The Development of Fixed-Rail Public Transport in Frankfurt
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ʹͲͷʹǦͲͲͳͺȋȌǡ ʹͲͷ͵Ǧ͵ȋȌ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳǤǤ͵ͷȂ͵ͺͷ TAMÁS SZELESI MSc, Teacher of Geography and Environmental Sciences PhD Aspirant at the University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Earth Sciences [email protected] The Development of Fixed-rail Public Transport in Frankfurt Abstract Despite the economic crisis in the 2000s, the number of newly built homes has duplicated in comparison with the period between 1980 and 2001. One can find both green zone and brown zone investments among the recently developed residential areas; the traffic infrastructure is designed to catch up with the de- velopment of those new ones. In some cases, the latter one even gets ahead. Sev- eral districts of Frankfurt provide good examples for other European cities to show the way in which the mentioned two closely related fields can be jointly investigated. 90% of the development of traffic infrastructure concentrates on zero emissions having the establishment of tram and subway systems (Light Rail System and Stadtbahn), in scope along with purchasing transport vehicles. As the continuity of the period until 2021, the emphasis is put on the renovation of tram lines as well as building cross-town traffic network resulting in the increase of the number of passengers and less transfers on different lines. This article looks into the historical development of the Frankfurt transport system and summaries its infrastructural improvement. Key words Traffic & urban development; Zero emissions; Passenger traffic; Frankfurt am Main; Go green ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ 1. Introduction FrankfurtǦ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ȋLight Rail SytemStadtbahnȌ Ǧ ȋCommuter Train SystemS-BahnȌ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ ǦǦ Ǥǡǯ Frankfurt Geographical Locality Studies ǯ Ǥ 2. Research methods Frankfurt’s Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Frankfurt Tramway Society(Historische Straßenbahn der Stadt Frankfurt am Main e.V.). ʹͲͲͲ Ǥ Ǧ Frankfurtǡ Ǥ ǡ ͵ͷ Ǥ 3. Historical background and development of lines Frankfurt Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǦ Ǣǡ Ǧ Ǥ ͳͺʹ Ȃ ȋHauptwacheǡKon- stablerwacheȌBockenheimȋ ͳͳͻͺͷȌǤ ǢͳͻͺͲ ͵Ͳ Ǥ ǤǦǦFrankfurtȂOffenbachǦ (Frankfurt–Offenbach Trambahn Gesellschaft – FOTG) (Figure 1) ͳͺͺͶǤ GermanyǤǡǡ Offenbachȋ ǦǡǤʹͲͲͲȌǤ ǦǡǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ Ǧ Frankfurtͳͺͺͺȋ Ǧ Ȍ Ǧ (Eschenheimer Tor)EschenheimǤ Frankfurter Lokalbahn AG (FLAG)Oberursel ͳͺͻͻǤ Eschenheim ͳͻͲͺ Ͷ ͳͻͺ ȋǦ Ȍ Oberursel Ǥ ͵ͷͺ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ , B. (2013) ODMANN Source: R on the north, FOTG on the east, WLB on the west and south.west and WLB on the on the east, on the north, FOTG Figure 1 – Isolated traffic lines before integration. Map of the tram system from 1905. FLAG before integration. Map of 1 – Isolated traffic lines Figure ͳͺͺͻͳͺͳͺͺͻǡǦ ȋȂȌ(Figure 1) River Main FLAG Ǥ FrankfurtSachsen- hausenǡ Niederradǡ Schwanheim Neu-IsenburgǤ ͵ͷͻ ǡ Niederrad Schwanheim ǤǦ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ȋ Ǧ ǡǤʹͲͲͲȌǤ ͳͻʹͻǤ ǯ ȋ Goldsteinǡ NiederradȌǤ Neu-Isenburg ͳͲͲǡ ȋFrankfurter StadtwaldȄͷͺͷ ȌǤ ǡ ͳ ͳͺͻǦǡ Ǧ ȋ ȌGal- lus districtǤ Ǧ ͳͳͻͳͲǦ Gallusȋ FrankfurtȌǤ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ FrankfurtȂ OffenbachͳͻͲǤOffenbach Ǣǡ Ǧ ʹͺ ͳͻͳͲǤͳͻͳͶǡ Frankfurt Ǥ Ǧ Bonamesǡ Niedereschbachǡ Bad Homburg(Taunus)ͳͻͳͲǡ Ǧ Niederurselǡ Bommersheim ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ Oberusel ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ Main RiederhöfeȋȌBergen-Enkheimȋ ǡ Ǥ Ȃ ǡ ǤͳͻʹȌǤ World War Iǡ Ǥ ͳͻʹ͵ǡOffenbach Ǧ ͵Ͳ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ Frankfurt Ǧ Ǣ ǡ Ǥ OsthafenǡǦ Casella chemical industry Ǧ Ǥǡ ȋ Ȍ ͳͻʹ ͵ͳ ͳͻʹͺ ȋ Ǧǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ ʹͲ ǡBerkersheim ȋ ͵ͻͻȌͳͻʹͷǤ BerkersheimFrankfurtͳͻͳͲǤ Ǧ Berkersheim͵ǡͶ͵ ʹͲͳʹǤ ͳͻͺǡ Ǧ ǡ ȋͳͻȌPreungesheimͷǤ ǡ Riedbergͻ ȋ Y ǡǤȂY ǡ Ǥ ǤͳͻͻʹȌǤ GriesheimNied ͳͻ͵Ͳ ͳͻ͵ǤWorld War IIʹͷ ͳͻͶͷǡǦ Ǥ ǡ American ArmyǤ Ǧ Niedǡ Griesheimǡ Hauptwacheǡ Konstablerwacheǡ BornheimǤ ͳͻͶͻǡ Main ǡ ǡ Ȅ ͳͻͷʹȄ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͷʹǡHöchstȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ ͳͻ͵Ǥ ǡOf- fenbachǡ (Marktplatz) ͵ͳ ȋͳͻͻȌǤǦ ͳͻͺǤ ǡNordweststadt Ǥǡ ͳͻͳǡǦ ȋ Bod HomburgOberurselȌȋ ǡ ǤȂ ǡ ǤͳͻͺͻȌǤ ͳͻͲǡ ȂǮǯ ȋPreungesheimǦHauptbahnhofǡǦ Ȍ ȋNordend Ostǡ Seckbachǡ Preungesheimǡ Berkersheim Griesheimǡ Gallusǡ RödelheimȌǤ (FVV – Frankfurter Verkehrsverbund) ǤǮǯȋZoo-Hausenǡ HeerstrasseǡǦ ȌͳͻͺͲȋ Ȍǡ ȋWestendǡ Bahnhofsvirtelǡ Bockenheimǡ HausenȌȋ ǡ ǤȂ ǡ ǤͳͻͺͻȌǤ ȋǦȌȋͳͻͺǣHauptbahnhof KonstablerwacheǢͳͻͺͻǣKonstablerwacheSüdbahnhofǢͳͻͻͶ ͳͻͻǣMühlbergOffenbachȌȋ ǡǤʹͲͲʹȌǤ ͳͻͻͲǡ Ǥǯǯ Enkheimͳͻͻʹ Ǥ Ǧ Bergen Ǥ ǡRhine–Main Transport Union FrankfurtǤ Ǧ Ǥ OffenbachͳͻͻǡǦ FrankfurtȂOffenbach Frankfurt ȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲȌǤ ͵ʹ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ ǣ ͳǤ World War Iǡ Ǣ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ʹǤ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǤWorld War IIǡǦ Ǧ Ǥǡ Ǧ ͳͻͲ FrankfurtǤ ͵Ǥ ͳͻͲͳͻͻͲǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǣ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ͶǤ ʹͲͲͲǡ Ǧ FrankfurtǤ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ 3.1. 2001: the ‘D’ line Ǯ ǯͳͲ ʹͲͲͳǡ Ǧ Hauptbahnhof ȋ Ȍ BockenheimǤ ǣ ǡ (Fair and Exhibition Centre – Messe) (Unicampus Bockenheim)Ǥ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯǡ Ǧ Ǯǯ Ǥ ͳͻͺͻʹͳͻͻ͵ǡ ͵͵ (Brönnersche Far- benfabrik)Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ͳͻͶ MesseRebstockTheodorǦ Heuss Alle (Figure 2)Ǥ Rebstock ʹͲͲ͵ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Figure 2 – Frankfurt Light Rail. Construction phase 3. Planned network of 1964. Darkened lines indicate the underground ones. Lighter grey lines indicate separated surface ones including suburban train lines. Source: GROSS, P. (2006) Ǯ ǯ (Figure 3)ǡ Ǧ ʹͲͲǤ ǡ ͵Ͷ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ ʹͲͲͻ Ginnheim Curve (Gin- nheimer Kurve) ȋ Y ǡȂ ǤʹͲͳͲȌǤ Figure 3 – The workability of plans to lengthen the line ‘DII’ based on public initiation. Source: GINNHEIMER KURVE (2013) Ǧ Ǥǣ x Unicampus Westend ȋʹǡͲͲͲȌǦǦ ȋ Ȍ͵ ͵ͷ ͷǤ ʹͲͲ Ǧ Bockenheimǡ ȋ ǡǤʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ x National Bank (Bundesbank) ȋ ǡǤ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ x Platenstrasse ȋ ʹͳǡͲͲͲȌ Ǧ ͳͻ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǧ GinnheimǤ ǡ Ǯǯ(Miquel-/Adickersalle)Ǥ x Ǯǯ (Heddernheim-Südbahnhof)Ǥ ǡ ͳʹǡͲͲͲ HolzhausenͻǤ ǡ ͷͷǡͲͲͲ Ǥ Palmengarten (Grüneburgpark)ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͳͳǦ Ǥȋ Ǧ ǡʹͲͳͳȌ River Main ͳͻͲǤǡ Ǥǡ ǯ (Universitätsklinikum) Ǧ Ǥ ͳͻͶǤ Ǧ ȋ ȌǤ ͵ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ ͳʹǡͳͷǡʹͳͳͻʹͲǤ Ǣ ǡ ȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲͲȌ(Figure 4)Ǥ 3.2. 2003: Rebstock Rebstockpark ǡBocken- heimǤ ǡ Ǧ Ͷͺ ͷǡ ǡ ǦǤ ͳͲͲ Frankfurtȋͳͻ͵Ȍǡ (Volkspark)ͳͻʹ (Rebstockbad)ͳͻͺʹǤʹͲͲͲǡ Ǧ Ǥ (Messe) ͷǡͶͲͲ Ǥ ͳͻͻͲǡ ͷ ͳͲ ͶǡͷͲͲ ͷǡͷͲͲǤ ʹͲͳȋƬ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ Rebstockpark Ǧ ǢǡǤ ͳͻͺͺǡ Bockenheimindustrialarea Ǥͳͻͻͷ ʹͲͲǡ City WestǤ Ͷͺǡǡ ͳͺǡͲͲͲǤVoltatrasse Ǧ ͷǡͲͲͲǤʹͲͲ͵ǡ ͷͲ͵͵Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ ǤͳͻͶǡ Altstadt ȋ Ȍ ȋ ǡǤʹͲͲȌǤǡͳͻͺ ͵ Frankfurt Ǧ ǤǮǯ Ǧ ȋBockenheimer Landstrasse HauptwacheȌ ȋ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͻȌǤ Figure 4 – The plans of the subway line DIII in the southern area of Main line DIII in the southern Figure 4 – The plans of the subway Source: P LANUNGSVERBAND (2006) ͵ͺ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ ǡ ǤʹǤͶǡǦReb- stockȋͳȌǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ Ǧ Ǥ (Ham- burger Alley – Figure 5)ǡǦ ͳ͵ͷǦ ȋY ǡ ǤʹͲͲȌǤ Figure 5 – Single-way tram line in the green area at Hamburg Alley Photographed by SZELESI, T. (2014) ǡ ǢͳͲ ǤͷȋͳͷȌǤ ʹͲͳͶͳ Ǧ (Rebstock and Neu- Isenburg)ͳͳǤ ͵ͻ Ǯ ǯMesse StuttgartHannoverȋǦ ǮͷǯȌǤ ǡ ͳ Ǥ 3.3.