12';i. ,ft ,{il No. 6 February 9, 1970 BEIJI

Vice-Premier Deng in Washington $ 's Minority Peoples

a*'-15-- REVIEW CTilRONNCN,E

ih a A.fu Jan. 2E Xinhua News Agency reports that the C.P.C. VoL t2, No. 6 Februory g, liln Central Committee recently passed a "Decision on the Question of .Removing the Designations of Landlords and Rich Peasants and on the Class Status of the Children of Landlords and Rich CONIENTS Peasants.;' The decision points out that, except those who persist in maintaining their reac- CHRONICLE tionary stand, all landlords, rich peasants, eounter-revolutionaries and bad elements who, over EVENTS E IRENDS the years; have obs.erved government laws and decrees a4d who have worked honestly, shall"be con- Vice-Premier Deng Visits the Uniied Stotcs sidered as members of rural Beople's communes. All Longings for Kinsfolk members of rural people's communes whose class ' Commission for lnspection of Dlsciplinc origin is that of landlord or rich peasant shalL have Meets the class status of commune member and the class member Fewer Bobies Born Lost Yeor origin of their children shall be commune and no longer that of landlord or rich peasant. In Thirteen Veteron Codres Rehobilitoted urban areas the above also applies.

ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS Jan. 3l Vice-Premier and President Vice-Premier Deng in Woshington Carter sign a scien.tific and technological co- New Poge Annols Sino-Americon in of operation agreement and a cultural agreement. Relotions Vice-Premier Deng Xioo- - ping's vish to the United Stotes-Yugn Feb. 2 Xionlu ond Jiong Yuonchun 11 Vietnamese armed personnel again create incidents in the border areas of and SFECIAT FEATURE of China, killing four Chinese frontier guards and. wounding seven others. From Jan. 29 Questions ond Answers: Chino's Minority to Feb. 1, eight peaceable inhabitants and frontier Peoptes 17 guards in China's border areas were shot dead or The Zhuongs ond Their Autonomous Region 21 killed by explosions and 16 others were wounded. Thc Bose Uprising 24 Feb. 3 Visiting Ewenkis- Our Corcspondcnt the Reutun Eiboo publishes the State Council's Qi Yo 25 regulations on.protection of forestry resources and prohibition against wilful-felling of trees. TOUND THE WORLD 28 Feb. 5 ON IHE HOME FRONT Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping and his wife COVER: Chino's minority peoples' leave Seattle after an official visit to the United States (January 29 to Feb-' ruary 4). 'fh,ey visited Publlrhcd ovcry Frldoy by EE|J|NG REVIEW. Washington, D.C., At- . BclJlns (37), Chlno lanta, Ga., Houston, Tex., Posi Offlcc Rcglrtrotion NoSf-lA and Seattle, Wash. Pilnt d in thc Pcople'r Republlc ol Chlno EVENTS e, TRENDS

Iice{remier lleng Uisils tional situation and agreed that the People's Republic of China in many areas they have com- and President Carter on behalf Ihe United $tates mon interests and share similar of the United States Government points of They also dis. At the invitation of Presldent view. signed an agreement on co- cussed those areas in which they and Mrs. Carter, Vice-Premier operation in science and teihnol- have. perspectives. Deng Xiaoping and his wife differing ogy and a cultural agreement. They reaffirm that they are Vice-Premier Fang the Madame Lin made an Yi and opposed to efforts by any coun- Pr:esident's science adviser Frank official visit to the United States try or group of countries to exchanged of America from January 29 to Press signed and establish hegemony or domina- letters understanding co- February 4. Vice-Premier Deng of on tion over others, and that they operation the two coun- and President Carter held talks between are determined to make a con- education, agriculture .. on questions of mutual concern tries in tribution to the maintenance of Fang in Washington. Accompanying and space. Vice-Premier international peace, security aqd Vice-Premier Deng in the talks Yi and Secretary of Energy national independence. The two were Vice-Premier. , James Schlesinger signed an ac- sides consider that dif- Foreign Minister the cord between the two countries ference in their social systems and others. Also taking part in on co-operation in the field of should- not constitute an obstacle the talks on the U.S. side were high energy physics. Foreign to their strengthening friendly Vice-President Mondale, Secre- Minister Huang Hua and Secre- relations and co-operation. They tary of State Cyrus Vance, As- tary df State Cyrus Vance signed are resolved to work toward sistant the President an agreement on the mutual to for Na- ihis end, and they firmly believe establishment consular rela- tional Security Zbigniew that such co-operation is in the of Brzezinski and others. con- interest of their two peoples and tions and the'opening of also that of peace and. stabiiity sulates general in each cither's A joint press communique country. issued on February 1 pointed in the world and the Asia-Pacific region particular. out: "The talks were cordial, in "Each side agreed to facilitate constructive and fruitful. The "Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping the accreditation of resident two sides reviewed the interna- on behalf of the Government of journalists by the other side.

President and Mrs. Carter, Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping and Madame Zhuo Lin at the White House wel- coming ceremony.

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February 9, 7979 "The two sides agreed to con- clude trade, aviation, and ship- ping agreements. T'hese will be discussed during the visits to the People's Republic of China by Secretary of the Treasuty Michael Blumenthal and Secre- tary of Commerce Juanita Kreps.

"On behalf of the Chinese Government and Premier , Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping extended an invitation to President Carter to visit China at a time convenient to him. President Carter accepted this invitation. President Carter extended an invitation to Pre- mier Hua Guofeng to visit the The Riyue (Sun and Moon) Lake, a scenic Tairvan. United States.. Vice-Premier spot in central Deng Xiaoping accepted this in- vitation on behalf of Premier Taiwan to the embrace of the Dweloping Trade. With a view Hua Guofeng. The specific time motherland (see Bei.jing Reuieu, to bringing about the quick for these visits by the top No. 2, 1979). On the eve of the realization of economic inter- leaders of the two countries will Spring Festival, the Revolu- course as suggested in the Mes- be discussed and decided upon at tionary Committee of the Kuo- sage to Taiwan Compatriots, a a later time." mintang had a get-together in responsible member of the Beijing, attended by many Ministry of Foreign Trade de- elderly members in their clared in a recent statement that eighties who had come with the when trade begins between the longings for fiinsfolk help of their children or grand- mainland and Taiwan, there will children. They wrote im- be no tariff for imports or ex- The Spring Festival which leU promptu poems giving expres- ports, since this falls under the on January 28 this year was, sion to their feelings as describ- category of interflow of com- according to the tradition of ed in. a line by a Tang Dynasty modities within the People's Re- .the Chinese people, a time for poet: "When festival time public of China. Trade with family reunions. With the re- comes round, we think all the Taiwan, he added, is not foreign unification of the motherland more of our dear ones." trade. The ministry will only now in prospect, the Chinese Those who came the temporarily be in charge of such people on the mainland think tp gathering expressed the hope trade under the special cir- more than ever of their compa- that their old friends irt Taiwan cumstances at present. triots in Taiwan. Province would contribute to the The responsible member Following the publication of reunification of the motherland. hoped that wide contacts and the Message to Taiwan Com- They wished that Mr. Chiang trade talks would begin with patriots by the Standing Com- Ching-kuo, in particular, would the industrial and commercial mittee of the National People,s treasure the country's national circles and with enterprises run Congress, people from all walks interest ibove everything else, by the local government or pri- of life in the country have held face the reality, clear away aII vate individuals in Taiwan, and meetings expressing their readi- prejudices and negotiate at an that Taiwan would send people ness to do their best to help early date for the return of Tai- here or to whatever place they bring about the early return of wan to the motherland. think fit for talks. Trade will

Beijing Reuiew, No. 6 be conducted on the prinelple of youth organizations and young efforts are described by them as exchanging what one has for people in Taiwan to attend a "tracing the origin." A branch what one does not, and prices meeting of the federation's fifth office of the "Central Library" can be arranged on the basis of committee to be held this on the island sponsored an ex- equality. Payments can be made summer and exchange views on hibition known as "The Origin questions in currencies acceptable to both of common concern to Taiwan's Past and Present." parties. the younger generation and on - On display were more than 200 the reunification of the mother- articles showing the geo- Air and Postal Services. In land. The letter of invitation graphical response to the call for opening eagerly hoped that the young and blood ties between Taiwan up air and postal services, Shen people there would come and and the mainland and Tu, Director of the Civil Avia- visit the motherland, and discuss the exploration and opening tion Administration of China, exchanges in culture, sports and up of Taiwan by the Chinese said that facilities for air services arts. Whether they.come collec- people. between Taiwan and the main- tively or individually, all would Some papers here also re- land would be provided at a be welcome and their freedom moment's notice. Minister of printed poems and articles from to come and leave would be Telecommunications publications in Taiwan. These Posts and guaranteed. The letter also ex- Wang Zigang said that he was pressed the wish of the young literary works describe the ready any time hold talks Taiwan compatriots' nostalgia at to people on the mainland to go with the postal in for the homeland. One of them department to Taiwan for sightseeing and reads: Taiwan on all related matters. acquainting themselves with the Zhu Xuefan, former Minister of economic progress there. Things change, stars posts and telecommunications, move, eited a line from an ancient poet Recently, many newspapers year to describe the painful senti- on the mainland have a special And another is in, ments of those on Taiwan and column under the heading 'Beyond the horizon the mainland who, for three "Taiwan Treasure Island of some have yet to - return. decades, - have not heard from the Motherland" to meet the their relatives or friends: "A readers' strong desire to know Estranged' for thirty letter from folks at home is more about Taiwan. During the years, worth ten thousand pieces of Spring Festival, the Central Without sending i word .. gold." He said that it wasn't a People's Broadcasting Station home, difficult thing for the authorities presented a prograrnme of songs They worry their par- on Taiwan to put an end to this and instrumental music per- ents to death. situation. formed by Taiwan artists. In Beijing, more than 1,000 Cultural Exchange. Minister of Taiwan-born compatriots saw Huang Culture Zhen invited the Taiwan film Looking for Gommission lor lnspection literary and workers art in Mother Seuenteen Years. 0f lliscipline ileels Taiwan Province to send delega- tigns to take part in theatrical Tracing the Origin. While the The Central Commission for performances in celebration of people on the mainland always Inspecting Discipline Under the the 30th anniversary the of think of their compatriots on Central Committee of the People's Republic He of China. Taiwan, the latter are thinking Chin.ese Communisf Party held also said that if film workers in of their motherland too. The its first plenary session in Bei- press Taiwan are willing to make on the mainland recently jing from January 4 to 22. films in co-operation with stu- carried news items from Tai- dios on the mainland, they wan's newspapers and periodi- , Vice-Chairman of would be warmly welcomed. cals tblling how many scholars the Central Committee of the there do research work and dis- and The All-China Youth Federa- cuss the historical ties between First Secretary of the Central tion has sent an invitation to Taiwan and the mainland. Such Commission for Inspecting Di6-

Febrwarll 9, 1979 cipline, presided over the meet- Comrades and a particularly heavy respon- ing. He pointed out in an im- as Second and sibility in this respect. portant speech that the commis- Third Secretaries. sion's basic task is to uphold the The meeting stressed that The commission's first plenary work in the following three as- Party's rulejq and regulations and session reviewed the experience pects foster a good style of work in should be done well at of the international communist present. the Party. The session w'as movement and the Chinese charged. with the work of Communist Party in this regard. 1. Step up education in the making all necessary prepara- After the victory of the Russian Party's diseipline and style of tions for the fulfilment of this October Revolution, Party life work among its 36 million mem- task. was normal and a democratic at- bers. Nearly half of them have mosphere prevailed in the Soviet been admitted into the Party When this ?3-year-old veteran Union when Lenin was alive. revolutionary entered the meet- af ter the Later, however, Party life be- and have not undergone ing hall, he was greeted with a many came abnormal, and this gave standing ovation. Motioning all strict training in normal Party Khrushchov, Brezhnev and their present to stop clapping and sit life. like the opportunity to usurp down, he said that at future Farty leadership and turn the 2. Frame-i.rps and wrong Party meetings, the participants Soviet Union into a social-im- cases of the past few years should not applaud, still less perialist country. should be corrected, and all peo- stand up, when leaders come to ple involved should be re- join them. The meeting gave The Chinese Communist Party habilitated as quickly as pos- full play to democracy and prog- had a fine tradition and a good sible. ressed in a lively atmosphere. style of work. After country- handle wide liberation, however, a 3. Conscientiously Shortly after the founding of charges number of Party members, and complaints, appeals and New China in 1949, the Chinese in- some leading cadres in partic- from the masses. Discipline Communist Party set up .com- all ular, became arrogant and con- spection commissions at missions for the inspection of protect placed themselves Ievels are duty-bound to discipline at the central and local ceited and above the committees. the people's democratic rights levels. They were renamed con- Party This gradually gave rise to un- and uphold the socialist legal trol commissions in 1955, with practices the system. Resolute struggles must , and other healthy within Party. During the Cultural Rev- be waged against those Party proletarian revoiutionaries of olution, Lin Biao and the "gang members who suppress critic- the older generation in charge. of four" aggravated the situation isms, resort to retaliation, abuse During the Cultural Revolution, powers and functions and when they threw overboard their these commissions were abolish- bully or intimidate the people. Party rules and regulations and ed. replaced democratic centralism The meeting called 'on a1l The Third Plenary Session of with a fascist dictatorship. As a members of the discipline in- the 11th Party Central Com- result, there was the danger that spection commissions to adhere change na- mittee held towards the end of our Party would its to principle and dare to struggle. ture. If such a situation should last year decided to put on a As advocated by Comrade Mao remain unchanged, our Party sound basis the practice of Zedang, should not be would be deprived fighting they democratic centralism and of power. afraid of being killed, imprison- adherence to the Party's rules €d, expelled from the Party, and regulations and to strength- It is, of course, no easy job to dismissed from office or divorc- en Party discipline. The foster a good style of work .in ed by his or her spouse. They session elected a 100-member the Party. Much depends on the should be upright and just Central Commission for In- efforts of the whole Party, and under all circumstances, other- specting Discipline headed by the. commissions for inspecting wise they cannot do their work Comra{e Chen Yun and with discipline at all leve1s shoulder weIl.

Beijing Reoiew, No. 6 Fewer Babies Born and 25 for men. The age will Linzhi, Minister of Coal In- be slightly higher for city dustry; Wang Shiying, Mem- Last Year dwellers. r ber of the Control Commission of the C.P.C. Central Commit- Last year was the most suc- I Families are encouraged to tee; Nan Hanchen, Chairman of cessful year. in China in the have only one child or two at the China Council for the .Pro- implementation of its birth con- most, with a three-year gap in motion International Trade; trol programme. Compared between. of with 1971, eight million fewer and Liu Yumin, Minister of babies were born. The conference proposed that Building Engineering. people practising family plan- Comrade presid- Population growth rate was ning should be encouraged, and ed over the other memorial less than 1 per cent in Beijing, restrictions should be placed on meeting coinrades: Shanghai, Tianjin and eight those having too many chil- for five Liao provinces. In Sichuan, China's dren. Advice should be given on Minister of Agriculture most populous province, it was contraception, and production Luyan; Vice-Minister of Public only 0.8 per cent. Thus the of contraceptives should be Security Xu Zirong; Vice-Pres- three municipalities and eight stepped up. Contraceptives and ident of the Chinese People's provinces have reached their sterilization services should, as University Hu Xikui; Deputy 1980 target set by the state for before, be provided free of Secretary of the Control Com- birth control. charge. mission of the C.P.C. Central These f igures were made Committee and Sec- known by the National Family retary of the Xizang (Tibet) Planning Conference held in autonomous regional Party Gadres Beijing last January. Thirteen Ueleran committee Wang Qimei. China has a big population. Rehabilitated During the Great Cultural Family planning therefore an is Two memorial meetings were Revolution, Lin Biao and the important measure in our over- held in Beijing towards the end "gang of four" framed political all plan to develop the national of January, during which the charges against a large number economy, speed up moderniza- good name of 13 veteran cadres of veteran revolutionaries tion and ensure health of the was restored. These cadres had holding important posts and mothers and children. joined the Chinese revolution persecuted them so aS to clear To bring down population in the 1920s and 1930s and had away all obstacles to their plot growth rate to less than 1 per made tremendous contributions. of usurping Party and state cent by 1980, the conference They were persecuted to death power. Many old comrades who Lin decided that: between 1967 and 1972 by had for years followed Chair- Biao, the "gang of four" and o Continued efforts should be man Mao in making revolution their foiiowers. made to encourage family died as a result of grourldless planning in densely populated Comrade Deng Xiaoping pre- charges. Redressing their griev- areas where the birth rate is sided over the first rnemorial ances and restoring their good hieh. meeting for the following eight name conforms to the wishes of comrades: Zhang Jichun, o Appropriate measures the people. Deputy Director of the Prop- should be taken to increase the aganda Department the population in sparsely populat- of C.P.C. Central Committee; Xu ed areas inhabited by the Haidong, Member of the Mili- minority peoples. Guidance tary Commission of the C.P.C. and help should be given to Central Committee; Wu Zhipu, parents of large families who Secretary of the Secretariat of wish to practise birth control. the Central-South Bureau of o Late marriage should be the C.P.C. Central Committee; encouraged. In the country- Liu Changsheng, Vice-Chair- side, the youngest age for mar- man of the All-China Federa- riage is generally 23 for women tion of Trade Unions; Zhang

February 9, 19?g ARTICLES & DOCUMENTS

Vice-Premier Deng in Washington rtlll11ililllllilllilllllIlllrIllIlliltllllrllIlurrrlilnlltllllllllllllltlilnlliltlllilltInllil

IURING their three-day stay in Washington, are duty-bound to work together and make our v D.C., Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping, his wife due contribution to that end." Zhuo Lin and his party were accorded a warm "Sino-U.S. relatioqs have arrived at a fresh welcome. President Carter and Vice-Premier beginning," Vice-Premier Deng said, "and the Deng made important speeches on many oc- world situation is at a new turning point. China casions. Following al€ excerpts of their and the United States are great countiies, and speeches: the Chinese and American peoples are two great peoples. Friendly co-operation between our two At the Welcoming Ceremony peoples is bound to exert a positive and far- President Carter held a ceremony on the reaching influence on the way the world situa- South Lawn of the White House on January 29 tion evolves." to welcome Vice-Premier Deng and his party. Both host and guest spoke at the ceremony. White House Stote Dinner Both Sides Stressed Strengthening Relations On the evening of January 29, President gave a Between China and the United States of America Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter for World Peace, Security ald Stability. state dinner in honour of Vice-Premier Deng President Carter said: "Today we take another and his wife Zhuo Lin. step in the historic normalization of relations President Carter Said: The New Relationship which we have begun this year." "We expect Between the United States and China Con- that normalization will help to move us together tributes to the'Cause of Peace. In his toast at toward a world of diversity and of peace." the dinner, President Carter said that Vice- "Under the leadership of Premier Hua Premier Deng's visit to the United States "is Guofeng and of you, Mr. Vice-Premier," the an important milestone in the development of President said, "the People's Republic of China friendly relations between the United States of has begun to move boldly toward moderniza- America and the People's Republic of China." tion." The United States particularly welcomed "Today," President Carter said, "for the the opportunity to exchange students and first time since the establishment of diplomatic scholars and to improve trade, technological, relations, the Governments of the United States scientific and cultural contacts with China, he and the People's Republic of China have begun discussions went on. discussions at the highest level, Our I'Let are fruitful and constructive because both of us . us pledge together that both the are keenly aware that what we do now wiII United States and China will exhibit the establish precedents for future peaceful co- understanding, patience and persistence which operation." order new relations will be needed in for our "We have not entered this new relationship to survive," the U.S. President said. for short-term gains. We have a long-term Vice-Premier Deng said: "The significance commitment to a world community of diverse of the normalization of Sino-U.S. relations ex- and independent nations. We believe that a tends far beyond bilateral relations. Amicable strong and secure China will play a co-operative co-operation between two major countries on part in that community. Our new relationship opposite shores of the_Pacific is undoubtedly an can particularly contribute to the peace and important factor working for peace in this area stability of the Asia-Pacific region." and in the world as a whole." "In the past year," the President said, , "The people of the world," Vice-Premier "over 120 delegations from the People's Republic Deng went on, "have the urgent task of re- of China have visited the United States, and an doubling their efforts to maintain world peace, even greater number of American groups have security and stability, and our two countries gone to China. Exchanges have begun in the

8 Beiiing Reuiew, No, 6 'r*ffi natural sciences, space, agri- culture, medicine and other fields. Now, with the estab- lishment of normal diploma- tic ties, the exploratory na- ture of these exchanges can give way to a more valuable and permanent relationship, This will serve the interests of both our countries, and will serve the cause of peace." ."Your nation, like ours, has been created by the hard work of ordinary men and women. . Despite our cul- tural, political, and economic differences, there is much for us to build on together." At the dinner given in Washington by President and Mrs. Carter "There are many hund- in honour of Vice-Premier Deng and his wife Madame Zhuo Lin. reds of thousands of Ame- ricans of Chinese origin, and their contribu- "Our two countries have different social tions to our society have been. even greater than systems and ideoiogies, but both Governments their numbers would suggest. Our national life are aware that the interests of our peoples has been enriched by the work of Chinese- and of world peace require that we view our American architects, artists, and scientists bilateral relations in the context of the.overall including three recent Nobel Prize winners,"- international situation and with a long-term President Carter noted. strategic perspective. This was the reason why Vice-Premier Deng Said: The Friendly Co- the two sides easily reached agreement on nor- operation Between the Peoples of China and malization. the United States Is a Powerful Factor in "Moreover, in the joint communique on the Defending World Peace. In his toast at the establishment of diplomatic relations our two ' 'sides state dinner, Vice-Premier Deng said that his solemnly committed themselves that nei- arrival in the United States coincided with the ther should seek hegemony and each was Spring Festival .in China. From time im- opposed to effgrts by any other country or memorial, he said, the Chinese people have group of countries to establish such hegemony. celebrated this festival marking "the beginning This commitment restrains ourselves and adds of the annual cycle and rejuvenation of all to our sense of responsibility for world peace things in nature." "Here, on this occasion, we and stability," the Vice-Premier pointed out. share with our American friends present the "We are confident that the amicable co- feeling that a new era has begun in Sino-U.S. operatiori between the Chinese and American relations," the Vice-Premier said. peoples is not only in the interests of our two "For thirty years, our two nations were countries' development," Vice-Premier Deng estranged and opposed to each other. This ab- said, "but will irlso become a strong factor normal state of affairs is'over at last. At such working for the preservation of world peace a time we cherish, in particular, the memory and the promotion of human progress." of the late Chairman and Premier Reception by U.S. Orgonizotions who .blazed the trail for the nor- Six malization of Sino-U.S. relations. Naturally, we Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping on January 30 think also of the ef forts made by former attended a reception hosted by six U.S. organiza- President Nixon, former President Ford, Dr. tions: the Foreign Policy Association, the Na- Kissinger, many U.S. Senators and Congressmen, tional Gallery of Art, the National Committee and friends in all walks of life. We think highly on U.S.-China Relations, the Council on Scholar- of the valuable contributions of President ly Communication With the Peoplets Republic

Carter, Secretary of'State Cyrus Vance and Dr. of China, the . Asia Society and the China Brzezinski to the ultimate normalization of our Council. Some 800 Americans from all walks relations. of life were at the reception.

Februory g, 1g7g ' Vice-Premier Deng stated at the reception "\tr/e want peace,- a genuine peace in Which that "the world today is far from tranquil. In the people of each country may develop and Africa, the Middle East,. apd in \[est and progress as they wish, free from aggression, Southeast Asia, the independence and security interference and bullying - not a false peacr of many third world countries have been threat- dictated by hegemoniSm. We are in favour of ened or infringed upon.'1 . detente "- a genuine detente which truly reduces the danger of war and.safeguards the security ' "With the frdl Lackipg of the Soviet false detente used by IJnion," the Chinese leader noted, "Viet Nam of all nations:not a some as under which they is brazenly subjecting Democratic Karnpuchea @uhtries a cover carry on military buildup in preparation for to a massive armed- aggression. Europe, too, is wars of aggression expansion." overShadowed by the threat of war. It is very and evident that hegemonist expansion is the main Vice-Premier Deng refuted the allegations source of turmoil in all parts of the world." by some. people that "Chinese are warlike" and that is a potential source of world wan" "fite zealous pushing of a global strategy "China He said: has throughout modern history for world domination by the hegemonists cannot ' "China been a victim of aggression, and even today it but increase the danger of a new world war. is under the threat of aggression There is no It has become an urgent task of all countries reason for us to start a world war, nor are we and people who cherish independence and peace qualified do so." to combat hegemonism." to he went do speak constant- China, he said, is a part of the third world. "True," on, "we the danger war not because we like For the sake of the long-term interests of world ly of of it, the danger- is a fact, and it comes peace and stability, China will firmly fulfil its but becawe precisely from the warmongers who are daily internationalist obligations and not will hesitate propagating an illusion of peace and'detente. to even shoulder the.lecessary sacrifices. "The We think it imperative to face up to this harsh Chinese people stand unswervingly by Kam- reality, instead of comforting oneself like an puchea in its resistance against the Vietnamese ostrich which sticks its head into the sand. It aggressors," he emphasized. is gratifying to note that a growing number of . "The Chinese people suffered amply from people of insight in the United States are coming the miseries of war.' We do not wish to fight to recognize this danger." a war unless it is forced upon us. \Me are "The Second World War broke out amidst firmly against a new world war. One of the a chorusing of 'peace.' For people of our objects of China's foreign policy is to delay its generation, this tragic lesson should still be outbreak," the Vice-Premier pointed out. fresh in our minds. In calling on the people of all countries to beware of the danger of a new world war, Vlce-Premier Deng and Presldent Carter signing a scientiflc and delay its outbreak technological co-operation agreement and a culturat agreement al we hope to thc White House. through a united effort," said the Chinese Vice-Premier. China Wishes to Solve the Tai- wan Qrfestion in a Peaceful Tl/ay. On the Taiwan question, Vice-Premier Deng said: "We know that many friends are concerhed over the future of Taiwan. ReunifYing the motherland is the common wish of the entire Chinese PeoPle." "I believe the American PeoPle, who had the bitter exPerience of a divided nation more than a century ago, can understand the national wish of the Chinese people for reunification. The way to resolve the question of

Beiiing Reoiew, No. 6 bringing faiw.an babk" to the embrace of the motherland is China's internal affair." "\llre wish from the bottom of our hearts to resolve this question in a peaceful' way, for thbt will be advantageous to our aountry and_ to our. nation. This has been stated clearly in the Message to Compatriots in Taiwan by the Standing Com- mittee of the National Peo- ple's Congress. I should say that after the normalization of .t i ; and f ftf$t relations between China lLli::iI the United States the chances for a peaceful solution have become greater. Naturally, things do not depend on our Vlce-Premler Deng at ihe tca p*rty given by the wishes aloile, we have.to see U.S. Ifouse International Belations ' Committee. how they develop," the Vice- Premier noted. effective measures to satisfy these wishas. You may rest assured Rece^ption by U.S.-Chino Friendship on this score." Orgonizotions' ond Overseos On the question of Taiwan, Vice-Premier Chinese Deng said that "after the normalization of rela- Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping and his wife tions betweeu China and the United States, the on the evening of January 30 attended a recep chances of bringing Taiwan back to the embrace tion given by the U.S.-Chiha Peoples Friendship of the motherland and reunifying the country in Association and the National Association of a peaceful way have increased. In dealing with Chinese Americans and overseas Chinese in the this question the Chinese Government will United States. certainly take into account the actual situation in Taiwan, attach importance to the views of Thanks to American Friends and Overseas the people there, and adopt a reasonable policy. Chinpse for Eaving Worked Many Years for the The reunification of the motherland is the Normalization of Sino-U.S. Eelations. Vice- colnmon wish of the €ntire Chinese people, the hemier Deng said at the reception: have "I Taiwan compatriots included. .We feel concern had amicable, constructive and fruitful talks for the Taiwan compatriots and have our hopes i with President Carter. From now on, our two on them. \[Ie also place hope on the Taiwan peoples will not be estranged from each other, authorities. We hope that they will keep na- and can greatly increase our friendly_exchanges tional interests in mind and take a realistic and actively carry on interchange and co- 'attitude. This will make possiSle the smooth operation in various fields." return of Taiwan to the embrace of the mother- . Vice-Premier Deng stated that the Chintrse land-" people welcome .American friends and CNnqse compatriots to visit China, to tour the countr5r, to look up relatives and friends there, to offer valuable comments and suggestions, and to give Vice-Premier Deng on January 30 attended useful assistance to the Chinese people in their a luncheon with Senators and a tea party drive for modernization. given by the International Relations'Committee "Many of you," Vice-Premier Deng said, of the House. After the luncheon with Senators, "may have relatives living on the mainland of Vice-Premier De4g had a private meeting with China and wish that they may come over for Senate leaders. Answering questions raised by family reunions, and others rday wish to go Senatorq about Taiwan, the Vice-Premier said: back to China to visit their relatives. This is "'We no longer use the term 'liberation of Tai- quite naturil ana understandable. The Chinese wan.' As. long as Taiwan returns to the mother- Government will treat these legitimate wishes land, we will respeet the present realities, the favourably and with sympathy and will adopt present system there."

February g, 1g7g 11 'we ' "On the one hand respect the realities "We have charted a new and irreversible course . in Taiwan, on the other we rriust bring Taiwan toward a firmer, more constructive and more back to the embrace of the motherland. By hopeful'relationship. " respecting realities the there, we will be , we pursue independent foreign speeding up return," "While its the Chinese Vice- policies, our separqte actions in many places can Premier told reporters later. contribute to similar goals. Those goals are a Sino.U.S. Scientific, fqchnologicol, world of both security and peace, a world of Culturol Agreements Signed diversity and stability, a world of independent nations free outside Vice-Premier Deng and President Carter of domination. Both our countries have a special interest promoting on January 31 signed a scientific and technolog- in the peace and prosperity of the people of East' ical agreement and a eultural agreement be- Asia," President Carter stressed. tween the Chinese and U.S. Governm€nts. According to the five-year agreement on The U.S. President also announced that in the scientific and technological co

Beijing Reaieu, No. 6 weapons or the conclusion of treaties like the SALT. . But, he said, "you cannot rgstrain Soviet _ hegemonisrn through negotiations or agreements." The Vice-Premier cited three agreements reached in the past 15 years between the United States and the Soviet Union to show fhat such agreements have no effect whatsoever in curtailing the unbridled Soviet military buildup. When the first treaty on partial banning of nuclear testing was signed in 1963 by the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain, he said, "the gap between the military capa- bilities of the Soviet Union and the American friends welcome Vice-Premier Deng atrd his. party at the airfield in United States was quite great, that WashinSloq. is, the U.S.S.R. lagged far behind the United States in'its miiitary capabilities." these countries to deal with Soviet hegemon- ism," Vice-Premier' Deng stressed. "Then amidst a chorus of praises for that treaty, the Soviet Union accelerated the pace of "To prepare for a war, the Soviet Union developrnent of its military, capabilities," the must first of all complete its strategic deploy- Chinese Vice-Premier noted. ments. It must seek dependable bases: It must seek strategic resources. Many problems in When the second agreement was signed be- rnany parts of the world stem from the fact that tween the United States and the Soviet Union the hegemonists are seeking new bases and nine years later in 19?2, the gap in the military stiategic resources," the Vice-Premier pointed strength of the two countries "had closed a out. great deal, although the United States was still "We are of the view that the danger of war somewhat in the lead." comes from the Soviet Union," the Chinese By the time the third agreement came into Vice-Premier told the reporters. "The threat force in 1974, "even public opinion in the United to international peace, security and stability States acknowledged that the military strength comes from the Soviet Union. So th6 thing that of the two countries was on a par," Vice- we can all do is that we should try to hamper Premier Deng said. whatever they do, undermine whatever they do and frustrate what they try to do in any part "Does this not show the effect of agree- of the world." ments?" the Vice-Premier asked. Viet Nam, the Oriental Cuba. When answering "We are not against the conclusion of qugstions about Viet Nam raised by American agreements between the United States and the newsmen, Vice-Premier Deng pointed out that Soviet Union to limit strategic arms," Vice- Viet Nam signed a treaty with the Soviet Union Premier Deng said. But it is quite clear that which has the nature of a military alliance. It "you cannot restrain or reduce the Soviets' launched a massive armed invasion of Kampu- military buildup efforts or affect their policy of chea and has been engaged in provocations along arrrrs expansion through such measures as nego- its borders with China. '(The role the Viet- tiations and agreements. What we want to say namese play will be even worse than the is that the people of the world should not have Cubans," Vice-Premier Deng said. "We call illusions in this respect. They should not be the Vietnamese the Cubans of the Orient. If guard lulled into lowering their by such agree- you don't teach them somd necessary lessons, ments." it just worl't do," he added. Unite to Deal With Soviet Hegemonism. "What "Naturally," the Vice-Premier said, "ure 'about is needed is to adopt more reali'stic steps, prac- are also concerned the security of our tical steps - for instance, unity between the borders. There have been necessary troop move- United Statas, China, Japan, Western Europe ments and you are aware of this. But as to and other countries of the world, unity among what actions to take, we will have to wait and

February 9, 1979 I3 -Government see. I .can say two things: one, we Chinese January 31 to thank the U.S. and mean what we say;'and two, we Chinese d9 not people for their hospitality. ; act rashly." Vice-Premier Deng said at the recel> tion: "On this visit to the United States, W tnterview we have been accorded gracious hospitality On January 31 Vice-Premier Deng gave'an by President and Mrs. Carter, by the U.S. interview to U.S. TV representatives. Government, and by the American people in all walks of life. The friendship of the Amer- Threefold Mission in the United States. Vice- ican people, whi,ch,we have experienced in the Premier Deng said in his interview that he last few days, leaves tx with an unforgettable was in the United States "on a threefold mis- impression.. I wish to express my deep thanks sion: first, to convey a message of friendship once again to the American Goveinment and from the Chinese people to the American peo- people." peo- ple; second, to get to'know the Amerieqn "'We have no doubt that as a rgsult of our ple, to learn about your life, your experience in highly productive visit, the friendship of the economic development, and absorb everything Chinese. and American peoples and the co- of benefit to us; and third, to have a wide- operation between the two countries in various ranging exchange of views with your.national fields will grow and develop and bear rich leaders on ways to develop our. bilateral rela- fruit," the Vice-Premier declared. tions and to maintain world peace and security." Vice-President Mondale spoke of Vice- "I can tell the American people that the Premier Deng's visit as a great contribution to results of my talks in the last two days with the developing of relations between the United President Carter and other American leaders States and China and expressed the conviction have been satisfactory," the Vice-Premier said. that the meetings between 'the -government leAders of the two countries had brought about Grond Reception, clearer and wider understanding of each other. Vice-Premier Deng and Madame Zhuo Lin Further. co-operation in wider areas can be gave a grand reception on the evening of expected, the Vice-President said.

New Poge in Annols of Sino-A mericon Relotions - Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping's visit to the United States by Yuon X.ionlu ond Jiong Yuonchun* alIIlalIllIllillllIllIllllillliltIIIIIItIIIIIllIIllllt!IiltIIIttlilllIrllllntiltntlltIIIIIIltIIIItll

EARS of effort by the Chinese and Ameri- On the morning of January 28, Vice- can peoples have finally erected a golden Preinier Deng's special plane took off from Bei- bridge of friendship over the Pacific." This jing and was soon flying over the Pacific. was written by an Arr.rerican friend in a letter 'The vast Pacific, which seembd like an greeting the establishment of diplomatic rela- obstacle to contacts between China and the tions between China and the United States. United States during the past 30 years, now This statement was borne out by the wel- has again become the great causeway linking come given Vice-Premier Deng during- his of- the two countries. ficial visit to the United States from January White House Ceremony 29 to February 4. Vice-Prernier Deng's special plane landed Base on r Excerpts from a series of articles by two in Washington's Andrews Air Force Renmin Riboo correspondents. the afternoon of January 28. Vice-President

'14 t Beijing Reoieu, No. 6 Walter Mondale and Secretary of State Cyrus All the performers were very ,popular Vance came to the airport to welcome the amorig Americans and were world-renowned. visitors. They had come especially to Washington from other parts of the For instance, the . On the morning of January 29, the White country. Harlem Globetrotters had come the way House began to bustle with activity. Govern- all from California. ment officials and newsmen from all parts of the world hurried to their designated posts on Ttre items - the musical Eubie, the the South Lawn. Outside the gates, several ballet Rod,eo, baslietball by the Harlem thousand onlookers gathered. At exactly 10 a.m. Globetrotters, and the Song Rockg Moanr Vice-Premier Deng' and Madame Zhuq Lin tains .Iligh were rich . in national and arrived and warmly shook hands with President rural flavour -and full of life/which made it easy Carter and Mrs. Rosalynn Carter. Then they even for us foreigners to understand and enjoy. walked together along the red carpet to the re- The whole performance'was closely knit, viewing Following the stand. the salvoes of characterized by its own typical style. Per- 19-gun the playing the two coun- salute and of formers and the audience formed an integral tries' national anthems, President Carter accom- whole. The announcers were all well- panied Viee-Premier Deng to review the honour knbwn American figures. There wer€, for guard and.then to the stand returned reviewing instance, a renowned archiiect, a. famous to-.rf€Iiver, a speech welcoming Vice-Premier actress and a senator who had all visit- The Vioe-Premier also made a speech. P"ng. ed China. When they introduced an act, they President Carter and VicelPremier Deng also talked about China which delighted their then entered'the White House and had their audience. For example, former astronaut Sena- first seqsion of talks. tor John Glenn, while announcing the Harlem Globetrotters, said that in 1962 he had thought The interest of the U.S. Government and that he woqld only be able to see the Great Watl news circles in Vice-Prefnier Deng's visit is a from an altitude of 100 kilometres or rnore. refiection of the pjeneral enthusiasm the of But only three weEks ago he had visited China American people for the development Sino- of and seen the Great Wall close-up and had American relations. When Vice-Premier Deng learned that Vice-Premier Deng liked watching arrived in Washington, many ordinary. Ameri- basketball. .So that night, the Senator said, he cans spontaneously gathered outside the air was inviting the Vice-Premier to a basketball force base and cheered and waved to the Chi- performance. When actress Shirley Maclaine nese visitors from the fence. As Vice-Premier introduced the ballet Rodeo shs mentioned how Deng's motorcade drove f,o the state guest hotrse, while in China she came to understand the pur- citizens of Washington waved their greetings all pose of life which made her return to the stage. along the route. She also asked if acupuncture could treat arthritis. These friendly banters made everyone Kennedy Center Performonce laugh and brought a rare liveliness to the grand Following the state dinner on the evening performance. of January 29, President Carter invited Vice- Ttre American people's friendly sentiments Premier Deng to attend a per.formance of for the Chinese people were fully demonstrated American arts sponsored by the National Coun- by the selection of acts. The basketball and the cil for U.S.-China Trade at the Kennedy Center Love'BeiiiW Ti,an An for the Performing Arts. singing in Chinese of l Men by 200 young friends were originally not Prior to the performance, the national on the programme. anthems of the two countries were played. When Vice-Premier Deng and Madame Zhuo "Let's Shoke Honds" Lin, accompanied by President and Mrs. Carter, appeared at the special box, a long standing On the morning of January 30, the beauti- oyation greeted them. Many people seated in ful Rose Garden in the White House was bathed the back stalls below went to the front of the ig sunshine when Vice-Premier Deng and auditorium and applauded the leaders of the President Carter concluded their third session two countries. Beaming, President Carter and of talks. Smiiing broadly, they met with the Vice-Prei:rier Deng raised high their clasped press in the garden. The President noted that hands. Thunderous applause burst out through- the discussions "have been far'-reaching. They out the hall. have been very frank and honest. They have

Februarg 9;1979 15 been cordial and harmonious, and,they have fundamentally different, but in the interests of been extremely beneficial and constructive." the two peoples,and world p.eace, the two coun- Vice-Premier Deng said that he agreed with tries mirst pay'special attention to the world every word President Carter had just-said. ilhen situation as a whole and approach and handle he turned to his host and said, "Let's shake Sino-U.S. relations from a long-term, polit- hands again." As the leaders of the two coun- ical and strategrc point of view. This state- tries firmiy shook hands, Vice-Premier Deng ment showed the basie point of departure in the said, "Nolv the people of bbth countries are talks between leaders of the two countries and shaking hands." the reasons for their success,

.This sceng drew cheers and applause from On January 29, ;at the luncheon in honour the newsmen. of Vice-Premier Deng, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance pledged States It is not strange that the talks between the that the United would do its best to help China bring about the magnifi- leader,s of China and the United States have goal been q success. On the eve of Vice-Premier cent of the four modernizations. Dr. Zbig- rliew Brzezinski, Deng's visit, keen interest on the talks was ex- Assistant to the President of the United pressed in U.S. political circles and by the media. States for National Security, specially pointed out that in developing relations with From the American newspapers, one can China, the United States di:es not intend to see that some people expected differences to transform China in the image of the United emerge. However, many far-sightefl Americarx States. Many American public' figures have pointed out that this'would not'present a prob realized that strengthening economic, scientific, lem if viewed from the angle of the develop- technological and cultural exchanges and co- ment of world hiStory and the world strategic operation between China and the United States situation. not only concerns U.S. dconomic interests, but On the question of Taiwan, for example, also is a matter of strategy. Different views some American friends recalled that in the 1972 on certain specific p-roblems exist be- Shanghai Communique, the U.S. Government tween China and the United States and will con- acknowledged that all Chinese on either side of tinue to exist in the future, but when the inter- the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one national situation is viewed as a whole, a China and that Taiwan is a part of China. And powerful, prosperous, peace-loving socialist it was precisely on this basis that normalization China standing erect in Asia is helpful to the of relations between China and the United States defence of peace and stability in Asia, the Pacific was realized. Therefore, the question of Taiwan region and the world as a whole and it conforrns wes no longer a question which China and the with the inter-ests of the United States. That United States need discuss but a matter of what the Washington talks have been so successful policy China would adopt towaqds Taiwan. shows that the U.S. politicians who ean approach Sino-U.S. relations from a long-term, strategic The situation in Indochina is quite different point of view are playi.ng a dominant role in the in nature. The flagrant Vietnamese aggression United States. against Kampuchea had strong repercussions in the United States. The general view of the These Washington talks were closely watch- people American public is that Viet Nam's aggression ed by all over the world. Confronted not only exposed its ambitions for regional domi- with the increasingly serious threat of hege- nation but also represented a major move by monism, people of all countries are making posi- the Soviet Union. in its ploy for world hege- tive efforts to defend their own security, in- monism. This poses a sdrious threat to peace dependence and world peace and stability, and and security in Asia, the Pacific region and the they have expressed the hope that China and world as a whole. Combating hegemonism is the United States would make their due contri- therefore a matter affecting the interests of both butions in this respect. The Washington talks China and the United States and it is also a have gone far beyond the scope of relations be- point they share in common. tween the two countries. Their success will have At the reception held on the evening of a major and far-reaching influence on the January 30 by the U.S. Foreign Policy Associa- development of the world situation in a direction tion and five other organizations, Vice-Premier favourable to the cause of peace which will un- Deng pointed out that the social systems and doubtedly be warmly welcomed by the people ideologies of China and the United States were of the world,

16 Beijing Reoieu, No. 6 SPECIAT FEATURE

Question s dnd Answers China's Minority Peoples

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Question: How many nationalities are there ties are prohibited. Big-nationality chauvinism in China? and local-nationality chauvinism must be op- posed." Answer: China has been a unitary multina- 'all 'nationalitiis, tional state.since the Qin Dynasty (22L-207 B.C.). In China, whatever the Over the centuries, the various nationalities size of their'population and the area they in- coalesced into an inseparable entity, with the habit and'whether they live in compact com- people of all nationalities contributing to estab- munities or over scattered areas, enjoy equal lishing the motherland and developing the political rights and take part in managing state Chinese nation's economy and cirlture. affairs on arl equal footing. There are 54 national minorities in China Take the Fifth National People's Congress in addition to the Han people. The Hans make for instance. All the 54 minority nationalities, up 94 per cent of the nation's population, and i.ncluding the Hezhes with less than 1,000 peo- the other 54 nationalities form the remaining ple, have their own Deputies to the N.P.C. 6 per cent. Ten of these national minorities each Its minorit;r nationality Deputies made up have a population of over 1 million. They are 10.9 per cent, representing 6 per cent the Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Tibetan, Mongolian, of the population. Of the 21 Chairman and Yi, Miao, Korean, Mairchu and Bouyei nation- Vice-Chairmen of the Fifth N.P.C. Standing alities. Committee, four (1S per cent) are members of Although China's minority peoples are only national minorities. 6 per cent of the nation's population, they live Q.: What is China's policy towards the na- scattered over 50 to 60 per cent of the country's tionalities? total area. For their names and major areas of dis- A.: On the principle of equality and unity tributiOn, see next page. among nationalities, the Chinese Communist Party and Government have formulated a series Q.: What are the principles followed in of policies towards the nationalities: These handling China's national. question? include: The policies of national regional autonomy, of training large numbers of na- A.: In handling its national question, China tional minority cadres, of all nationalities hav- follows the basic principle of equality and unity, mutual aid and co-opera- Tibetan and Han cadres of Ngarl prefecture, tion and common development. Xizang Autonomous Region. National equality, or national op- pression? This is the fundamental difference between the proletariat and all exploiting classes in handling the national question. It is also the watersied. between Marxism, and revisionism. It is explicitly stipulated in Article 4 of China's new Constitu- tion: "AIl the nationalities are equal. There should be unity and.fraternal love among the nationalities and they should help and learn from each other. DiScrimination against, or oppression of, any nationality, and acts which undermine the unity of the nationali- February g, 7g7g f SPECIAT FEATUEF

CHINESE NATIONAT MINORITIES AND MAJOR AREAS OF DISTRIBUTION

Notionol Mojor Areos Dirtribution Notionol Mojbr Areos ol Distribution Minorities ol Minorities Mongolion Nei Monggol Autonomous Region, Vo Yunnon Province Liooning Province, Jilin Provincg Hei. 5he Fujion Province, Zhejiong Province, longjiong Prgvince, Gonsu Province, Jiongxi Province, Guongdong Province, Xinjiong Uygur $,utonomous Region, Province Province,,l Hebei Province, Qinghoi Gooshqn ToiWon Province Henon Province, Yunnon Province Lohu Yunnon Province Zhuong Guongxi Zhuong Autonomous Region, Yunnon Province, Guongdong Province Shui Gu.izhou Province Uygur Xinj,iong Uygur Autonomous Region Dongriong Gonsu Province Mioo Guizhou Ptovince, Hunon Province Nori Yunnon Provihce Yunnon Province, Guongxi Zhuong Jingpo Yunnon Province Autonomous Region, Sichuon Province, Kholkhos Xinjiong Uygur Autonomous Region Guongdong Provlnce, Hubei Province fu Qinghoi Province Hui Ningxio Hui Autonomous Reg,ion, Gonsu Dour Heilongjiong Province, Xinjiong Uygur Province, Henon Province, Hebei Prov- Autonomous Region ince, Qinghoi Province, Shondong Provihce, Yunnon Proryince, Anhui. Muloo Guohgxi Zhuong Autonomous Region, Province, Xinjiong Uygur Autonomous Gu,izhou Province Region, Liooning Province Qiong Sichuon Province Tibeton Xizong Autonomous Region, Qinghoi Bulong Yunnon. Province Province, Sichuon Province, Gonsu Solor Qinghoi Province, Gonsu Province Province, Yunnon Province Moonon Guongxi Zhuong Autonomous Region Yi Yunnon Province, Sichuon Province, Geloo Guizhou Province, Yunnon Province, Guizhou Province Guongii Zhuong Autonomous Region Korecn Jilin Province, Heilongjiong Province, Xibe Xinjiong Autonomous Region, Lioon,ing Province Uygur Lio_oning Province, Jilin Province Monchtr Liooning Province, Heilorigjiong Prov- Achong Yunnon Province ince, Province, Province, Jilin Hebei Pumi Beijing, Nei Monggol Autonomous Yunnon Province Region Tojik Xinjiong Uygur Autonbmous Region Bouyei Guizhou Province Nu Yunnon Province Dong Guizhou Province, Hunon Province, Uzbek Xinjiong Uygur Autonomous Region Guongxi Zhuong Autonomous Region Russion Xinjiong Uygur Autonomous Region Yoo Guongxi Zhuong Autonomous Region, Ewenki Heilongjiong Province Province, Hunon Province, Yunnon Benglong Yunnon Province Guongdong Province, Guizhou Province Booon Gonsu Province Boi 'Yunnon Province Yugur Gonsu Province Tujio Hunon Province, Hubei Province Jing Guongdong Province Honi Yunnon Province Tortor Xinjiong Uygur Autonomous Region Kozokh Xinjiong Uygur Autonomous Region, Drung Yunnon Province Gonsu Province, Qinghoi Province Oroqen Heilong jiong Province Doi Yunnon Province Hezhe Heilongjiong Province ti Guongdong Province Monbo Xizong Autonomous Region Lisu Yunnon Province Lobo Xizonq Autonomous Reqion ing the freedom to usp and develop their own fecture and autonomous county (or banner). A11 spoken and written languages, of helping the the natioiral autonomous areas are inalienable national minority areas advance their own parts of the People's Republic of China. The economic and cultural devefopment and of organs of self-government of national .autono- respecting their customs and ways. mous areas are people's congresses and revolu- tionary committees Chinese National regional autonomy is China's basic and they are all policy for solving the national question. It local state organs. means that in our country, any area where a The organs of self-government of national minority nationality lives in a compact com- autonomous areas can also exercise autonomy munity or where a numkr of minority na- within the limit of their authority as prescribed tionalities live together can exercise regional by law, in addition tb exercising the functions autonomy and set up organs of self-govern- and powers of iocal state organs. They may, in ment as long as it constitutes an administrative the light of the political, economie and cultural unit - autonomous region, autonomous pre- characteristics of the nationalifir or nationalities I8 Beiiing Rwiew, No. 6 5f'f*l&B" ffi&Yt";RS

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prefecture 1. Yonbion Koreon Autonomous 15. Xiongxi Tujio, Mioo Autonomous Prefecture prefecture 2. Gonnon Tibeton Autonomous 16. Hoinon Li, Mioo Autonomous Prefecture prefecture 3. Linxio Hui Autonomous 17. Abo (Ngowo) Iibeton A0tonomous Prefecture Hoibei prefecture 4. Tibeton Autonomous 18. Gorze Tibeton Autonomous Prefecture prefecture 5. Huongnon Tibeton Autonomous 19. Liongshon Yi Autonomous Prefecture 6. Hoinon Tibeton Autonomous pref6cture 20. Qiondongnon Mioo, Dong Autonomous prefecture 7.. Guoluo prefecture Tibeton Autonomous 21. Qionnon Bouyei, Mioo Autonomous Prefecture Yushu prefecture 8. Tibeton Autonomous .. 22. Wenshon Zhuong, Mioo Autonomous Prefecture 9. Hoixi Mongolion, Tibeton, Kozokh Autonomous 23. Honghe Honi, Yi Autonomous Prefecture Prefecture 24. Xishuongbonno Doi Autonomous Prefecture 10. Boyingolin Mongolion Autonomous prefecture 25. Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture prefecture 11, Kizilsu Kholkhos Autonomgus 26, Doli Boi Autonomous Prefecture 12. Chongji Hui Autonomous Prefecture 27. Dehong Doi, Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture prefectule 13. Bortoio Mongolion Autonomous 28. Nuj,iong Lisu Autonomous Prefecture prefecture 14. lli Kozokh Autonomous 29. Degen Tibeton Autonomous Prefecture

given in a area, make regulations on the exer_ to appropriate representation in the organs of cise of autonomy and also specific regulations self-government. and submit them to the N.p.C. Standing Com_ National regional autonomy was worked mittee for approval. In performing their func_ out by the Central Committee of the Chinese tions, they employ the spoken and written Communist Party headed by Comrade Mao language or languages commonly used by the Zedong in the light of China's actual conditions nationality nationalities .or in the locality. In by applying the Marxist-Leninist theciry on na- an autonomous area where a number of nation- tional question. This policy wad put into effect alities live together, each nationality is entitled in the liberated areas during the War of Lib- February g, 1g7g 19 population of these nationalities-were illiterate. Sofie still kept records with knots or by notches. fo help th6 various minority nationality areas .develop their economy, the state has ado.pted a seridb of. policies and measures such as the following: o Help them,carry. out social reforms and remove obstacles to the development of the productive forces. Social reforms included democratie reform. and socialist transformation. Democratic reform mairrly meant abolishing the feudal land system in agrieultural areas, and in pastoral areas it meant abolishing feudal prerogatives and feudal exploitation coupled with the in- Sarengerlle, e speclaligrode teacher, has worked out an effectlve method ln teachlng Mongolian, troduction of the system oI public ownership of pasturelind and its free use for grazing. Socialist transformation of ownership was eration (1946-49). The Nei Monggol Autonomous aimed at guiding the individual peasants and Region set up in 1947 is one of the first places herdsmen to gradually joining the collective to institute national regional autonomy. Since economy through olganizing them first intci the founding of the People's Republic of China mutual-aid teams, co-operatives and then peo- in 1949, this policy has been applied in other ple's communes. The state turned herdowners' parts of the country. At present, there are five animals and capitalists' enterprises of the autonomous regions, each equivalent to a prov- minoiity nationalities into state property ince, 29 autonornous prefectures, smafer than through a policy of redemption.* a province but larger than a county, and 69 The refortn was carried out by the state on autonomous counties (or banners). the basis of mobilizing the masses and through

How did China help those much less Q.: * Under the conditions of the dictdtorship of developed nationalities? the proletariat, the state gradually nationalized the the years means of production of the nation5l bourgeoisie and A.: In early after the founding of the herdowners .of the minority nationalities by the People's Republic, the majority of China's paying them a certain amount of compensation. minority nationali- ties were still at the stage of pre- capitalist social development. Some nationalities were still living under a slave system or even primitive com- munal system. There were. no modern industry in most minority na- tionality areas. The peasants still fol- lowed the "slash and burn" farming method and the herdsmen led a nomadic life. Over 95 per cent of the Del netionellty's Watcr Festival.

20 Beiiing Reoieu, No. 6 SPECIAL FEATURE consultations with personages of the upper minorities have rid themselves of the fetters of strata of the minority nationalities. During the the feudal system, the slave system or the reform the special features of minority na- primitive communal system and have establish- tionalities were taken care of and their wishes ed the socialist system. respected. So long as these personages a(reed to abandoning their oppression and exploitation Tremendous changes have taken place in of the working people and accepting the reform, their economy and culture. In the national the state would persuade. the working people minority areas big orsmall industrial bases not to wage fierce struggle against them and see have been built and big progress has been made to it that they would have proper po.litical in agriculture and animal husbandry. Schooi standing and generally keep their living enrolment has increased by 10- or even.100-fold. standards after the reform. Epidemic {iseases have been greatly rqduced' and the population has grown rapidly. For o , EconomicaUy, lfr'b state has helped the instance, the population qf Tibetans in the mi,nority nationality areas develop their Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region has risen economy faster than the national average. tr'or from 1..19 million to 1.63 million sinee 1959 instance, it gave them special consideration in when the democratic reform was carried out, capital construction investments, gfanted them an average annual increase of 2 per cent. various financial subsidies and material sup- port, and sent them tichnical and constructiorr Unity among all nationalities has been personnel. strengthened and the unification of the country o Large numbers of national minority consolidated over the last 30 years. But this does mean question no cadres and scientists and technicians were not that the national longer exists in China. Marxists hold that trained and helped to improve their manage- it'ig in essence, ment and vocational skills. a matter concerning classes. As long as there are still classes, it will continue to o Set up schools and medical facilities in exist. fire stipulations laid down in our new the minority nationality areas, help raise their Constitution such as "acts which undermine cultural level and improve hygienic conditions. the unity of the nationalities are prohibited. Big-nationality r Help those nationalities that had no or chauvinism and locai-nationality chauvinism opposed," only underdeveloped written lahguages to must be and "actively support and assist minority nationalities create or. reform their written languages. all the in their socialist revolution and construction Democratic reform and socialist transfor- and thus advance their socialist economic and mation of the means of production have been euitural deve)opment," are all aimed at better completed and people's communes set up in all handling the national question in the political, minority nationality areas. The national economic and cultural fields.

The Zhuangs and Their fiutonomou$ flegion r!llluilllilllllt!il1iluilillllililililil1llllllInllllilluillilutulltltllllltlilllil]llillllluu

THE Zhuangs are the most populous of Chi- culture and art of their own. Many relics un- r na's 54 minority peoples. Over g0 per cent earthed in the area show that as early as 2,000 of them, 12 million altogether, Iive in the years ago these people were turning out beau- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in south tifully executed bronze drums and artifacts. China.' Last December, people there celebrated The Huashan Clift murals along both banks the 20th anniversary of the founding of the of the Zuojiang River in western Guangxi are autonomous region. also more than 2,000 years old. The longest of TIe Zhuangs began settling in Guangxi these murals is over 100 metres in length and long ago. Soon after the unification of China more than 40 metres in height and includes by Qin Shi Huang, that is, in 213 B.C., d pre-. some 1,300 human figures. Another traditional fecture and counties were set up in what is handicraft produet of Guangxi is Zhuang bro- now Guangxi. The Zhuangs have an ancient cade, which demonstrates unique skill, mainly

Febraary 9, 7979 21 .{ rI{.:*,ei" r:s$.:t$"ift s of its women. Woven of cptton and multicolour- The rebels once overran the.country, haviqg es- ed'silk thread in a variety of pleasing patterns, tablished a peasant revolutionary regime that Zhuang brocade makes elegant quilt covers, confronted the Qing Dynasty for as long as 14 years feudal rule tablecloths, shoulder straps, aprons hand- and'dealt telling blows to the .and and the imperialist forces. Many insurgents bags. . rallied around the Zhuangs, and there were The Zhuangs are good singerc and dancers, distinguished leading military and political and are especially fond of folk songs. Most figurbs of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Zhuang men and u/omen compose their own among their nationality. songs, either musical dialogues or choruses, and Chinese Communist Party organizations through the*e they sing praises to labour, love were founded in Guangxi in 1925. ,That same songs, ballads and tell stories, or about astro- year, Wei Baqun, a fine son of, the Zhuang peo- nomical phenomenon and earth. Legend tells ple, completed his studies at the Parfy-sponsored of a'talented singer named Third Sister Liu who Institute of the Peasant Movement in Guang- was unexcelled in singing contests, and' who zhou (provincial capital of ) and re- later became a muse.' A film based on the turned to Guangxi and set up a similar institute western legend has received nationwide acclamation. for peasants at Donglan County in Guarigxi.. He spread Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong T?rought, trained cadres and organized ReYolutionory Trqdition peasant associations and self-defence corps to' \ strike at local despots and bad gentry. The Zhuangs are also a nationality with gieat revolutionary tradition. The Taiping In 1929, the Party Central Committee sent Heavenly Kingdom Movement (1851-64) famous Deng Xiaoping and to carry in modern Chinese history began in Guangxi. out revolutionary activities in Guangxi. On Several thousand Zhuangs took part in the Jin- December 11 the same year, the two Uprising tian Village Uprising in 1851 in eastern Guangxi, staged th€ well-known Bose where cumprising 30 per cent of the insurgent force. (see p. 24) in the Youjiang region, Wei Baqun had carried on the struggle per- sistently. Wei joined the two in the uprising This pagoda-like buildinc in Donglan County and afterwards became a divisional commander was where Comrades Wei Baqun and Dqng in the Seventh Army of the Red Army. When Xiaoping worked as leaders of & revolutioinary was ' struggle. the main force of the Seventh Red Army transferred from the base area in Youjiang in the autumn of 1930, Wei and the men under his eommand continued the fight against the enemy until he heroically laid down his life in 1932. The Zhuang people have contributed much to China's long revolutionary struggle, and many of them have shown their stature. One of these is , now Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Vice-Chairman .of the Standing Committee of the National Peo- ple's Congress and Director of the General Political Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. He headed'the central delega- tion to Guangxi last December to take part in the celebrations on the 20th anniversary of the founding of the autonomous region.

"fhe Autonomous Region Guangxi was liberated in 1949. and the Zhuang Autonomous Region was founded. on March 5, 1958. With an area totalling more than

Beiiing Reoieut, No. 6 230,000 square kilometres, its population is some 32 million in- cluding the Zhuangs and 11 other nationalities, among them the Han, Yao, Miao, Dong and Jing. From 1.978, December 11, the date oi the Bose Uprising, has been marked as the anniversary day of the autonomous region.

, At present, the region has some 140,000 cadres of the Zhuang and other minority nationalities, three and a half times the 1957 figure. Many are holding leading posts at various levels of,the re- gional administration. In 70 of the region's 80 counties, the first A power station under construciion' and second heads of the county Party committees are cadres of minority peoples. region offers at present 500 to 600 special com- modities for its national minority people. The Guangxi Institute for Nationalities trains cadres of the region. Founded in lgb2, Achievements in Construction it is situated in the western suburbs of Nanning, zone, a the capital of the autonomous region. In this Guangxi, in the subtropical has institute with a four-year course in departments warm climate and a network of rivers and streams. is rich natural resources which of politics, Chinese and foreign languages, It in were poorly exploited in the old society. The mathematics, . physics and chemistry, the saying "with water flowing in the rivers, the students aie fully subsidized by the state. people on land strffer" describes the drought The institgte also trains cadres of minority plague there despite bountiful water supply. In nationalities for work at county and commune some places the mediaeval method of "slash and levels. burn" persisted, and the record yearly grain output was only a little over 3.6 million tons. Zhuang and other minority j*i,'i.-' languages are used at public meetings and in social life throughout the re- gion. There are re- gional radio broad- casts in Zhuang, and also a studio for translating film dialogues into mi- nority languages. The- state arranges for the production and supply of na- tional costumqs, or- naments and vari- ous daily necessities and tools to..meet the needs of the mi- nority peoples. The A Zhuang village.

February 9, 1979 23 SPECIAL FEATURE guaranteed over large tracts of farmland, with The Bose Uprising waterlogging and drought controlled. Various kinds of farm machinery are now in use. Grain I N armed uprising took place in the output in the whole region in 195? increased to fI mountainow city, of Bose. oD the 5.{ million tons, and the 19?7 output registered Youjiang River in western Guangxi: on a further rise of 93 per cent. December 11, 1929. During the uprising, the Seventh Army of the Chlnese Workers' . The industrial foundation of old Guanlgxi and Peasants' Red Army was founded was very weak. Only Nanning had three small alongside the. establishment of the You- factories, and Guangxi had even to import nails jiang Workers' and Peasants' Democratic from other provinces. Its power equipment had Government and of a revolutionary base a capacity of only some 9,000 kilowatts. Today, area. Leaders and direct organizers of the this autonomous region has more than 3,000 uprising were Comrade' Deng Xiaoping factories, mines and enterprises, including iron and the late Comrade Zhang Yunyi, the and steel, machine-building and hydroelectric latter havipg been in charge of military power and chemical industries. The total in- and ildminidtrative affairs of Guangxi and dustrial output value in 1977 was 29 times that .the Central South Area. of 1950 in the early days of liberation, or more than seven times as much as in 195?, the year In the midr1920s, the Chinese Commu- before the founding of the autonomous region. nist Party and the co-operat- Faster still has been the development of the the time the revolutionary ed for first in power industry, with a 1977 capacity of. 1.44 war against feudal warlords backed by im- million kilowatts, or more than a 100-fold in- perialist powers. This revolutionary war crease over that before liberation. failed in 1927 due to Chiang Kai-shek's betrayal. After that, the Communist One salient feature of the steady growth Party began leading revolutionary wars of the national economy. in the region is the independently and founded a people's qnergetic development of light industry by army. It staged the Uprising utilizing local resourc€s. Since- 1958, Guangxi's (August 1, 1927), the Autumn Harvest light industry has grown six times in value. It Uprising in Hunan (September) and the now provides 61.? per cent of its own needs in Guangzhou Uprising (December 11). The light industrial goods as against what was 5 per Bose Uprising, which followed, was also cent in 1957. Light industrial.development there of considerable magnitude. has also provided large funds for supporting The irxurgents in the uprising fought agriculture and developing heavy industry. against a numerically strong enemy in Forty per cent of the region's-financial revenue Guangxi for a year. Its main force was now comes from light industry. withdrawn Revolu- later to the Jiangxi As its economy growS, the region's financial Base. Area and joined forces with tionary revenue also increases considerably; in 1977 it the Red under Mao Zedong Central Army was five times that of 1957. This has made it and Zhu De. possible for the development of culture, educa- Others who stayed behind organized tion and public health. guerrilla warfare with the support of the masses and carried on the struggle in most Guangxi is also a scenic place. As a karstic trying mnditions until the libriration of region, it has many grotesque but picturesque the whole of Guangxi in 1949 by survivors peaks, a stone forest, caverns and underground in co+rdination with the Chinese People's streams. Probably the most well-known is the Liberation Army. city of in northern Guangxi, whose land- scape is said to be'"the best in the land." In the o1d days, the labouring people of Zhuang and other nationalities there, exploited and After liberdtion, large-scale farmland and water oppressed, lived miserably; many ate wild herbs conservanc)r construction was undertaken, and and bran and took shelter in caverns. Today, to date 22 reservoirs each with a storage capac- as masters of this beautiful land, they work ity of ove? 100 million cubic metres have been hard in construction and live better. The re- built in additi,dn to many smallr reservoirs and gion's bcenery attracts numerous tourists from water-divertion projects. harvest. is now abroad. 9"oU 24 BeiiirW Reuieto, No. 6 SPECIAT FEATURE

Yisiting the Ewenkis

by Our Correspondent Qi Yo

THE Ewenki nationality with a population of the people's congress of Heilongjiang Province r some 10,000 is one of the smallest in China. and a member of the standing eommittee of the Nearly half of them Iive in the Ewenki Autono- provincial cpmmittee of the C.P.P.C.C. He said mous Banner (an administrative unit at the these responsibilities were an honour not for county level) on northeast China's Hulun Buir himself alone, but for the Ewenki nationality. grasslands, Heilongjiang Province, while the Tu Jingfu told a little about the history of rest are scattered in areas adjoini.ng the banner his Ewenki nationality which had attained unity and in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region before the 17th century. In the old society, the in China's northwest. reactionary rulers denied the nationality its very existence and its people were A Representstive of His Notionolity cailed Solons, Tunguses or Yakuts. The name Ewenki On a recent visit to the Ewenki Autonomous was used only among the members themselves. This situation remained unchanged Bayrner I learnt that its 14,000 people engaged in animal husbandry included Ewenkis, Mongo- until after New China was founded in 1949. lians, Daurs, Hans and nine other nationality According to Communist Party policy that peoples. The leading organ of the banner is in national regional qutonomy should be exercised the town of Nantun to the south of Hailar. in areas where minority peoples live in com- pact eommunities, the Ewenki Autonomous I soon met the deputy secretary the of Banner was established on August l, 1958. banner Party committee Tu Jingfu, a husky and serene middle-aged Ewenki. He was only 14 At that time, Tu Jingfu said, the Ewenkis in 1946 when he joined the revolutionary struggle numbered only some 7.000 all over the nation, led by the Chinese Communist Party. Member of whom 2,500 lived in this ba,nner. He was of the Fifth National Committee of the Chi- impressed by the fact that an autonomous nese People's Political Consultative Confer- banner was set up for such a small nationality. ence* which held its first session in February- and said it showed the concern and respect of March last year. he is concurrently a deputy to the Party and state for minority peoples.

r The C.P.P.C.C. is a revolu- tionary united front organization led Sheep grazing in sumn)er'. by the Chinese Communist Party. It is made up of representatives of the Chinese Communist Party, the pa- triotic democratic parties, the peo- ple's organizations and other circles. It has a national committee and many local committees in the prov- inces, autonomous regions, munic- ipalities directly under the central authorities and other major cities. The first session of its Fifth National Committee was held in February-March last year. The con- ference's task was to unite with all forces that can be united and expand the revolutionary united fyont to make China a modern, 'powerful so- cialist country by the end of this cen- tury.

February.9, 1979 -I visited Suohebuku, depu- ty secretary of the commune Party committee, in his home. It is a three-room house of clay and wood with a kitchen gar- 'den, something rarely seen on the grasslands in the past.. A college graduate of the 1960s, this Ewenki cadre- had worked in the banner's propaganda departrnent. He volunteered to return to his native place three years ago. Another four college graduates of about the same time are either doctors' or teachers in the banner or com- A cultural troupe entertaining the herdsmen.

In 1948, said Suohebuku, He added: We Ewenkis have our say in democratic reform was carried out under Party managing state affairs. We send four deputies leadership to abolish feudal privileges, place to the Heilongjiang provincial people's congress pastures under public -ownership and open them and one to the Fifth National People's Congress. to all herdsmen. This was followed by the or- The more than 800 million Chinese people are ganization of mutual-aid teams and co-operatives represented by 3,500 Deputies at the National for livestock breeding. Huihe commune, a merger People's Congress, proportionately one repre- in 1958 of 12 cd-operatives, now has nine produc- senting 250,000 people. We, however, have one tion teams (there is no production brigade in this representing the 10,000 of us. commune), three commune-run factories and one livestock farm. The commune of 2,600 members In the days, most Ewenkis worked for old has the services of a bank, a post and poor the few herdowners and lived an extremely telecommunication office, a supply and market- nomadic life. Many wore rags in summer and a ing m-op, a clinic, a veterinary station, a cul- sheepskin winter, in and the latter served also as tural centre, a weather station, a film projection the only Upwards 95 per cent were bedding. of team, and middie and primary schools. totally illiterate. There was no need to tell about the life today, Tu Jingfu said, for you could see Before liberation, there was no school and it for yourself in the communes and production medical service here. The sick were left to the teams. mercy of sorcerers' (or "samans" in the Ewenki language) witchcraft or lamas' chants. Small- pox, typhoid and venereal disease spread un- Huihe Commune checked, steadily depopulating the area. In Organized into the Ewenki Autonomous those days, "one heard only mothers weeping; not babies laughing," as folks said. Women died Banner are one town and eight people's com- munes with 45 production teams. Huihe com-. mune has the highest concentration of Ewenkis, who account for 40 per cent of the banner's total. I drove south from Nantun to Hakemu ("tableland" in the Ewonki language) where the commune is located. The journey was: entirely through.sunny grasslands lush with wild flow- ers in bloom. Leaving Nantun that after- noon, I reached Huihe after dusk, and the lights from the clusters of houses in the distance showed that Hakemu was no Ionger inhabited by scattered, nomadic Ewenkis, but by a peo- ple living and producing in close community. A \4'omsn conrmune membcr srrnning antlers.

26 Beijing Retsiew, No. 6 SPECIAT FEATURE women who look after the nursing and young animals. Built wlth wood poles and beams and thatched with local reed mats, these tents are bright and well ventilated. Young and middle-aged herdsmen go out in groups grazing herds. Though the herders still "move house" three times a year, this is far better than in the past when whole families together with herds shifted to a dozen or even several dozen places all year round. In this winter encampment I met the 23-year-old Ewenki girl Hastuoya who is a Deputy to the Fifth National People's Congress but remains an or- dinary labourer. She was milking cows alongside other women when I saw her. Back from .the Fifth Nationat people,s Congress, Hastuoya shows her mother her Deputy 1ard. The first-aid kit beside her marked her as also an on-the-spot medical worker for the production team. in childbirth and the ney-born did not live long. New ond Higher Gool Huihe commune is very different now. Its Animal husbandry in the autonomous population has increased 250 per cent, and the bannerhas been developing by leaps and number of iivestock is a dozen times what it bounds, too. At the time of liberation, there was. There is a middle school in the commune were only a little more than 36,000 animals. and a p-rimary school in each production team; They came to 140,200 head in 1958 and now 99 per cent of school-age children are in school. total 450,470. Besides the commune clinic. there are co-opera- The state has provided the banner with tive medical care centres in all production many-sided assistance such as allocating annual teams. The commune members' average annual funds of several hundred thousand yuan up to income has i,ncreased from 26 yuan in the early several million yuan, making direct investments post-Iiberation days to L98 yua,n. Rags and the in sinking wells for the production teams and tattered all-purpose sheepskin have been re- providing them with machines for livestock placed by adequate clothing and bedding for breeding. The production teams in turn pay to every season. There is no, more bedding down the state a stock farming tax of 12 per 1,000 on damp ground now and all tents are furnished animals bred. r,r,ith painted wooden beds. The gap between present progress and modernization was recognized. People said: Production Teom Encompment "Looking back on the work we have done, we The winter encampment of the production know we have taken a big step forward. But team nearest to the commune headquarters id there is still much to do if we are to meet the actually a quasi-settlement with warehouses, requirements of modernization." dwellings, animal sheds and power-operated The wells. banner leadership has already worked Abundant fodder, silage and fuel are out a new plan for development under which stored. Here the herdsmen come in wintei with animals will total" 510,000 head by 1980 and their eattle. When the busy lambing season 800,000 by 1985. This will mean a considerable ,'maternity,' begins in spring, they move to a increase in the herdsmen's'income. encampment of solid animal sheds. In every corner of the grasslands the herders In summer the herdsmen move again, this are building mechanized, highly productive time to a place suitable for erecting tents for ranches. Their sights Are on a new and higher old or weak herders, students, children and goal.

February 9, 1979 27 ROUND THE WORLD u.s.s,R. During his visit to Italy from determined to fight to the end January 22 to 26, Soviet For- if war spreads to Thailand. Threatening Letters eign Minister Gromyko repeated With the invading Viet- Not long ago, Brezhnev sont 'Kampuchea qf Brezhnev's warning, but was namese troops in off a spate threatening lettery rebuffed by Italian government govern- moving up closer to Thai bor- to some West European leaders. Itallan Foreign Minis- rnent leaders warning them ders, the Thai Government de- ter Arnaldo Forlani told Gro- cided to increase the defensive against selling arms to and myko that China's policy of trade China. capabilities of its troops along expanding with economic development and The import of Brezhnev's let- the Thai-Kampuehean borders, modernization was a "positive interpreted set up more posts and, on tens were correctly factor" which would lead China as menacing, overt attempts at January 15, put its troops there into "greater co-operation" with roundly on a war footing to guard blackmailing and were the rest of the world. A Janu- by Western political against any untoward events. condemned ary 25 AFP report said that the circles and the public. Kriangsak's Italian response followed con- Prime Minister British Foreign Secretary sultations with Britain, France apprehensions over the future David Owen on January 17 said and West Germany. of Southeast Asia after Viet that hirs country had sent a clear Nam's aggression on Kampu- Brezhnev's letters were ob- firm reply Brezhnev's chea is understandable. The and to viously aimed at exerting polit- churlish letter advising against formation of an "Indochina ical pressure on West European Britain's proposed sale of federation" is the prelude to the countries. T\e Dailg Telegroegth Harrier jump jets to China. Vietnamese quest for hegemony of Britain pointed out: "It is an Douglas Hurd,. a Conservative in Southeast Asia. According to example of the way in rvhich foreign affairs spokesman, said the strategic plan. of the Viet- Russia increasingly feels able to during the Commons question namese expansionists, annexa- throw her weight around." The time that he hoped the British tion of .Kampuchea "opens up a Mi]an II Gi.ornale Nuotso carried Government would tell the Rus- new era" in bringing about its an editorial on January 23 say- sian leader in clear-cut terms "Indochina federatioh" and also ing that Brezhnev's letters that his representations were paves the way for {urther ex- "violate the principle of mutual unwelcome and would be firmtry pansion in Southeast Asia. respect and non-interference in resisted. each other's internal affair':s." During their "smillng diplo- Brezhnev's two letters to The letters were in no way dif- macy" offensive towards Italian Prime Minister Giulio ferent from the "imperial ASEAN countries last autumn, Andreotti, also warning against edicts" handed down by the Hanoi leaders declared that Italy's sale of arms and tech- tsars to their underlings, and Viet Nam "does not interfere in nology to China, have provoked were ('particularly resented" in the internal affairs of its neigh- sharp criticism from Italian Italy. boursf' and respects their "sove- politicians. Former Italian hes- reignty and territorial integ- ident Giuseppe Saraget said in THAILAND rity." They even promised.not a recent public speech that it to attack and occupy Phnom Hanoi's Next Ta_rget was inadmissible for Brezhnev Penh. They should have left out "Thailand is Viet Nam's next to write in such a tone in his the word "not," because, even target. Viet Nam had once letter to Prime Minister An- pro- indicated that it would liberate before the sound of their dreotti interfering in Italy's in- mise faded, Vietnamese aggres- ternal Italian Labour the rural areas of northern affairs. sor troops had attacked and Union Secretary-General Gior- Thailand bordering on Kampu- occupied the Karnpuchean capi- gio Benvenuto said in a letter to chea," said Thai Prime Minister Prime Minister Andreotti that Kriangsak Chomanan during tal. The Vietnamese authorities the Chinese people had the right talks with Japanese Prime today are promising the to freely decide on their own Minister Masayoshi Ohira on ASEAN countries that it will technological progress and the January 17. not meddle with their internal development of productiol and The Thai Prime Minister in affairs. This is not only hYPo- to choose trade partners they Tokyo also told pressmen on. critical; it is an ominous signal. had confidence in. January 18 that his country was Viet Nam is up to its old trick

28 Beiiing Revieus, No, 6 again: Reassuring its next vic- tina, the foremost exporter of tions in the past year. At least tim. agricultural and animal hus- 14 talks took plags for this Pur- bandry products in Latin Amer- pose. November 29, the two Southeast Asia, at the june- On ica, exported more than 1.984 in Bonn a tion of' the Pacific and the Governments signed million tons soybeans last protocol on the alignment and Indian Oceans and richly endo: of year, a tremendous inirease over solution of their boundary line wed with natural resources, is a 1977. Brazil and Paraguay also related problems. Agree- prime objective in Soviet globat and vastly improved soybean pro- ments for the construction of a strategy. The Soviet Union has duction important between Ham- been vigorously expanding its and are now superhighway were con- Pacific fleet, reinforcing its exporters. burg and West Berlin cluded earlier. Indian Ocean fleet and trying Building hydraulic projects to its best to sell its "Asian collec- expand the irrigated acreage The volume of exports and tive .security system" to bring contributed vastly to this in- imports between the two sides this region under its eontrol. crease in grain production. in 19?8 was up. Trade turnover With Viet Nam turned into a Mexico, for example, started an for the first half of 1978 Soviet 'foutpost," the Soviet additional 2,700 projects last reached 4,300 million marks, Pacifi'c fleet has advanced its year and those cornpleted 6.6 per cent higher than that of position from Haishenwei already irrigate 500,000 hectares. the same period the Previous (Vladivostok) to Cam Ranh Bay Venezuela and Ecuador are also year. According to the West over 2,000 miles away. And expandi,ng their irrigated areas. German press, trade turnover using Viet Nam as its hit-man Another factor was the grow- for the whole year exceeded to attack 'Kampuchea and ing indigenous chemical fer- 9,000 million marks, an increase occupy Phnom Penh, Moscow per over 1977's can push its Pacific fleet into tilizer industry. In the early of 5 to 6 cent 60s, produced the Gulf of Siam. This would Latin America 8,660 million m'arks. only 400,000 tons of fertilizer allow the Soviet Union to join There were more annually-less than one half PeoPle-to- its hegemonist activities in the people contacts between the the amount used. Although out- Pacific and the Indian' Oceans put rose 2.L2 million tons in two Germanys last year. Offi- to squeeze Southeast Asia from lo year 1975-76, cial figures given by West Ger- two sides and gravely threaten the agriculture it was demand. many reported that a cumula- the peace and security of coun- still short of tive total of 1,384,000 retired tries in the vast Asia-Pacific Greater efforts are being made to produce more people East GermanY visited region. fertilizer. in relatives in Progress is also reported in their kinsfolk or West Germany in 1978, which is LATIN AMERICA research, in cultivation, in pop ularization improved varie- 60,000 more than the Previous More Foodgraino of . ties, mechanization and train- year. About 23,000 East Ger- went West GermanY Foodgrain production has ing. mans to for private matters in the first gone up in many Latin Ameri- Food production in these six months of last year. can countries due to higher agri- Latiri Arnerican countries has cultural inputs in the last few gone up, but agricultural de- From West GermanY a cumu- years. Traditional dependence velopment as a whole is slow lative total of 3.2 million on imports has been reduced and is holding back their na- people toured East GermanY or correspondingly. tional economies. People in visited relatives there. Accord- given bY the rffest Mexico brought in a good har- L,atin America are asking their ing to figures vest in 1978. Maize output governments to allocate more Berlin, municipal government. reached a record 10.9 million funds to agricultural produc- over 3.2 million West Berliners tons and wheat and barley in- tion. visited felatives in East Ger- cumulative total creased 8 per cent and 25 per many and the from 1972 to lS17 was 18,3 cent respectively over 197?. The TWO GERMANYS million. country is now close to self-suf- Seelng More of Each Other ficiency in staple grains. pana- In addition to official contacts ma's rice production in the crop Both the German Democratic between permanent representa- year of L977-78 was about 4,600 Republic and the Federal Re- tives, there was a greater tons. Venezuela had a record public of Germany were actively interflow among mass organi- grain output last year. Argen- improving their bilateral rela- zations.

February g, 19Zg 29 OH THE HOME FRONT

1 Zhuzhau Reegales of 1.8 million square metres Heaven, and the Summer fnd.astrta,l Va*te since 1971, avaraging 7.2 square Palace. On the reverse side is Pollution accompanyrng rnetres per irihabitant. a carved stone pillar design. China's rapid industrial devil- In addition the city recovers They are of 22-karat gold, each opment is becoming a problem 150 kinds of metals, chemicals 27 mrn. in diameter and con- and the government is paying and materials for the light in- taining 0.5 ounce of gold. ever greater attention to pro- dustry from industrial wastes. tecting the environment. The Their products come to 37 mil- press is frequently running lion yuan a year. articles drawing attention to this. Becently, the way the Most recycling of industrial wastes new industrial city of Zhuzhou is done by "neighbour- in Hunan Province dealt with hood faetories" staffed mainly its industrial waste problem by local women residents. was widely publicized. These small collectivel5r owned and run factories produce parts Zhuzhou has a population of for the state-run enterprises. 250,000 and before steps were taken in 1970, its industrial Suburban communes are also involved. Waste discharged wastes were getting to become by quite a problem. Comrade Hua an insecticide plant was the raw material plant Guofeng, then the first secre- for a small tary of the Hunan provincial run by a production'brigade to ) Anolent Gold Dfhoe Party committee, took up this extract 150 tons of low-grade Betuoonated pesticide last year. With help problem at the provincial level. The 900-year-old Zhaoye gold from the workers, suburban The Zhuzhou municipal author- mining area astride Zhaoyuan peasants have built a ?5-kilo- ities have achieved good re- and Yexian Counties in Shan- metre canal to lead. waste water sults in this field. dong Province will become one containing ammonia from a of China's major producers of More than half the ash from nitrogenous fertilizer plant to gold. A survey shows that re- the city's factories are now irrigate 1,400 hectares of com- serves almost 250 more turned into bricks and other mune rice paddies. are tons than an earlier estimate. building materials. This has enabled the city to build new O Souoentr Gold The ore in this area contaifis housing with a total floor space Token* sulphur, copper and silver. Three ore-dressing plants, each The China Mint Company is- handling 500 tons daily, and sued 1,500 sets of commemora- many smaller ones have been tive gold tokens over the Spring built. The surrounding areas Festival. These are the first are being investigated for gold. commernorative tokens New China has issued. The Po Sang Bank Ltd., Xianggang (Hong- O ilalr-Stgle lDebate kong), acted as the selling agent Chinese women in the cities for the People's Bank of China. are curling their hair Again and this has led to some uplifting of Each set consists of four gold eyebrows. manifes- tokens, struck in the form of "Another tation of a bourgeois life-style," coins, with the designs of four some charged. Others do not scenie spots in Beijing, namely, think so. the Great Wall, the White Dagoba of the Beihai Park (the The "hairdo" debate is a Winter Palace), Qi Nian Dian minor but one of many subjects (Pavilion of Prayer for Good of lively discussion in Chinese Harvests) in the Temple of cities today.

3A Beijing Reoieu:, No. 6 For instance, when a woman wish to have a richer and more carry'out. subversion and sabo- model worker in Beijing hand- varied life, and this expresses tage. On his second airdroP he ed in a half-length photo of her- itself in the way they dress and was caught bY the PeoPle's self to put up on the factory's in the way they like to do their Liberation Army. honour roll, it sparked off quite hair and so on. What is there Contrary to his exPectations, a stir. She had permed her hair! to reproach. anyone? he was not executed. Nor were One of her work-mates said: Of course, people should do a other prisoners ever "We ca.n't stick up a photo like he and good job work and abused tortured; as serf- that on our honour board. It is in their or study, not spend all their time owners did to people who fe1I a sign of decadent bourgeois energ"y preening and into their hands. His thinking ideology." Someone decided to and primping. But people are living rePented what write and ask the workers' daily changed and he better under socialism, the na- Gongren Ribao what it had to he had done. He was commend- tional workers' daily concluded. say about this. ed twice for good behaviour. Gonqren Ri,bao replied in On his release he was amazed length. A comrade is judged by 1 Dx-Dnerng Agents to see the changes which had his or her attitude towards rev- Beeonte lForlse,rt taken plaee in Xizang. He olution and work, not by hair- could hardly recognize his own The Lhasa Motor Vehicle Ac- styles or clothing, the daily native village. There was a cessories Plant took in nine new declared. The idmiogical con- with trees to his workers, ail former secret agents highway lined sciousness of a worker is mani- who had been sent into Xizang village. He found his mother fested mainly in the way one from abroad to carry_ out sub- alive and well and his two works. This woman worker has versive activities. They were brothers were now commune been a model worker for many assigned jobs in this plant after members. They were not dis- years, thus she is a fine member they and another former agent criminated against trecause theY of the working class. We should had been released last Novem- brother who was an not accuse any woman of being had a ber by the People's Government. him ideologically influenced by the enemy agent. TheY told was about bourgeoisie just because she That ex-agent has chosen to that the grain Yield had been be- perms her hair. go abroad again to join his wife five times what it Lhasa, he saw clean' and two sons, with expenses fore.' In The ideological confusion straight-paved streets, modern hangover from the days provided by the People's Gov- is a buildings, schools, hosPitals and when Lin Biao and the "gang of ernment. This practice of pay- factories. There were no ragged four" stood everything upside ing released prisoners fare home oPen. filthY, biock- down. Those political tricl

Februarp 9, 1979 31 tlU E *tt l. TL *, ELEM ENTARY C H IN ESE *n )L, *. This book for beginners hos explonotions in English. There ore olto- + gether (including phonetics proctice) fl 66 lessons 12 lessons in ond orol in two L volumes ond on oppendix of vocobulory ot the end, E .& tu After finishing the two volumes, beginners will be oble to corry on q, t*- everydoy conversotion ond reod simple Chinese. D :+ Part I 250 pp. Part II 398 pp. soft cover l'" )L

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CH IN ESE READER

A follow-up course of ELEMENTARY CHINESE, These volumes hove ex- plonotory notes on words ond phroses to eoch lesson, .the stress being on idiomotic usoge thot might be difficult to the foreign student. A vocobulory list is oppended to eoch volume.

After completing this course, students will be oble to corry on converso- tions in simple Chinese ond, with the help of o dictionory, reod Chinese journols ond populor literoture.

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