p'.
EASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOG ICAI~ FEDERATION
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING
. HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT NOV. 4, 5, 6, 1977
ALABAMA NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT NEW YORK DELAWARE NORTH CAROLINA GEORGIA OHIO KENTUCKY PENNSYLVANIA MAINE (2) RHODE ISLAND MARYLAND SOUTH CAROLINA MASSACHUSETTS TENNESSEE MICHIGAN VERMONT MISSISSIPPI VIRGINIA NEW HAMPSHIRE WEST VIRGINIA
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the Quebec society is now active and interested in membership and will be contacted by Howard McCord. The report of the Business Office was presented by Faye Stocum, PROCEEDINGS Business Manager, who delineated income and expenses which left a balance of $433.21. Fublicity Chairman, Jack Hranicky, discussed the types of publicity of the he has sent out including releases to over 60 society newsletters with a com"Dined circulation of some 25,000. Western state societies were EASTERN STATES invited to participate in the publication display of this meeting, but therf: was no response. The possibility of placing advertisements in 2 ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION profl~ssional journals is being considered. David Thompson, Program Chairman, thanked Dena Dincauze for September 1978 her help in preparing the program. Response to a call for papers was good. resulting in the receipt of 17 more papers than could be Corresponding Secretary Editor accepted. Richard L. George Ronald L. Michael President Thomas called for a discussion concerning the location of Carnegie Museum Anthropology Anthropology mee1ings in the future. It was determined that the popUlation center of Cntr. California State College membership is probably in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The present P.O. Box 28, Meridian Station California, Pennsylvania 15419 policy is to hold meetings in different states each year with meetings in Butler, Pennsylvania 16001 a central location for 2 years and then followed by one in an outlying state. It was the feeling of the meeting that the present policy be contiinued. Members were asked to consider the possibility of a meeting in Mississippi in 1979. MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING Martha Otto commented on the program content and recommended that future programs be as much research and data oriented as possible. The annual meeting of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation A discussion followed which reinforced this concept. The advantages was held on November 4, 5, and 6, 1977, at the Hilton Hotel, and disadvantages of concurrent sessions were also discussed, and it was Hartford, Connecticut. The host society was the Archaeological Society generally felt that it was not a desirable alternative. Louis Brennan of Connecticut, Inc. urged that Saturday be set aside for general papers and Friday President Ronald A. Thomas presented an opening address on aftemoon for symposiums and that this be a directive for program Friday morning followed by a welcoming address by Frederic Warner, chairman to follow. After more discussion concerning program, a president of the host society, who then chaired a general session. The motion was made by Louis Brennan that the program chairman be first paper presented by Edmund Swigart was "Seasonality and Loca instructed to restrict Saturday morning and afternoon sessions for tion Preff~rence for Western Connecticut Indian Sites." This was general papers and the remainder of the program to be left to the followed by "Petroglyphs of the Northeast" by Edward Lenik, "The discmtion of the program chairman. The motion was seconded by Dale Squibnocket Complex in the Lower Connecticut River Valley" by Kirby and passed. Douglas Jordan, "Demographic Changes in Western New York Between An invitation was presented by Angie Stanzeski on behalf of the A.D.1550 and A.D.1650" by William Engelbrecht. Nicholas New Jersey Archaeological Society to hold the annual meeting in 1978 Shoumatoff then gave a paper on "The 1976 Delaware Expedition: at the Mt. Laurel Hilton, Cherry Hill, New Jersey on November 2, 3, Linguistic, Ethno-Botanical and Geneological Investigations among the and 4th. It was moved to accept the invitation by Gary Wilkins and Delaware and Related Algonkian Tribes of Oklahoma, Wisconsin, and seconded by Dale Kirby and passed. Ontario," followed by "The Midden is the Message" by Louis Brennan. President Thomas called on Louis Brennan to· present the results of On Friday afternoon a session called "Open Season on Sacred the meeting of the Publications Committee held prior to the Executive Cows: Conceptual Schemes in Northeastern Prehistory" was chaired by Board meeting. A change in policy was recommended as a result of the Dena Dincauze, who presented the first paper "Common Sense and financial report presented by Ned Swigart concerning the high publica Scientific Insight," followed by "Logic and Analogous Reasoning" by tion Imsts this year of $7600. It was proposed that the present Bulletin David Sanger, "Archaeological Strata vs. Cultural Process" by Jacob be published in AENA, under the chairmanship of Ronald Michael. The Gruber, "Shaking Down the New Paradigm" by Dean Snow, "Occupa Bulletin will then become a newsletter which will be sent to the entire tional Episodes at Sites of the Late Archaic Stage: Olden Thoughts and membership and will include archaeological news and advertisement for New Data" by Richard Gramley, and "The Archaeological Context and AENA. The committee also recommended that the present editors of Systematic Contex of Steatite Vessels" by David Thompson. ESAF publications be reappointed. Following a discussion it was moved by Howard McCord that the Executive Board Meeting present publication policy be modified to print the present Bulletin as a part of AENA and that the Bulletin become a newsletter to be sent The Executive Board Meeting of the Eastern States Archaeological to thl~ entire membership. The motion was seconded by Jack Hranicky Federation was called to order on Friday evening at 7:20 P.M., and passed. November 4, 1977, by President Ronald Thomas at the Hartford The operating budget for 1978 was presented by Ned Swigart Hilton Hotel, Hartford, Connecticut. subjeGt to changes in the publication policy voted on at this Executive A roll call by Roberta Wingerson, Recording Secretary, indicated Board. meeting. Dale Kirby moved that the operating budget be that a quorom was present. adopted. It was seconded by Jack Hranicky and passed. President, Ronald Thomas discussed the activities of the past year, Ronald Michael presented new guidelines for state reports and among which was the compilation of the history of ESAF by John abstracts which will be printed in the AENA publication. Reid. It has been published and will be distributed to members. The Tbere being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at Board directed and approved the budget of ESAF which included the 9:30P.M. publishing of the bibliography and the last 2 bulletins as a combined issue and the first 3 newsletters that were instituted this year. Volume General Business Meeting 5 of Archaeology of Eastern North America (AENA) has been received from the printer and will be for sale in the publications room. Following the Executive Board Meeting, the General Business Treasurer, Edmund Swigart, discussed the financial report noting Meeting was held at 9:35 P.M. on Friday evening November 4, 1977. that we have had heavy publishing costs which have severely depleted The minutes of the Executive Board meeting were read by Roberta our operating expenses. Individual memberships have fallen far below Winge:rson, Recording Secretary, and accepted. expectations, totaling only 61 for the year, perhaps because more Pr~'sident Thomas announced that Paul Cresthill and Floyd Painter publicity is needed. A balance of $2,792.77 is reported and outstand have agreed to serve on the Nominating Committee. ing bills amount to $ 3,000. Continued pUblication sales should offset a The following state society reports were presented: Alabama by possible deficit. Marjorie Gay, Connecticut by David Thompson, Delaware by William The directory of ESAF officers and member societies was printed in Aist, Kentucky by Joe Granger, Maine by Eric Lahgi, Robert Abbe June 1977 at a cost of $117.53 for 150 copies reported Richard Museum by Alice Wellman, Maryland by Paul Cresthull, Massachusetts George, Corresponding Secretary. There are presently 10,292 members by Carol Barnes, Michigan by Alice Noecker, New Jersey by Angie in the Fedf:ration which is less than last year due to the loss of three Stanze:ski, New York by Louis Brennan, North Carolina by R. Wilton member societies. Swansborough, Ohio by Marta Otto, Pennsylvania by Virginia LoPresti, Membership Chairman, Howard McCord, reported that the Robert Vermont by Dave Koier, Virginia by Dale Kirby and West Virginia by Abbey Museum and the Florida and Ontario societies have resigned Gary Wilkins. their membership in ESAF. A letter from the Ontario society was read David Thompson and Roger Mueller were commended by Ronald expressing f"mancial reasons for their withdrawal. It was reported that Thomas for their efforts in making the 1977 convention so successful. _. . _._----_._------_._------. . iASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION Page Three
There being no further business the meeting was adjourned at approximately $1,500 to ESAF, a vital and most necessary cash 10:20 P.M. contribution to the Treasury. On Saturday morning a session on Cultural Resource Archaeology The bibliography cost $6,617.97. Sales have netted $1,498 to date was chaired by David A. Poirier, who presented the first paper on and ESAF contributed an additional $1,000 during 1977 toward this "Antiquity Legislation." This was followed by "Disappearing Connect total expense. The AlAI has been responsible for the payment of the icut" by Clark Strickland, "Intern Program in Cultural Resources remainder. Management: Goals and Strategies" by John Senulis and Gail Bro'Yn, North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia have all been contacted on "Are We Failing Our Test Pits1: A comment on Subsurface Sampling at least three occasions and in the case of North Carolina and Procedures" by Kenneth Feder, "Data Recovery Problems at the Upper Tennessee, six times, without success. Factory Brook Sawmill" by John Wilson, "Challenging a Federal Agency: The Case of the Cranberry Sewers" by Janet Pollak and Financial Report "Eleventh Hour Archaeology" by Jeffery Moran. On Saturday afternoon members were offered a choice of tours to January 1,1977 -November 1, 1977 the American Indian Archaeological Institute, Newgate Prison and nearby historic sites, South Windsor Headquarters, and the Museum of ESAF ACCOUNT 1977 1/1/77- 1/1/76- the Albert Morgan Archaeological Society. Budget For those who did not wish to participate in the tours an informal 12/31/77 12/30/76 session was held chaired by Ronald Thomas. The following papers were Balance on hand 1,450.00 6,703.35 297.87 presented: "An Appraisal of Archaeological Investigations in Southern New England" by Kevin McBride, Jean Aiger, Terry Dale Bene, "Tall RECEIPTS Ships" by Floyd Painter. "The Harness Mound" by Naomi Greber, Bibliography Orders "Peoples Relation to the Soil" by Dick .Regensberg, and "Subsistence AlAI, ESAF 1,498.00 Retrieval Techniques at 28 Mammouth County No. I" by John Cavallo. Conference 2,675.00 3,956.45 2,508.57 The annual dinner was held on Saturday evening at 7:30 P.M. Donation 400.00 1.75 Michael D. Coe of Yale University was the dinner speaker. He Dues (1976) 88.00 1,783.00 presented a slide illustrated lecture on "Classic Maya Ceramics and The (1977) 1,900.00 1,850.00 Maya Underworld." Memberships (Indiv.) (61) 700.00 590.00 510.00 On Saturday morning a session on State Research Review chaired Newiiletter-Rebate 50.00 by Alice Noecker was held. Postalge-Rebate 15.00 The following is the registration by States at the 1977 annual Publications (Sale) 6,000.00 6,025.42 5,000.00 meeting: Total Receipts 11,675.00 14,072.87 9,803.32 Conn. - 62 R.I. 17 Del. 9 N.C. 1 N.Y. 45 Md. 6 N.H. 6 Tex. 2 Balance on Hand 13,125.00 20,776.22 10,101.19 Penn" 32 W.V. 1 Va. 9 Mich. 2 Mass. Ky. 2 Unpaid, 1976 and 1977 North Carolina, Tennessee 30 Ma. 9 Ohio 2 Unpaid, 1977 Georgia N.J. 27 Onto 4 Vt. 6 Ala. 1 Respectfully submitted, DISBURSEMENTS Roberta Wingerson, Audit Fee 100.00 Recording Secretary AENA, (Vol. 3 & 4) 3,900.00 6,579.86 300.00 Flyers AENA 350.00 345.00 Officl~ AENA 150.00 CORRESPONDING SECRETARY'S REPORT Posta,ge 400.00 Bibliography Orders 1,338.00 The 1977 Directory listing member societies and their officers and Bibliography Contrib. 1,000.00 1,000.00 other information was assembled, mimeographed, and distributed in Bullel!in 1,800.00 2,810.15 June 1977. The total cost of mimeographing 150 copies at Carnegie Conference 1,850.00 2,422.34 1,685.28 Museum's Anthropology Center was $73.71. It cost 28~ apiece to mail Conft:rence Flyers 300.00 154.00 the Directories first class to society Presidents, Treasurers, Secretaries, Conft'rence-Pr. Exp. 20.00 40.00 and E.S.A.F. Representatives plus Federation officers and staff. Post Constitu tion 40.00 10.00 age, duplieating, and supplies cost $51.37 so that my total Directory Directory 50.00 98.71 111.72 expenses were $117.53. I have $3.63 left in cash and stamps worth Dues-- Billing 26.00 $3.92. Newslletter 250.00 467.35 Most of the societies returned the questionnaires sent for Directory Offiet:-Operation 2,401.00 1,700.00 1,000.00 information although it was necessary to telephone a few. Ontario and Office Supplies 200.00 124.29 Florida aw no longer members and were not contacted. Total society Offiet'r Supplies 440.00 280.70 190.84 membership for the 24 E.S.A.F. members was 10,292 which is 1,475 Publieity 40.00 less than the 1976 total reflecting the decrease in society members. Correspondence was generally involved with the Bulletin although a Total Expenditures 12,561.00 18,034.05 3,397.84 few misdirected letters were forwarded to appropriate E.S.A.F. officers. Balanl;e on Hand 12/31/78 2,757.17 6,703.35 In February, I sent E.S.A.F. information for insertion in the American Anthropological Association Annual Report. Alice N. Wellman, who preceded me as Corresponding Secretary, supplied me with all informa REPORTS OF THE STATE SOCIETIES tion and supplies needed and I thank her. Also, I wish to thank Faye Stocum, Business Manager for her always quick response to my pleas ALABAMA by Marjorie Gay for aid. The new editors of the monthly newsletter, Stones & Bones, took over in an efficient manner. Editor, Amos Wright, and Assistant Respectfully submitted, Editors, Dorothy Luke and Bart Henson, with the help of other Richard L. George members of the Huntsville Chapter have mailed out the 8 page newsletter on time each month. The total membership is 569. There are 8 chapters. A breakdown of TREASURER'S REPORT the membership is: Associate 31; Family 87; Individual 270; Institu tional 92; Sustaining 20; Joint Sustaining 19; Life 39; Joint Life 9; and While it would appear from looking at the beginning and final Honorary Life was increased to 3 when at the December meeting, E. balance s of 1977 that ESAF did poorly financially during 1977, this is Milt Harris, a longtime editor of Stones & Bones, was unanimously not the case. The $4,000 reduction in assets was more than offset by elected to this category. the payment for an AENA and part of a Bulletin which had been Al1hough retired to Orange Beach, David L. Dejarnette, Editor of contracted in 1976 but billed or completed in 1977. Without these the Journal of Alabama Archaeology, with help from Mrs. Dejarnette, items ESAF would have operated approximately $500 in the black! has published 2 issues of the journal this year. This was largely the result of receipts from the Hartford conference. Volume XXIII, No.1, June 1977, contains the following: "Some The financial details of the conference are as follows: Income of Associations with Early Man Finds" by James B. Griffin; "A New Look $2,749.70 versus expenditures of $1,820.02 for the conference itself, at DeSoto's Route Through Alabama" by George E. Lankford III: and incoml~ from book sales, including AENA, of $1,206.75 versus "Selected Radiocarbon Dates from Alabama" by Eugene M. Futato; payments of 602.32. The conference, therefore, resulted in a net of "Lyon's Bluff Site (220Kl) Radiocarbon Dated:: by Richard A. ------_._------
Page Four PROCEEDINGS, 19~8
Marshall; "Settlement and Subsistence: An Analysis of Middle Wood the lilew editor of the Newsletter. The 43rd annual meeting was held at land Sites on the South Fork of the Forked Deer River, West Central Connecticut State College. The after dinner speaker, James Tennessee" by John B. Broster and Lee Schneider; and "The Applica Deetz discussed "Afro-American Archaeology." The fall meeting on tion of Macroscopic Analysis to the Classification of Chert from September 10th was devoted to a discussion of historic archaeology. Archaeological Sites" by Crawford H. Blakeman, Jr. The Archaeological Society of Southeastern Connecticut is now the Volume XXIII, No.2, December 1977, contains the following: seventh independent society to become federated with the Archaeo "Late Woodland Chronology and Change in Central Alabama" by logical Society of Connecticut under the new Constitution. The Marvin D. Jeter; '''Ceramics and Chronology' from Archaeological president of that society is John Pfeiffer of Old Lyme. The A.S.C. Excavations at the Cofferdam Site, 22L0599, Lowndes County, Missis serve,d as the host society for the annual meeting of the E.S.A.F. in sippI" by Crawford H. Blakeman, Jr., James R. Atkinson and G. Gerald Hartford. Roger Moeller was the arrangements chairman and David H. Berry; "The Mobile Bay-Mobile Delta River Delta Region: Archaeo Thompson was the program chairman. logical Status Report" by Vernon J. Knight, Jr. and the 1977 Membership List. DELAWARE by Wilmer F. Aist Special Publication #2, "The Archaeological Sequence at Durant The Archaeological Society of Delaware held its annual dinner Bend, Dallas County, Alabama" by Dr. Roger Nance was published this meeHng October 8th at the University of Delaware Continuing Educa year. Special Publication #1, "Fort Mitchell" by David Chase is still tion Center, Newark DE. The Society has 109 individual and family available. members, 24 institutional members, and 3 active chapters. The society The above 2 issues of the journal as well as those which are held 6 bi-monthly public meetings this year. The speakers and their available back to the June 1974 issue are $4.00 each. Available issues prog;rams were Dr. David Orr, Regional Director, Mid Atlantic Region, prior to June 1974 are $1.00 each. Special Publication #1 is $2.00 and National Park Service, "Neo-Classic Architecture in Industrial America; #2 is $4.50. Send a check made payable to the Alabama Archaeo Dr. Norman Nielson, DuPont Experiment Station," Studies of Ancient logical Society to David Dejarnette, Box 307, Orange Beach, AL and Antique Metals"; Dr. Thomas Pickett, University of Delaware, 36561. Geology Department," Thumbnail Sketch of the Geological History of Three other publications are still available. Handbook of Alabama Delaware"; Daniel Griffith, Delaware Bureau of Archaeology and Archaeology, Part I, Point Types, price $7.35; Handbook of Alabama Historic Preservation," Update of Delaware Archeology"; Dr. George Archaeology Part II, Uniface Blade and Flake Tools, price $2.25 and Stuart, National Geographic Society," "Excavations at Coba, Becan and Lively, Long, Josselyn-Pebble Tool Papers, price $3.00. Send your Xpuhil in Yucatan Mexico." check made payable to the Archaeological Research Association of Five issues of the society's newsletter "Inksherds" were sent to the Alabama, Inc. to Dejarnette at the above address. membership. The 1977 Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of On July 16, a "Conference on Prehistoric Pottery" was held as the Delaware was published and distributed. summer meeting at the University of Alabama, Birmingham, with The Kent County Archeological Society, an organization based in program chairman _Michael Wells in charge. Although registration for Dover, Delaware for the last 12 years, joined and became the third the one day conference was $10 (no meals), over 30 people attended, chapter of the Archaeological Society of Delaware. The newest chapter several from Florida and Georgia. Four sessions were chaired by Dr. has 45 active members in Southern Delaware. Roger Nance, Dr. John Walthall, Steve Wimberly, and David Chase. In A large number of member volunteers worked weekends throughout addition, Tom Gunter of Birmingham, a professional potter, gave a the summer assisting the state archaeological staffs conduct compre demonstration on pottery throwing. The conference members tried hensive surveys of 2 priority areas slated for urban and industrial their hand at the art. It is planned to publish the papers of the sessions development. in Stones & Bones at a later date. The Winter Meeting was held at Auburn 'University, Auburn, on GEORGIA by S. Dwight Kirkland Dec. 10 & 11. On Saturday the following papers were presented: Tile Spring Meeting of the Society for Georgia Archaeology was "Archaeology and the Planning Process" by W. Warner Floyd; "Cul held at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA on May 7, 1977. A tural Resources Inventory" by Carey Oakley; "Archaeological Re morning business session was followed by reports dealing with archaeo search: 1977 Investigations" by Charles Hubbert; "Stalking the Central logical methods and problems. Donald Smith of the University of 1 Alabama Woodland" by John Cottier; "Recent Archaeological Research Georgia Geochronology Laboratory talked on C 4 sampling and dating in SW Alabama" by Read Stowe; "An Interim Report on Lewis Jones problems. Dr. Jim Darrell of the Department of Geology, Georgia Copena Ossuary" by Ken Turner: "An Archaeological Salvage Project Southern College followed with, "Palynology and the Archeologist," an Near Montgomery" by David Chase; "Coordination and Cooperation in informative look at applications of pollen analysis. The subject of Alabama Archaeology" by Mack Brooms; "Salvage Archaeology at faunal analysis and recreation of prehistoric environments was discussed lJE57: a Late Archaic Site, Birmingham" by Roger _Nance; "1977 by Gary Shapiro, University of Georgia, Anthropology Department. Excavations in Gainsville Reservoir, Tenn-Tombigbee" by Ned Jenkins The llession ended after a talk by Mark Williams, also of the University (Blaine Ensor preserited this in Ned's absence); and "Update of Fort of Georgia Anthropology Department, on the magnetometer and its Toulouse" by Jim Parker. After the noon banquet, Stanley South, applications in site surveying. Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Caro The Annual Meeting of the Society for Georgia Archaeology was lina, Columbia, spoke on "Pattern Recognition in Historical Archeol held at South Georgia College, Douglas, GA on October 14 and 15, ogy." On Sunday about 20 people attended a tour of Fort Toulouse 1977 .. Business items were considered on Friday evening along with directed by Mack Brooms and Jim Parker. reports from state agencies. Torn Eubanks, from the Office of the State On May 3, 1977, a man who might be called the "Father of Mound Archaeologist, reviewed current programs handled by that office. Nain State Monument" passed away. Dr. Walter B. Jones, a long time Ande:rson, of the Department of Transportation, reported on surveys Alabama State Geologist gave freely of both his time and money for conducted along several proposed highways. On Saturday the theme of archaeological projects. Hundreds of the sites on file at Mound State the meeting shifted to South Georgia prehistory. The Coastal Plain Monument bear his signature. Studi , ~s I consisted of a series of reports dealing with work on the He borrowed money from the bank, borrowed on his life insurance, Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Dwight Kirkland delivered a report on mortgaged his home, and begged from influential people to purchase survey work occurring on The Lower Georgia Coast. The East Dublin the "Allen Estate," now Mound State Monument. He knew that the Survey, Laurens County, GA was presented by Marvin Smith, Uni property could be developed into an important tourist attraction, make versity of Georgia Anthropology Department. Dennis Blanton gave a an excellent archaeological research and teaching facility for the paper on salvage efforts at the Little Sandy Hammock Site in Bacon University of Alabama and still preserve the site. - Counlly. Excavation and interpretation of materials from the Cemoche In memory of the work he accomplished in geology, a Walter B. chobee Site was discussed by Frank Schnell of the Columbus Museum Jones Scholarship Fund has been established in the Department of of Arts and Sciences. This set of papers was followed by the Geology at the University. The Alabama Archaeological Society has Symposium on South Georgia prehistory. Paul Fish, University of made a contribution and all members are urged to do so in memory of Georgia, Anthropology Department, chaired discussion on papers this great man, one of the "Firsts" in Alabama Archaeology. mailed to the membership prior to the meeting. These papers at The 1977 Alabama Archaeological Society Scholarship was awarded tempted to test existing notions on South Georgia prehistory. The to Gloria M. Caddell, Office of Archaeological Research, University of paper by Chester Depratter dealing with environmental changes on the Alabama. She is currently engaged in research dealing with prehistoric Georgia Coast stimulated much discussion. Fred Cook's reevaluation of plant utilization from the Archaic through Mississippian times. She has lower coast culture history prompted debate and presented new analyzed plant remains from archaeological sites along the Tombigbee questions for future research. Data revealed in Frankie Snow's survey River in Wt~st central Alabama. of thl: Big Bend Region of the Ocmulgee River helped to reduce the archat'ological vacuum in central south Georgia. Frank Schnell led discussion on a report by Betty Smith about Swift Creek Culture in CONNECTICUT by David H. Thompson Southwest Georgia. Karl Steinen's report on Weeden Island in south The Archaeological Society of Connecticut is about to publish west. Geo~gia was also discussed at length. These papers will be Bulletin No. 40 and has published Newsletter 132. Nancy Dickinson is published In Volume V of Early Georgia. The Coastal Plain Studies II -~------'------.
Page Five ~STERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION followed with a report on the Colonel's Island field school, Glynn MU:ieum's program in historic and prehistoric research is also growing County Georgia. Karl Steinen outlined the work that had been wit)~ Dr. Bruce Bourque serving as chief researcher. completed there. The meeting cl<;>sed . with reports by several 'persons .It is with a certa.in twinge of regret that the museum takes up involved in the Wallace Shoals project 111 Greene C~unty, Georgia. . institutional membership. The Robert Abbe Museum of Stone ~e Two issues of Early Georgia (Journal) and 4 ISsues of r:he. Profile Antiquities was a charter member of the Eastern States ArchaeologIcal (Newsletter) were published in the 1976-77 year. A substan~ial 1I1crease Federation back in the 1930's. The museum has sponsored some in membership was noted and welcomed. At several 10.catIons around important field work in the intervening y.ears, an~ has been pleased to the state local societies are functioning. One of the prunary concerns participate in the phenomenal growth of mterest 111 and support of the of the ~ciety in the coming year is to organize these loc~ societies E.S "A.F. Even during the thirteen years that I have served as a into chapters to better utilize the resources of our membershIp. dele:gate , seriousness of. intent, dedicat~n an~ trai~ing of members individually and collectively, and eveI-lmprovmg c~li?re of pr?gr~s and publications has been impressive. The humamshc. ~d. s':Ien.tific MARYLAND by Paul Cresthull . discipline of archaeology has come of age east of the MISSISSIPPI RIver, The Archeological Society of Maryland, Inc. has 10 chapters With a de:velopment for which E.S.A.F. has been truly the prime mover. 300 members. It issues a monthly newsletter and 2 numbers per year of the journal, Maryland Archeology. . MASSACHUSETTS by Carol Barnes The 14th Annual Meeting of the society was held at Catonsville On October 22, 1977, the Massachusetts Archaeological Society had Community College on Saturday, October 1, 1.~77. Th~ program a membership of 1,050. We have 7 active chapters, each of which included the following papers: George Reynolds, Excavations at the conducts its own program of meetings, research, and education. The Carter's Grist Mill'" Tyler Bastian, "Review of Maryland Archeology;" socil~ ty itself meets twice a year: once for a spring seminar and once R. Pennington Sm'ith, "Hilton Plan~tion;" Mac McI?aniel, "~ontr<;>lled for a fall business meeting. This year our April seminar was hosted by Surface Collecting at Lowes Island; Paul Cresthull, Recordmg PrIvate the W. Elmer Ekblaw Chapter, and was held in Worcester, MA. Its Collections." . theme was amateur-professional relationships and the possibility of a The 12th Annual Spring Symposium in Archeology was held 111 certification program for society members. The annual business meeting Annapolis on Saturday April 16, 1977. The speakers and topics were: in October was held at the Bronson Museum in Attleboro and hosted Russell G. Handsman, "A Prehistoric Palisaded Village at Oldtown, by the Cohannet Chapter. The theme of the afternoon/evening program Western Maryland;" Dr. Clifford Evans , "Ethnoarcheology of the Nan was "Archaeology: A Search for Heritage." Madol Ruins, Ponape Island, Caroline Group, Micronesia;" Dr. Leland The society Bulletin under the editorship of Dr. Dena Dincauze has Gilsen, "Archeological Resource Management in Maryland;" Dr. William addf:d some new features while trying to maintain the best of the old. M. Gardner, "Recent Excavations of Aboriginal S!!es near Piscataway, The fall issue, Vol. 38(4), will be a comprehensive index of previous Southern Maryland;" and Donald G. Shomette, Underwater Recon Bulletins. With the spring issue we will institute a new numbering naissance at London Town, Maryland." sysWm so that each volume of the Bulletin will represent one calendar Members of the society participated in the 7th Annual Field Session year,. The society has also published 2 newsletters under the editorship in Maryland Archeology under the direction of Tyler Bastian, state of Mary Hyde. archeologist. It was held near Rose Haven in southern Anne Arundel The Massachusetts Archaeological Certification Committee under County from May 28-June 5, 1977. The site is an extensive Middle the chairmanship of Dr. Curtiss Hoffman has designed a program of Woodland shell midden. Most of the artifacts are characteristic of the requ:irements for certification of society members. Requirements for Selby Bay Phase (similar to Fox Creek). The objectives were to make a certification at the lowest, or provisional level, have been approved by controlled surface collection, systematically test the site, and trench the trustees, and discussion continues on requirements for higher levels. suspected features. Flotation samples were collected from lenses of undisturbed shell midden below the plow zone. MICHIGAN by Alice C. Noecker The 5th Indian Artifact Show sponsored by the Midshore Chapter The Michigan Archaeological Society held its Annual Meeting at the was held on April 17th in Easton. The Northeastern Chapter, led by Studl~nt Union, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Sunday, April George Reynolds, mapped and excavated a colonial grist mill called 17, 1977. President Barbara (Mrs. Will) Young presided as 8 chapters Carter's Mill in Cecil County. Archeologist Ron Tirpak was hired to presented their annual reports. A dues increase was approved to cover direct th(~ work by a group of underpriveleged students under the increased costs of pUblication of the Michigan Archaeologist, which is CETA program. Subsurface walls and floors of the old gtist mill were now in Volume 23, under the editorship of Dr. James E. Fitting, and found. Greg Lang, Baltimore County Archeological Society, has been to bf:gin some new publications which we hope will encourage people directing controlled surface collecting at the Yaruta Site which shows with little or no background but their interest to join the society. intermittent occupation from Late Archaic through Woodland. The following persons were elected to join Trustees Alice C. Mr. and Mrs. Carrol Bennet have been cleaning and cataloging the Noeciker and Donald W. Foster: President-elect, Lawrence Dorothy, collections of prehistoric artifacts belonging to the Maryland Historical First Vice-president, Charles Martinez, Second Vice-President, Donna Society in Baltimore. To date, there are 46 individual collections which Sanford, Secretary, Lorena V. Martin, Treasurer, Harold W. Thompson, were donated to the society beginning back in 1880 and the total and Trustee, Edward M. Green. The new President is Robert E. number of artifacts probably exceeds 10,000. Woodhams. The society was pleased to have the cooperation of Drs. Richard MAINE : The Robert Abbe Museum, by Alice N. Wellman Armour and Donald P. Heldman of the Mackinac Island State Park The following officers were elected at the museum's annual meeting Commission to provide a Field Training Program for its members. One July 27, 1977: President, Alice N. Wellman; Clerk, Susan S. Hadlock; or 2 :\f.A.S. members each week all summer worked on the excavations Treasurer, Austin C. Carter. Alice Wellman was named E.S.A.F. dele at Fort Michilimackinac under the direction of Dr. Heldman and his gate. Twelve new members were added to the museum rolls. Total crew. membership stands at 72. Perhaps the proudest achievement of the decade reached fruition Museum operations for the year included the third season of work when members of the society attended the groundbreaking ceremonies by Wendell and Susan Hadlock on accession records. Next year they for the protective structure for the Sanilac Petroglyphs. The octagonal hope to enlist Work-Study students from College of the Atlantic to roofed structure will be completed this fall by the Michigan Depart help with cataloguing and staffing. About 48,000 people visited the ment of Natural Resources. The structure will have plywood walls for museum between May 29 and October 10. They were welcomed by the winter protection and glassed walls for spring through fall interpretive Hadlocks, Edith Favour, and a staff of four part-time assistants. activities. The new park should be open to the public in the spring. It No publications or fieldwork were undertaken in 1976-77. One final has taken at least 14 years to provide proper recognition and protection diorama was installed, several exhibits renovated. A fine bird's-eye to thi!1 treasure. maple canoe paddle was received from member Guy Mellgren, Jr., for The Annual Fall Workshop was held Sunday, October 16, 1977, at the collection. the Student Union, Michigan State University. Hosted by the Upper The museum looks ahead to its 50th Anniversary on August 14, Grand Valley Chapter, Elaine Davis, President. Theme of the Workshop 1978. If any of you are in the Bar Harbor region at that time, please was "Points and Pots," and it was a workshop in the true sense, with feel free to join with us as we celebrate that occasion. orientation lectures followed by a choice of discussion groups. Attend The museum membership voted to accept the option of institu ance .was more than 200 persons. tional membership in E.S.A.F. offered at the Richmond meeting. It The, society's membership is more than 550. was felt that since the Abbe's focus is increasingly on interpretive exhibits and publications for visitors and less and less on field research, MISSISSIPPI by Mary G. Neumaier such a move would be sensible. The Maine Archeological Society will As of October 1977, membership in the Mississippi Archaeological ably represent Maine's various field research interests. Additionally, the AssocilLtion totaled just under 200, which is a large increase from the University of Maine at Orono anthropology department and archeology previous year. At present, there are 3 active chapters-the Gulf Coast, laboratory are growing in reputation and impact under the leadership North Delta, and Winterville. There are subchapters containing less than of Dr. Da.vid Sanger and Robert G. MacKay. The Maine State 10 members each located at Jackson and Greenwood. . _...... -_._------'------".
Page Six PROCEEDINGS, 1978
The eleventh annual meeting of the organization was held in Biloxi study of late 18th Century local stoneware and red earthenware in October 1976, and was attended by members and guests from ceramic productions at Ringoes Pottery. It will be published by the Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. The theme of the meeting was Council of Northeastern Historical Archaeology. "Tri-State Archaeology" and included papers presented by Richard A request for emergency assistance from the E.P.A. and local Weinstein and Eileen Burden of Coastal Environments, Inc. of Baton authorities was honored by Richard A. Regensburg with valuable Rouge, Louisiana; N. R. Stowe, University of South Alabama; and assistance from volunteers, Kurt Kalb, Debbie Fimble, Linda Foster, Richard Marshall, Louisiana State University, together with another and Alissa Cohen. Test excavations were conducted to evaluate, for the representative of Louisiana, Dr. J. Richard Shenkel, University of New National Register, an early 19th Century dam in Cranbury. The dam Orleans. In addition, Dr. Charles Egedy, who has worked several was part of the mill complex around which the town developed. summers with excavation work in Israel, spoke on "Excavations at Also a study of the Middle Woodland material from the Abbott Aphek-Antipatris." Farm collection was conducted in connection with National Historic The twelfth annual meeting of the Mississippi Archaeological Associ Landmark documentation and an exhibit. Further analysis of the ation was held on October 15, 1977, at Mississippi State University. ceramics is in progress. Richard A. Marshall, Director of North American Archaeology for the Edward J. Lfmik, Wayne Historical Commission, reports the activ Cobb Institute of Archaeology served as Program Chairman for the ities at the Archaeological Laboratory centered around several special meeting. Papers presented included a discussion by Charles Pyne, events. A series of 3 colloquia were held for historians, archaeologists, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Mississippi State University on and museum people. The major event of the year was a summer "Nautical Fact and Fiction," "The Tibbe Creek Site Excavation" by workshop on Prehistoric Technology. A field survey of the Rocket Test John O'Hear, Archaeological Research Associate, Department of site in Franklin Lakes was completed and papers have been filed to Anthropology, Mississippi State Univesity, and "Exploration in Conser have the site placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The vation" by Ralph Smith, Conservationist of the Cobb Institute. Archaeology Laboratory continued to provide illustrated slide lectures Elections were held for 1978 officers and the following will serve: on the Van Duyne House and' Preakness Hills Rockshelter. Also, in C. H. Stone, Jr., President; June Williams, Northern Vice President; Ted cooperation with the A.S.N.J., a field guide "Week-ends in the Soil" Brown, Southern Vice President. Elected to the Board of Advisors was published and is now available. were: Hairy Abernathy, Ralph Baltzer, Tom Davis, Mrs. Tim Batzli, John Cavallo and members of the Monmouth County Chapter Roman Neumaier, Richard Marshall, Dr. Richard Shenkel, Dr. Mary repOl:t the discovery of a Paleo-Indian component within a multi Sumners Rickard, Richard Weinstein, Ira Fowler, and Matt Dakin. component site which they have been investigating for 3 years. To date The newsletter of the association is published by 2 sources. One is a single multiple fluted projectile point and 20 other associated tools Mississippi Archaeology, a journal-type pUblication, under the editor have been unearthed at Turkey Swamp. The significant aspect of these ship of Sam McGahey, Department of Archives and History . and is find~~gs is their association with charred faunal remains and 7 charcoal published 4 times a year. A more informal type, Newsletter from the samples within one 10 ft. square. The site has yielded post molds in President's Desk, is published 6 times a year and contains the more the Early Woodland component as well as Ware Plain and Vinette I current kinds of information regarding meetings and chapter informa potte,ry in a dateable context. Both macro and micro botanical remains tion, and informal reports of members. have been extracted from Late Archaic to Early Woodland and Late The Gulf Coast Chapter has held an exhibit for the last several Woo(Uand components through combined fine screening and water years at the local shopping mall. This is a 3-day exhibit and is a display separation techniques. Richard A. Regensburg, under the direction and of salvage archaeology materials from primarily the Gulf Coast. It supervision of Joel Grossman, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, is serves as a means of renewing interest with the members themselves currently investigating a multi-component site in Monmouth County and is instrumental in obtaining new members for the chapter. which has to date yielded a possible stratified Paleo component. One aspect of the work being done in the archaeological field is the Budd Wilson reports ongoing cultural research projects in Ocean student work, now in the fourth year of its activity. This club is County. formed of Junior High School students of the Ocean Springs, Missis Jack Cresson reports that excavations on the Cherry Hill site have sippi, area. Beginning 4 years ago, with over 150 students, there are come to a close and the sit~ has been developed. The site produced now 85 aetive members. The interest has been such that this year at some interesting data on seasonality and exploitation of the early and the state meeting of the MAA, the membership voted into being a new middJ!e Archaic Cultures in Southern New Jersey. However, site survey student membership with the fee of $3 with all rights and privileges and rl~search are still ongoing in Camden and Burlington Counties. except the right to vote. C. H. Stone, Jr., State President, has been the Andrew Stanzeski reports that Coastal investigations are ongoing leading personality in the club as instructor and director. It is hoped with focus on the Steel site in Cape May County (historic to Archaic) that in years to come the field of archaeology will be the recipient of with special consideration being given to the possible Archaic com youth growing to adulthood with a deeper sense of archaeological ponent of the site. Adjacent to the site are 2 inundated shell middens. values and usefulness from these efforts. Preliminary analysis has focused on defining shell tools as well as the cultural relationships between open site middens and shell heaps. NEW JERSEY by Angie C. Stanzeski TIle Under Water Council of Dive Clubs of New Jersey are presently The Archaeological Society of New Jersey with 450 members, with involved in site survey and preservation of under water sites with six active chapters, held its First Annual Awards Dinner.in May 1977. emphasis on the archaeological aspect of diving. Four Fellowship Awards were awarded for outstanding accomplish Herbert C. Kraft is in the process of f'malizing his reports on the ments in New Jersey archaeology. Those so honored were Edward 1. Upper Delaware which included the Minisink Island and Bell-Philhower Lenik, C. A. Wesslager, Charles F. Keir, and Dorothy Cross Jensen sites. (posthumously). Also, 3 carbon dates were awarded, 1 to Chris Additionally, the A.R.C., S.H.U. has been engaged in numerous Hummer and 2 to Andrew Stanzeski. Cultural Resource studies, principally in northern and central New The Unami Chapter reports their chapter is striving to upgrade field Jersey. These archaeological/historical surveys have provided some techniques through programs, in-the-field training, and on-going excava valuable insights concerning areas of the state not previously studied. A tions at the L & H site in Marlboro. Also, they are endeavoring to new archaeological exhibition relating entirely to New Jersey's pre assemble an archaeology dictionary for adult beginners. historJic heritage has been opened to the public in the Humanities The Southern New Jersey Chapter reports that they are currently Building at Seton Hall University. striving to promote Archaeological awareness through the news media in their art~a. Efforts are also being made to survey sites and salvage NEW YORK by Louis Brennan endangered sites in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington, and Mercer coun State membership chairman reports the membership of the New ties. York State archaeological Association, as of Nov. 1, to be 1150 individual The Minisink Chapter is continuing its excavations on the Dark members, representing 990 memberships. A new chapter, Sebonac of Moon site, Johnsonburg, and a rockshelter near Newton, both in Long Island, was admitted to NYSAA at the annual meeting on Long Sussex County. A report concerning these sites is being prepared. Island in April. This brings to 13 the roll of chapters, giving the The Abnaki Chapter reports ongoing investigations at the Osborn triskedalians something to think about. farm site with a bi-furcate stratum. They are also investigating a series of It has been a large year for New York archaeology publications. A post molds of undetermined origin in Salem County. major work, the most voluminous ever published on state prehistory, Dr. Lorraine E. Williams of the New Jersey State Museum reports Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory, by Dr. Robert E. that 1977 Archaeological research in the Upper Delaware Valley Funk, state archaeologist, appeared early in the year. It was followed consisted of the analysis by Anthony J. Puniello of the results of the shortly after by Current Perspectives in Northeastern Archeology, 1974 excavations of Late Woodland remains in the Valley which were festschrift in honor of retired state archaeologist Dr. William A. aimed at differentiating components. Also, analysis of materials from Ritchie, edited by Funk and Charles F. Hayes III. Beauchamp chapter 1975 excavations at a number of sites with Late Woodland material, issued Vol. I, No. I of a new, untitled journal of reports and Chenango including one site with in situ Owasco occupation and one site with chapter continued into its 17th year with its quarterly journal. deeply stratified Late Woodland zones are in progress. Brenda Lock Th€~odore Whitney, its editor and principal contributor, reported in hard Springsted, Field Archaeologist for the Museum, also completed a Vol. 17, No. I, a survey of fluted points and other Paleo-hunter E~STERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION Page Seven evidence found in the Chenango area that will be of interest to all and Mae Woods Bell, Rocky Mount, and Pressly R. Rankin, Jr., students of the Paleo-hunter horizon. The 3 regular numbers of the Ellerbe, new members of the Executive Board. NYSAA Bulletin totalled 128 pages, the largest published in one 'The program opened with a slide and lecture presentation by volume year. Papers of the Yager Conference on Upper Susquehanna Michael Trinkley of UNC-CH, who spoke on "A South Carolina Shell Region Archaeology have been assembled for pUblication later this Rind: Some Fact and Fiction." Jacqueline Fehon explained to the year; the conference takes its name from Yager Museum, Hartwick group some of the responsibilities and activities of the Archeology College, Oneonta. In addition several papers on New York by state Section, Division of Archives and History, and introduced other archaeologists appeared in Amerinds and Their Paleo-environments in members of her staff who showed slides of the recent salvage work at Northeastern North America, Annals of the New York Academy of Fort Branch, a Civil War fort near Hamilton. Dr. Joffre L. Coe, Sciences, edited by Dr. Walter E. Newman and Dr. Bert Salwen. Director of the Research Laboratories of Anthropology, UNC-CH, gave Secretary James Walsh put out two newsletters and Vol. 10 of the a most informative slide and lecture presentation entitled "Piedmont annual Handbook. Early Archaic, Foundations and Impact." Jack Wilson of UNC-CH, The program for the annual meeting, held at Southold, Long Island, concluded the program with his slide and lecture presentation, "The April 22··24, was as follows: Chowan River: Its Prehistory and History." Saturday morning, April 23. "The Alhart Site Revisited," George Members in the ASNC remained constant during 1977. Three ASNC Hamell; "The Otsiningo Project," Dolores Elliott; "Pottery Variations Newsletters and Volumes XXV and XXVI of the Southern Indian on the Piping Rock Site," Louis Brennan and Roberta Wingerson. Studies were published. The N.C. Fluted Point Survey was continued. Saturday afternoon. Symposium "Perspectives on Early Iroquoian Acculturation," chaired by F. J. Hesse. "The Seneca," Charles Wray; OHIO by Martha Potter Otto "The Cayuga," Robert N. DeOrio; "The Onondaga," Jim Bradley; "The Although the Anthropology Section of the Ohio Academy of Oneida," Peter Pratt; "The Mohawk," Don Lenig. Science has been the state's representative to ESAF, it has not Dinnllr speaker, Dr. Ralph Solecki, "Archaeology on Long Island, sponsored any archaeological activities; however, individuals throughout Past, Present and Future: A Personal Perspective." Ohio have been active in the field during the past year. Among those Sunday morning, April 24. "In Search of the Delawares," Nicholas reporting are: Shoumatoff; "The Paleo-Indian Sites at Port Mobil, Staten Island, New Cleveland Museum of Natural History: David Brose has been York," Herbert C. Kraft; "The Terminal Occupation of the Algonquin involved in several large contract projects including work in Ceasar Indians at Montauk," Edward Johanneman. Creek Reservoir area and a power plant site in southwestern Ohio and Officers for the current year are: president, Henry Wemple; vice a survey of a large industrial site in the northeastern part of the state. president, Charles E. Gillette; secretary, James P. Walsh; treasurer, N'ami Greber spent the summer completing the excavation of the Richard Labrake; editor and ESAF representative, Louis A. Brennan. Edwin Harness mound, a major component of a large Hopewell Dr. Robert E. Funk was accorded the Achievement Award (only earthworks complex in Ross County. Although the mound has been the 7th such award) for his "Recent Contributions" book and Dr. partially examined before, N'omi found a complex post hole pattern Peter Pratt was named to Fellowship. and other structural features intact. With the raising of the annual membership dues, by referendum Youngstown State University: Gary Fry completed the fourth approval, NYSAA has returned to financial stability. season at the Wansack site just over the state line in Pennsylvania. Cultural material ranged from Early Archaic to Late Woodland, but the NORTH CAROLINA by Tucker R. Littleton Midldle to Late Woodland occupations apparently were the most The Archaeological Society of North Carolina held 3 meetings extllnsive. The most spectacular artifact recovered was a partial McFate during 1977. The spring meeting was held in King Hall, University of Inciised vessel that is complete enough to allow reconstruction of the North Carolina at Wilmington on April 23. President Phil Perkinson entire pot. John White completed 3 seasons work at the Eaton presided, and Dr. James Shinn of UNC-W welcomed those attending (Hopewell) Furnace in Struthers. White also worked at the Austin the me(~ting. Jacqueline Fehon, Chief of the Archeology Section, cabin complex in Austintown. Material dating to the 1840's and 1850's is Division of Archives and History, announced the resignation of Dr. as yet the earliest found. Steve Gluckman, former Chief of the Archeology Section, and invited University of Toledo: David Struthers, with the assistance of those present to participate in a historic excavation at Raleigh. When Michael Pratt, Regional Archaeological Preservation Officer, and the the Seaboard Railroad building was moved from its Halifax Street Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Club, has continued excavations that location in Raleigh, an earlier building site was exposed which may are filling in many gaps in the prehistory and early history of prove to be the site of the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad shops. northwestern Ohio. The sites they have investigated range from a Late Archives and History assumed responsibility for the excavation of the Archaic Red Ocher cemetery to Middle and Late Woodland habitations recently discovered foundations. to historic cabin sites. Dr. David S. Phelps, East Carolina University, was the first speaker Kent State University: Mark F. Seeman and a crew of students on the program. He gave a slide and lecture presentation of his work in excavated the Enderle site, 1 of 3 within the right-Qf-way of proposed eastern North Carolina. Of particular interest were the large ossuaries State Route 2; the work was supported by highway salvage funds. which he has excavated in the recent past. Several prehistoric components were in evidence, but the most interest Dr. Thomas C. Loftfield, University of North Carolina at Wilming ing material related to the period around A.D. 1780-1810 and may ton, gave an interesting presentation on the subsistence patterns of represent Wyandot or, more likely, Delaware occupation. North Carolina coastal Indians. He also discussed some of the findings Dayton Museum of Natural History: Jay Heilman completed the of his more recent archaeological surveys and tests. seventh season at the Incinerator village site, an Anderson Focus Fort Davidl Moore, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, gave the Andent occllpation in Dayton. This year's work was concentrated in final presentation dealing with current research at the Hardaway site. the northw
Page Eight PROCEEDINGS, 1cj 78
biggest item of business was the raising of ~ue~ to $8.00 per year f~r tinued his extensive program in registering and preserving historic individual members to cover the cost of punting of the Pennsylvama buildings and areas. Archaeologist for 1978. Slippery Rock State College has an excavation of a Woodland site in Among the papers presented at the meeting were "Potters: Their Butler County near Wolf Creek. It is a multicomponent site. designated Distribution, Longevity, and Social Economic Status" by Ronald L. 36BT82 and was supervised by Stanley Lantz. Renata Wolynec super Michael "Presenting the Challenge of Archaeology to Secondary vised students from Edinboro State College at Fort Le Boeuf School'Students" by J. Stiner, "The Ethnohistory of the Eriez (36ER65). Clarion State College excavated a multicomponent site Indians" by Charles Kolb, "The Rock Shelter-an Archaeological site known as the State Road Ripple site under Dr. Gustav Konitzky. David type in the Appalachian high plateau region" by James Herbstritt, Koehler and Paul Heberling in connection with Juniata College exca "Obsidian Dating" by Nancy Marshall, "Excavations at 36CW60 and vated at the Bedford Village site. It is bemg reconstructed as a tourist site. 36CW39" by Charles Jenkins and "Technology of Hardriess" by Elmer The Carnegie Museum of Natural History conducted an excavation Erb. The after dinner speaker was Ronald Thomas, who presented a of the Penelec site (36WA82), a multicomponent site of the Allegheny review of past accomplishments in amateur-professional cooperative Riv~:r under the supervision of Stanley Lantz. The same institution projects in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Arkansas. und ' ~r the administration of Richard George worked the Bonnie Brook The new officers elected were President Ira Smith, III-William Penn site (36BT1). James Herbstritt was Field Archaeologist on this Monon Memorial Museum, Harrisburg, first vice president James Herbstritt, gah~:la site which was totally excavated. The University of Pittsburgh second vice president Robert LaBar, Erie. Secretary Helen Wilson, continued excavations at the Meadowcroft Rockshelter (36WH297) Pittsburgh, Treasurer Roger Moeller-American Indian Archeological und'~r the supervision of Dr. James Adovasio. The National Geographic Institute, Washington, CT. The new Directors are James Randolph, Society has provided $24,500.00 for the 5th and final year of the Waynesburg, and Virginia Lopresti, Stockertown. The new president study. The National Science Foundation provided $60,000.00 for went to work immediately and called an after dinner meeting of the laboratory analysis of the materials recovered. The University is officers and committees. A meeting is scheduled at University Park on continuing an extensive survey in the Cross Creek drainage area. November 19, 1977. The Society has 14 Chapters and 900 members. Historic survey work along the ' Ohio and its tributaries in the Pitts Chapter 1 now holds their meetings at Carlow College in Pittsburgh. burgh area is being conducted by Dr. James Richardson and Ron They finished work at the McJunkin site (36ALl), and it is now a Carlisle. Verna Cowin is supervising the excavation of the Avella playground. Chapter 2 is rather inactive at present, but some work is Mound (36WH415). still continuing at Governor Prinz Park. The Eriez Chapter hosted the California State College conducted a Summer Field School at 1977 meeting and continued investigation of the Sunderheim site Nemacolin Castle, an 18th and 19th century historic site in Browns (36ER68). Jude Kirkpatrick was director at this multicomponent site ville .. They also did phase 2 testing at Fort Burd, a 1759 military fort. and was assisted by students from Gannon College, Erie. Thell located numerous historic and prehistoric sites when they sur Chapter 8 has been meeting at the Lycoming County Historical veyed 34 miles along Interstate' 70 for the Pennsylvania Department Society. They have completed excavation of the Bull Run site of Transportation. The work was all directed by Dr. Ronald L. (36LY119) after 2 seasons of work. It was a salvage operation in the .Michael. path of major highway construction in Loyalsock Township, Lycoming Dr. W. Fred Kinsey from Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, County, about a mile west of Loyalsock Creek. A stockaded Shenks has been involved in innumerable environmental impact studies includ Ferry village (Stewart Phase) was partially destroyed by canal construc ing 2 pipeline surveys and a preliminary study in York County. tion in the 1830's. It was a single row stockade that was erected on a Dr. James Hatch reports from the Pennsylvania State University on site previously occupied by Clemsons Island-Owasco, Orient phase of the Fisher Farm site. Five weeks in 1976 and 9 weeks in 1977 were the Terminal Archaic and several Laurentian cultures. Three radio spent excavating in the Bald Eagle Valley in Centre County. The site carbon samples have been submitted from the 18,000 ft.2 excavation. was continuously occupied from the Clemson Island culture to the Among the surprises were Marcy Creek plain and Ware plain pottery She~ l ks Ferry period. The 2 radiocarbon dates are A.D. 1100 and A.D. found in association with both Orien.t and Susquehanna Broad points. 1670. One outstanding feature was a nicely segregated village pattern There were at least 2 Lecroy points. of oval and rectangular structures that are Shenks Ferry. Behind the Chapter 10 has been holding regular meetings but have not been village site is a paddle shaped structure which is suspected of having a doing any excavation. Chapter 11 has spent the summer in site survey smoking and drying function because of the location of the storage pits and recording work. Kings College is in the process of excavating an surrounding it. Three features are outstanding in the front or creek side Early to Middle Woodland site. Charter members of Chapter 12 are of tile occupation area. 1. is a stone tool manufacturing area with investigating an Archaic Site along the Delaware River. The Forks of num l ~rous chips and broken blanks. 2. There are clusters of burials. 3. the Delaware Chaper 14 had a successful 15th Anniversary Dinner with A former stream bed runs diagonally across the area. The depth of this John Witthoft as speaker. Their Overpeck site report is just about former drainage is beautifully stratified. The lower portion is definitely ready to 00 submitted for pUblication, and the chapter is ready to Clemsons Island and the top level is definitely Shenks Ferry. In the work on a point typology of the Delaware valley. Members continued middle is a mixed component. The future plan is to carefully excavate to work on 36NM14, 36NM15, and the Jacobsburg Village site. An this section in order to obtain 10 radiocarbon dates. The field had 1826 coin and an intact 1858 calabash flask rewarded their efforts. been plowed 3 weeks before the initial excavation and an extensive Chapter 16 reports severe flooding in their area during the summer of surface hunt was made. Every fire-cracked rock was mapped, an 1977 (Johnstown) but they were able to do some salvage work at architectural reconstruction was made, and the digging was structured Bedford Village. The Amockwi Chapter (17) continued work on the to it. One extensive surface collection was available for study. On every Ohio View site and at Fort McIntosh. feature numerous cultigens and collectibles were recovered, so far 25 to James Randolph of the Paul R. Stewart Chapter 19 received the 30 bl) tanica1 spe cie s. Archy Award and won the atlatl contest while the chapter received the The American University concluded its work at the Shawnee Site Survey Award at the annual state meeting. Among the sites the Mini!:ink site (36MR43). It is concluded that about 150 end scrapers Stewart chapter excavated during the year were 6 woodland village were recovered from the paleo level. Before the site was backfilled, sites and 3 campsites. Chapter 20 (Somerset County Archaeology, Inc.) core samples were taken, and it is estimated that only about 1/3 of the will host the 1978 meeting at Seven Springs on May 5, 6, 7. They site has been excavated so far. worked again at Camp Sequanota on archaeology and helped to excavate an historic house. They assisted Carnegie Museum in doing RHODE ISLAND by Edward D. Cook site surveying in the area. Chapter 21 made 21 site recordings during The Narragansett Archaeological Society for the past several years the summer. They are exploring the possibility of hosting the 1979 our membership has been close to 75. meeting. Chapter 22 has added 60 members in its first year of Indoor meetings are held on the second Tuesday of the month existence. They continued to excavate at Hannastown. during the winter and spring. The June, September, and annual The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission were forced Octo'ber business meetings are held at the current field site on the to cut back on some programs in 1977. The major project was finding second Saturday of the month. The annual dinner meeting is held on the stockade line of Fort Louden (Franklin County)-a French and the second Wednesday of November. Indian war site. Three people worked 5 weeks under the tutelage of Late in the fall, the program committee makes arrangements for the Dr. Barry Kent on property already owned by the commission. They following year. Members frequently give programs or have acquaint are currently working on the 19th century sawmill at Washington ances that are willing to contribute to the evening's entertainment. We Crossing State Park with the hope of restoring it. Dr. Marshall Becker find that a varied program, not necessarily archaeologically oriented, finished work in the Governor Prinz Park excavation at Essington, with encourages a greater attendance and is attractive to guests. West Chester State College students assisting in the work at this late The program for 1977 follows: January, Comer Rounds, a member: 17th century Swedish Settlement. Ronald Thomas was commissioned Lectulre with slides-"Last City of the Incas," March, A sound color to develop a cultural resources management plan of all the museums film produced by Shell Oil Co.: "The Early Americans," April, Everett under the Pensylvania Historical and Museum Commission. James C. Paice: Travelogue with slides Europe and Scandinavia, November, Herbstritt completed an extensive report on Eastern Prehistoric sites Annual Dinner Meeting: Dr. Eileen Maynard: "Cultural Survival Among survey before moving to the Carnegie Museum. Vance Packard con- the Sioux Indians." fn\STERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION Page Nine
VIRGIN ISLANDS by A. E. Figueredo Buzzard Rock Site, Roanoke VRCA The Virgin Islands Archaeological Society, Inc., was founded on 30 Bessemer Site, Botetourt Co. VRCA January 1974, with an initial membership of 34 persons. In accordance .Thunderbird Site, Warren Co. Catholic University of America with our laws and customs, its purpose is to serve as the professional Flannery Site, Scott Co. Virginia Dept. Highways and Trans- society for the area, including also participation by amateurs and portation students. Typically, local archaeology (both prehistoric and historic) In addition to the projects listed above, other archeological work has been its major concern, but, in general, it is meant to be the was done in the state, although the society played little or no part in corporation that regulates the work of archaeologists from the Islands, it. These include: so that its interests and Code of Ethics are far-reaching in principle. The Journal of the Virgin Islands Archaeological Society was Gathright Dam Surveys and Exca Iroquois Research Institute, Under intended to be a quarterly review. This became impossible; partly due vations, Bath & Alleghany Cos. contract with U.S. Army Corps. to the scarcity of publishable material, but also because of financial Engrs. considerations. It is issued once a year and has appeared regularly since Ba.:k Creek Surveys, Bath Co. James Madison University under 1974. A fifth number, corresponding to 1978, is in press currently. contract with Virginia Electric Kenneth C. Dick, a distinguished Egyptologist, diplomat, and man of & Power Co. letters, is editor. There is also an assistant editor and a pUblications Stratford Hall Excavations, R. E. Lee Memorial Association committee; the normal duties of these gentlemen include a monthly Westmoreland Co. News/etter. Provisions have been made for a more comprehensive Flc·werdieu Hundred, Prince Department of Anthropology, Col program of publications. George Co. lege of William and Mary There are only 2 society chapters, one on St. Thomas and another SUJveys and test excavations in County Archeologist, CETA pro on St. Croix. The St. Thomas Chapter (which is the older of the 2) Gloucester Co. gram has a tradition of monthly meetings and lectures. The St. Croix Surveys and Salvage, Alexandria City Archeologist Chapter has been founded formally earlier this year, and is trying Survey of part of Rappaltannock Virginia Research Center for Ar actively to build its membership in order to match that of the St. River Valley chaeology Thomas Chapter. It is to be hoped that eventually each of the larger Survey of Mt. Rogers Recreation Emory and Henry College islands will have at least one chapter formalized. Area, Grayson Co. The Virgin Islands Archaeological Society, Inc., reached its peak of Excavations at Carter's Grove, Colonial Williamsburg, Inc. membership in 1975, with 1 Fellow paid up as a Life member, 17 James City Co. ~e~o~s paying ann~a~y, 48 active members, 28 joint memberships (56 mdividuals), 2 sustammg members, 15 student members, 7 institutional . Plans for 1978 envision the society continuing in the pattern of members, and 10 paid library subscriptions (a total of 146 members). dOlllg !pme work itself but largely working with and under the Lately, there has been a dramatic drop (perhaps corresponding to the direction and guidance of the professional archeologists as!p ciated with economic and other difficulties in the Islands), so that there are now 2 institutions and agencies active in the field of archeology. Honorary members, 1 Life member, 4 Fellows paid up as Life members, 14 Fellows paying annually, 20 active members, 14 joint WEBT VIRGINIA by Daniel Fowler memberships (28 individuals), 1 sustaining member, 2 student mem The West Virginia Archeological Society is presently composed of bers, 7 institutional members, and 5 paid library SUbscriptions (a total 284 members in all classes and 5 chapters spread across the state. of 78 members). Duriing the past year the Little Kanawha Chapter became the latest Armed with a progressive Code of Ethics and a viable organization affiliated addition of its kind to the Society. our society expects to continue the ptomotion of insular archaeological The Kanawha Valley Chapter continued on an active pace during research and .to provide for its pUblication. Part of our program is to ~e past year. Activities included. establishment of an archeological co-operate With other archaeological societies and institutions on a library through t~e gene!ous contnb~tion of collected books by Sigfus ~egional basis. It is for this reason that we see our recen t membership Olaf.son; sponsorIng radiocarbon datmg of samples from the Young m the Eastern States Archeological Federation as an important step in Mound (175 B.C.), the James Creek Site (3330 B.C.) and a transitional the righ t direction. zone at the Hansford Site (1090 B.C.); survey of rock shelters in southern Kanawha County; and continued salvage work at Edgewood VIRGINIA by Howard MacCord Rockshelter and the Hansford Site. The .Archeological Society of Vi.rginia 1977 membership totals The E~ River Secti(;lll of the Kanawha Valley Chapter is composed 1070, With 14 local chapters. The society's annual meeting was held at of .approxlmately 20 high school students. This group participates in t.he College of William and Mary in Williamsburg on October 8 and 9 glVlng sch?ol programs and in limited archeological survey. 1977. ~ee. issues of the QUarterly Bulletin were published, includmi The Little Kanawha Chapter was formed with 8 charter members one ~hICh I~ a. double number. We also published 4 Newsletters. No but lIas grown during the year to 22 full members and 3 associat~ SpeCial. PublicatIOns were put out this year, although work was begun members. The <:hapt.er partici.!?ated both in reporting archeological sites on an mdex to Volumes 26-30 of the quarterly bulletin. This should be to the. West VugmIa GeologIcal Survey, and in organizing a limited published as a spec!a1 publication early in 1978. Officers for the years excavatIOn program. The excavations were carried out at a Fort 1977-78 are: President-M. D. Kerby, Midlothian; Vice-President Ancient village site south of Parkersburg, WV. Dr. E. Thomas Hem Russell E. Darden, Courtland; Secretary-Mrs. V. W. Sherman, Williams ming:; aided. in laying out excayation units and acquainting chapter burg; Treasurer- H. A. MacCord, Sr., Richmond; Editor-Mrs. Lauren members With proper archeological field and excavation procedures. HarrIson, Hartwood. S~veral squa;es were excavated and 4 features (3 hearths and a storage Excavations continued through the year at the Hatch site in Prince Pit) were discovered. Although a large artifact sample was recovered George .County, with ~unding provided. by an anonymous donor. The analysis of the collection is not yet complete. ' excavation stat:f conSIsts of 3 full-time employees, working with The Huntington Chapter continued excavations at the Weed Rock volunteers. D,!I1ng ~e year numerou~ structural features and pits have shelter, near Le Sage, WV, after obtaining a radiocarbon date of 3330 been found, mcludmg 5 human bUrIals and 22 dog burials. The site ± 250 years B.P. for a sample removed during the previous seasons' shows. about 9000 years of intermittent occupation, with the latest work; Anotlter field project involved a salvage and survey work at the sometIme after A.D. 1607. The Project Director is L. B. Gregory of FoxflJ:e Campground, where numerous Archaic artifacts were recovered. Spring Grove. Th.e Kanuwara Chapter (Wheeling Area) resumed explorations for Other excavation projects done by the Society's chapters and V:an Metre's Fort with work concentrating on the delineation of a members are: picket wall and blockhouse. Another site where work continued was the. McCol:loch (160H20), where there are at least 5 burial mounds and The Browning Site, Washington Co. Wolf Hills Chapter a village SIte which may be tltreatened by proposed strip mining of the The Hogue Site, Tazewell Co. E. E. Jones, Jr., Bluefield area. The Ingles Site, Montgomery Co. New River Chapter Th·e Uppe~ MO~lOngalte.la Valley Ch.apter was reorganized during the The Sisson Site, Floyd Co. Upper New River Chapter rear. The .maJor fIeld project began WIth relocating several rockshelters The Hall Site, Montgomery Co. Roanoke Area Chapter In the White Day Creek drainage, which were ·noted in early historical The Philpott Site, Henry Co. Patrick Henry Chapter text.s of Monongalia <;ounty. One of the shelters was selected for initial The White Bank Site, Chester- Appomattox Chapter testIng. and. as a project .to. train members in proper field techniques. field Co. Dr. H.mmmgs, Gary Wilkms, and R. P. Stephen Davis Jr have Members of the Society assisted in surveys and excavations done assisted and provided guidance in this project. Although fue project under the auspices and direction of other agencies, and these include: w~s only recently begun, a significant find has already been recorded With vv~ll-preserved re~~s of what is presumed to be an Indian The Currituck Site, Curituck Chesopiean Archeological Assoc. m~c~ssm. The leather IS m good shape and much remains of the fiber Governor's Land Sites, James Virginia Research Center for Ar stltchm.g of the moccassin. City Co. chaeology (VRCA) The society's annual meeting was held October 15, 1977, at St. ------,------'"
Page Ten PROCEEDINGS, 19178
Albans. Papers were presented by ~emmings, Fowle:, Wikins, CWV DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN WESTERN NEW YORK Geological Survey), Robert MaslowskI. and C~e!yl Smlt~ (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), Alan Cooper (Lmsley Military InstItute), Dewey BETWEEN 1550 A.D. AND 1650 A.D. Sanderson (Marshall University), Paul Dietrich (Kanawha Chapter), and Edward Hussey (Little Kanawha Chapter). The banquet speaker was WILLIAM ENGELBRECHT Dr. Jefferson Chapman (University of Tennes~ee) who pre~nte~ a slide-illustrated talk on the extensive archeologIcal work and Implica Pottery rim sherds were examined from eight 16th. and early .17th tions of the Tellico Project. century village sites south of Buffalo, New York. The Sltes are behev.ed to have been occupied by the Erie and to represent the successIve sou~!lward movement of two contemporaneous communities located 7 to 10 miles apart. Brainerd-Robinson Coefficients of Agreement were calculated between these sites using computer coded ceramic attributes. From these coefficients, the following chronological ordering was inferred: Buffum, Goodyear, Eaton, Newton-Hopper, Green. Lake, ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS Simmons, Ellis, and Kleis. This chronological ordering agrees WIth that arriv,ed at by the late Professor Marian White. Coefficients of ceramic homogeneity were then calculated for each of the sites. It was found that the latest sites (Ellis and Kleis) were the AN APPRAISAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS mos1 heterogeneous ceramically. At least some of the ceramic varia IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND bility present on these sites seemed due to the presence of Seneca ~d JEAN S. AIGNER, KEVIN McBRIDE, AND Cayuga style pottery. This impression was strengthened by an examIna TERRY DEL BENE tion of coefficients of agreement which were calculated between the Niagara Frontier Sites and ~ome Sene~a and Cay~ga Sites: Southern New England is considered by many to be an area of At least 4 different mterpretatJons of thIS ceramIc patte~ are marginal archaeology importance. 'This attitude has had an effect on possible: 1) Seneca and Cayuga pots were traded to the NIagara the amount and quality of the work performed in the area. Southern Frontier, 2) Seneca and Cayuga women were captured and taken back New England archaeologists are only beginning to adopt a number of to tlle Niagara Frontier, 3) Niagara Frontier women borrowed Seneca sophisticated archaeological techniques. Focusing on environmental and Cayuga pottery styles after having visited those areas, and 4) reconstruction and lithic analysis, it is evident that analytical tech Seneca and Cayuga women voluntarily moved to the Niaga;a I.'rontier, niques were not exploited to the fullest in past investigations. Until the either upon marriage or as a result of the movement of therr km gr~up quality of work in the area improves, there can be little doubt that to the area. On the basis of available evidence, the fourth explanatIon Southern New England prehistory will appear tremendously backwards seems the most likely, thougll it is by no means demonstrated. Future to the outsider. If we are ever to place the prehistory of Southern New research has the potential for clarifying this question. England in its proper perspective, there must be substantial changes in the kinds of questions being asked and the applications of analytical ARE WE FAILING OUR TEST PITS?: A COMMENT techniques. ON SUB-SURF ACE SAMPLING PROCEDURES KENNETH FEDER "COMMON SENSE" AND SCIENTIFIC INSIGHT A major problem exists in the lack: of communication apparent betwl~en archaeologists, engineers, and governmental agencies illvolved DENA F. DINCAUZE ill contract archaeology. While archaeologists are seeking to develop the killds of subsistence/ "Common sense" is not a universal yardstick for measuring human settlement models which would enable us to predict, with some degree rationality. It is, rather, a congeries o~ culturally-de~ined h~bit~ ~f of accuracy site location and density, these are not yet operational ill reasoning, derived from shared assumptIons and partIcular ImgUlstIc term!: of c~ltural resources management. Beyond this, sampling pro metaphors which shape the world-view of separate cultures or sub cedures based on what we think we know about site location are cultures. The intellectual history of Northeastern archaeology demon considered to be "archaeology by intuition," and a detriment to the strates how determinate has been the role of "common sense" and resources. The circularity of only looking for sites by testing those conventional wisdom in defining the epistemology of the discipline. killds of areas which have proven archaeologically rich in the past is Certain basic assumptions about appropriate methods and problems apparent. Site density, as we now know it ill the Northeast, is probably have been held in common by at least 3 generations of researchers. more a product of where recent people have disturbed the land Concepts borrowed from other disciplines-history, geology, biology through farming and development than an accurate representation of have been applied to archaeological problems with little concern ror site location preference. the appropriateness of their scale or their logic. Problem formulatIon TIle example of the "missing" Middle Archaic. in New England is has tended to cling timidly to (1) weak "tests" of migration legends, illstructive. Here it can be seen that a whole universe of sites was (2) ethnic identification of assemblages and sites, or (3) culture unknown because these occupations occurred ill areas where we historical sequences not infrequently defined in terms of "stages:' thought we knew sites did not occur: away from the major floodplains, which can be traced back to L. H. Morgan. The results of thIS along smaller tributary streams. intellectual stagnation have been numberless replications of simple The kinds of models we need for site location and density research strategies which resulted in the collection of limited classes of predktion have been proposed by Jochim in his work, Hunter-~the!er data, which were then analysed according to traditional formulae. The Subsistence and Settlement. Hopefully, the development and utilizatIon inductive conclusions derived from the analyses have, not surprisingly, of such land use models as now being attempted by the Connecticut been taken to confirm both pre-existing models and disciplinary Archaeological Survey will facilitate our decisions concerning sampling "common sense." There are serious tautologies in this approach. strategies ill individual contract projects. The logical structure of science, on the other hand, is characterized What we need, above all, are open avenues of communication by earnest efforts to achieve insights which are objective-as free as between archaeologists and others involved ill contract work. Only in possible from both personal and cultural bias. To achieve objectivity, this way can "contract archaeology" truly become the management of scientists must often eschew the ethnocentric limitations of conven our cultural resources. tional speech, and invent words and concepts which help them to partition reality in new ways. This fragmentation of phenomena which are conventionally viewed as simple and "obvious" in everyday speech OCCUPATIONAL EPISODES AT SITES OF THE LATE is at once the strength of the scientific method, the source of its ARCHAIC STAGE: OLDEN THOUGHTS creativity, and the cause of its estrangement from non-practitioners. AND NEW DATA The scientific method as a mode of inquiry is more demanding than "common sense," but it is the only way to avoid tautologies which RICHARD MICHAEL GRAMLY restrict our insight into human behavior in the past or present. Practitioners of archaeology in the Northeast must develop a Models of social structure, population size, and settlement pattern heightened awareness of their hitherto unquestioned assumptions, a for hunters, gatherers, and fishers are based in part upon ethnographic skepticism of simple answers and glib analogies, a sensitivity to the studie;\ of remnant groups livillg in margillal, higll-Iatitude regions of information content of contradictions and, above all, an openness to North America. The applicability of these models to the archaeological fresh perspectives upon the human past and on methods for studying record of more southern areas, and to the eastern United States ill it. particular, is questionable. ------_._-,,, ------"---
flASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION Page Eleven
Studies of the few Late Archaic sites in ~e No.rtheast with 2. Field Methods: The same field methods are useful for locating thoroughly analyzed dietary samples of la:ge sIZe (v~., Lamoka, buth historic and prehistoric sites. Sev~ral historic sites have very l?w Martha's Vineyard stations) ind.icate ~hat resI~en~ was ~Ither perma vi!libility and would have been missed Without careful subsurface-testmg nent or interrupted for only bnef penods. T~IS eVld~nce IS opposed to strategy. . if' d the oft-cited view that most Late ArchaIC statIOns were merely 3. On-Site Gravel Pits: Several land owners began or mte,;!s Ie seasonally occupied by small groups. Speculators about the nature of loam or gravel removal operati<;>ns o~ their proper~y before It .was Late Archaic occupation in coastal New York have adhered to. the acquired for highway constructIOn, drrectlY Impacting located SItes. "traditional" view, but in reality excavations have be~n too small eI~her Existing antiquities legislation is inadequate to protect cultural re- to reveal population size or to demonstrate seasonalIty of occupat~on: sources against this category of secondary impact. . Data from recent excavations at Pipe~tave Holl<;>w ~Mt. Smal 4. Standing Structures vs. Subsurface Resources: StandIng. struc Harbor Long Island) a 2%-acre site attnbutable pnmarily to the tures and/or subsurface-historical resources often fail to receIve the Lamok~ culture, sugg~st that occupation there was permanent ~d, sarne attention as prehistoric re~our~s in a proj.ect area ..To a .large further, that there is a need to rethink honored model~ of sOCIal extent, this is the result of a bIaS m SHPO revItlw for hJghly-vISi?le structure, etc. for certain groups of hunters, gatherers, and fIshers. above-ground resources. There is a need to staff state archeologIcal programs at the same level as historical and architectural programs.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRATA VS CULTURAL PROCESS THE LAST OF THE SQUARE-RIGGED WINDJAMMERS JACOB W. GRUBER FLOYD PAINTER In borrowing the principle of stratification from geology, nineteenth Many people today are striving to preserve the relics of our historic century archaeology added an indispensable tool for historical. re~)fl past and we archaeologists are busily uncovering foundations of brick struction to its interpretive kit. Stratification, however, c.arries With It a and', 'stone, the earthworks of old forts, and other vestiges of days 10nJl simplified view of change. in ~hich sequence, often mterrupted. se gone. Whole communities are restoring old buildings that relate to therr quence, can be viewed as hIStOrIcal or cultural process. When combmed local history and in these they take great pride. Around the world with a parallel emphasis upon the construction of types which assumes archaeological research, preservation and restoration is taking place at a temporal isolation for idealized lithic or ceramic forms, the stratifica an ever increasing pace for we realize that the bulldozers of modern tion bias in the Northeast-an area noted for its general scarcity of progress and technology will soon destroy these symbols of our stratified sites-leads to an oversimplification of the history and nature heritage. of the human occupation of the area as well as the relationships which Ruined tamples, historic homes, old fortresses, even old iron existed between the settling populations here and elsewhere. Moreover, foundries have an air of mystery and sometimes romance, but these the emphasis upon the development of sequences, often on the structures, these artifacts of our ancestors all pale in comparison to the evidence alone from surface sites, on the assumption that such rarest and most romantic of all the symbols of our adventurous past, a sequences are indeed histories, obscures problems of cultural process square;igged sailing ship. Less than 30 of these winged ships are still for the, understanding of which archaeological materials in the North afloat in our modern world. The others lie sunken on the rocks of east can make significant contributions. Stratification is but a single tim(l. archaeological tool; it carries with it its own bias. To put too great a Ships are artifacts too and no other artifact conjures up more reliance upon its use can inhibit and has inhibited the exploration of visiuns of adventure, romance, and faraway places and climes than does other useful areas of the anthropological context of archaeological an old square-rigged windjammer. They were ships with wings, so to materials. speak, and they served the most adventurous spirits of the world far longer than any present-day form of transportation. With these winged ship I! our ancestors circumnavigated the globe and explored the naviga THE SQUIBNOCKET COMPLEX IN THE LOWER ble far corners of the earth. They served adventurers and pilgrims, CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY pirates and missionary priests, traders and slavers, whalers and seekers of gold, and they brought our forebears to the New World. DOUGLAS F. JORDAN Today, many governments, institutions, and private individuals are financing the restoration and preservation of these old ships. They have Ritchie defined the Squibnocket Complex from excavations on kept or restored them to sailing condition and staffed them with sea Martha's Vineyard to include the projectile point types Wading River, cadets and permanent crews of seasoned veterans of sail. All this at a Squibnocket Stemmed, and Squibnocket Triangle. The Complex has cost of untold millions of dollars. With a little effort and travel one been generally accepted as a single "monolithic" cultural unit. At the can visit many of these winged coursers of the deep as they travel from same time, he observed and commented upon the fact that the port to port stirring memories of our romantic past. stratigraphic distribution of the triangular form and of the 2 stemmed Pay a visit to a tall square;igged ship-she will stir your blood. The forms was not identical, and specifically conjectures about the deriva sight of great swelling sails, and the sound of wind strumming the tion of the earlier triangUlar variety from Vosburg Laurentian types. rigging are never to be forgotten. Evidence from Woodchuck Knoll, a floodplain site in central Connecti cut, throws some doubt upon the unitary and integral character of the complex, and some further light upon the origins of the Squibnocket ANTIQUITY LEGISLATION Triangle. Woodchuck Knoll is a small stratified site with scant but significant DAVID A. POIRIER evidence suggesting chronological separation between the use of the triangular and the stemmed forms of the Squibnocket Complex pro Although the legislative seed for cultural resource management has jectile points. Initial analysis demonstrates the clear priority of the its foundation in 17th century Anglo-American consciousness, active Squibnocket Triangle beneath the Squibnocket Stemmed with only preservation of America's cultural heritage remained subservient to slight overlap. Attempts to document this in absolute terms by means other national considerations until the establishment of several Civil of radiocarbon dating have been disappointing. Furthermore, Ritchie's War memorials in the late 1890's. The Antiquities Act of 1906 marks original conjecture about derivations have received further support by the federal government's abandonment of its piecemeal preservation the presence of Vosburg Complex projectile points from still deeper policy in favor of a cohesive management plan for cultural resources on within the site. Contact between the latter and the Small Stemmed federal lands, as well as, functioning as the springboard for all Projectile Point (Atlantic Slope) Tradition may be postulated. subsequent preservation efforts. Congress strengthened the federal preservation policy with respect to cultural resources, and mandated the authority of the National Park Service as the lead agency for SITE DENSITY AND ELEVENTH HOUR ARCHEOLOGY: federal preservation efforts, through its enactment of the Historic Sites Act of 1935. This legislation reflected Congress' recognition that A NEW ENGLAND EXAMPLE adequate identification and protection of the Nation's heritage could only bl~ accomplished by uniting the efforts of the federal government GEOFFREY P. MORAN AND PETER F. THORBAHN with those of state and local governments, preservation organizations and concerned citizens. This paper examines 4 interrelated issues confronted during on The Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960 provides for the recovery and going investigations of a proposed highway project in southeastern New preservation of historical and archaeological data which "otherwise England. might be irreparably lost or destroyed" by flooding or other construc 1. Research Designs and Site Density: Random auger transects at tion activities associated with dam or reservoir projects. The Historical 10-meter intervals have located 27 sites within a 14 mile corridor, a and Archaeological Conservation Act of 1974 serves to amend the site density 4 times greater than existing locational model predictions. original Reservoir Salvage Act such that federal action for the identifi- ,____ -J... ______....•------_._------
Page Twelve PROCEEDINGS, 19'78 cation and preservation of archaeological data will be undertaken with of the diagnostic types or categories except for atlatl weights, but they respect to any alteration of the terrain caused as a result of any federal wenl found in the collections. construction project. That soils can be used as a criteria for determining settlement The pivotal preservation legislation with respect to cultural resource patterns has thus far proved to be a valid and rewarding approach. protection is the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, This However, the entire spectrum of the popUlation requirements, i.e., the legislation, which establishes a broad policy of historic preservation seasonal round, have to be considered in conjunction with the selected including the active encouragement of state and local efforts, came soil types. The hypothesis is still being tested and hopefully other about as the result of the federal government's acknowledgement of cultural phases will be identified and their settlement then deduced the inadequacies of the pre-1966 preservation program in the face of from these same maps. an increasing extension of highway sprawl, Urban Megalopolis and the like. Section 101 directs the Secretary of the Interior to expand and LOGIC AND ANALOGOUS REASONING maintain a National Register of Historic Places; establishes a State Historic Preservation Office within each state and territory which DAVID SANGER functions as a liaison agency between the federal and state governments with respect to both general preservation programs and project specific In this paper the theoretical utility of types and phases is examined. cultural resource review planning coordination; and, establishes a Explanation in archaeology, it is suggested, is firmly rooted in ethno matching grant-in-aid program with respect to cultural resources listed graphic analogy, if not for precise analogues of behavior, then for on the National Register. general descriptive categories, such as settlement, subsistence, and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and religion. If archaeologists are to use ethnographic analogy then they Advisory Council regulations 36 CFR 800, "Procedures for the Protec should be aware of what moaern social anthropological theorists have tion of Historic and Cultural Properties," outlines the procedural to say about culture process. In particular, the insular, synchronic, process to be undertaken by federal agencies with respect to their normative model is being challenged. This paper suggests that the cultural resource responsibility to identify and assess their project's theoretical premise behind types and phases represents the normative affect on cultural resources listed on or eligible for the National and synchronic culture model, and for this reason does not provide the Register. best possible approach for prehistoric culture' analysis. It concludes For the legislative planning process to function properly for the with the hope that archaeologists will re-consider the utility of types protection and conservation of archaeological resources, cooperation and phases, be aware of their limitations, and open up dialogue with must be established and strengthened between profeSSional and avoca sociitl anthropologists to seek a better analogy. tional archaeologists and with the respective State Historic Preservation Office. All archaeologists must remain as active, good-faith participants in order to insure the continuation of the responsible conservation and INTERN PROGRAMS IN CULTURAL RESOURCE protection of our nation's archaeological resources. MANAGEMENT: GOALS AND STRATEGIES JOHN A. SENULIS PEOPLE'S RELATIONSHIP TO SOIL GAIL BROWN R. A. REGENSBURG In the 5 year interval between 1972 and 1977, the Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission has changed from a semi-autono The use of soils in determining subsistence and settlement for mou:! state advisory board to a state agency. The Commission's particular prehistoric groups is being hypothesized. A thorough under program in archeology reflects this shift and the response to federal standing of the soils and the additional parameters such as orientation legislation. The Commission began as a contract agency SUbcontracting and percentage so far has proven to be successful. The region of study arch!lologists from academic institutions. At this time 100% of the is Burlington County, New Jersey and the period of study is the Late funding was from external sources. Archeological interns were trained Archaic. A number of new sites have been added to advance the to Ntrieve data by traditional excavation techniques. In 1975 the understanding of land use by the Archaic Indians. program shifted to a 3 level program in cultural resource management: If one has a fair knowledge of a particular culture such as iden1ifying, evaluating, and managing archeological properties. The Koens-Crispin, Savich Farm sites, could the archaeologists find other current intern program is 100% internally funded and emphasizes occupational sites of this culture? Do hunting and gathering peoples go train:ing students with previous excavation experience in the basic beyond the 2 basic requirements, i.e., high ground next to water_ elements of cultural resource management. The program has undergone The author proposes that 1 or 2 possible soil types were preferred a shift in emphasis from data retrieval at a single site through for fall and winter sites both of which had fine sands to allow for excavation to data retrieval at numerous sites in a given area with rapid drainage. Coarse sands and gravel tend to become frost or ice excavation as one of many techniques. Interns previously responsible laden in the temperate regions. These are the Pemberton and Tinton for f,xcavation units at one site must now be responsible for multiple soil series which are both rare and which are Aeolian derived.' They only excavation units at many sites. The change in responsibility has represent a total of 1.3% each or 6,000 acres out of 524,000 acres. It nece!:sitated changes in the training of interns. was noted that the soils survey rated these 2 soils not good for hickory or walnut, but the adjacent soils were rated number one, i.e., the Holmdel & Freehold series. SHAKING DOWN THE NEW PARADIGM the 2 above mentioned sites were located on the south or southwest side of a major stream and were flanked by minor spring-fed trickles. DEAN R. SNOW The area to the south was open to a large hickory-walnut forest area. These are apparently 2 other important parameters considered by the Although a quarter of a century has passed since it was introduced, Archaic cultures, i.e., the law of minimum energy for maximum return. archaeology has yet to absorb and adjust to the implications of The method of investigation used was tracing the outline of the rare radiol~arbon dating .. Many of the terms we still use began as working Pemberton and Tinton soils series on soil maps and projecting and then hypofueses designed to make up for our lack of independent chrono- tracing these outlines on USGS maps. The author also employed 10giCi,1 control. Continued use of the old frame of reference even realtor's aerial photos to observe current land function. These maps though we now have that independent chronological control often allowed observance of topographical stream systems and soil distribu le.ads us into implicitly assuming what we should now be trying to tion. The total amount and percentage of every soil type in a radius of disco':er. I call for the abandonment of such things as stage concepts, one mile or 2,000 acres surrounding the 2 known sites was calculated. especially those that masquerade as periods, as well as the use of The author then selected 12 similar areas in the county. phases and traditions that are defined by single artifact classes as if The author had to establish diagnostic cultural objects and to create they were whole cultural systems. Some specific examples are cited and an importance rating system. The tools consisted of the usual atlatl sunk. weights, _th~ chi~ped and ground adze (of a rare argillite material), Koens-Cnspm pomts, shaftsmoothers, a particular stone flaking baton, DISAPPEARING CONNECTICUT and the t~ree-quarter grooved axe in that order of importance. The Sltes selected were visited, collected upon if possible, and CLARK J. STRICKLAND surface collections were examined if they existed. So far the author has systematically sampled 10 of the 12 locations. One site was in pasture Arneri~a is ~enerating "cultural resources" at an astounding rate. for 30-40 years, and the other is now forested with a house on it. The The phYSlcal eVidences of modern material culture in the built environ other 10 sites produced the predicted cultural material. The surround ment range from drive-in restaurants, banks, and churches to monu ing areas were also examined to test the hypothesis and proved mental public bUildings, from lush golf courses to commercial skate negative, giving support to the concept. The artifacts co llected were all board runs. But it is fair and correct to say that the past of our own ----,------,,' ,------
leASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION Page Thirteen
particular culture, and the evidences of earlier peoples are being This model is applied to 5 steatite vessels from an Orient com obscured by modem development. Connecticut, as it was and as it is, is ponent at Grannis Island on the Quinnipiac River near New Haven, disappearing. Connecticut, as well as to others cited in the Northeastern literature. But the passing of Connecticut's links with the past does not always The heuristic value of the model is evident in the questions which may go un-noticed. It is national policy to identify "cultural resources," and be asked at each analytical process. Quarries may have had near-by to insure that Federal Programs do not wantonly destroy information occupation sites where the vessels were finished. There is a need for vital to an understanding of America's past, and thus, its present. The neutron-activation analysis to determine quarry locations and infer program is called the National Register of Historic Places. A key transportation routes. There are different sized and shaped vessels problem in administering this program of identification and protection within assemblages which may have had different uses when preparing is the old bugaboo of definition. and consuming food, as opposed to stylistic differences. Cracked vessels Definitions are often reached by trying to fit things into them. were maintained by drilling and lacing. It is hypothesized that dirty Consensus historic and architectural resources such as grand colonial vtlssels were maintained by scraping encrusted food from the bottom. homes and public buildings are being joined by Victorian mansions, Eventually the bottom would be worn thin, break, and the vessel mill towns, railroad stations, bridges and windmills for buildings and discarded. This should be tested by a statistical correlation of the districts. Definitions, such as they are, are expanding. But archeologists follOWing attributes: thickness of vessel profile and striations due to have not met the challenge in the same way. maintenance, as opposed to manufacturing. Worn out vessels were Definitions have not been hammered out, levels of significance have laterally cycled as grave goods. Broken vessels were recycled as smaller not been established. An even more essential re~nsibility of the vessels, scoops, beads, etc. archeologist is to insure that portions of Connecticut s and the nation's The Orient phase of 3000-2500 B.P. marks the termination of the cultural patrimony are not lost because of a lack of communication. Archaic adaptive system, and, the end of the socioeconomic system Until barely one year ago, the State Historic Preservation Officer which produced, distributed, and used steatite vessels. With the intro did not have an archeologist on his staff, despite the fact that the State duction of the Early Woodland occupations which were shifting toward Historic Preservation Officer was required to review all projects using the coast, kn';lwledge of the interior sources of steatite may have been Federal funding or licensing to determine if those projects would lo:;~. There still could have been a few vessels not yet worn out from destroy cultural resources. It is no surprise then, that no archeological mamtenance remaining in occupation sites, but as these were discarded sites relating to Connecticut prehistory are emolled in the National there would have been a greater need for a suitable replacement: Register of Historic Places. The historical archeological sites on the Howe~er, pottery does not. necessarily make a superior cooking vessel. National Register are there not through the efforts of archeologists, but Expenmental archaeology 1S needed to determine how steatite and clay because of the interest of historians. vess~ls function over open fires. Schiffer's model should be applied to Archeology, and in particular, public archeology, which really Stallings Island, Marcey Creek, and other early ceramics and then means tax financed archeology, is rapidly growing. But many archeolo compared to steatite vessels in order to better understand the nature of gists have failed to assess the importance of various finds of cultural technological change. ~ateri~ls, as thou~ to suggest t~at everything is worthy of preserva Schiffer, Michael B. tIOn, e1ther by movmg the offendmg project or by paying a handsome 1972 "Archaeological Context and Systemic Context," American sum of.'conscience mo~ey to salvage the material. Much more thought, Antiquity 37(2): 156-65. comP3!lson, and analys1s must be seen in the area of public archeology. It IS therefore essential that archeologists working in Connecticut co-QRerate in what is an on-going, massive project of identifying and locattng cultural resources. We are approaching a definition and an NEW DATA ON SCIOTO HOPEWELL understanding of what historic and architectural resources are but we SITE GROUPINGS are just beginning to address the problem with respect to ar~heology. The State Historic Preservation Office needs your help. Only by N'OMI GREBER ~~~ing inf?rmation an~ b~!ng sure we all understand the problems can dIsappearing Connect1cut be kept from becoming "destroyed Con Two seasons of salvage excavations at the remnant of the classic necticut." H.opewell Edwin Harness Mound, Ross County, Ohio, have not only Ylel~led charcoal for dating and other materials to be analysized for SEASONALITY AND LOCATION PREFERENCES FOR envlro~mental and s.ubstence data, but also the pattern of the struc tures m use at the SIte before the mound was built. There were 3 main WESTERN CONNECTICUT INDIAN SITES strul:tures gen.erally arranged north-south. The 2 northern ones were rectli11g~1ar WIth rou~ded corners and were joined by a passageway. EDMUND K. SWIGART The thud southern .cucular one was directly conjoined to the middltl rectangular one. ThlS pattern corresponds to that found under the 2 Current evidence from 79 sites would continue to indicate a largest mounds :-vithin the !lear-by Seip Earthworks. This correspon wat~r-relat~d cultural orientation. Twenty-four of 29 sites adjacent to dence, along Wlt~ ~t~er pIeces of detailed construction and burial naVIgable flvers and lakes are found at a confluence of the major body patterns,. fur~her jUstif1es the hypothesized social connections between of wate.r with a non-!1avigable stream whereas only 13 of 42 small the p~ehlstoI1c peoples associated with Seip and Harness both of which ~on-nav1gable stream SItes are at such a location. Larger water body are tn-part earthworks. ' s~tes are lI:lso half as far apart and contain far more components per Slte. All sItes are found predominantly on the west and north shores. Thus the location of sites is also heavily influenced by where potable water, transportation, trade routes and shelter are available. DATA RECOVERY PROBLEMS AT THE !n te~ms of the use of t~e environment to support Late Woodland UPPER FACTORY BROOK SAWMILL IndIans. m western Connecticut, current analysis indicates that deer is the major meat 8?urce (90.9~) an~ that deer and perhaps other large JOHN S. WILSON mammals were killed largely m wmter. With considerable numbers of preserved nuts and seed~ and with turtles, shellfish, fish and small . Th.e Il;lral millwright in early 19th century America derived much of mamma~s, I?any ';If .WhICh are unavailable in winter, a year-round h1S te\~hntcal knowledge from source~ unlik~ today's engineering texts. occupatIOn IS also mdIcated. At bt,~!, he followed manuals WhICh relIed heavily upon "rule of th~mb procedUres. At ~orst, he. had only his own experience as a THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND SYSTEMIC gUide. The result of such uregular mformation flow in a fairly technical craft has se1 Page Fourteen PROCEEDINGS, 1~'7S3 of wooden machinery and structural components. Preservation was mills of this type or standing examples indicate that the builder(s) were sufficient to enable identification of genera and species utilized. not familiar with published millwright manuals and were deficient in Particular types utilized included eastern hemlock, white ash, American their "folk" training in comparison with other practitioners. The poor beech, and black cherry. design of several features of the machinery must have resulted in Analysis of the iron and wooden remains in the wheelpit, as well as frequent breakdowns and excessive wear on parts. The analysis of this the general features of the site indicated that, in a general sense, the site indicates that the general technological advancement in America mill was typical of its period, the 1820's. However, several dis during the early 19th century proceeded at a differential rate, particu crepancies in design and workmanship when compared with idealized larly in rural areas not adjacent to major industrial centers.