should come prepared with a diverse set of solutions pertaining Alexander Karpf to the civil war and other issues troubling Communist China, though it will Chase Kauder certainly be impossible to predict the many unexpected turns committee will Alexis Megibow take. Ethan Parisier Mehr Suri Senior Staff Good luck, and I look forward to meeting you all. LEX ARPF Mitchell Francis A K Aaron Thompson [email protected] Faculty Advisors CHAIR, CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 4 COMMITTEE Points: Point of Inquiry BACKGROUND AND A point of inquiry is used to ask PROCEDURE a question regarding the procedure of This committee will function as the committee. a crisis committee, in that it will E.g.: “What is a moderated caucus?” simulate (mostly) realistic events, and Point of Personal Privilege your responses to these events will A point of personal privilege is affect the course of the committee. used when a delegate’s ability to Because of this, the committee will be participate in the committee is structured and function differently obstructed due to a physical reason from a General Assembly Committee. (such as a speaker not being able to be Delegates will take the role of heard). This point can also be used to members of the Communist Party of ask to modify physical conditions in China (CPC) at the first plenary the room. session of the 7th Central Committee of E.g.: “Would it be possible to turn on the Communist Party of China. The more lights?” dais will serve as . Point of Order Delegates will work as a committee to A point of order is used when a advance the goals of the CPC. The delegate feels that either a delegate or committee will also elect delegates to the dais has not properly followed the serve alongside Mao on the 7th procedure of the committee. Politburo of the CPC. The committee E.g.: “This moderated caucus has 10 begins the day of the Japanese speakers, but we only heard 9. Was this unconditional surrender, ending World intended?” War II. Time will flow at the discretion Point of Information of the dais.

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 5 A point of information is used to E.g.: “Motion for a five minute add or ask additional information moderated caucus with a thirty second regarding the committee’s topic. speaking time to discuss the handover E.g.: “What is the current situation in of arms in .” Manchuria?” Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus Right of Reply This motion is used to introduce If a delegate feels as if he or she an unmoderated caucus for a set period has been personally offended, they may of time during which the rules of the ask for a right of reply, which will be committee are suspended. granted at the discretion of the chair. E.g.: “Motion for a five minute This does not apply to offending the unmoderated caucus.” person’s character. Motion to Introduce Documents Example of what you can reply to: This motion is used to have “I hate Jane’s dress” documents recognized by the chair for Example of what you cannot reply to: committee discussion. “Mao is a mean dictator and has no E.g.: “Motion to introduce directive right to serve.” ‘Protect the CPC.’” Motion for a Question and Answer Motions: Session Motion for a Moderated Caucus This motion is used to start a This motion is used to introduce question and answer session with the a moderated caucus with a set time sponsors of the document for a limit and speaking time to discuss a specified amount of time. specific topic. The majority of E.g.: “Motion for a five minute committee debate will be in a question and answer session on moderated caucus. directive ‘Protect the CPC.’” Motion to Enter Voting Procedure

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 6 This motion suspends debate in Documents can either be order to vote on introduced documents, committee documents, requiring or specific documents. Delegates may committee approval; personal crisis not leave the room, nor talk, nor pass documents, which are sent directly to notes, nor communicate in other forms the crisis staff without being seen by during voting procedures. delegates or requiring approval; or E.g.: “Motion to enter voting procedure joint crisis documents, with which a on directive ‘Protect the CPC.’” small group of delegates, requiring E.g.: “Motion to enter voting procedure only their own approval, send a on all introduced directives.” document to crisis staff. Motion to Suspend Debate Directives This motion is used to end a Directives lay out actions to be committee session, after which another taken by the committee or sponsors of planned committee session will follow the document. (ending committee before lunch). E.g.: E.g.: “Motion to suspend debate [for Directive “Protect the CPC” lunch].” Sponsor: Mao Zedong Motion to Adjourn Debate Signatories: , Shaoqi, Zhou This motion is to conclude the Enlai meeting of the committee and all 1. Launches investigations on all further sessions of the committee members on the CPC to find any (permanently end committee at the end disloyalty to Mao. of the day). 2. Banishes all members found to E.g.: “Motion to adjourn debate be disloyal to Mao from the [forever].” CPC. N.B: This example is just to show the Documents: format of a directive. Directives passed

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 7 in committee should be far more comprehensive. Communiques Communiques are used to contact figures or organizations not represented by delegates in the committee. E.g.: Communique From: Mao Zedong To: Stalin “The CPC kindly asks for you to send us troops and money.” N.B.: Once again this is an example, in committee please be more comprehensive. Press Release Press Releases release a statement by the committee or delegates in Xinhua, the press outlet of the Chinese Communist Party.1 E.g. Press Release By: The 7th Central Committee “The CPC stands by their ally, the USSR.”

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 8 TOPIC A: WINNING THE WAR

Overview of the Topic During World War II, China fought back against Imperial Japan as the Second Unified Front2, a Flag of the Chinese Communist Party https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/ temporary alliance between the Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg Chinese Nationalists, known as the From 1644 to 1911 China was ruled or KMT3, and the under the Qing Imperial Dynasty7. Communist Party of China, the CPC4. Originating in Manchuria, the Qing However, the alliance shattered with Empire expanded to encompass all of the end of the war, and the bitter present-day China, Mongolia, and disagreements between the two parties Taiwan8. On October 10, 1911, the reignited.5 As of now China is divided Wuchang Uprising9 against the Qing into areas of control between the KMT Dynasty in started the Xinhai and the CPC, as well as the Soviet Revolution, which resulted in the Occupation of Manchuria6. Thus the overthrow of the , the CPC must maintain stern hold on its split between China and Mongolia10, territory, while also expanding its rule and the formation of the Republic of to cover the entirety of the territory it China (ROC). After four thousand ought rightfully govern. years as an imperial state,11 China became a constitutional republic. History Though in 1916, with the death of A Brief History of Modern China: , the former President of The Fall of Empire and Rise of the Republic of China turned Emperor, Republican Government:

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 9 the ROC dissolved into various areas of control held by various warlords12. World War II: In 1928, the Nationalist Party However, the KMT, while (Kuomintang or KMT), led by originally trying to pacify Imperial Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Japan after the Japanese invasion of managed to gain nominal control of the Manchuria in 1931, now had to focus entirety of China (in reality there was its attention on Japan, which had not complete control) in a military launched a full scale invasion of campaign called the Northern China’s heartland in 1937 with the Expedition13. For the next 10 years the Battle of Marco Polo Bridge15. After KMT and loyal warlords fought civil the kidnapping of Chiang Kai-Shek in wars against the Communist Party of the Xi’an Incident, the CPC and KMT China (CPC) in order to crush the temporarily halted fighting to form the growing uprising. While the KMT was Second United Front against the able to reduce the fighting capability of Japanese.16 The CPC and KMT both the CPC by 90%, it could never fought back the Japanese, although completely destroy it, and in 1934 the there was generally very little CPC retreated in a march known as coordination among the two parties, as “The .”14 the CPC generally fought using guerilla warfare, while the KMT used conventional tactics.17 The CPC established areas of control in the northeastearn areas of China, while the KMT held control elsewhere. World War II, the war against the Japanese, and the The Long March http://factsanddetails.com/media/2/20080218-longmarch alliance between the CPC and KMT %20osu.jpg

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 10 ended in August 194518, with the top party official.20 The CPC then occupying Manchuria began establishing labor unions after its swift invasion. This is the time throughout China to grow its power.21 the committee will begin, the day after This was the original core of the party. the Japanese unconditional surrender In 1924, the CPC allied with the KMT which ended World War II. in the First United Front to aid in the Northern Expedition and to gain internal power within the KMT.22 While initially successful, the KMT grew worried with the growing power of the CPC and thus turned on the CPC in 1927.23 In response, the CPC established various “Soviet Areas,” with the largest and most successful one, the Chinese Soviet Republic in southern China, set up by Mao Zedong

Chiang Kai-shek and Zhu De, having a population of 10 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/ 24 Chiang_Kai-shek%EF%BC million people. The CPC’s strength in %88%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%EF %BC%89.jpg this area was due to the strong appeal with farming communities. A Brief History of the Communist The Red Army centralized in the Party of China: Soviet Republic, but was defeated by The Communist Party of China the KMT and forced to retreat to was founded in 1921 following the northern China in the Long March.25 ideology of -Leninism.19 The The centralization of the CPC in Mao’s 1st Party Congress occurred in territory caused him to become the , with Mao Zedong attending leader of the CPC. In 1936, the CPC the Congress and Zhang Guotao as the

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 11 formed the Second Unified Front with to hand over their forces to the KMT as the KMT in order to fight Japan, and well. However, the committee could found strength in fighting with guerilla potentially negotiate with the USSR to warfare tactics.26 At the end of the war, hand over Manchuria to the CPC. the main CPC forces were located in In addition, reports have come in the northeast of the country, while the that KMT armies seem not to be CPC-friendly Soviet Union held disarming after the war, but instead Manchuria27. seem prepared to continue with another fight. The KMT is taking a heavy handed approach to ruling, by cracking down on dissenting individuals. The KMT seems to be getting moderate foreign support. The CPC thus must act to contain the growing threat to its very existence. In addition, the CPC Central Committee is only a temporary

CPC soldiers meeting body to make decisions, but http://ssoltanhistory.weebly.com/uploads/ 8/8/1/0/8810349/958262145.jpg the Politburo is a permanently meeting decision council. The CPC Central Current Situation Committee must vote to elect delegates The current situation is as follows: to the Politburo so that the CPC can The CPC holds the Northeast of function permanently. China, the Soviet Army occupies Manchuria, and the KMT occupies the rest of China. The Japanese have Questions to Consider War/Strategy surrendered their armies to KMT 1. What should the CPC do about the forces, but the USSR continues to hostility of the KMT? What should occupy Manchuria, and has promised

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 12 it do with the consolidation of Should the CPC negotiate a power by the KMT? handover of territory to the CPC? 2. Should the CPC attempt to expand Should the CPC ally with the its territory? Play it defensive? USSR to further expand gains? Seek a peace treaty or coalition government with the KMT? Possible Solutions 3. What should the fighting strategy The CPC can explore various of the CPC be? Should the CPC options and take various paths. use guerilla tactics or conventional War/Strategy warfare? Each day the KMT gets stronger, Management/Governance of so delegates may wish to attack the Territories KMT right away while it is at a weaker 4. How will the CPC function as a point. On the other hand they will wish governing body? What will its to sign a peace treaty before the KMT internal policy to keep the Chinese grows so strong that there will be no happy under CPC rule be? option for equal territory. The military *This is not an optional question. There will may want to continue with guerilla be an election with mandatory voting to elect warfare, which has proven successful members to the Politburo. in the past, but at the same time it is International Relations difficult to establish permanent control 5. What should the CPC do regarding without traditional military maneuvers. foreign involvement? Should the The military needs to work in CPC seek foreign aid? Should the conjunction with the governing of CPC attempt to block foreign aid territories and with effective to the KMT? international policy in order to be 6. What should the CPC do about the effective. Soviet Occupation of Manchuria?

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 13 Management/Governance of The victors of World War 2 have took Territories to founding an international Every day the KMT cracks down organization called the “United on internal resistance, so the CPC may Nations”; the CPC may want to join want to consider stirring up more this organization, as the KMT is internal resistance so that the KMT’s already a member. The USSR has efforts are futile, though doing so agreed to hand over Manchuria to the would cost man power. In order to KMT; however the CPC may want to grow its army, the CPC army may want negotiate to gain Manchuria, either to draft more soldiers from its officially or through back-channel population base of farmers. However, deals. The CPC may also want to the more individuals that drafted into expand its options and ally with the the army, the greater the CPC’s current USSR to add to its territory and to military power grows, but the more work as a unified People’s Liberation long term industrial growth and Army (PLA) in conquering the rest of military power suffer. In addition, the China; however, the more that the CPC more individuals drafted, the unhappier asks of the USSR, the more the USSR the population and the greater the will take from the CPC. chance of internal rebellions. Internal In addition, the more aggressive rebellions may also be prevented with a stance the CPC takes against the effective governance of areas under KMT, the more foreign nations may control, but neglect to govern would view this as a proxy war to expand almost certainly spark unhappiness in spheres of influence, and potentially the territories. turn this local conflict into a global International Relations: conflict, and the more outside funding For one the CPC may seek to the KMT may receive. In addition, the gain viability among Western nations. CPC can decide what to do about the

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 14 new equipment being delivered to the the CPC and should not be taken KMT by possibly attempting to build lightly. (Crisis Staff) relations with the country or countries The United States of America arming the KMT and have them arm The USA is purportedly funding, the CPC instead. training, and arming the KMT. That All these options and more may being said the USA also is willing to be pursued, but delegates must be wary enter into negotiations with the CPC to that each action they take (or don’t create a coalition government in China. take) has major consequences, good In addition, the USA is the main and bad. driving force behind the newly created United Nations, which could have a Profiles: large impact on the ability of the CPC External Powers to gain global recognition and foreign The Union of Soviet Socialist support. (Crisis Staff) Republics (USSR) The United Kingdom The USSR occupies Manchuria, A proponent of democracy, the where locals are not pleased under aftermath of World War II has left it USSR rule. The USSR has promised to weak in comparison to the superpowers hand over Manchuria to the KMT but of the United States and the USSR, and seems reluctant to do so, preferring to it may wish to stay relevant on a global expand communist influence instead. It stage. While smaller than its rivals, it is unclear how much the USSR is has one of the world’s most powerful willing to give to boost communist navies. (Crisis Staff) rule, but they might consider additional involvement beyond Manchuria. Intra-China Powers Negotiating with the USSR would have Nationalist Party/Kuomintang a significant effect on the direction of (KMT)

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 15 The KMT is the nationalist Zedong. It has 1.3 million trained opposition to the CPC, with control soldiers, and 2.7 million untrained over most of China (all of China except militia members. (Crisis staff under for the north east). It is led by direction of CPC Central Committee) Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, in CPC Central Committee charge of its army and party. Each day The CPC Central Committee is that goes by, the KMT cracks down the main legislative body of the CPC. further on resistance, and their military To pass any document, the CPC grows in strength due to outside Central Committee must have a support. The KMT has a strength of majority approval of Central about 2.2 million trained soldiers, as Committee members, as well as the well as an additional 2.1 million approval of Mao. The committee may untrained militia members. (Crisis overturn a Mao veto by a two-thirds Staff) majority. After the election of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Politburo, to pass documents the CPC The CPC holds some land in the Congress must also receive majority north east of China, led by Mao approval of Politburo members. Zedong. The CPC abides by the (Committee members) Marxism-Leninism political ideology, Politburo and is organized into three main Politburo acts as the upper-level structures: The People’s Liberation decision making branch of the CPC. Army (PLA), the CPC Central Any documents passed by the CPC Committee, and the Politburo. Central Committee must also have Intra-CPC Organizations majority approval of Politburo The People’s Liberation Army members to pass. (Select committee (PLA): The PLA is the fighting force members voted into power by the of the CPC. The PLA is led by Mao committee)

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 16 CPC Central Committee Members large amounts of power in organizing Mao Zedong: As the head of the labor (unions) as well as internal PLA and the leader of the CPC, Mao resistance to KMT/underground Zedong has veto power over any activities within KMT areas. document. His veto can be overturned (Delegate) with a 2/3 vote by the CPC Central Committee. (Dais) Ren Bishi commanded the 6th Zhu De: Zhu De helped to establish the Army back in the 1930’s but after its Chinese Soviet Republic alongside defeat of the Army became the political Mao. He was named commander-in- commissar of the 2nd Front Army. In chief of the Red Army in 1940. addition, Ren represented the CPC at Alongside , he launched the the Hundred Regiments Offensive Organization, a group dedicated to against the Japanese Army in World promoting worldwide . War II. Zhu has large sway within the Ren throughout his life has dedicated party due to his close relationship with himself to the spread of communist Mao, his popularity among the farmer information. Ren has large power in base of the CPC, and his control of both his international experience and large portions of the PLA. (Delegate) his ability to circulate communist pamphlets and publications. (Delegate) Liu Shaoqi was appointed head of the Labor Department in 1927 and Lin Boqu was an early member then head of the Fujan province in of the CPC, joining in 1921, known as 1932. In 1934 Liu also accompanied one of the “Five Elders.” In 1931, Lin the Long March until he split off to became in charge of financial affairs in venture into KMT-controlled areas to the Jiangxi province. Lin is on good inspire internal resistance. Liu has terms with almost everyone in the

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 17 CPC. He is known to say as he thinks 170,000 troops. He is in command of a and is opposed to compromise. Lin has large guerilla army is a valuable asset a long history of military planning and to the CPC. (Delegate) holds great financial knowledge, which Peng Dehuai could be of great aid for the CPC. A soldier from the age of 16, (Delegate) Peng is a very prominent military leader within the CPC. Peng launched Lin Biao led the 1st Army and is the Hundred Regiments Offensive known as a very skilled commander. against the Japanese in World War II, While a bit quiet, Lin is very effective disrupting Japan’s ability to fight in in the battlefield, especially regarding China. Peng ended World War II in surprises, ambushes, and misleading control of the CPC forces in the enemy. He also works on the northwestern China, so it would be training of troops. Most importantly strongly advised that any action taken Lin is always a large public supporter by the committee regarding those of Mao. Lin brings to the CPC his forces have the approval of Peng. ability as a commander (especially in (Delegate) ambushes) and his skill in training. (Delegate) In 1927, Zhou Enlai became the head of the CPC’s military wing. He Long was a general who However, after multiple spats with came from a minority background in Mao that were only nominally resolved . He led an army with the KMT through apology, Zhou fell out of much during the Northern Expedition, but favor within the party. Zhou’s role has fought against the KMT when it turned since transitioned away from the on the CPC. He excelled in guerilla military and towards diplomatic warfare and came to control some relations. For example Zhou helped

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 18 negotiate the Second United Front Xu Xiangqin came from a during World War II. Zhou’s strength wealthy landowning family, and fought lies in negotiating relations with other alongside the KMT in the Northern entities, both those hostile and friendly Expedition until the KMT turned on towards the CPC. (Delegate) the CPC. Xu had the unique ability to, unlike most of the CPC, engage in Deng Xiaoping was educated in attacks when outnumbered yet still France, where he became a communist. come out victorious. Thus Xu brings to He returned to China to become a the CPC his ability to fight while leading figure in the Chinese Soviet outnumbered, as well as his access to Republic. Deng is a skilled organizer greater financial assets due to his able to unify military directives with wealthy upbringing. (Delegate) political actions, and as such can provide insight into the political Gao Gang comes from a poor, implications of any military action. peasant upbringing and is not literate (Delegate) as a result. However, he makes up for his illiteracy with his outsized Chen Yun is one of the younger confidence and ambition. Most members of the labor movement, importantly, during the Long March joining the CPC in 1924. Chen soon Gao developed a close friendship with became involved with the CPC’s roles Mao. With this relationship Gao may in underground resistance to the KMT be able to solicit favors from Mao that as well as a skilled financial manager. other members of the CPC Central Chen can offer to the CPC his expertise Committee could not. (Delegate) in both underground resistance and financial management. (Delegate) Peng Zhen joined the CPC in Xu Xiangqin 1923 but was imprisoned by the KMT

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 19 for his role in aiding the CPC. In got his early prison, Peng was able to build experience in the CPC working as a connections with underground activists labor organizer. He then traveled to now operating throughout the entirety Russia, where he learned the tactics of of China. Peng also has a firm grasp of the USSR’s brutal internal police. As the literature and history of China. As opposed to , Kang can such he can bring to the CPC his help the CPC maintain power not control of literature and propaganda in through keeping the people happy, but both domestic and foreign domains, as instead by keeping the people in fear well as his vast underground through force. (Delegate) connections. (Delegate) Wang Ruofei Luo Ronguan joined the CPC in Wang Ruofei was born in a poor 1927 and participated in the Long province to a wealthy family, and was March. Luo worked under Lin Biao to schooled in both France and Japan. He ensure the loyalty of the CPC army. then traveled to and Whereas Wang Ruofei and Kang Sheng afterwards returned to China, where he mainly focus on keeping the civilian met Mao but was later arrested. After population loyal, Luo brings his release Wang worked intensely on capabilities in keeping the army itself both communist propaganda and loyal to the cause. (Delegate) reforming land ownership. Wang Zhang Yunyi greatly aids the CPC in ensuring that Zhang Yunyi took part in the the people stay happy through both Xinhai Revolution that overthrew the information (propaganda) and action Qing Dynasty, replacing the Qing (land reform). (Delegate) Empire with the Republic of China. He Kang Sheng fought with the KMT in the Northern Expedition, but then joined the CPC in

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 20 1926. Zhang works on advancing the retake southern China, any mission to equipment and facilities of the PLA, expand southward would be greatly and so any update or modernizing of aided by his advice and help. PLA forces could be greatly aided by (Delegate) his expertise. (Delegate) Liu Bocheng comes from a The only female member on the peasant upbringing but participated in CPC Central Committee, Cai is the Xinhai Revolution, overthrowing fiercely devoted to the advancement of the Qing dynasty. Very effective during women’s rights in China. Cai largely the Northern Expedition, Liu then focuses on getting upstart women more joined forces with the CPC. Liu excels involved in the upper ranks of society, at conventional warfare tactics, specifically in creating scientific and whereas most of the CPC is more technological advancement. Whereas experienced with guerilla warfare. Liu Zhang Yunyi focuses more on the greatly aids the CPC with his ability to implementation of new technologies, take large portions of territory using Cai focuses on generating these conventional warfare. (Delegate) technologies in the first place, particularly with the greater Bo Yibo is one of the youngest participation of women. (Delegate) members of the CPC Central Committee. Bo was arrested by the Chen Yi comes from a fairly KMT, but released after he signed an wealthy upbringing. Chen has anti-communist confession. Bo then previously worked with Lin Bao as a worked fervently inside Japanese- part of their guerilla fighting, occupied territory to foment resistance specifically in southern China. Because to the Japanese. Bo’s guidance will be he commands forces attempting to very valuable for actions of resistance

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 21 in foreign-occupied Chinese territory. cement the permanent role of the CPC (Delegate) in the upbringing of the Chinese people. (Delegate) Lu Dingyi joined the CPC in 1925 and participated in the Long Ye Jianying joined the CPC in March. Lu has particular experience 1927. He joined Mao in the Chinese working in journalism and with Soviet Republic and gained his trust by newspapers, as throughout his siding with him in internal disputes. Ye education Lu has always written for is responsible for communicating with and edited in Communist publications. the KMT, and this coordination with Lu can provide the CPC with aid in the KMT is essential for any possible spreading propaganda, especially via peace treaty. (Delegate) newspapers. (Delegate) Deng Zihui Xu Teli Deng Zihui became a member of Xu Teli has been a life-long the CPC in 1926 and fought with CPC communist educator. He served as Mao armies during World War II. Deng is a Zedong’s teacher, and has set up many large advocate for the collective schools with communist leanings farming method used in the USSR. throughout China. He also served as Deng Zihui’s advice in making sure the head of education in the Chinese that the CPC has enough crops to feed Soviet Republic. Xu’s valuable a potentially mushrooming army and experience as an educator is essential populace is critical to maintain an army in training the next generation of CPC capable of even continuing the fight. leaders to fulfill the organization’s (Delegate) promise of the communist advancement of China. If used correctly, his experience can help

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 22 SOURCES 1 Hoare, James, and Susan Pares. A political and economic dictionary of East Asia. London New York: Routledge, 2005. Print.

2 Zhaoyan, and Michael Berry. 1937: a love story. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Print.

3 http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=109

4 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/29/c_13851746.htm

5 Schoppa, R K. The Columbia guide to modern Chinese history. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. Print.

6 Frank, Richard B. Downfall: the end of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Penguin, 2001. Print.

7 Graff, David A., and Robin D. Higham. A military history of China. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2012. Print.

8 Ibid.

9 Spence, Jonathan D. The search for modern China. New York: Norton, 1991. Print.

10 Bawden, Charles. The Modern History of Mongolia. 1968

11 Aldrich, M. A. The search for a vanishing : a guide to China's capital through the ages. : Hong Kong University Press, 2006. Print.

12 Spence, Jonathan D. The search for modern China. New York: Norton, 1991. Print.

13 Bennett, Milly, and A T. Grunfeld. On her own: journalistic adventures from San Francisco to the Chinese Revolution, 1917-1927. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. Print.

14 Jocelyn, Ed, and Andrew McEwen. The Long March: the true story behind the legendary journey that made Mao's China. London: Constable, 2006. Print.

15 https://global.britannica.com/event/Marco-Polo-Bridge-Incident

16 Zhaoyan, and Michael Berry. Nanjing 1937: a love story. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Print.

17 Buss, Claude Albert. The People's Republic of China and Richard Nixon. United States: Stanford Alumni Association. 1972.

18 Gruhl, Werner. Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2007. Print.

19 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/29/c_13851746.htm

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 23 20 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhang-Guotao

21 http://academic.eb.com.ezy.hmsl.sirsi.net/levels/collegiate/article/24153

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid.

24 Ibid.

25 Jocelyn, Ed, and Andrew McEwen. The Long March: the true story behind the legendary journey that made Mao's China. London: Constable, 2006. Print.

26 Buss, Claude Albert. The People's Republic of China and Richard Nixon. United States: Stanford Alumni Association. 1972.

27 Frank, Richard B. Downfall: the end of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Penguin, 2001. Print

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 24