The Overtourism Phenomenon Agenda

The Overtourism phenomenon

Exploring the iceberg below the water surface level

Between Overtourism and Undertourism Implications and Crisis Management Strategies

June 26th –29th 2019, Lecce, Puglia, Italy

Andreas Kagermeier & Eva Erdmenger

www.wikimedia.com

Agenda

1 Phenomenon Overtourism: Medial discourse and discussion on carrying capacity (limits) 2 The case study Munich 3 The view of the residents & visitors 4 The view of tourism stakeholders 5 Discussion

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Folie 2 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Medial Discourse

DUBROVNIK VENICE BARCELONA

ARTE: Tourist Go Home (2017)

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Folie 3

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Tourism Intensity (overnight stays/residents 2017)

0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 100,00

Dubrovnik Venice Barcelona Amsterdam

Berlin Munich Hamburg

Source: ZEDNIK 2018 & STATISTISCHES AMT FÜR HAMBURG UND SCHLESWIG‐HOLSTEIN 2018

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 4 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Medial Discourse: Berlin

WUCHOLD 2014

AUMSTADTION.TUMBLR.COM 2016

STORS 2012 SPIGEL ONLINE 2011 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 5

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Overtourism

• Physical carrying capacity limit (just too much) • Direct negative effects of tourists (congested infrastructure, noise, disturbance, irritation) • Indirect effects (structural change through tourism, competition for use)

Following: KOENS & POSTMA 2017, p. 9

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 6 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Involved Stakeholders

Quality of Quality of life economic Inhabitants & Tourism possibilities Employees industry

Tourism policy & DMO

Visitors

Quality of experience

Source: Own design following KOENS & POSTMA 2017

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 7

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Vulnerability/Resilience

Vulnerability characterised by • Exposition • Sensitivity (tolerance) and • Resilience  Capacity to response  Capacity to cope  Capacity to adapt / learn

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 8 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Why Munich?

• More beds than Manhattan • Comparable tourism intensity like Berlin (and Barcelona) • 6 million Oktoberfest visitors (15 days)

... but no problem with Overtourism?!

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 9

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Development of Overnight Stays 1993-2017

425 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany Large Cities

Source: STATISTISCHES BUNDESAMT 2018

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 10 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Development of Overnight Stays 1993-2017

425 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Large Cities Berlin Munich Hamburg

Source: STATISTISCHES BUNDESAMT 2018, AMT FÜR STATISTIK BERLIN‐BRANDENBURG (2018), STATISTISCHES AMT FÜR HAMBURG UND SCHLESWIG‐HOLSTEIN (2004 & 2018), TOURISMUS MÜNCHEN (2018) 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 11

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Case Study Munich

≈ 7.5 million overnight guests and ≈ 15 million overnight stays in 2017 ≈ half incoming tourists

Source: LHM‐RAW 2014: 17 and ZEDNIK 2018

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 12 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Registered Overnight Stays 2017 (by city districts)

Feldmoching- Hasenbergl

Allach- Milbertshofen- Untermenzing Am Hart Schwabing- Freimann Moosach Schwabing- West

Aubing- Neuhausen- Bogenhausen Maxvorstadt Lochhausen- Nymphenburg Altstadt- Langwied Pasing- Lehel Obermenzing Laim Schwanthaler- Ludwigsvorstadt- Berg höhe Au-Haidhausen Isarvorstadt am Laim

Trudering- Sendling- Sendling Riem Hadern Westpark Übernachtungen 2017 Ramersdorf- Obergiesi ng- Perlach Untergiesing-Fasangarten 4.000.000 Thalkirchen- Harlac hi ng 2.000.000 Obersendling- 1.000.000 Forstenried- 500.000 Fürstenried- 100.000 Soll n Source: Own design, data from ZEDNIK 2018

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 13

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Overnight Stays 2017 and Tourism Intensity (by city districts)

Feldmoching- Hasenbergl

Allach- Milbertshofen- Untermenzing Am Hart Schwabing- Freimann Moosach Schwabing- West

Aubing- Neuhausen- Bogenhausen Maxvorstadt Lochhausen- Nymphenburg Altstadt- Langwied Pasing- Lehel Obermenzing Laim Schwanthaler- Ludwigsvorstadt- Berg höhe Au-Haidhausen Isarvorstadt am Laim

Trudering- Sendling- Sendling Riem Hadern Westpark Übernachtungen 2017 Ramersdorf- Obergiesi ng- Perlach Untergiesing-Fasangarten 4.000.000 Thalkirchen- Harlac hi ng 2.000.000 Obersendling- 1.000.000 Forstenried- 500.000 Fürstenried- Tourismusintensität (Übernachtungen pro Einwohner) 100.000 Soll n unter 2 2 bis unter 5 5 bis unter 10 10 bis unter 50 50 und mehr

Source: Own design, data from ZEDNIK 2018 & STATISTISCHES AMT LH MÜNCHEN 2018 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 14 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Main Tourist Attractions in the City Center

Source: WWW.MUENCHEN.DE 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 15

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Tourist Attractions in the Surrounding

Source: WWW.MUENCHEN.DE

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 16 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Discontinuous Tourist Attractions

Source: WWW.MUENCHEN.DE

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 17

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Overnight Stays 2017 & Tripadvisor (by city districts)

Feldmoching- Hasenbergl

Allach- Untermenzing Milbertshofen- Am Hart Schwabing- Moosach Freimann

Schwabing- West

Aubing- Neuhausen- Bogenhausen Maxvorstadt Lochhausen- Nymphenburg Altstadt- Langwied Pasing- Lehel Obermenzing Laim Schwanthaler- Ludwigsvorstadt- höhe Au-Haidhausen Berg Isarvorstadt am Laim

Trudering- Sendling- Sendling Riem Hadern Westpark Ramersdorf- Obergiesing- Perlach Untergiesing-Fasangarten 4.000.000 Thalkirchen- Harlac hing 2.000.000 Obersendling- 1.000.000 Forstenried- 500.000 Fürstenried- 100.000 Solln

Source: Own design, data from ZEDNIK 2018 & TRIPADVISOR.COM 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 18 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Overnight Stays 2017 & Sightmap (by city districts)

Feldmoching- Hasenbergl

Allach- Untermenzing Milbertshofen- Am Hart Schwabing- Moosach Freimann

Schwabing- West

Aubing- Neuhausen- Bogenhausen Maxvorstadt Lochhausen- Nymphenburg Altstadt- Langwied Pasing- Lehel Obermenzing Laim Schwanthaler- Ludwigsvorstadt- höhe Au-Haidhausen Berg Isarvorstadt am Laim

Source: Own design, data from ZEDNIK 2018 & SIGHTMAP.COM 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 19

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Characteristics Case Study Munich

• Already a long-established urban tourist destination • Relatively continuous but not too fast growth

• Clear concentration of tourists in the central area • But this also more extensive than in many other historic city centers

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 20 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Survey Design Visitor and Resident Survey

• Face-to-face interview • In the inner city area of Munich • Visitors and residents • By Master students of Trier University •17th to 21st of July 2018 • N = 180 (84 residents, 96 visitors)

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 21

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Assessment of the Number of Tourists in the City

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Residents

Visitors

way too many a bit too many is just right a little more still possible not too many

Source: Own survey 2018; N = 180

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 22 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Are There Problems in Munich Caused by Tourism?

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Residents

Visitors

YES NO

 Slightly rising trend compared to NAMBERGER 2014: 27,5 %

Source: Own survey 2018; N = 175

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 23

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Problems Caused by Tourism

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

crowding

congested public transport waste noise

expensive many strangers dying retail touristification loss of homeland feeling no flat

Residents Visitors Source: Own survey 2018; N = 52 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 24 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Perception of/Disturbance by/Avoiding Phenomena

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Asian tourists

Homeless people Crowds in pedestrian area Physical Carrying Capacity Oktoberfest visitors Specific social behavior Stag parties

Arab tourists

No significant change compared to I do not perceive 2014 (Namberger) I perceive, but does not bother me I perceive, bothers me, but accept it I perceive it disturbs me and I try to avoid the phenomenon

Source: Own survey 2018; N = 171

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 25

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Statements on the Effects of Tourism (Residents)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

In my neighborhood, I feel disturbed by tourists

In Munich, I feel disturbed by tourists

Due to tourists, I do not feel at home in Munich Increasing numbers of tourists lead to housing shortages Munich should decide on regulations against excessive tourist traffic

Tourists are often rude

completely agree agree I rather agree rather decline reject refuse completely Source: Own survey 2018; N = 80 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 26 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Visitor and Resident Survey

• Physical carrying capacity limit – Pedestrian zone & partial Oktoberfest • Direct negative effects of tourists – public transport – stag parties

• Indirect effects – Partial usage competition with housing market

►No clear tightening since 2014 (before intensive media discourse), but first signs of emerging social carrying capacity limits

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 27

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Talks with Experts (Qualitative)

• Economy – Chamber of Commerce and Industry – City marketing • Politics / DMO – Tourismus München (DMO) – Bündnis 90 / Grüne (Political Party) • Science – Overtourismus – Crowding

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 28 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Capacity: When Becomes Just Right Too Much?

Economy Politics / DMO Science • City Marketing: “The pain • Politics: "So I see no limit" • No "magic number" for limit or tipping point are saturation limit not yet reached" Politics: “Some say we can not walk in the pedestrian • In sum, Munich is not City Marketing: “We have zone anymore ... but that's overused an incredible hotel ... not just tourists" investment boom" • We need capacity limit DMO: "We have no analyzes Chamber of Commerce: Overtourism effect in "Hotels want to continue to Munich or hardly any have many tourists" problems with it"

... but there is no living space!

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 29

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Perception

Economy Politics / DMO Science City marketing: “Enjoy safety, Politics: Mood is not against no general overtourism effect cleanliness and order" tourism yet Chamber of Commerce: "So Munich is in my view not Awareness that the retail Politics: Growth is a problem completely overused or not trade benefits from tourism not associated with tourism overused" exists "... but you have to look closer. Politics: Tourist space versus At certain times, to certain private space spaces"

DMO: “We keep our eyes open and see where it could possibly become more critical"

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 30 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Overuse Only as a Punctual Phenomenon

"There are just some spots. For example, the Allianz Arena, ... where at certain times, on certain days, a lot of tourists get lost.“ (Science)

"High number of population, high number of overnight stays, it could be bubbling." (DMO)

"One aspect is also that some say in the pedestrian zone we cannot walk anymore ... because it is already so crowded, but that's ... not only tourists." (Politics)

 What influences the local resilience and tolerance?

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 31

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Sensitivity & „Beer Garden" Tolerance

•"learned by the Oktoberfest" (city marketing) •"the people of Munich are used to having guests from abroad" (DMO)

•“… even if the resident of Munich is called grumpy sometimes, in the beer gardens everyone from all social layers sits there and everything is good" (City Marketing) •"Maybe there is ... a certain understanding and as long as you still get a seat in the beer garden" (Politics) •“… so many cool little beer gardens and take the people a bit away from the Hofbräuhaus" (Science) •"If those last little beer gardens, where the people from Munich actually sit and comfortably drink their beer or half beer after work, if then there are more and more tourists coming in. Then we are in a discussion that started with Airbnb…" ( Science)

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 32 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

Summary of the Case of Munich

• No clear overtourism perception • Only partial and local problem dimensions

Explanations:

• Long tourist tradition • Organic growth and no disruptive development

• Compact hot spots, but relatively large core area • High-capacity infrastructure

•Only small lifestyle gaps between local population and visitors

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 33

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

UNWTO-Management Approaches

•To improve the resilience of overtourism risk destinations •To stabilize the perceptual and social carrying capacity

 11 overtourism management strategies

UNWTO 2018

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 34 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

KOENS & POSTMA 2017, p. 33 f.; POSTMA & SCHMÜCKER 2017, p. 152 f., UNWTO 2018, p. 48 f. 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 35

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

UNWTO-Management Approaches 1) Dispersal of visitors within the city and beyond 2) Time-based dispersal of visitors 3) Stimulate new itineraries and attractions 4) Review and adapt regulation 5) Enhance visitor’s segmentation 6) Ensure local communities benefit from tourism 7) Create city experiences for both residents and visitors 8) Improve city infrastructure and facilities 9) Communicate with and engage local stakeholders 10) Communicate with and engage visitors 11) Set monitoring and response measures  not constructive / productive

KOENS & POSTMA 2017, p. 33 f.; POSTMA & SCHMÜCKER 2017, p. 152 f., UNWTO 2018, p. 48 f. 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 36 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

KOENS & POSTMA 2017, p. 33 f.; POSTMA & SCHMÜCKER 2017, p. 152 f., UNWTO 2018, p. 48 f. 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 37

Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion

The Ice Berg Below Water Surface Level

Barcelona, Venice, Dubrovnik…

Amsterdam, Berlin, London, Paris, Rome,…

Munich, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Salzburg, Madrid,…

Source: Own design

27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 39

Thank you for your attention ...

... and we look forward to a lively discussion