ʹͲͷʹǦͲͲͳͺȋ’”‹–Ȍǡ ʹͲͷ͵Ǧ͵͸͸͹ȋ‘Ž‹‡Ȍ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳǤ’’Ǥ͵ͷ͸Ȃ͵ͺͷ

TAMÁS SZELESI MSc, Teacher of Geography and Environmental Sciences PhD Aspirant at the University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Earth Sciences [email protected]  

The Development of Fixed-rail Public Transport in Frankfurt

Abstract Despite the economic crisis in the 2000s, the number of newly built homes has duplicated in comparison with the period between 1980 and 2001. One can find both green zone and brown zone investments among the recently developed residential areas; the traffic infrastructure is designed to catch up with the de- velopment of those new ones. In some cases, the latter one even gets ahead. Sev- eral districts of Frankfurt provide good examples for other European cities to show the way in which the mentioned two closely related fields can be jointly investigated. 90% of the development of traffic infrastructure concentrates on zero emissions having the establishment of tram and subway systems (Light Rail System and Stadtbahn), in scope along with purchasing transport vehicles. As the continuity of the period until 2021, the emphasis is put on the renovation of tram lines as well as building cross-town traffic network resulting in the increase of the number of passengers and less transfers on different lines. This article looks into the historical development of the Frankfurt transport system and summaries its infrastructural improvement.

Key words Traffic & urban development; Zero emissions; Passenger traffic; Frankfurt am Main; Go green

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  1. Introduction Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ–Š‡Frankfurtˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–‹•–‘’”ƒ‡†ƒ– —”‘’‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ƒ† ’”‹ ‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ › ‘‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„—”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‹–› ‡–”‡ǡ–Š‡–”ƒŠƒ•„‡‡‰ƒ‹‹‰‰”‡ƒ–’‘’—Žƒ”‹–› ™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡–™‘”•‘ˆˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹ ǤŠ‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ’Žƒ• ‘ˆ •—„™ƒ› •›•–‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ȋLight Rail Sytemƒ†StadtbahnȌ ™‡”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› –Š‡ ‡™‡•– ‡šǦ ’”‡••Ž‹‡•ȋCommuter Train System‘”S-BahnȌƒ†–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ʹͲͲͲǡ ‡š’‡”–• Šƒ˜‡ ˆƒ ‡† ‡™ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• „› „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‡™ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ”‡Ǧ —”„ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›ƒ––‡’–•–‘‹–”‘†— ‡„‘–Š–Š‡Š‹•–‘”Ǧ ‹ ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†ƒ†–Š‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‘Ǧ Œ‡ –•‘ˆ—”„ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡™Ž›„—‹Ž–‹Ǧ–‘™ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹  •›•–‡•Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡•–—†›ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•’‡”•‘ƒŽ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•–‘„—‹Ž†•— Šƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡•‹‹Žƒ”Ž› –‘–Šƒ–‘ˆFrankfurtˆ‘”™Š‹ ŠGeographical Locality Studies’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”–‘’”‡•‡––Š‹• ‡”ƒ ‹–›ǯ•‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ† ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ •›•–‡ ƒ• ƒ ‰‘‘† ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ —”„ƒ –”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ  2. Research methods Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆFrankfurt’s’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‰‘‡•„ƒ ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Šǡ –Š‡”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‘–‹—‘—• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡‹•ƒ˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡†‘ —‡–‹‰–Š‡ Šƒ‰Ǧ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‡’– ƒ† ’”‡•‡”˜‡† „› –Š‡ Frankfurt Tramway Society(Historische Straßenbahn der Stadt Frankfurt am Main e.V.).Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‘•– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͲͲƒ†Šƒ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ˆ‹”•–Šƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ—––‹‰–Š‡•‡ Šƒ‰‡•‹–‘ˆ‘ —•ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•Ǧ ‹‰ –Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†‡” ‹–› ’Žƒ‹‰‘ˆ Frankfurtǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›•–”‘‰Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Žƒ›‘—–‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–”‘—–‡•ǤŠ‡ ƒƒŽ‰ƒƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰ ƒ† •‡––‹‰ —’ ƒ Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ

 ͵ͷ͹ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††ƒ–ƒ‹–Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ˆ‹”•––‹‡Ǥ  3. Historical background and development of lines Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ Frankfurt ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– ƒ „‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ– Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ •›•–‡ ƒŠ‡Ž’ˆ‹‰—”‡‘—––Š‘•‡‹’‘”–ƒ––—”‹‰’‘‹–•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ Ž‹‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‡–•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–‡”•ƒ† Šƒ‰‡•–”‹‰‰‡”‡†„› –Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”–™‘’Š‡‘‡ƒƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ˆƒ –‘”•ǤŠ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›†‘‡•‘–ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ‹Ǧ †‡’–Š”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘”‡˜‹‡™–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‹‘”†‡” –‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ —””‡–‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†–Š‡’”‘Ǧ ‡••‘ˆ—”„ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š‘”•‡–”ƒ™ƒ›™ƒ•„”‘—‰Š–‹–‘—•‡‹ͳͺ͹ʹ‡•—”‹‰–Š‡ ‡ƒ•–Ȃ™‡•– ‘‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‘™–‘™ȋHauptwacheǡŽƒ–‡”Kon- stablerwacheȌƒ†Bockenheimȋ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‹–›—–‹Žͳ•–’”‹ŽͳͻͺͷȌǤ Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡–™‘”™ƒ•‹’”‘˜‹‰Ǣ„›ͳͻͺͲ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š ™ƒ• ͵Ͳ ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› ‹ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‹’‘”–ƒ– Šƒ‰‡•‹–‡”•‘ˆ„‘–Š–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ† •›•–‡•–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‡‘‡Ǧ‡–‡”Ǧ‰ƒ—‰‡FrankfurtȂOffenbach–”ƒǦ™ƒ› (Frankfurt–Offenbach Trambahn Gesellschaft – FOTG) (Figure 1)™ƒ• ‘’‡‡†‹–™‘•–‡’•‹ͳͺͺͶǤŠ‹•Ž‹‡™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘‡‘ˆ‹–•‹†‹ GermanyǤ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‡‹••–‹ŽŽƒ’”‘‹‡–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ„—– –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š Šƒ• „‡‡ •Š‘”–‡‡† ƒ† –‡”‹ƒ–‡• ƒ– –Š‡ „‘”†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆOffenbachȋ ǦǡǤʹͲͲͲȌǤ  ‘”†‹‰–‘ ǦǡǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ž‘ ƒŽ•–‡ƒǦ–”ƒ –‹‘ –”ƒ‹Ž‹‡‹Frankfurt™ƒ•‘’‡‡†‹ͳͺͺͺȋ™‹–ŠŽ‘ ‘‘–‹˜‡ƒ†’ƒ•Ǧ •‡‰‡” ƒ† ‰‘‘†• ™ƒ‰‘•Ȍ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ –‘™ (Eschenheimer Tor)ƒ†EschenheimǤ Š‡ ‘’ƒ› Frankfurter Lokalbahn AG (FLAG)‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†Oberursel —‹– ‹ ͳͺͻͻǤ Š‡ Eschenheim Ž‹‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ˆ‹‡† „› ͳͻͲͺ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹– ‘’‡”ƒ–‡•—†‡”‰”‘—†•‹ ‡Ͷ–Š –‘„‡”ͳͻ͸ͺ„‡ ‘‹‰–Š‡ ‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡  Ž‹‡ ȋǦ–”‡ ‡Ȍ Šƒ†Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ‘•– –”ƒˆˆ‹  ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ Oberursel ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒǤ  ͵ͷͺ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ   , B. (2013) ODMANN Source: R on the north, FOTG on the east, WLB on the west and south.west and WLB on the on the east, on the north, FOTG  Figure 1 – Isolated traffic lines before integration. Map of the tram system from 1905. FLAG before integration. Map of 1 – Isolated traffic lines Figure

‡–™‡‡͸–Š ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͺͺͻƒ†ͳͺ–Š’”‹Žͳͺͺͻǡ–Š‡•–‡ƒǦ–”ƒ –‹‘ ˆ‘”‡•–Ž‹‡ȋȂƒŽ†„ƒŠȌ(Figure 1)™ƒ•„—‹Ž–‹–™‘•–‡’•‹–Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ River Main ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• “—‹–‡ •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ FLAG‹ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•Ž‹‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘ƒ‘‰ FrankfurtSachsen- hausenǡ Niederradǡ Schwanheim ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–› ‘ˆ Neu-IsenburgǤ – –Š‡

 ͵ͷͻ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  „‡‰‹‹‰ǡ’ƒ••‡‰‡”–”ƒˆˆ‹ ™ƒ•‘–•‘’”‘‹‡–ƒ†–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ –Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ‰‘‘†•‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹‡•‘ˆ Niederrad ƒ†Schwanheim™Š‹ Š™ƒ•—•‡†‹ ‹–› ‘•–”— –‹‘•Ǥ›–Š‡‡šŠƒ—•Ǧ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ‰‘‘†•Šƒ††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ’ƒ••‡‰‡”–”ƒˆˆ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒŽ‘–ƒ•‡˜‡•‹šǦ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡’ƒ••‡Ǧ ‰‡” –”ƒ‹• ™‡”‡ ‡‡†‡† ƒ– ™‡‡‡†• ƒ† ‘ „ƒ Š‘Ž‹†ƒ›• ȋ Ǧ ǡǤʹͲͲͲȌǤ „‡ ƒ‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•›•–‡–Š”‘—‰Š—Ž–‹’Ž‡•–‡’•—–‹Ž ͳͻʹͻǤƒ”‹‘—•‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹‹–•”‘—–‡ƒ†Œ—•–‹‰‹– –‘ –Š‡ ‹–›ǯ• ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ȋ™‡•–‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Goldsteinǡ NiederradȌǤ Š‡ –”ƒŽ‹‡Š‡ƒ†‹‰–‘Neu-Isenburg Šƒ•ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ‹–• ’‘’—Žƒ”‹–› ‡˜‡ ƒˆ–‡”ͳͲͲ›‡ƒ”•ǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–‹••–‹ŽŽƒƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡–‘—”‹•–†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋFrankfurter StadtwaldȄͷ͹ͺͷŠ‡ –ƒ”‡•‘ˆƒ”‡ƒȌǤ — ŠƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹–•ƒ‰‡ǡƒ‡™–Š”‡‡‹Ž‘‡–”‡Ž‹‡™ƒ•‘’‡‡†‘ –Š‡ͳ•– ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͺͻ͹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š„ƒ––‡”›Ǧ•—’’Ž‹‡†‡‰‹‡•ǡ ‘‡ –Ǧ ‹‰–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•–ƒ–‹‘ȋ™Š‹ Š‹•‘™–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†–Š‡Gal- lus districtǤ Š‡ Ž‹‡ ƒ „‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ƒ• ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ƒ• ‹– ™ƒ• ‡šǦ –‡†‡†‘–Š‡ͳ•–‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͳͲƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡™‡•–‡”„‘”†‡”‘ˆ†‹•Ǧ –”‹ –Gallusȋ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š‡„‘”†‡”‘ˆFrankfurtȌǤŠ‡‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†‡Ž‡ –”‹ Ǧ ‹–› •—’’Ž› ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‹–”‘†— ‡† ‘ –Š‹• Ž‹‡Ǥ  Šƒ”‘› ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ™ƒ› ‡–™‘”ǡ –Š‡ ‘‡Ǧ‡–‡” ‰ƒ—‰‡ FrankfurtȂ OffenbachŽ‹‡™ƒ•”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†‹ͳͻͲ͸ǤŠ‡–”ƒŽ‹‡‹Offenbach™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘„—‹Ž–„›–Šƒ––‹‡ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘•›•Ǧ –‡•™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‘–Š‡ʹͺ–Š‡ ‡„‡”ͳͻͳͲǤ›ͳͻͳͶǡ–‘™•‹ –Š‡‘”–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆFrankfurtŠƒ†„‡‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”– •›•–‡Ǥ Š‡ „”ƒ ŠǦ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›• ˆ”‘ Bonamesǡ Niedereschbachǡ Bad Homburg(Taunus)™‡”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹ͳͻͳͲǡƒ†‘–Š‡”„”ƒ ŠǦ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›• ˆ”‘ Niederurselǡ Bommersheim „‡ ƒ‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‹ ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡–‹‘‡†‹•‘Žƒ–‡†•›•–‡‘ˆOberusel™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹ ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ™ƒ› •›•–‡ ™ƒ• ˆ—ŽŽ›„—‹Ž– ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ Main ‘‡ –‹‰ Riederhöfeȋ’‘”–Ȍƒ†Bergen-Enkheimȋ ǡ Ǥ Ȃ ǡ Ǥͳͻ͹ʹȌǤ —”‹‰ –Š‡ World War Iǡ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ‡ –‘ ƒ •—††‡•–‘’Ǥ ͳͻʹ͵ǡ–Š‡OffenbachŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’†‡‘— ‡†–Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒǦ

 ͵͸Ͳ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡Frankfurt•›•–‡‹Žƒ ‘ˆ’”‘’‡”–”‡ƒ–‡–‘‡š’‡•Ǧ ‡•Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ™ƒ• ”‡ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ †—‡ –‘ ’—„Ž‹  ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ –Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Osthafen’‘”–ǡ–Š”‡‡–Š‘—•ƒ†’‡‘Ǧ ’Ž‡™‡”‡‡’Ž‘›‡†‹–Š‡Casella chemical industry –Šƒ• –‘ ‹–• ‹Ǧ ’”‘˜‡†–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ‘‡‡–’ƒ••‡‰‡”†‡ƒ†•ǡƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ Ž‹‡ȋ‹‹‡ Ȍ™ƒ•‘’‡‡†‹ —Ž›ͳͻʹ͸ƒ†–Š‡‹–™ƒ•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‘ ͵ͳ•–  –‘„‡” ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‹–› –”ƒ™ƒ› •›•–‡ ‹ ͳͻʹͺ ȋ Ǧǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ ––Š‡–—”‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›ǡBerkersheim ȋƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ –‘™ ™‹–Š ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ͵ͻͻȌ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡–”ƒ™ƒ›•›•–‡‹ͳͻʹͷǤ BerkersheimŠƒ†„‡‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆFrankfurtˆ”‘ͳͻͳͲǤ –‹•ƒ‹–‡”‡•–Ǧ ‹‰ˆƒ ––Šƒ–Berkersheim™ƒ•‹Šƒ„‹–‡†‘Ž›„›͵ǡ͸Ͷ͵’‡‘’Ž‡‡˜‡‹ ʹͲͳʹǤ ͳͻ͹ͺǡ–Š‡–”ƒ–”ƒˆˆ‹ ™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ†–Š‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡††—‡–‘ ‹–•——•‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǦŽ‹‡ ‹–›ǡƒ†™ƒ•”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›„—•‡• Š‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡™Ž›„—‹Ž–ȋͳͻ͹͹ȌPreungesheim•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡ͷǤŠ‹• ˆƒ –™‘—Ž†‘–„‡— Š‘ˆƒ‹–‡”‡•–ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ Riedberg•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡ͻ ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ™ƒ”‹‰•‹‰ˆ‘”‡‰‹‡‡”• †‡•‹‰‹‰ ‹–›–”ƒˆˆ‹ ȋ Y ǡǤȂY ǡ Ǥ ǤͳͻͻʹȌǤ Š‡•›•–‡™ƒ•‡š’ƒ†‡†„‡–™‡‡‘”Ž†ƒ” ƒ†‘”Ž†ƒ”  ƒ††‹‰ Griesheimƒ†Nied –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ ͳͻ͵Ͳ ƒ† ͳͻ͵͸Ǥ›–Š‡‡†‘ˆWorld War II‘–Š‡ʹͷ–Šƒ” ŠͳͻͶͷǡƒ‡”‹ƒŽ„‘„Ǧ ‹‰• Šƒ† „‡‡ ƒ—•‹‰ –”‡‡†‘—• †ƒƒ‰‡ ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ –”ƒˆˆ‹  ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ ‡–”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‡”ƒ –”‘‘’• ‡š’Ž‘†‡† ƒŽŽ –Š‡ „”‹†‰‡•‘–Š‡‹˜‡”ƒ‹ǡ„—––Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‘–•–‘’–Š‡ƒ” Š‹‰‹‘ˆ –Š‡American ArmyǤŠ‡–”ƒ™ƒ›•›•–‡™ƒ••–‘’’‡†ˆ‘”–™‘‘–Š• ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ƒ–ˆ‹”•–™‡”‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–Ǧ™‡•– ƒšŽ‡ ‘ˆ Niedǡ Griesheimǡ Hauptwacheǡ Konstablerwacheǡ BornheimǤ › ͳͻͶͻǡ ƒŽŽ „”‹†‰‡• ‘ –Š‡ Main Šƒ† „‡‡ ”‡•–‘”‡†ǡ ƒ†ǡ –Š‡Ȅ—–‹Ž ͳͻͷʹȄ–Š‡ –”ƒ™ƒ› •›•–‡ ™ƒ• ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› ”‡„—‹Ž–Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‹ ͳͻͷʹǡ–Š‡•›•–‡™ƒ•‡š’ƒ†‡†–‘–Š‡™‡•–ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•Höchstȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ†„‡‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‹‹•Š‡†„›ͳͻ͸͵Ǥ ›–Š‹•–‹‡ǡ–Š‡–‡”‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡•—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›Ž‹‡•Šƒ†„‡‡‹Of- fenbachǡ„—––Š‡‘‡Š‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ ‡(Marktplatz)™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ

 ͵͸ͳ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ‡š‹•–‡–—–‹Ž‹–•ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤŠ‡‘•–’”‘‹‡––”ƒ•Ǧ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡–”‹‰‰‡”‡†„›„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡•—„™ƒ›•›•–‡ˆ”‘ͳͻ͸ͺǤ ––Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡™ƒ•„—‹Ž–ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•Nordweststadtƒ•ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–› ‡–”‡ǤŽ•‘ǡƒ•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•—„™ƒ› ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘ͳͻ͹ͳǡ–Š‡•›•–‡™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š’ƒ†‡†’”‹Ǧ ƒ”‹Ž› –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ƒ ȋ‹ –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Bod Homburgƒ†OberurselȌȋ ǡ ǤȂ ǡ ǤͳͻͺͻȌǤ ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ•–Ȃ™‡•–•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡Ǯǯ ȋPreungesheimǦHauptbahnhofǡǦ–”‡ ‡Ȍ•‡”˜‡†–Š‡ƒ‹–‡”‹—•‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ™ƒ› •›•–‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹–› ’ƒ”–• ȋNordend Ostǡ Seckbachǡ Preungesheimǡ Berkersheim Ž‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•– ƒ† Griesheimǡ Gallusǡ RödelheimŽ‹‡•‘–Š‡™‡•–ȌǤŠ‡‡™’—„Ž‹ –”ƒˆˆ‹  ‘ ‡’–‹‘(FVV – Frankfurter Verkehrsverbund)„”‘—‰Š– Šƒ‰‡•‹’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ† ‘’‡‡†‡™™ƒ›•ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ•–Š‡ǮǯŽ‹‡ȋZoo-Hausenǡ HeerstrasseǡǦ–”‡ ‡Ȍ™ƒ•‘’‡‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ•ȋˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Š‘”•‡ –”ƒ™ƒ›Ȍǡ ‹–› ‡–”‡ –”ƒ Ž‹‡• Šƒ† –Š‡‹” –‡”‹—• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› –Š‡”‡ ȋWestendǡ Bahnhofsvirtelǡ Bockenheimǡ HausenȌȋ ǡ ǤȂ ǡ ǤͳͻͺͻȌǤŠ‡–—‡Žˆ‘”–Š‡‡š’”‡••–”ƒ‹ ȋǦƒŠȌ™ƒ•„—‹Ž–‹–Š”‡‡•–ƒ‰‡•ȋͳͻ͹ͺǣ„‡–™‡‡Hauptbahnhofƒ† KonstablerwacheǢͳͻͺͻǣKonstablerwacheƒ†SüdbahnhofǢˆ”‘ͳͻͻͶ –‘ͳͻͻ͹ǣMühlbergƒ†OffenbachȌȋ  ǡǤʹͲͲʹȌǤ ›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡ Šƒ†„‡ ‘‡ ‘”‡†‹•–‹ –ǤŠ‡‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡ǯǯ–‘†‹•–”‹ –Enkheim‹ͳͻͻʹ ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ– Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ‰‹‡‡”• —–‹Ž‹•‡†–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›—•‡†–”ƒ™ƒ›‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹–Š‡•‡’ƒǦ ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆBergen†‹•–”‹ –ˆ”‘–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ›–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹‰—‹–•‹ ‹–›’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ–Š‡Rhine–Main Transport Union ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†ƒ‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡ƒ•‹‡”ˆ‘”’ƒ••‡‰‡”•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† FrankfurtǤ Š‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ’”‹ ‹‰ ‘–”‘Ž ™ƒ• ”‡’Žƒ ‡† „› ƒƒ–”‹šǦ„ƒ•‡† ’”‹ ‹‰’‘Ž‹ › ‹ ‡ƒ Š ƒ”‡ƒǤ †‡”‰”‘—† ‡š’”‡••”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ› ”‘••‹‰Offenbach™ƒ•„—‹Ž–‹ͳͻͻ͸ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”Ǧ ‡”FrankfurtȂOffenbach–”ƒ™ƒ›Ž‹‡™ƒ••Š‘”–‡‡†‘Ž›–‘–Š‡ ‹–› „‘”†‡” ‘ˆ Frankfurt †—‡ –‘ ‹–› ’Žƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ

 ͵͸ʹ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡•–ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†ǣ ͳǤ ‡ˆ‘”‡World War Iǡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž‹‡•Šƒ†„‡‡‡š’ƒ†‡†Ǣ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ †ƒ‹Ž› ‘—–‡”• ‘—Ž†‰‡––‘–Š‡‹”Œ‘„•‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‹–›ƒ†‹–Š‡•—„—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒǤ •‘Žƒ–‡†–”ƒˆˆ‹ •›•–‡•™‡”‡‹Ǧ –‡‰”ƒ–‡†”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ ‘’Ž‡š‡–™‘”Ǥ ʹǤ ‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘™‘”Ž†™ƒ”•ǡ–Š‘•‡†‹•–”‹ –•ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ–‹Ǧ †—•–”‹ƒŽ—‹–•„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†–Š‡‘•––Šƒ–†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡–”ƒ™ƒ›•›•Ǧ –‡Ǥˆ–‡”World War IIǡƒ”‡Ǧ•–”— –—”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ ‹‡” †‹•–”‹ –• ™ƒ• ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† ƒ† –Š‡ †ƒƒ‰‡† ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— Ǧ –—”‡™ƒ•“—‹ Ž›”‡•–‘”‡†Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡƒ•–ƒ„Ž‡•›•–‡™ƒ• ‘Ǧ •–”— –‡†„›–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ͸Ͳ•™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ• –Š‡‰‘Ž†‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Frankfurt–”ƒ™ƒ›•›•–‡Ǥ ͵Ǥ ”‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•—–‹Ž–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ –Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•—„™ƒ›ƒ†‡š’”‡••–”ƒ‹Ž‹‡•–”ƒ•Ǧ ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”––‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡š–‡–ƒ•ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ •—„—”„ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘ ‡•• –”‹‰‰‡”‡† –Š‡ –‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‡•• ’‘’—Žƒ” †‘™–‘™ Ž‹‡•Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒŽ•‘ ‘Ǧ –”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ„—•Ž‹‡•Ǥ ͶǤ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ʹͲͲͲǡ ”‡Ǧ—”„ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• „”‘—‰Š– ‡™ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–‘FrankfurtǤ‹–›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”– „‡ ƒ‡‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‹Ǧ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ †‡•‹‰‹‰ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– ƒ†—”„ƒ’Žƒ‹‰™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–”‘†— ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡ –‹‘•Ǥ  3.1. 2001: the ‘D’ line Š‡—†‡”‰”‘—†Ž‹‡Ǯ ǯ™ƒ•‘’‡‡†‘–Š‡ͳͲ–Š ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲͲͳǡ ‘Ǧ ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ Hauptbahnhof ȋ ‡–”ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ƒ† BockenheimǤ Š‡ Ž‹‡ ‘‡ –‡†–Š”‡‡’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ†„—•›’Žƒ ‡•ǣ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”‡– (Fair and Exhibition Centre – Messe) ƒ† –Š‡ —‹˜‡”•‹–› (Unicampus Bockenheim)Ǥ Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ ǯ Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ– –Š‡ „‹”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ Ž‹‡Ǯǯǡ „—– †—‡–‘ ‹–• •Š‘”–‡•• ‹– —””‡–Ž› ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ• ƒ‡šǦ –‡†‡† ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯǯ Ž‹‡Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ •–ƒ”–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ͳͻͺͻƒ†ʹ͸–Š‘˜‡„‡”ͳͻͻ͵ǡ–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†•‘‹Ž  ͵͸͵ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ƒ† •—„•‘‹Ž™ƒ–‡” ™ƒ• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ƒ•ƒ ‹ ˆƒ –‘”› (Brönnersche Far- benfabrik)Šƒ†„‡‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†–Š‡”‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǤŠ‡Ž‹‡‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›„—•› ™Š‡”‡ˆ‘—”Ǧ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡–”ƒ‹•’ƒ••‹‡˜‡”›ˆ‹˜‡‹—–‡•‹”—•ŠŠ‘—”•Ǥ Š‡ –—‡Ž ™ƒ• †‡•‹‰‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ͳͻ͸Ͷ ’Žƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ƒ Œ— –‹‘ƒ–Messe•–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‹‡—’–‘Rebstock–Š”‘—‰ŠTheodorǦ Heuss Alle (Figure 2)Ǥ Š‹• ’Žƒ ‡˜‡” ƒ‡ ƒ„‘—– ƒ† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ™ƒ• ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› †”‘’’‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Rebstock –”ƒ™ƒ› Ž‹‡ „—‹Ž– ‹ ʹͲͲ͵ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ 

 Figure 2 – Frankfurt Light Rail. Construction phase 3. Planned network of 1964. Darkened lines indicate the underground ones. Lighter grey lines indicate separated surface ones including suburban train lines. Source: GROSS, P. (2006)  Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’Žƒ• –‘ ‡š–‡† –Š‡Ž‹‡ Ǯ ǯ ‘”–Š™ƒ”†• Ž‹‡ (Figure 3)ǡ „—– ‹– ™ƒ• ”‡Œ‡ –‡† „› –Š‡ ”—Ž‹‰ ‰”‡‡Ǧ„Žƒ  ‰‘˜‡”‡– †—‡ –‘ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ‹ ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ • ƒ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹  ’”‡••—”‡ǡ  ͵͸Ͷ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹ ʹͲͲͻ ™ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ ƒŽ‹˜‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Ginnheim Curve (Gin- nheimer Kurve) ȋ Y ǡȂ ǤʹͲͳͲȌǤ 

 Figure 3 – The workability of plans to lengthen the line ‘DII’ based on public initiation. Source: GINNHEIMER KURVE (2013)  Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†™‡„•‹–‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘‹–”‘†— ‡–Š‡’Žƒ•‹Ǧ Ž—†‹‰ƒŽŽ‹–•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ‘‡ƒŒ‘”’‘‹–•ƒ”‡ǣ x Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Unicampus Westend —‹˜‡”•‹–› †‹•–”‹ – ȋʹ͹ǡͲͲͲ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ†•–—†‡–•Ȍ‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡”‡Ǧ Ž‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡ ”‘™†‡†‡••ȋƒ†ƒŽ•‘”‡’Žƒ ‹‰Ȍ‘ˆ„—•Ž‹‡•͵͸ƒ†  ͵͸ͷ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ͹ͷǤŠ‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡‹‰Š–‡™„Ž‘ •„—‹Ž–‘–Š‡ƒ’—•ƒ”‡ƒ •‹ ‡ʹͲͲ͸ƒ†”‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›†‹•–”‹ –Šƒ˜‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽǦ Ž›‘˜‡†–Š‡”‡ˆ”‘Bockenheimǡ–Šƒ•–‘–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‹‡ȋ  ǡǤʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ x ‡––‡”ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡National Bank (Bundesbank) ȋ  ǡǤ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ x Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ†‡•‡Ž›’‘’—Žƒ–‡† Platenstrasse ƒ”‡ƒ ȋ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ʹͳǡͲͲͲȌ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡‡ ‰‹˜‡ ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž •›•–‡ ‹ ͳͻ͸͵Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” –”ƒ™ƒ›Ž‹‡ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡†„—•Ž‹‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹ ‘‡ –Ǧ ‹‰–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†GinnheimǤ –Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‹‡ǡ „—•‡• ’ƒ••‡† ‹ ‡˜‡”› ˆ‹˜‡ ‹—–‡• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡Ǯǯ(Miquel-/Adickersalle)Ǥ x ‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ ”‘™†‡†‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ Ž‹‡ Ǯǯ (Heddernheim-Südbahnhof)Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ •—”˜‡›•ǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ ‘‡ ™ƒ› ‡š ‡‡†‡† ͳʹǡͲͲͲ ƒ– Holzhausen•–ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡͹ƒƒ†ͻƒǤ ƒ•‡† ‘ ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”› ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘˜‡”ͷͷǡͲͲͲ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†‘–Š‡Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡ Palmengartenƒ”‡ƒ ƒ† ‹‡” ‰”‡‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• (Grüneburgpark)ǡ –™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡„‡‡„—‹Ž–—†‡”‰”‘—† ƒ—•‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›Š‹‰Š‡” ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‡š’‡•‡•ǤŠƒ•–‘‰”‡ƒ–’—„Ž‹ ‹–›ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘˜‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ’Žƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹‹ʹͲͳͳƒ•’‡”–Š‡‰”‡‡Ǧ„ƒ  ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥȋ Ǧ   ǡʹͲͳͳȌ Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘•–”— –‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹‡ —†‡” –Š‡ River Main ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‘•‡‹–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ •–ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ƒ†–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†–”ƒ  ™ƒ›‘™ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ•ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”ˆ‹”‡™‘”‡”•Ǥƒ•‡†‘’Žƒ•ǡ –Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•—”ˆƒ ‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡•–ƒ”–‡†ƒ––Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–› Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ (Universitätsklinikum) ƒ† ‡‰‹‡‡”• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ —–‹Ž‹•‡†–Š‘•‡‘Ǧˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ •ǤŠ‡‡š’”‡••–”ƒ‹•›•–‡‘ˆ•‘—–Š ™‡•–‡”†‹•–”‹ –• Šƒ‰‡† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›‹–Š‡ͳͻ͸Ͷ’Žƒ•ǤŠ‡—„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡– ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ™‘—Ž† ‘– †‡Ǧ ƒ†ƒ‡™Ž‹‡ȋ ȌǤŠ‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‹•ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡–”ƒ

 ͵͸͸ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  Ž‹‡•ͳʹǡͳͷǡʹͳƒ†ƒŽ•‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‘‡•ͳͻƒ†ʹͲǤŠ‡’Žƒ‹‰‘ˆ ˆ—–—”‡™‡•–‡”ƒ†•‘—–Š‡”†‹•–”‹ –•‹•‘—–‘ˆ• ‘’‡Ǣ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ’”‘–‡ – ‰”‡‡ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ’”‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡–ƒŽ Š‘‡• ƒ† ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ Š‘—•‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž› Ž‘™‡” †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ˜› ‘‹•‡ Ž‘ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ••‹‰ ’Žƒ‡• ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ‹”’‘”– ‹• ˜‡”› Ž‘•‡ ȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲͲȌ(Figure 4)Ǥ

3.2. 2003: Rebstock Rebstockpark‹•‘–ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‹•–”‹ –ǡ„—–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆBocken- heimǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ›‹•‘Žƒ–‡†–Šƒ•–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”„›Š‹‰ŠǦ ™ƒ›• ͸Ͷͺ ƒ† ͷǡ ƒ†ǡ ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‰‘‘†•Ǧ•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹•ͳͲͲŠ‡ –ƒ”‡•ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ‹”’‘”–‘ˆFrankfurtȋ—–‹Žͳͻ͵͸Ȍǡ –Š‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ’ƒ”(Volkspark)™ƒ•‘’‡‡†–Š‡”‡‹ͳͻ͸ʹˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„› –Š‡ƒ“—ƒ’ƒ”(Rebstockbad)‹ͳͻͺʹǤˆ–‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͲͲǡ–Š‡ ‹–›—Ǧ †‡”™‡– •‘‡ ƒŒ‘” Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”‡– –‘™ (Messe) ™ƒ• ‰‹˜‡ ƒ ’ƒ”‹‰ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ͷǡͶͲͲ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•Ǥ • ’‡” ‹–› ’Žƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ ͷ –‘ ͳͲ •–‘”› „—‹Ž†‹‰• ™‡”‡ „—‹Ž– ƒ• ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ͶǡͷͲͲ ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ† ’Žƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ˆ‘” ƒ ˆ—”–Š‡” ͷǡͷͲͲǤ Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž™Š‹ Š‹•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†„› ʹͲͳ͸ȋƬ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ Rebstockpark†‹†‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›†‡ƒ†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹ ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–™ƒ•‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡’Žƒ•Ǥ ͳͻͺͺǡ ‹–™ƒ•†‡ ‹†‡†–‘”‡—•‡–Š‡Bockenheimindustrialareaƒ†–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ ‡–”‡‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–ŠŠ‘‡•ƒ†‰”‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‡–™‡‡ͳͻͻͷƒ† ʹͲͲ͸ǡƒ‡™”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ†‹•–”‹ –™ƒ•‘’‡‡†‘™ƒ•–Š‡City WestǤ  –Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‡š––‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š™ƒ›͸Ͷͺǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽŠ‘–‡Ž•ǡ‹•—”ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†„ƒ•„‡•‹†‡•˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡–‡”’”‹•‡•‰‹˜‹‰‡’Ž‘›‡– –‘ͳͺǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡ǤVoltatrasse ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡”‹†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹Ǧ †‡–‹ƒŽ†‹•–”‹ –™‹–Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆͷǡͲͲͲǤ–‹ŽʹͲͲ͵ǡ’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”– †‡ƒ†•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ™‡”‡•—”˜‡†„›„—•Ž‹‡•ͷͲƒ†͵͵Ǥ Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ”‡ƒ• ™ƒ• †‡ ‹†‡† —’‘ ‡š ‡••‹˜‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”› ™‘”• ƒ† ”‡Ǧ •‡ƒ” ŠǤƒ•‡†‘ͳͻ͸Ͷ’Žƒ•ǡ–Š‡–‡”‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡ ”‘••‹‰Altstadt ȋ–Š‡‡Ž†‡”†‹•–”‹ –Ȍ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹• ‘’‡ȋ ǡǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡͳͻͺ͸  ͵͸͹ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ƒ „‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ƒ• –Š‡ –—”‹‰ ’‘‹– ‹ Frankfurt ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒǦ –‹‘ǤŠ‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡Ǯǯ ƒ—•‡†–Š‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡˜Ǧ ‡”ƒŽ ‡–”ƒŽ –”ƒ Ž‹‡• ȋBockenheimer Landstrasse ƒ† HauptwacheȌ ƒ† ‹– ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ’”‘–‡•– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ȋ  ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ  Figure 4 – The plans of the subway line DIII in the southern area of Main Figure 4 – The plans of the subway line DIII in the southern area of Main Source: P Source: LANUNGSVERBAND (2006) 



 ͵͸ͺ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  Ž•‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽƒ–‡† ’”‹ ‡• ‘ˆ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ •—„™ƒ› Ž‹‡ ƒ†‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ‘’–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†‘‡ǤŠ‡ʹǤͶǡ‘•–Ž›•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™ƒ›Reb- stockŽ‹‡ȋͳ͹Ȍ™‹–Šˆ‹˜‡•–‘’•ǡ™ƒ•‘’‡‡†‹‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͲ͵ǡ ‘‡ –Ǧ ‹‰ –™‘ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ  –Š‡ •’‘–Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡› (Ham- burger Alley – Figure 5)ǡƒ•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ–”ƒ –”ƒŽ‹‡™ƒ•„—‹Ž–‹ͳ͵ͷ‡Ǧ –‡”•‹–Š‹••–”‡‡–ȋY ǡ ǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ 

 Figure 5 – Single-way tram line in the green area at Hamburg Alley Photographed by SZELESI, T. (2014)  ˜‡” ‘‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ™‡ŽŽ ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡†‹–• ’—”’‘•‡Ǣ–Š‡–”ƒ†‡’ƒ”–‡†‹‡˜‡”›ͳͲ‹—–‡•–Š‡‹–™ƒ• Šƒ‰‡†–‘ ͹Ǥͷ‹—–‡•ȋ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›‹‡˜‡”›ͳͷ‹—–‡•ȌǤŠ‡‡™‡”ƒ•–ƒ”–‡† ‹ ʹͲͳͶƒ•–Š‡–”ƒŽ‹‡ͳ͹„‡ ƒ‡ƒ ”‘••Ǧ ‹–›Ž‹‡(Rebstock and Neu- Isenburg)ƒˆ–‡”ͳͳ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

 ͵͸ͻ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  Š‡‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡Ǯ ǯƒ–Messe•–‘’ ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘„—‹Ž†„‘–Š—†‡”‰”‘—†ƒ†•—”ˆƒ ‡•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡„ƒ•‡• ‘–Š‡Stuttgartƒ†Hannover’Žƒ•ȋ–Š‡•‡Ž‘‰Ǧ”ƒ‰‡‹†‡ƒ•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ǮͷǯȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ––Š‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒŽ‹‡ͳ͸ƒ†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡  ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡™‹–Š—’”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž‡‡š’‡•‡•Ǥ

3.3. 2010: U9 Riedberg failure –Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ‹–™ƒ•†‡ ‹†‡†–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ†‹•–”‹ –‹–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ ‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆFrankfurtǤRiedberg‹••–‹ŽŽ‘–ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‹•–”‹ –ǡ„—–’ƒ”–‘ˆ KalbachǤ Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ˆ‘” ‰”‡‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ™‡”‡ Žƒ— Š‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͳ ‘ –Š‡ˆ‘”‡”ʹ͸͸Š‡ –ƒ”‡•’Ž‘—‰ŠǦŽƒ†Ǥ•’‡”–Š‡Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ‹–›†‡˜‡ŽǦ ‘’‡– ‘ ‡’–‹‘, Goethe University ‡„”ƒ ‡† ͷ͸ Š‡ –ƒ”‡•ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ’ƒ”•ƒ†‰”‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‡„”ƒ ‡†ͻʹŠ‡ –ƒ”‡•ƒ†‘͸ͲŠ‡ –ƒ”‡•–Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘• ‡š’‡ – –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ˆ”‘ ͳ͵ǡͲͲͲ–‘ͳͷǡͲͲͲ‘ˆ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǡ͵ǡͲͲͲ’Žƒ ‡•‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†ͺǡͲͲͲ ƒŽ—‹„›ʹͲʹͲȋ   ǡ ǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ Šƒ•–‘–Š‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ‹–›’Žƒ•ǡ†”ƒˆ–•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘’”‡˜‹‘—•‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹ •‡‡‡†–‘„‡–Š‡ „‡•– ‘ ‡’–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡ ”‘••‹‰Riedbergȋ•‘—–Š ™‡•–‡” ƒ† ‘”–Š ‡ƒ•– †‹”‡ –‹‘•Ȍ ™ƒ• ƒ‘‰ ‹–› ’Žƒ• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰Ǥ —„™ƒ›Ž‹‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘••–ƒ”–‡†‹ʹͲͲͺƒ†–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†Ž‹‡ ™ƒ• ‘’‡‡† ‹ ʹͲͳͲǤ Š‹• ‘‡ †‘‡• ‘– „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Oberurselƒ†HomburgŽ‹‡Ǯǯǡ„—–‹–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ•–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡Ǯǯ (Figure 6)ǤŠ‡Ž‹‡Ǯͺǯ’”‘˜‹†‡•†‹”‡ – ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡†‘™–‘™ ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹‡ǮͻǯŽ‹•–‘‰‡–Š‡” Niedereschbachƒ†GinnheimǤ—‡–‘ –Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹•‹•ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡™ ‘‡””‡•‹†‡–•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–ˆƒŽŽ„ƒ Šƒ’’‡‡†‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ„—– –Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ•ƒŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ”‡–ƒŽŠ‘‡•ȋƒ•–Š‡‡šǦ ’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’—• ™ƒ• ’Žƒ‡†ȌǤ Š‡ Žƒ––‡” †‹† ‘– ‡ƒ ƒ ‹Ǧ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• ƒ• –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –‡ƒ–• Ž‹˜‡† ƒ†Ȁ‘”•–—†‹‡†Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‡’”‘‰”‡••‹‘‘ˆ”‡Ǧ—”„ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•–‘’’‡†–Š‡  ͵͹Ͳ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–‘‡™Ž›„—‹Ž–•—„—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ”‹ ‡•‘ˆ”‡–ƒŽ Š‘‡• ‹ –Š‡•—„—”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ• ™‡”‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–”‡Ǣ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡†‹• ‘ˆ‘”–‘ˆ ‘—–‹‰ƒ†‹–•’”‹ ‡•–‘Ž‡–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡Rhine–Main Public Transport FederationŽƒ— Š‡†ƒ’‹Ž‘– ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹ ʹͲͳ͵ ‹ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘’ƒ› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ”‡–ƒŽ Š‘‡•Ǥ ‘‡ ‘™‡”• ‘ˆ ʹʹͻ ™‡”‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǧ•—’’‘”–‡† ȋ͸͸ΨȌ –”ƒ˜‡Ž ’ƒ••‡•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – „‡ ƒ‡ —•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤ ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ•Ǧ •‡„Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡• ™ƒ• Šƒ‰‡† ‘ –Š‡ Ǯͻǯ ‹ –Š‡ ʹͲͳ͵ • Š‡†—Ž‹‰Ǥ ʹͲͳͶǡ–Š‡”—‹‰–‹‡™ƒ••Š‘”–‡‡†–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡š–‡– –‘”‡†— ‡‡š’‡•‡•Ǣƒ–™‡‡‡†•–Š‡”‡‹•‘–”ƒˆˆ‹ ƒˆ–‡”ͳͲ’ƒ†–Š‡ ˆ‹”•––”ƒ†‡’ƒ”–•ƒ–͹ƒ‹–Š‡‘”‹‰‘—†ƒ›•Ǥ 

 Figure 6 – The subway line ‘D IV’ crossing Riedberg Source: RODMANN, B. (2011)  Š‡Riedbergcase’”‘˜‡†–Šƒ–Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›‹†‡‡†‡š‹•–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ •›•–‡‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ–‘‘Ǥƒ•‡†‘‡ ‘‘‹  ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹ ™ƒ•ƒ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘Ǧ ’ƒ› TraffiQ ‘”†‡”‹‰ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– •‡”˜‹ ‡• ‰‘– ‹–‘ ƒ ’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”  ͵͹ͳ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹  ”‹•‹•ǡ‡™Ž›„—‹Ž– ”ƒ‹ŽǦ™ƒ› ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡š‹•–‹‰ †‡Ǧ ƒ†•Ǥ —•’‡†‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒˆˆ‹  ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –”‹‰‰‡”‡† –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ •–‘’ ‘ˆ ‹˜‡•–‡–•ƒ†™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤˆ–‡”–Š‡ ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡—•— ‡••ˆ—Ž›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡”‡†— ‡†—„‡”‘ˆ†‡’ƒ”–‹‰˜‡Š‹Ǧ Ž‡•‡ƒ–ƒ†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹ʹͲͳͶǤ‡ ‡–Ž›ȋʹͲͳͶȌŽƒ— Š‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ Riedbergƒ‹–ƒ‹Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ’Žƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ  3.4. 2011: tram line 18 – Frankfurter Bogen and the New Atterberry residential district Š‡͹ʹŠ‡ –ƒ”‡•ƒ”‡ƒ„‡–™‡‡Š‹‰Š™ƒ›͸͸ͳƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ Preungesheim‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡“Frankfurt Arch””‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ(Frankfur- ter Bogen)Ǥ ‡–™‡‡ ʹͲͲͶ ƒ† ʹͲͳͶǡ ‡™ Š‘‡• ™‡”‡ „—‹Ž– ‹ –Š”‡‡ •–‡’• ˆ‘” ͷǡͲͲͲ ”‡•‹†‡–• ™‹–Š‹ ‰”‡‡ œ‘‡ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ȋ‹†‡”‰ƒ”–‡ƒ††ƒ›Ǧ–‹‡Š‘‡ȌǤ–Š‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ” ŠǦ•Šƒ’‡†”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‹ Ž—†‡•‘–‘Ž›„Ž‘ •ǡ„—–†‡–ƒ Š‡† Š‘—•‡•ƒ†”‘™Š‘—•‡•ǡ–‘‘ǤŠ‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡„—‹Ž–ˆ‹˜‡–‘‡‹‰Š–•–‘”› „Ž‘ • ‹ –Š‡ ‹‡” ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ  –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ʹͲͳͶǡ ͻͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ ™ƒ•—•‡†ˆ‘”‡™„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–•‹••–‹ŽŽ — Š„‡Ž‘™‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‡’–›Š‘‡•ǤŠ‡•Š‘’’‹‰ƒŽŽ ‹•’Žƒ‡†–‘„‡‘’‡‡†‹ʹͲͳ͸ȋ  ǡǤʹͲͳʹȌǤ Š‡ˆ‘”‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆKurhessenbarracks™ƒ•”ƒ’‹†Ž›—•‡†ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†Ǧ ‹‰ ‡™ Š‘‡• „‡–™‡‡ ʹͲͲ͵ ƒ† ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡† Wer- macht—†‡”National Socialist”—Ž‹‰ǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡American Armyƒ‡† ‹– ƒ• New AtterberryǤ ”‘™ œ‘‡ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž› ‹Ǧ ’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•–Š‡›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‘–‘Ž›–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ ‹–•’”‘–‡ –‹‘ȋ”‡•–‘”‹‰†ƒƒ‰‡†’ƒ”–•ȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘•–—†Ǧ ‹‡• „› Frankfurt ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ‹– ‘—Ž† „‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ „—‹Ž† Š‘‡• ˆ‘” ͺǡͲͲͲ –‘ ͳͲǡͲͲͲ ”‡•‹†‡–• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰”‡‡ œ‘‡ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ȋƬǡʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‡’Žƒ•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡‡˜‹Ǧ ”‘‡–ƒ†‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ‹”™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›™‘—Ž†„‡ –‡”‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ™‘—Ž† ’ƒ”–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –”ƒˆˆ‹  ‘ˆ –Š‡Š‹‰Š™ƒ›͸͸ͳ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡‘‡›Ž‘••Ǥ  ͵͹ʹ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  Žƒ• ‘ˆ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ™ƒ› ƒŽ‘‰ Friedberger Landstrasse ™‡”‡ †‡•‹‰‡† ‹ ͳͻͻ͸Ǥ Š‡ „—†‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ• ™ƒ• ’ƒ••‡† „› –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ••‡„Ž›ǡ„—–†‡•‹‰‹‰™ƒ•‘–ˆ‹‹•Š‡†—–‹ŽʹͲͲ͸†—‡–‘–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡ ǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–—”‰‡†–Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‘”•ǡ„—––Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘••–ƒ”–‡†‘Ž›‹ʹͲͲͺ†—‡–‘’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”› †—–‹‡•‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ —–‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡͵Ǥͷ•‡ –‹‘™ƒ•‘’‡‡†‹‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳͳǤ –‡”‡•–‹‰ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† Žƒ‡ ˆ‘” ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– ‹ –Š‡ •–”‡‡– Friedberger Landstrasse™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†„›„—•‡•ȋ ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡ƒǦ •‘•ǡ–Š‡–”ƒŽ‹‡ͳͺ™ƒ•’Žƒ‡†–‘„‡ƒ•ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡„—• Ž‹‡͵Ͳ†‡’ƒ”–‹‰‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ”—•ŠŠ‘—”•‹‹‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›(Fig- ure 7)ǤŠ‡†ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”Ž›‘•–’‘’—Žƒ”„—•Ž‹‡ƒ”‡—„‡”‡†ƒ• –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– †‘‡• ‘– ‹–‡† –‘ ‘˜‡” ‹–• ‡š’‡•‡• ȋ  ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ʹͲͲͷȌǤ ƒ•‡† ‘ ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”› ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ͳ͵ǡͲͲͲ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• ™‡”‡ ‡šǦ ’‡ –‡†‘ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›„ƒ•‹•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ—–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘‡š ‡‡†‡†ͳͶǡͲͲͲ‹ʹͲͳʹ ƒ† ‡š ‡‡†‡† ‡˜‡ ͳ͸ǡͷͲͲ ‹ ͵ ‘ˆ ʹͲͳ͵ ȋ”ƒˆˆ‹ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ Š‡ Ž‹‡ǯ• ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‹••–‹ŽŽ‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›—•‡†•‘–Šƒ–ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹–›’Žƒ• ‘—Ž†„‡’‘••‹Ǧ „Ž‡‹–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”Ǥ – ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘•–•— ‡••ˆ—Ž’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”• ‘•–‹‰ ͷͷǤͳ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ —”‘• ȋ̱ͶͶ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ȌǤ  3.5. 2014: tram line 17 – Stressemannalle – Neu-Isenburg Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Neu-Isenburgƒ†Frankfurt ‡–”ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹‘ ȋˆƒ•– ‘‡ –‹‘‹ͳͺ‹—–‡•Ȍ™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ‘‰’Žƒ•‹ʹͲͲ͸„› Traffic Committee of the City CouncilǤ Š‡ ™ƒ›• –‘ ‘˜‡” ‹–• ‡š’‡•‡• ™‡”‡ ‘ • Š‡†—Ž‡ ‘ –Š‡ ͳͳ–Š  –‘„‡” ʹͲͳ͵ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘• •–ƒ”–‡†‹‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳ͵(Figure 8)ǤŠ‡Ž‹‡ͳ͹Šƒ•‹–•ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘ ‡š––‘Frankfurt ‡–”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‘‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶǡ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™‹ŽŽ „‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘Neu-Isenburg ‘ –Š‡ ‡™Ž› „—‹Ž– ͳǤͳ  –”ƒ™ƒ› ‘ StressemannalleǤŠ‡™Š‘Ž‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘•–”— –‹‘•ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ ”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ”‹‰Ž‘–•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ† Ͷ͸ ‡™ –”‡‡•™‹ŽŽ „‡’Žƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ ”‡’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ˆ‡ŽŽ‡† ʹ͵ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ Ǧ™ƒ› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‰”ƒ••Ǧ  ͵͹͵ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ‘˜‡”‡†ȋƒ”‘—†͹ͲΨȌƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‰”‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‹•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‹–Š‡’Žƒ•Ǥ 

 Figure 7 – Tram line 18 opened in 2011 - Gravensteiner Platz – KW: Kostablerwache – Lokalbahnhof Source: RODMANN B. (2012)  ͵͹Ͷ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ 

 Figure 8 – Building of tram line 17 is in progress Photographed by SZELESI, T. (2014)  ‡‘Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ͸ͺͲ ʹ’Žƒ›‰”‘—†‘–Š‡Stresemannalle–”‹‰Ǧ ‰‡”‡† ‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ–‡† †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ† –‡•‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”› ’Žƒ‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡Ǥ • ƒ ‘’”‘‹•‡ǡ –Š‡ ’Žƒ›‰”‘—† ™ƒ• ”‘–ƒ–‡† „› ͻͲ †‡‰”‡‡• ƒ†™ƒ•‡š’ƒ†‡†™‹–Šƒ‡š–”ƒͳʹͲʹ‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡Ǥ Heimat Siedlung ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ (Sachsenhausen) ™ƒ• ”‘••‡† „› –Š‡ ‡™Ž› „—‹Ž– ‘†‡” Ž‹‡Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘ ’Žƒ•ǡ ͳǡͲ͹ʹ Š‘‡• ƒ† ͷͲ •Š‘’• ™‡”‡ „—‹Ž– „‡–™‡‡ ͳͻʹ͹ ƒ† ͳͻ͵Ͷ ȋ  ǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š Sachsenhausen ‡–”‡(Schweitzer Platz)™ƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‡†„›Waldbahn’s‡ƒ•–Ǧ™‡•–Ž‹‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡  ͵͹ͷ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ†‡Ž‡ –”‹ˆ‹‡†Ž‹‡–‘Neu-Isenburg’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›„—‹Ž–‹„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ͳͻͷͲ• •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹”‡ – ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‘™–‘™ ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ’Žƒ•Ǥ —•‡• ͵ͷ ƒ† ͸ͻ ȋŠƒ† „‡‡ ‹ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ •‹ ‡ ͳͻ͸ͲȌ ‘ –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š Ž‹‡ ™‡”‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‡† „›–Š‡ ‡™ –”ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ʹͲͳͶǤ Š‡ „‡––‡” ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ „› ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– ƒ› ”‡•—Ž–‹‹Ǧ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Š‘‡’”‹ ‡•‹–Š‡•—„—”„ƒHeimatsiedlung”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ (Figure 9)Ǥ 

 Figure 9 – The building of the tram line 17 on the Stresemannalee Source: FNP (2012)  ͵͹͸ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  3.6. 2021: U5 Europaviertel Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘‘†•”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•–ƒ–‹‘™ƒ••‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ ”ƒˆ—”–„‡–™‡‡ͳͺͺͺƒ†ͳͻͻͺƒ†–Š‡–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ•ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† ˆ‘” •‡˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ •–ƒ”–‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͷ ƒ† –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ‡†–‘ „‡ ˆ‹‹•Š‡† „› ʹͲͳͻǤ Š‡ ͻͲͲǡͲͲͲ ʹ ‘ˆ ƒ”‡ƒ‰‹˜‡• Œ‘„–‘ ͵ͲǡͲͲͲƒ†ͺǡͲͲͲ–‘ͳͲǡͲͲͲŠ‘‡•Ǥ–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǡ–Š‡ ƒ”‡– †‹•–”‹ – ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ ’Žƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ •Š‘’’‹‰ƒŽŽ (Skyline Plaza)ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒ•›• ”ƒ’‡”™ƒ•„—‹Ž– ƒŽŽ‡†‘™‡”ͳͺͷǤ –Š‡™‡•–‡”•‹†‡ǡ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‹•’Žƒ‡†ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—Ǧ –‹‘•Ǥ‘•ƒ–‹•ˆ›’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ǯ†‡ƒ†•ǡ–Š‡†‹•–”‹ –™ƒ•‰‹˜‡ƒ„—•Ž‹‡ ‹ ʹͲͲͻ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‡š’ƒ†‡† –‘ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ †‹•–”‹ –• ‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ‘—–‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡‡š’”‡••–”ƒ‹ ”‘••‡•–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹‘”–ŠȂ•‘—–Š†‹”‡ Ǧ –‹‘ǡ„—––Š‡–™‘•–‘’•ȋMesseƒ†GalluswarteȌƒ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†ˆƒ”ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹ Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Žƒ‡ȋ–‘„‘–Š†‹”‡ Ǧ –‹‘•Ȍ‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–Ȃ™‡•–ƒ˜‡—‡Europa AlleǤ‹ ‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–—„‡”‘ˆ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• ™ƒ• ‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„™ƒ› Ž‹‡ ™ƒ• †‡ ‹†‡†Ǥ Š‡ •‡––Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ™ƒ• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‘–Š —†‡”‰”‘—† ƒ†•—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘•™‡”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹’Žƒ•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡Ž‹‡Šƒ† „‡‡ „—‹Ž– —†‡”‰”‘—†ǡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› Š‹‰Š ‡š’‡•‡• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡Œ‡ –‡† „› –Š‡ ‹–› ‘— ‹ŽǤ ‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ‡š’‡•‡•ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ —†‡”‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡‡ƒ– ‘•–”— –‹‘‹••—‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹–™ƒ•†‡ ‹†‡†–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ—†‡”‰”‘—†•–ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡ˆ”‘–‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”‰‘‘†•”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ʹǤ͹Ž‹‡™ƒ• ƒ„‘—––‘„‡„—‹Ž–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡šǦ ’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡ͷƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒͷ͵ǡͲͲͲʹ ‰”‡‡ œ‘‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ’Žƒ‡† (Europagarten) ™‹–Š ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡™ •—„™ƒ› Ž‹‡ ™‘—Ž† ”‘•• –Š‹• ƒ”‡ƒǤ  ‘”†‡” –‘ ’”‘–‡ – –Š‡ Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—••—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ‡™ˆ‹š‡†”ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‡•™‡”‡†‡•‹‰‡†„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ ”—•–„Ž‘ •ȋƒŽ•‘ƒ‡™‡–Š‘†‹Germanyǡ   ǡʹͲͳͶȌ(Figure 10)Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ –Š‡•—„™ƒ› Ž‹‡ ™ƒ• ˜‘–‡† ‘  –‘„‡” ʹͲͳ͵ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”› ™‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ ™‡”‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‹ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͶǤ•–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘’”‘Ǧ  ͵͹͹ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ‡•• ”‡“—‹”‡• ͸ –‘ ͹ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ –‡•–‹‰ ’‡”‹‘†•ǡ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• ƒ› ˆ‹”•– —•‡ –Š‡ ‡š’ƒ†‡† ͷ Ž‹‡ ‹ ʹͲʹͳǤ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‡š’‡•‡• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘„‡ʹͳ͹‹ŽŽ‹‘—”‘•ȋ̱ͳ͹͵‹ŽŽ‹‘ Ȍǡ„—– ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽͷͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘—”‘•ȋ̱ͶͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ȌŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†‹ ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ 

 Figure 10 – The conception of the subway line U5 crossing Europa Alle. The underground stage (Europagarten) can be seen in the foreground and the residential area with the business district in the background. Source: IN FAHRT (2014)  3.7. An opportunity: Kleyerstrasse ˆ–‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͲͲǡ–Š‡†‹•–”‹ –Gallus—†‡”™‡–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„Ž‘ •ƒ†”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•„—‹Ž–‘–Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ –‘”› (Adlerwerke)Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘‰”‡•• ƒ „‡ ‘„Ǧ •‡”˜‡†ǡ ‹ˆ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Ž‘‘ ƒ– Kleyerstrasse (Figure 11)Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ͶǡͷͲͲŠ‘‡•ƒ”‡–‘„‡„—‹Ž–‹–Š‡‡š–ͷ–‘ͺ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳ͵ǡ –”ƒ–”ƒˆˆ‹ ™ƒ•–‡’‘”ƒ”‹Ž›•–‘’’‡††—‡–‘ƒŽ‘™—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ••‡Ǧ  ͵͹ͺ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  ‰‡”•ƒ†Šƒ•”‡ ‡–Ž›„‡‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›„—•Ž‹‡ͷʹ‘–Š‡•ƒ‡”‘—–‡ †‡’ƒ”–‹‰‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ǤŠ‡–”ƒ–”ƒˆˆ‹  ƒ„‡ ‘–‹—‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒŠ‹‰Š‡”—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ȋ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†„›TraffiQ”‡•’‘Ǧ •‹„Ž‡ ‘’ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•™‘—Ž† ”‡“—‹”‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‡š–‡– ‘ˆ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ–”ƒ –”ƒǦ™ƒ›–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‘•–”‡‡–Rebstöck- erǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ›„‡‡š’ƒ†‡†ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•Sonder- shausen Street ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‘ ‡’–‹‘ ƒ ‡’–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ͳͻͳʹ ƒ†ͳͻͶͶȋ  ǡǤʹͲͳͳȌǤŽ•‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ͺͲͲŠ‘‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‹˜‡•–‡–•ȋMönchhof”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ† Žƒ„‘—”œ‘‡ȌǤ 

 Figure 11 – The changing Kleyerstrasse. Will tram traffic be revived? Source: HORST, H. (2013)  4. Conclusions Š‡ƒ„‹–‹‘—•’Žƒ•ˆ‘”ˆ‹š‡†”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹ ™‡”‡ Šƒ‰‡†–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡š–‡– „›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•Ǥ”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ǡ–Š‡‘•–’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ† ”‘™†‡†Ž‹‡• ™‡”‡’Žƒ‡†–‘„‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ’ƒ ‹–›•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡•ǤŽ•‘ǡ‹ –Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰ǡ–Š‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—†‡”Ǧ—–‹Ž‹•‡†–”ƒŽ‹‡• ƒ‡‹–‘

 ͵͹ͻ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ˆ‘ —•ȋƒŽ•‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹•Ȍǡ„—•Ž‹‡• ‘‹‰ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‹”‡ Ǧ –‹‘•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͲͲǡˆ‹š‡†”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹  ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‘Ž›‘™‡ŽŽ—–‹Ž‹•‡†Ž‹‡•ƒˆ–‡” ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ ’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ†ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ•™‡”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ’—„Ǧ Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•—„™ƒ›Ž‹‡•Šƒ•„‡‡Ž‹‹–‡††—‡–‘Š‹‰Š‡šǦ ’‡•‡•‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†—†‡”‰”‘—† ‘•–”— –‹‘•ǤŠ‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–”ƒǦ™ƒ›–”ƒˆˆ‹ Šƒ•„‡‡ˆŽ‘—”‹•Š‹‰•‹ ‡ʹͲͲͲǤŠ‡ –‡†‡ › ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– ‡–™‘” ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‹–› ‹• ‘•–ƒ–„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™Ž›„—‹Ž–”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‹–Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ„”‘™œ‘‡‹˜‡•–‡–•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ›ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‡•Ǧ –ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•‡†‡–™‘”‘ˆˆ‹š‡†”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹Ǧ ‹——„‡”‘ˆ–”ƒ•ˆ‡”•Ǥ ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‰”‡‡œ‘‡ ‹–›’Žƒ‹‰ǡ„—•Ž‹‡•‡‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡’”‹‘”‹–› –‘ƒ›–›’‡•‘ˆˆ‹š‡†”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹ ǤŽ›–Š‘•‡ ”‘™†‡†ǡ‘˜‡”Ǧ—–‹Ž‹•‡†„—• Ž‹‡• ‹‰Š– „‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ •—„™ƒ› Ž‹‡• ƒ „‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡‹”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•Ǥ –‹•™‘”–Š ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘„‹ƒǦ –‹‘••‹‹Žƒ”Ž›–‘ͳͻ͸Ͷ ‘ ‡’–‹‘•‹ ƒ•‡•‘ˆ„‹‰ ‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡Budapest ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‹–•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒȋ•‹‹Žƒ”†ƒ–ƒ–‘–Šƒ– ‘ˆFrankfurtȌǣ x ’Žƒ‹‰–”ƒ•’‘”–Ž‹‡• ”‘••‹‰–Š‡ ‹–›Ǣ x —Ž–‹’Ž‡ –”ƒǦ™ƒ› Ž‹‡• ‡–”‡† ‹ ‘‡ ’‘‹– †‡’ƒ”–‹‰ ˆ”‡Ǧ “—‡–Ž› •‘ –Šƒ– •—„—”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Ǧ ™‘”‘ˆˆ‹š‡†”ƒ‹Ž’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–Ǣ x ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ•‹–‘–Š‡–”ƒǦ™ƒ›‘”•—„™ƒ› •›•–‡Ǣ x –Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—••—„—”„ƒ–”ƒ‹Ž‹‡• ȋŽ‹‡‹BudapestȌǢ x ‘‡ –‹‰ –”ƒ ™ƒ› •›•–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –”ƒ‹ Ž‹‡• Ž‹‡ ‹ ƒ”Ž•Ǧ ”—Š‡™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ†‹”‡ –‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”‡”ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ƒ•‹–‘–Š‡ ‹–›’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡Ž‹•–‡†‹–‡•ƒ‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–‘Ž›–‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡ƒ•‹‡” „‘–Š ‹ •—„—”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ† ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‹Ǧ  ͵ͺͲ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ  ’‘”–ƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”’”‹ ‹‰•›•–‡ ‘–”‹„Ǧ —–‹‰–‘–”ƒˆˆ‹ ’Žƒ‹‰Ǥ –‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘Šƒ˜‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ’”‹ ‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒ‘‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ –Š‡•’‘–Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡—‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘’—” Šƒ•‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡ –‹ ‡–•”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ Š‡ƒ’‡”ƒ†‘”‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ Š‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›’‘••‹„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽˆ‹š‡†”ƒ‹Ž’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡ǤŠ‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ –‘”Šƒ˜‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹˜‡•–‡–•Ǥ ŽŽ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ†’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ –Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡ ‡–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ ˆ‹š‡†”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹•’”‘‡–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›–‘ˆ—–—”‡†‡ƒ†•Ǥ  5. Evaluation of sustainability Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”– •›•–‡ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆƒ –‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ •‡––Ž‡‡– •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ „‡Ǧ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘˜‡” Š—‰‡ —”„ƒ ƒ† ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ƒ• ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤŠ‹•–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†‘ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›•‡”˜‹ ‡„ƒ•‹•‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•œ‡”‘‡‹••‹‘Ǥ Eu- ropeǡ–Š‡–”ƒ•‡”˜‹ ‡‹•‘™Ž‹˜‹‰‹–•”‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡™Š‹Ž•–ƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡ „‹‰‰‡” ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†’Žƒ–”ƒ™ƒ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹ Shang- haiǡ ChinaȌǤ – ƒ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ†‹‘•‡ ƒ† ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ —Ǧ †‡”‰”‘—† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹• ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› „‡‹‰ ”‡’Žƒ ‡† „› –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ”ƒ‹Ž –”ƒ•‹– •›•–‡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —†‡”‰”‘—† ƒ†–”ƒ™ƒ›•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Light Rail System (Stadtbahn) ‹ ͳͻ͸ͺǡ ƒ —‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž› ‘–”‘ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ –Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’Žƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ†–„ƒŠ ™‡”‡ ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†ǡ „—– ƒ ‡™ ‰”ƒ†‹‘•‡ ‡–™‘” †‡Ǧ ˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ „‡‰ƒ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ‹ ƒ› •ƒŽŽ ‘” Žƒ”‰‡ •–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ • ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡ –”ƒ ‡–™‘”Šƒ•„‡‡ƒŽ–‡”‡†ƒ†”‡‘˜ƒ–‡†ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ›ˆ”‡“—‡–„—• ”‘—–‡•Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ ‘—–‡”• ™Š‘ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› †‡’‡†‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘‘™ Šƒ‰‡†–‘’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”†‹‰ –‘•—”˜‡›”‡•—Ž–•ǡ–Š‡—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–”ƒƒ†Ž‹‰Š––”ƒ‹‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ʹǤͳ͹Ψ ˆ”‘ʹͲͳʹ–‘ʹͲͳ͵ȋ  ‡• Š¡ˆ–•„‡”‹ Š–ʹͲͳ͵ǡʹͲͳͶȌǤŠƒ•–‘–Š‡  ͵ͺͳ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  ‹˜‡•–‡–•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ ˆƒ•–‡”ǡ‘”‡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ  6. Future research possibilities Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†›ƒ‹ ƒŽǦ Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰œ‡”‘‡‹••‹‘’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡‘ˆ FrankfurtŠƒ• „‡‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡•ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ –Š‡•‡ǡ‹–‹•™‘”–Š’—––‹‰‘”‡‡ˆˆ‘”–‹–‘ƒƒŽ›•‹‰–Š‡•—„—”„ƒ”ƒ‹ŽǦ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ”—• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ƒ‰‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ‹”’‘”–ǡ ‘™ƒ•Regionaltangente WestǤŠ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†•—„Ǧ —”„ƒ•’‡‡†Ǧ–”ƒ‹ƒ†ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž—”„ƒ–”ƒ‹•›•–‡•ƒ›Š‡Ž’Ž‹‰Š–‡ –Š‡”‘—–‡• ”‘••‹‰–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǯƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ„‘—––Š‡–‘–ƒŽ ‘•– ƒ†”‡–—”‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ”‡—•‡––Ž‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ •›•–‡‘Frankfurt’s’—„Ž‹ —”„ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ž‹‡•†‘™–Š‡ˆ‘—Ǧ †ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡™”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘–Š‡–‘’‹ –‘‘Ǥ   References

ƬǣƬȋʹͲͳͲȌǤVerflechtung von Bornheim und Seckbach. – –ƒ†– ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǡͶͻ’Ǥ   ǡǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤÜber zwei Jahrzehnte S-Bahn-Betrieb in der Region Rhein/Main.Ȃ‹•‡„ƒŠ‡‹†‡”‡‰‹‘ ”ƒˆ—”–Š‡‹ƒ‹ǡƒ”•–ƒ†–ǡ ’’ǤͳʹʹȂͳʹͻǤ ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤFrankfurt Light Rail – Construction phase 1, 2, 3. Planned network of 1964. –ƒ†–„ƒŠƒ—••–‡ŽŽ—‰ǣͷͲ ƒŠ”‡ǦƒŠǦƒ—ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ ǦǡǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤƒŠ˜‡”‡Š”‹ ”ƒˆ—”–Ǥ”ƒ„ƒŠǡǦƒŠǡǦƒŠǡ ‹„—•ǡ‹•‡„ƒŠǤ–”ƒ••‡„ƒŠǦƒŠ˜‡”‡Š”•’‡ ‹ƒŽǤ”Ǥ͹Ǥ ‡”ƒ‘†ǡ ò Š‡ʹͲͲͲǡͳͳͶ’Ǥ  ǡǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤKommt die U-Bahn-Station Bundesbank?Ȃ —†‡•„ƒƒ‰ƒœ‹ǡʹȀʹͲͳͳǤ’ǤʹͶǤ ǡǤȂǡ Ǥȋͳͻ͹ʹȌǣHundert Jahre Frankfurter Straßenbahnen 1872– 1899–1972.Ȃ Ǧ‹ŽŽ‹‰‡ǡʹʹ͵’Ǥ Y ǡǤȂY ǡ Ǥ ǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤStraßen- und Stadtbahnen in Deutschland.Ȃ ƒ†ͳǣ ‡••‡ǡ͵ͷͺ’Ǥ   ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤDas VGF Netz wächst.  ƒŠ”–Ͳ͵ȀʹͲͳͶǡ’’ǤͻȂͳ͵Ǥ

 ͵ͺʹ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ   ǡ ǤȂ ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤStadtbahn Frankfurt am Main: Eine Dokumentation. (2. AuflageǤȌȂ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǡ͵͵͸’Ǥ    ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤKoalitionsvertrag CDU + Die Grünen 2011–2016.Ȃ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ǥ Y ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤHandbuch Strassenbahn.Ȃ ƒŠ”œ‡—‰‡ǡŽƒ‰‡ǡ‡–”‹‡„ǡ ò Š‡Ǥͳͻʹ’Ǥ   ǡǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ"Schienenfreie Innenstadt" – Seit 10 Jahren verschwindet die Tram aus der CityǤ ǣŽ¡”™‡”Ȃ™‡Ž–œ‡‹–—‰ˆò”Š‡‹Ǧƒ‹ǡ”Ǥʹ͵ǡ’Ǥ ͶǤ   ǡǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǣStraßenbahnlinie 18 fährt zum Frankfurter Bogen. ǣ –ƒ†–˜‡”‡Š”͵ȀʹͲͳʹǡ’Ǥ͵ͺȂͶʹǤ   ǡǤ ǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤFrankfurter Linien - Ein Omnibusbetrieb wird 80Ǥƒ•–Ƭ ”ƒˆ–Ǧ—–œˆƒŠ”œ‡—‰ǦŽ†–‹‡”Ǧƒ‰ƒœ‹ͳȀʹͲͲͷǤȂ–—––‰ƒ”–ǡ’ǤͶʹȂͷͺǤ  ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤMehr Strecken für "Mainhattan"? ǣ–”ƒé‡„ƒŠ ƒŠ˜‡”‡Š”•ƒ‰ƒœ‹͸ȀͲ͹ǡ’ǤʹͶȂʹͻǤ  ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ ”ƒˆ—”–‡”Ȃ‹‡Ǧ–ƒ†–„ƒŠǤ ǣƒŠ˜‡”‡Š”‹ ”ƒˆ—”–ȏα–”ƒ••‡„ƒŠƒŠ˜‡”‡Š”’‡ ‹ƒŽ”Ǥ͹—•‰ƒ„‡ʹȀʹͲͲͲǡ ò Š‡ǡ’Ǥ͸ͻȂ͹ͷǤ  ǡǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤFrankfurt Stadtbahn Album.ȂŠ‡ ”ƒˆ—”–‹‰Š–ƒ‹Ž ‡–™‘”ǡ‡”Ž‹ǡͳͶͶ’Ǥ   ‡• Š¡ˆ–•„‡”‹ Š–ʹͲͳ͵ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤFahrgastzahlen im Überblick.Ȃ ‡”‹ Š ”— Ϊ‡†‹‡ „ ǡ’ǤʹͳǤ  Electronic sources ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤTram-Lücke wird geschlossen. ”ƒˆ—”–‡”‡—‡”‡••‡ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆ’Ǥ†‡ȀŽ‘ƒŽ‡•Ȁˆ”ƒˆ—”–Ȁ”ƒǦ—‡ ‡Ǧ™‹”†Ǧ ‰‡• ŠŽ‘••‡Ǣƒ”–͸͹ͷǡ͵ͺͺ͵͵Ͳεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ      ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤLinie 17 fährt bald zum Rebstockbad. ”ƒˆ—”–‡”ŽŽ‰‡‡‹‡‡‹–—‰ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤˆƒœǤ‡–Ȁƒ–—‡ŽŽȀ”Š‡‹Ǧƒ‹Ȁˆ”ƒˆ—”–Ȁ•–”ƒ••‡„ƒŠǦŽ‹‹‡Ǧ ͳ͹Ǧˆƒ‡Š”–Ǧ„ƒŽ†Ǧœ—Ǧ”‡„•–‘ „ƒ†Ǧͳͳ͵ͲͷͶ͵ǤŠ–Žεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡” ʹͲͳͶȐ   ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤStreckenverlauf für Stadtbahnstrecke DII. ‹Š‡‹‡” —”˜‡ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰‹Š‡‹‡”Ǧ —”˜‡Ǥ†‡Ȁ”‘Œ‡–‡Ȁ Ȁ–”‡ ‡˜‡”Žƒ—ˆεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ 

 ͵ͺ͵ ƒž•œ‡Ž‡•‹  Y ǡǤ ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤStadt will Tunnelstrecke zwischen Bockenheim und Ginnnheim untersuchen. Frankfurter RundschauȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ– δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆ”Ǧ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ†‡Ȁˆ”ƒˆ—”–Ȁ—Ǧ„ƒŠǦ•›•–‡Ǧ•–ƒ†–Ǧ™‹ŽŽǦ –—‡Ž•–”‡ ‡Ǧœ™‹• Š‡Ǧ„‘ ‡Š‡‹Ǧ—†Ǧ‰‹Š‡‹Ǧ —–‡”•— Š‡ǡͳͶ͹ʹ͹ͻͺǡͶͻͲͺ͵ͲͶǤŠ–Žεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ  ǡǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤKleyerstraße (Rebstöcker- bis Sondershausenstraße) ein Kuriosium.”ƒ‹•’‘––‡”ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–”ƒ‹Ǧ •’‘––‡”Ǥ‡–ȀŠ–ŽȀŽ‡›‡”ǤŠ–Žεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ   ǡǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤEin Dossier zum Ausbau des Frankfurter U-Bahnetzes.  ‘—”ƒŽȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤˆˆǦŒ‘—”ƒŽǤ†‡Ȁ†‘••‹‡”Ǧ Ψ͵Ψ͸’˜Ǧ˜‹•‹‘‡Ȁεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ  ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤPlanning of the Track D of Frankfurt U-Bahn.‡‰‹‘ ”ƒˆ—”–ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ”‡‰‹‘Ǧ ˆ”ƒˆ—”–Ǥ†‡Ȁ‹†‡šǤ’Š’ǫƒ˜ αͳǤͳͲͲƬ•ƒ˜ αͳͳ͵͸ǤͳͷƬƒαͳεȏ Ǧ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ ǡǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤLinienplan 2011.ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡Ž ‹–ƒ”‘Ǥ†‡Ȁ‡–œ’Žƒ‡‡Ȁ‡–œΨʹͲʹͲͳͳǤ’‰εȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ ǡǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤLinienplan 2012.ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡Ž ‹–ƒ”‘Ǥ†‡Ȁ‡–œ’Žƒ‡‡Ȁ‡–œΨʹͲʹͲͳʹǤ’‰εȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ ǡǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤLinienplan 1905.ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡Ž ‹–ƒ”‘Ǥ†‡Ȁ‡–œ’Žƒ‡‡Ȁ‡–œΨʹͲͳͻͲͷǤ’‰εȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’Ǧ –‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ    ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤEndstation Riedberg. ”ƒˆ—”–‡”—†• Šƒ—ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆ”Ǧ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ†‡Ȁ”Š‡‹Ǧƒ‹Ȁ—Ǧ„ƒŠǦ‡†•–ƒ–‹‘Ǧ ”‹‡†„‡”‰ǡͳͶ͹ʹ͹ͻ͸ǡ͵ͳ͵ͷͲ͹ͺǤŠ–Žεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ   ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤHeimatsiedlungǤ ”ƒˆ—”–Ž‹‡ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–ǣ δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆ”ƒˆ—”–Ǥ†‡Ȁ•‹š •Ȁ†‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ’Š’ǫ‹†α͵ͺ͸ͷƬ̴ˆˆ’ƒ”Ψͷ̴‹†̴‹ ŠƒŽ–ΨͷαʹͶ͸ͳͳͲͲεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ –”ƒˆˆ‹ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤLinie 18 kommt an: Über 16.000 Fahrgäste täglich. –”ƒˆˆ‹ǡ—••‡ —†ƒŠ‡ˆò” ”ƒˆ—”–ȏŽ‹‡ȐͲ͵ǤͲʹǤʹͲͳͶǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–”ƒˆˆ‹“Ǥ†‡ȀͳǤ†‡Ǥ•–ƒ”–•‡‹–‡ǤŠ–Žǫ̴•Š‘™αͳͳͺͲ͸ͻεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ 

 ͵ͺͶ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ   ȋʹͲͳͳȌǣFrankfurts-Tram-Netz wächst: Eröffnung der Linie 18. δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ˜‰ˆǦ ˆˆǤ†‡Ȁ†‡Ȁƒ–—‡ŽŽ’”‡••‡Ȁ‡™•Ȁ‡‹œ‡Žƒ•‹ Š–Ȁ‡™•Ȁˆ”ƒˆ—”–•̴–”ƒ̴‡–œ̴ ™ƒ‡ Š•–̴‡”‘‡Žˆˆ—‰̴†‡”̴Ž‹‹‡̴ͳͺȀεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȐ Ƭ ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤWHS baut erneut im Frankfurter Rebstockpark.Ƭ  ȏŽ‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™™Ǧ ƒ‰Ǥ ‘Ȁ†‡Ȁ’”‡••‡Ȁ—–‡”‡Š‡Ȁ’”‡••‡̴‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡Ȁͳʹ̴Ͳ͹̴ʹ͸̴̴™Š•̴„ ƒ—–̴‡”‡—–̴‹̴ˆ”ƒˆ—”–‡”̴”‡„•–‘ ’ƒ”̴̴ǤŠ–Žεȏ ‡••‡†ͳͲ‡’–‡„‡” ʹͲͳͶȐ 

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