The Overtourism phenomenon Exploring the iceberg below the water surface level Between Overtourism and Undertourism Implications and Crisis Management Strategies June 26th –29th 2019, Lecce, Puglia, Italy Andreas Kagermeier & Eva Erdmenger www.wikimedia.com Agenda 1 Phenomenon Overtourism: Medial discourse and discussion on carrying capacity (limits) 2 The case study Munich 3 The view of the residents & visitors 4 The view of tourism stakeholders 5 Discussion 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Folie 2 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Medial Discourse DUBROVNIK VENICE BARCELONA ARTE: Tourist Go Home (2017) 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Folie 3 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Tourism Intensity (overnight stays/residents 2017) 0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 100,00 Dubrovnik Venice Barcelona Amsterdam Berlin Munich Hamburg Source: ZEDNIK 2018 & STATISTISCHES AMT FÜR HAMBURG UND SCHLESWIG‐HOLSTEIN 2018 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 4 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Medial Discourse: Berlin WUCHOLD 2014 AUMSTADTION.TUMBLR.COM 2016 STORS 2012 SPIGEL ONLINE 2011 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 5 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Overtourism • Physical carrying capacity limit (just too much) • Direct negative effects of tourists (congested infrastructure, noise, disturbance, irritation) • Indirect effects (structural change through tourism, competition for use) Following: KOENS & POSTMA 2017, p. 9 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 6 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Involved Stakeholders Quality of Quality of life economic Inhabitants & Tourism possibilities Employees industry Tourism policy & DMO Visitors Quality of experience Source: Own design following KOENS & POSTMA 2017 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 7 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Vulnerability/Resilience Vulnerability characterised by • Exposition • Sensitivity (tolerance) and • Resilience Capacity to response Capacity to cope Capacity to adapt / learn 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 8 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Why Munich? • More beds than Manhattan • Comparable tourism intensity like Berlin (and Barcelona) • 6 million Oktoberfest visitors (15 days) ... but no problem with Overtourism?! 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 9 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Development of Overnight Stays 1993-2017 425 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Germany Large Cities Source: STATISTISCHES BUNDESAMT 2018 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 10 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Development of Overnight Stays 1993-2017 425 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Large Cities Berlin Munich Hamburg Source: STATISTISCHES BUNDESAMT 2018, AMT FÜR STATISTIK BERLIN‐BRANDENBURG (2018), STATISTISCHES AMT FÜR HAMBURG UND SCHLESWIG‐HOLSTEIN (2004 & 2018), TOURISMUS MÜNCHEN (2018) 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 11 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Case Study Munich ≈ 7.5 million overnight guests and ≈ 15 million overnight stays in 2017 ≈ half incoming tourists Source: LHM‐RAW 2014: 17 and ZEDNIK 2018 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 12 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Registered Overnight Stays 2017 (by city districts) Feldmoching- Hasenbergl Allach- Milbertshofen- Untermenzing Am Hart Schwabing- Freimann Moosach Schwabing- West Aubing- Neuhausen- Bogenhausen Maxvorstadt Lochhausen- Nymphenburg Altstadt- Langwied Pasing- Lehel Obermenzing Laim Schwanthaler- Ludwigsvorstadt- Berg höhe Au-Haidhausen Isarvorstadt am Laim Trudering- Sendling- Sendling Riem Hadern Westpark Übernachtungen 2017 Ramersdorf- Obergiesi ng- Perlach Untergiesing-Fasangarten 4.000.000 Thalkirchen- Harlac hi ng 2.000.000 Obersendling- 1.000.000 Forstenried- 500.000 Fürstenried- 100.000 Soll n Source: Own design, data from ZEDNIK 2018 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 13 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Overnight Stays 2017 and Tourism Intensity (by city districts) Feldmoching- Hasenbergl Allach- Milbertshofen- Untermenzing Am Hart Schwabing- Freimann Moosach Schwabing- West Aubing- Neuhausen- Bogenhausen Maxvorstadt Lochhausen- Nymphenburg Altstadt- Langwied Pasing- Lehel Obermenzing Laim Schwanthaler- Ludwigsvorstadt- Berg höhe Au-Haidhausen Isarvorstadt am Laim Trudering- Sendling- Sendling Riem Hadern Westpark Übernachtungen 2017 Ramersdorf- Obergiesi ng- Perlach Untergiesing-Fasangarten 4.000.000 Thalkirchen- Harlac hi ng 2.000.000 Obersendling- 1.000.000 Forstenried- 500.000 Fürstenried- Tourismusintensität (Übernachtungen pro Einwohner) 100.000 Soll n unter 2 2 bis unter 5 5 bis unter 10 10 bis unter 50 50 und mehr Source: Own design, data from ZEDNIK 2018 & STATISTISCHES AMT LH MÜNCHEN 2018 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 14 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Main Tourist Attractions in the City Center Source: WWW.MUENCHEN.DE 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 15 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Tourist Attractions in the Surrounding Source: WWW.MUENCHEN.DE 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 16 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Discontinuous Tourist Attractions Source: WWW.MUENCHEN.DE 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 17 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Overnight Stays 2017 & Tripadvisor (by city districts) Feldmoching- Hasenbergl Allach- Untermenzing Milbertshofen- Am Hart Schwabing- Moosach Freimann Schwabing- West Aubing- Neuhausen- Bogenhausen Maxvorstadt Lochhausen- Nymphenburg Altstadt- Langwied Pasing- Lehel Obermenzing Laim Schwanthaler- Ludwigsvorstadt- höhe Au-Haidhausen Berg Isarvorstadt am Laim Trudering- Sendling- Sendling Riem Hadern Westpark Ramersdorf- Obergiesing- Perlach Untergiesing-Fasangarten 4.000.000 Thalkirchen- Harlac hing 2.000.000 Obersendling- 1.000.000 Forstenried- 500.000 Fürstenried- 100.000 Solln Source: Own design, data from ZEDNIK 2018 & TRIPADVISOR.COM 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 18 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Overnight Stays 2017 & Sightmap (by city districts) Feldmoching- Hasenbergl Allach- Untermenzing Milbertshofen- Am Hart Schwabing- Moosach Freimann Schwabing- West Aubing- Neuhausen- Bogenhausen Maxvorstadt Lochhausen- Nymphenburg Altstadt- Langwied Pasing- Lehel Obermenzing Laim Schwanthaler- Ludwigsvorstadt- höhe Au-Haidhausen Berg Isarvorstadt am Laim Trudering- Sendling- Sendling Riem Hadern Westpark Ramersdorf- Obergiesing- Perlach Untergiesing-Fasangarten 4.000.000 Thalkirchen- Harlac hing 2.000.000 Obersendling- 1.000.000 Forstenried- 500.000 Fürstenried- 100.000 Solln Source: Own design, data from ZEDNIK 2018 & SIGHTMAP.COM 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 19 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Characteristics Case Study Munich • Already a long-established urban tourist destination • Relatively continuous but not too fast growth • Clear concentration of tourists in the central area • But this also more extensive than in many other historic city centers 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 20 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Survey Design Visitor and Resident Survey • Face-to-face interview • In the inner city area of Munich • Visitors and residents • By Master students of Trier University •17th to 21st of July 2018 • N = 180 (84 residents, 96 visitors) 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 21 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Assessment of the Number of Tourists in the City 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Residents Visitors way too many a bit too many is just right a little more still possible not too many Source: Own survey 2018; N = 180 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 22 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Are There Problems in Munich Caused by Tourism? 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Residents Visitors YES NO Slightly rising trend compared to NAMBERGER 2014: 27,5 % Source: Own survey 2018; N = 175 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 23 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Problems Caused by Tourism 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% crowding congested public transport waste noise expensive many strangers dying retail touristification loss of homeland feeling no flat Residents Visitors Source: Own survey 2018; N = 52 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 24 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Perception of/Disturbance by/Avoiding Phenomena 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Asian tourists Homeless people Crowds in pedestrian area Physical Carrying Capacity Oktoberfest visitors Specific social behavior Stag parties Arab tourists No significant change compared to I do not perceive 2014 (Namberger) I perceive, but does not bother me I perceive, bothers me, but accept it I perceive it disturbs me and I try to avoid the phenomenon Source: Own survey 2018; N = 171 27 June 2019 Kagermeier & Erdmenger Slide 25 Overtourism CS Munich Vis. & Res. Experts Discussion Statements on the Effects of Tourism (Residents) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% In my neighborhood, I feel disturbed