ʹͲͷʹǦͲͲͳͺȋȌǡ ʹͲͷ͵Ǧ͵͸͸͹ȋȌ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳǤǤ͵ͷ͸Ȃ͵ͺͷ TAMÁS SZELESI MSc, Teacher of Geography and Environmental Sciences PhD Aspirant at the University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Earth Sciences [email protected] The Development of Fixed-rail Public Transport in Frankfurt Abstract Despite the economic crisis in the 2000s, the number of newly built homes has duplicated in comparison with the period between 1980 and 2001. One can find both green zone and brown zone investments among the recently developed residential areas; the traffic infrastructure is designed to catch up with the de- velopment of those new ones. In some cases, the latter one even gets ahead. Sev- eral districts of Frankfurt provide good examples for other European cities to show the way in which the mentioned two closely related fields can be jointly investigated. 90% of the development of traffic infrastructure concentrates on zero emissions having the establishment of tram and subway systems (Light Rail System and Stadtbahn), in scope along with purchasing transport vehicles. As the continuity of the period until 2021, the emphasis is put on the renovation of tram lines as well as building cross-town traffic network resulting in the increase of the number of passengers and less transfers on different lines. This article looks into the historical development of the Frankfurt transport system and summaries its infrastructural improvement. Key words Traffic & urban development; Zero emissions; Passenger traffic; Frankfurt am Main; Go green ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ 1. Introduction FrankfurtǦ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ȋLight Rail SytemStadtbahnȌ Ǧ ȋCommuter Train SystemS-BahnȌ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ ǦǦ Ǥǡǯ Frankfurt Geographical Locality Studies ǯ Ǥ 2. Research methods Frankfurt’s Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Frankfurt Tramway Society(Historische Straßenbahn der Stadt Frankfurt am Main e.V.). ʹͲͲͲ Ǥ Ǧ Frankfurtǡ Ǥ ǡ ͵ͷ͹ Ǥ 3. Historical background and development of lines Frankfurt Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǦ Ǣǡ Ǧ Ǥ ͳͺ͹ʹ Ȃ ȋHauptwacheǡKon- stablerwacheȌBockenheimȋ ͳͳͻͺͷȌǤ ǢͳͻͺͲ ͵Ͳ Ǥ ǤǦǦFrankfurtȂOffenbachǦ (Frankfurt–Offenbach Trambahn Gesellschaft – FOTG) (Figure 1) ͳͺͺͶǤ GermanyǤǡǡ Offenbachȋ ǦǡǤʹͲͲͲȌǤ ǦǡǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ Ǧ Frankfurtͳͺͺͺȋ Ǧ Ȍ Ǧ (Eschenheimer Tor)EschenheimǤ Frankfurter Lokalbahn AG (FLAG)Oberursel ͳͺͻͻǤ Eschenheim ͳͻͲͺ Ͷ ͳͻ͸ͺ ȋǦ Ȍ Oberursel Ǥ ͵ͷͺ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ , B. (2013) ODMANN Source: R on the north, FOTG on the east, WLB on the west and south.west and WLB on the on the east, on the north, FOTG Figure 1 – Isolated traffic lines before integration. Map of the tram system from 1905. FLAG before integration. Map of 1 – Isolated traffic lines Figure ͸ ͳͺͺͻͳͺͳͺͺͻǡǦ ȋȂȌ(Figure 1) River Main FLAG Ǥ FrankfurtSachsen- hausenǡ Niederradǡ Schwanheim Neu-IsenburgǤ ͵ͷͻ ǡ Niederrad Schwanheim ǤǦ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ȋ Ǧ ǡǤʹͲͲͲȌǤ ͳͻʹͻǤ ǯ ȋ Goldsteinǡ NiederradȌǤ Neu-Isenburg ͳͲͲǡ ȋFrankfurter StadtwaldȄͷ͹ͺͷ ȌǤ ǡ ͳ ͳͺͻ͹Ǧǡ Ǧ ȋ ȌGal- lus districtǤ Ǧ ͳͳͻͳͲǦ Gallusȋ FrankfurtȌǤ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ FrankfurtȂ OffenbachͳͻͲ͸ǤOffenbach Ǣǡ Ǧ ʹͺ ͳͻͳͲǤͳͻͳͶǡ Frankfurt Ǥ Ǧ Bonamesǡ Niedereschbachǡ Bad Homburg(Taunus)ͳͻͳͲǡ Ǧ Niederurselǡ Bommersheim ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ Oberusel ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ Main RiederhöfeȋȌBergen-Enkheimȋ ǡ Ǥ Ȃ ǡ Ǥͳͻ͹ʹȌǤ World War Iǡ Ǥ ͳͻʹ͵ǡOffenbach Ǧ ͵͸Ͳ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ Frankfurt Ǧ Ǣ ǡ Ǥ OsthafenǡǦ Casella chemical industry Ǧ Ǥǡ ȋ Ȍ ͳͻʹ͸ ͵ͳ ͳͻʹͺ ȋ Ǧǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ ʹͲ ǡBerkersheim ȋ ͵ͻͻȌͳͻʹͷǤ BerkersheimFrankfurtͳͻͳͲǤ Ǧ Berkersheim͵ǡ͸Ͷ͵ ʹͲͳʹǤ ͳͻ͹ͺǡ Ǧ ǡ ȋͳͻ͹͹ȌPreungesheimͷǤ ǡ Riedbergͻ ȋ Y ǡǤȂY ǡ Ǥ ǤͳͻͻʹȌǤ GriesheimNied ͳͻ͵Ͳ ͳͻ͵͸ǤWorld War IIʹͷ ͳͻͶͷǡǦ Ǥ ǡ American ArmyǤ Ǧ Niedǡ Griesheimǡ Hauptwacheǡ Konstablerwacheǡ BornheimǤ ͳͻͶͻǡ Main ǡ ǡ Ȅ ͳͻͷʹȄ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͷʹǡHöchstȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ ͳͻ͸͵Ǥ ǡOf- fenbachǡ (Marktplatz) ͵͸ͳ ȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤǦ ͳͻ͸ͺǤ ǡNordweststadt Ǥǡ ͳͻ͹ͳǡǦ ȋ Bod HomburgOberurselȌȋ ǡ ǤȂ ǡ ǤͳͻͺͻȌǤ ͳͻ͹Ͳǡ ȂǮǯ ȋPreungesheimǦHauptbahnhofǡǦ Ȍ ȋNordend Ostǡ Seckbachǡ Preungesheimǡ Berkersheim Griesheimǡ Gallusǡ RödelheimȌǤ (FVV – Frankfurter Verkehrsverbund) ǤǮǯȋZoo-Hausenǡ HeerstrasseǡǦ ȌͳͻͺͲȋ Ȍǡ ȋWestendǡ Bahnhofsvirtelǡ Bockenheimǡ HausenȌȋ ǡ ǤȂ ǡ ǤͳͻͺͻȌǤ ȋǦȌȋͳͻ͹ͺǣHauptbahnhof KonstablerwacheǢͳͻͺͻǣKonstablerwacheSüdbahnhofǢͳͻͻͶ ͳͻͻ͹ǣMühlbergOffenbachȌȋ ǡǤʹͲͲʹȌǤ ͳͻͻͲǡ Ǥǯǯ Enkheimͳͻͻʹ Ǥ Ǧ Bergen Ǥ ǡRhine–Main Transport Union FrankfurtǤ Ǧ Ǥ Offenbachͳͻͻ͸ǡǦ FrankfurtȂOffenbach Frankfurt ȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ͵͸ʹ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ ǣ ͳǤ World War Iǡ Ǣ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ʹǤ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǤWorld War IIǡǦ Ǧ Ǥǡ Ǧ ͳͻ͸Ͳ FrankfurtǤ ͵Ǥ ͳͻ͹ͲͳͻͻͲǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǣ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ͶǤ ʹͲͲͲǡ Ǧ FrankfurtǤ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ 3.1. 2001: the ‘D’ line Ǯ ǯͳͲ ʹͲͲͳǡ Ǧ Hauptbahnhof ȋ Ȍ BockenheimǤ ǣ ǡ (Fair and Exhibition Centre – Messe) (Unicampus Bockenheim)Ǥ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯǡ Ǧ Ǯǯ Ǥ ͳͻͺͻʹ͸ͳͻͻ͵ǡ ͵͸͵ (Brönnersche Far- benfabrik)Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ͳͻ͸Ͷ MesseRebstockTheodorǦ Heuss Alle (Figure 2)Ǥ Rebstock ʹͲͲ͵ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Figure 2 – Frankfurt Light Rail. Construction phase 3. Planned network of 1964. Darkened lines indicate the underground ones. Lighter grey lines indicate separated surface ones including suburban train lines. Source: GROSS, P. (2006) Ǯ ǯ (Figure 3)ǡ Ǧ ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ ǡ ͵͸Ͷ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ ʹͲͲͻ Ginnheim Curve (Gin- nheimer Kurve) ȋ Y ǡȂ ǤʹͲͳͲȌǤ Figure 3 – The workability of plans to lengthen the line ‘DII’ based on public initiation. Source: GINNHEIMER KURVE (2013) Ǧ Ǥǣ x Unicampus Westend ȋʹ͹ǡͲͲͲȌǦǦ ȋ Ȍ͵͸ ͵͸ͷ ͹ͷǤ ʹͲͲ͸ Ǧ Bockenheimǡ ȋ ǡǤʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ x National Bank (Bundesbank) ȋ ǡǤ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ x Platenstrasse ȋ ʹͳǡͲͲͲȌ Ǧ ͳͻ͸͵Ǥ ǡ Ǧ GinnheimǤ ǡ Ǯǯ(Miquel-/Adickersalle)Ǥ x Ǯǯ (Heddernheim-Südbahnhof)Ǥ ǡ ͳʹǡͲͲͲ Holzhausen͹ͻǤ ǡ ͷͷǡͲͲͲ Ǥ Palmengarten (Grüneburgpark)ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͳͳǦ Ǥȋ Ǧ ǡʹͲͳͳȌ River Main ͳͻ͹ͲǤǡ Ǥǡ ǯ (Universitätsklinikum) Ǧ Ǥ ͳͻ͸ͶǤ Ǧ ȋ ȌǤ ͵͸͸ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ ͳʹǡͳͷǡʹͳͳͻʹͲǤ Ǣ ǡ ȋ ǡ ǤʹͲͲͲȌ(Figure 4)Ǥ 3.2. 2003: Rebstock Rebstockpark ǡBocken- heimǤ ǡ Ǧ ͸Ͷͺ ͷǡ ǡ ǦǤ ͳͲͲ Frankfurtȋͳͻ͵͸Ȍǡ (Volkspark)ͳͻ͸ʹ (Rebstockbad)ͳͻͺʹǤʹͲͲͲǡ Ǧ Ǥ (Messe) ͷǡͶͲͲ Ǥ ͳͻͻͲǡ ͷ ͳͲ ͶǡͷͲͲ ͷǡͷͲͲǤ ʹͲͳ͸ȋƬ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ Rebstockpark Ǧ ǢǡǤ ͳͻͺͺǡ Bockenheimindustrialarea Ǥͳͻͻͷ ʹͲͲ͸ǡ City WestǤ ͸Ͷͺǡǡ ͳͺǡͲͲͲǤVoltatrasse Ǧ ͷǡͲͲͲǤʹͲͲ͵ǡ ͷͲ͵͵Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥͳͻ͸Ͷǡ Altstadt ȋ Ȍ ȋ ǡǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤǡͳͻͺ͸ ͵͸͹ Frankfurt Ǧ ǤǮǯ Ǧ ȋBockenheimer Landstrasse HauptwacheȌ ȋ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ Figure 4 – The plans of the subway line DIII in the southern area of Main line DIII in the southern Figure 4 – The plans of the subway Source: P LANUNGSVERBAND (2006) ͵͸ͺ ʹͲͳͶʹǡͳ ǡ ǤʹǤͶǡǦReb- stockȋͳ͹Ȍǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ Ǧ Ǥ (Ham- burger Alley – Figure 5)ǡǦ ͳ͵ͷǦ ȋY ǡ ǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ Figure 5 – Single-way tram line in the green area at Hamburg Alley Photographed by SZELESI, T. (2014) ǡ ǢͳͲ ͹ǤͷȋͳͷȌǤ ʹͲͳͶͳ͹ Ǧ (Rebstock and Neu- Isenburg)ͳͳǤ ͵͸ͻ Ǯ ǯMesse StuttgartHannoverȋǦ ǮͷǯȌǤ ǡ ͳ͸ Ǥ 3.3.