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FOOTPRINTS in the SNOW the Long History of Arctic Finland

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Maria Lähteenmäki FOOTPRINTS IN THE SNOW The Long History of Arctic Finland Prime Minister’s Office Publications 12 / 2017 Prime Minister’s Office Publications 12/2017 Maria Lähteenmäki Footprints in the Snow The Long History of Arctic Finland Info boxes: Sirpa Aalto, Alfred Colpaert, Annette Forsén, Henna Haapala, Hannu Halinen, Kristiina Kalleinen, Irmeli Mustalahti, Päivi Maria Pihlaja, Jukka Tuhkuri, Pasi Tuunainen English translation by Malcolm Hicks Prime Minister’s Office, Helsinki 2017 Prime Minister’s Office ISBN print: 978-952-287-428-3 Cover: Photograph on the visiting card of the explorer Professor Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. Taken by Carl Lundelius in Stockholm in the 1890s. Courtesy of the National Board of Antiquities. Layout: Publications, Government Administration Department Finland 100’ centenary project (vnk.fi/suomi100) @ Writers and Prime Minister’s Office Helsinki 2017 Description sheet Published by Prime Minister’s Office June 9 2017 Authors Maria Lähteenmäki Title of Footprints in the Snow. The Long History of Arctic Finland publication Series and Prime Minister’s Office Publications publication number 12/2017 ISBN (printed) 978-952-287-428-3 ISSN (printed) 0782-6028 ISBN PDF 978-952-287-429-0 ISSN (PDF) 1799-7828 Website address URN:ISBN:978-952-287-429-0 (URN) Pages 218 Language English Keywords Arctic policy, Northernness, Finland, history Abstract Finland’s geographical location and its history in the north of Europe, mainly between the latitudes 60 and 70 degrees north, give the clearest description of its Arctic status and nature. Viewed from the perspective of several hundred years of history, the Arctic character and Northernness have never been recorded in the development plans or government programmes for the area that later became known as Finland in as much detail as they were in Finland’s Arctic Strategy published in 2010. As a consequence of international geopolitical and economic turns Finland has also moved closer to the Arctic. At the same time, Finns have gradually accepted Northernness as part of their regional and national identity. The work presents and evaluates Finland’s Northern nature over a long historical time span. The texts focus on how Northernness has been seen, on the one hand in scientific work, and on the other in political speeches and practices. Finland, which will have been independent for one hundred years in 2017, wants to be an active operator in the Arctic region. It is looking to the North for growth, competitiveness and employment while respecting the Arctic environment. The writers of this reference book are experts in Northernness in their respective fields and come from different universities and central government. Publisher Prime Minister’s Office Printed by Lönnberg Print & Promo, 2017 (place and time) Publication sales/ Online version: julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi Distributed by Publication sales: julkaisutilaukset.valtioneuvosto.fi Kuvailulehti Julkaisija Valtioneuvoston kanslia 9.6.2017 Tekijät Maria Lähteenmäki Julkaisun nimi Footprints in the Snow. The Long History of Arctic Finland Julkaisusarjan nimi Valtioneuvoston kanslian julkaisusarja ja numero 12/2017 ISBN painettu 978-952-287-428-3 ISSN painettu 0782-6028 ISBN PDF 978-952-287-429-0 ISSN PDF 1799-7828 URN-osoite URN:ISBN:978-952-287-429-0 Sivumäärä 218 Kieli englanti Asiasanat Arktinen politiikka, Pohjoisuus, Suomi, historia Tiivistelmä Suomen maantieteellinen paikka ja historia Euroopan pohjoisessa, pääosin 60 ja 70 pohjoisen leveysasteen välissä, kuvaa sen arktista asemaa ja luonnetta selkeimmillään. Monisataisen historiansa näkökulmasta katsottuna Arktisuus ja Pohjoisuus eivät kuitenkaan ole koskaan tulleet kirjatuksi Suomena sittemmin tunnetun alueen kehityssuunnitelmiin tai hallitusohjelmiin niin seikkaperäisesti kuin mitä tapahtui vuonna 2010 julkaistussa Suomen Arktisessa Strategiassa. Kansainvälisen geopoliittisen ja taloudellisen käänteen seurauksena Suomikin on siirtynyt lähemmäksi Arktista. Samalla suomalaiset ovat vähin erin hyväksyneet Pohjoisuuden osaksi alueellista ja kansallista identiteettiään. Teoksessa esitellään ja arvioidaan Suomen Pohjoista luonnetta pitkällä historiallisella aikajänteellä. Tekstit painottuvat siihen, miten Pohjoisuus on näkynyt yhtäältä tieteenteossa ja toisaalta poliittisissa puheissa ja käytännöissä. Vuonna 2017 sata vuotta täyttävä itsenäinen Suomi haluaa olla arktisen alueen aktiivinen toimija. Se pyrkii hakemaan Pohjoisesta kasvua, kilpailukykyä ja työllisyyttä arktista ympäristöä kunnioittaen. Tietokirjan kirjoittajat ovat omien alojensa Pohjoisuuden asiantuntijoita eri yliopistoista ja valtionhallinnosta. Kustantaja Valtioneuvoston kanslia Painopaikka ja Lönnberg Print & Promo, 2017 vuosi Julkaisun myynti/ Sähköinen versio: julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi jakaja Julkaisumyynti: julkaisutilaukset.valtioneuvosto.fi Presentationsblad Utgivare Statsrådets kansli 9.6.2017 Författare Maria Lähteenmäki Publikationens Footprints in the Snow. The Long History of Arctic Finland titel Publikationsseriens Statsrådets kanslis publikationsserie namn och nummer 12/2017 ISBN tryckt 978-952-287-428-3 ISSN tryckt 0782-6028 ISBN PDF 978-952-287-429-0 ISSN PDF 1799-7828 URN-adress URN:ISBN:978-952-287-429-0 Sidantal 218 Språk engelska Nyckelord Arktisk politik, det nordliga läget, Finland, historia Referat Finlands geografiska läge, huvudsakligen mellan 60:e och 70:e breddgraden, och historia i det nordliga Europa beskriver bäst dess arktiska ställning och karaktär. Med hänsyn till sin månghundraåriga historia har den arktiska dimensionen och det nordliga läget för det område som senare blev känt som Finland likväl inte tidigare dokumenterats i utvecklingsplanerna eller regeringsprogrammen lika detaljerat som i Finlands arktiska strategi, som publicerades 2010. Som en följd av den internationella geopolitiska och ekonomiska vändningen har också Finland förskjutits närmare Arktis. Samtidigt har finländarna så småningom godkänt det nordliga läget till en del av sin regionala och nationella identitet. I verket presenteras och utvärderas Finlands nordliga karaktär under en lång historisk tidsrymd. Texterna fokuserar på hur det nordliga läget har synts dels inom vetenskapen, dels i den politiska retoriken och praxisen. Det självständiga Finland, som fyller hundra år 2017, vill vara en aktiv aktör i den arktiska regionen. Från den nordliga verksamheten söker Finland tillväxt, konkurrenskraft och sysselsättning med respekt för den arktiska miljön. Skribenterna, som jobbar vid olika universitet eller inom statsförvaltningen, är specialister på de nordliga områdena inom sina respektive branscher. Förläggare Statsrådets kansli Tryckort och år Lönnberg Print & Promo, 2017 Beställningar/ Elektronisk version: julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi distribution Beställningar: julkaisutilaukset.valtioneuvosto.fi PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE PUBLICATIONS 15/2017 FOOTPRINTS IN THE SNOW. THE LONG HISTORY OF ARCTIC FINLAND FOOTPRINTS IN THE SNOW. THE LONG HISTORY OF ARCTIC FINLAND Table of Contents Preface: The long history of Finnish “cold knowhow” .................................................... 9 1 The irresistible lure of the north.............................................................................................. 19 Beacons pointing to a distant past ............................................................................................................... 21 The north as the home of frosts ...................................................................................................................... 27 The beginnings of Arctic policy ...................................................................................................................... 32 Learning becomes more international ................................................................................................. 36 Finns in the sagas, Sirpa Aalto.................................................................................................................................... 24 2 All eyes on the Arctic Ocean and Siberia ............................................................................................ 43 Scholars gazing eastwards via the north .............................................................................................. 45 The north in the Kalevala ...................................................................................................................................... 49 The governor of Alaska ............................................................................................................................................. 50 In Arctic waters and on the Kola Peninsula.......................................................................................... 57 Utilization of the natural resources of Lapland .............................................................................. 60 Politicization of research in the Arctic ..................................................................................................... 66 The famous Nordenskiölds, Kristiina Kalleinen .............................................................................................. 53 The Aurora Borealis connected Finland to the High Arctic, Päivi Maria Pihlaja ................. 62 3 Finland’s access to the Arctic Ocean ...................................................................................... 71 The incorporation of Petsamo into Finland in 1918 and 1920 ........................................ 72 The mining village of Kolosjoki on the tundra ................................................................................
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  • The Oldest Parks in Turku

    The Oldest Parks in Turku

    Cathedral Park • Brahe Park • Porthan Park THE OLDEST PARKS IN TURKU 1 A section of a map drawn up by surveyor Johan Tillberg during 1808-1818. Image: National Archives. ©BLOM 2008 The City of Turku is founded. Turku Cathedral, which was constructed on the hill of Unikankare, is inaugurated. The bishopric is moved from Koroinen to Turku. The Dominican convent is established next to the city. The earliest reference to the headmaster of the The first garden of Finland, “hortus conclusus”, belonged to cathedral school of Turku is recorded. The primary The Hospital of St George, which cared for the St Olaf Dominican convent on the hill of Kaskenmäki. task of the cathedral school was to train priests. Novgorodians devastate Turku. leprous patients, is mentioned for the first time. The Hospital was located outside the city, on the west side of Aura River. 13th century The first years of the 14th century 1309 1318 1324 Early 14th century In 1355 the oldest guild of Turku, Guild of St Nicholas, is Latter half of the 14th century Rural settlement at the location The first literal reference to Turku as a city The mayor of Turku and the city council A city hall made of stone is constructed mentioned for the first time. The guild house was located The urban settlement expands on the eastern side where Turku would later be founded. is recorded. The oldest seal of the city dates are mentioned for the first time. at the end of the Great Market. in the Convent Quarter, south of the Great Market.