A Radiocarbon Foundation for Archaeological Research in the Upper Delaware Valley NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK by R. Michael Stewart, Ph.D. Prepared for: The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Trenton, New Jersey January 2018 State of New Jersey Governor Philip D. Murphy Lt. Governor Sheila Oliver Department of Environmental Protection Catherine R. McCabe, Commissioner Natural and Historic Resources Group Historic Preservation Office Mail Code 501-04B P.O. Box 420 Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0420 Cover photograph courtesy of Dewberry Engineering, Parsippany, New Jersey. This material was produced with assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund, administered by the National Park Service, Department of the Interior Any opinions findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. A RADIOCARBON FOUNDATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE UPPER DELAWARE VALLEY NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK by R. Michael Stewart Prepared for: The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey January 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Page I. Introduction and Radiocarbon Baseline 1 II. Bifaces 23 III. Pottery 102 IV. Distinctive Materials/Artifacts 164 V. Faunal Remains 185 VI. Botanical Remains 200 VII. Conclusions 247 VIII. References Cited 249 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Upper Delaware Valley Project Area Showing Relevant Counties of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York 3 2. Clovis Points from the Shawnee Minisink Site 36 3. Paleoindian Point Fragments from the Beaver Lodge Site 37 4. Tracing (not to scale) of a Jasper Fluted Point Recovered from the Fairy Hole Rockshelter (28Wa25) circa 1981 38 5. Kirk-like Bifaces Associated with Locus 2 Fire Pit at 28Sx14, the Rockelein Site 40 6. Leslie’s Stubby and Long Types of Bifurcates from the Upper Delaware Valley 42 7. Bifurcate Points from the Rockelein Site, 28Sx14 42 8. Examples of Bifurcate Points from the Treichlers Bridge Site, 36Nm142 43 9. Lecroy and Kirk Corner Notched Points Found in Proximity to Dated Carbon Sample at Treichlers Bridge, 36Nm142 44 10. Bifurcate and Other Points from Stratum 13 at 36Cr142 44 11. Additional Examples of Bifurcate Points from the Project Area 45 12. Bifurcates from an Isolated Component at the Osborn Site, 28Sa119 46 13. Bifaces Associated with Dated Zone 6 at the Gardepe Site, Delaware County, New York 47 14. Lecroy Point from Dated Stratum XI at the Sandts Eddy Site, 36Nm12 and Bifurcate Associated with Dated Feature at 36Da12 48 15. Archaic Triangles and Damascus Triangles from the Upper Delaware Valley 50 16. Idealized Profile of Deposits at the Area D site, 28Me-1D 53 17. Examples of Archaic Triangles from 28Me1-D 55 18. Archaic Triangles from Oberly Island, 36Nm140 59 19. Triangular Points from the Base of Stratum 3 of the Ten Mile Rockshelter, Sullivan County, New York 60 20. Triangular Points from the Stratified Deposits at the Sibum Site, Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania 62 21. Probable Early/Middle Archaic Points from the Sibum Site with Below Datum Depths 63 22. Point Types Tested Positive for Protein Residues at 36Mr133 and 36Mr119 69 23. Examples of Lackawaxen Points from the Delaware Valley 72 24. Lamoka Points from Dated Sites in the Project Area 74 LIST OF FIGURES Page 25. Examples of Vestal Points from Dated Sites in the Project Area 75 26. Macpherson Points from the Upper Delaware Valley 77 27. Rossville Points from Dated Contexts at 28Sx297 and Site AO71-06-0077, Orange County, New York 78 28. Eshback Point from Dated Context at Treichlers Bridge, 36Nm142 79 29. Dated Examples of Genesee, Snook Kill and Variant Bifaces 81 30. Fishtail Points from the Driftstone Site, 36Nm244 83 31. Orient Fishtails from 36Mr133 Tested Positive for Protein Residues 86 32. Bifaces from Burials 1,2, 7 and 8 at the Rosenkrans Site, 28Sx2 89 33. Bifaces from burials 9 and 10 at the Rosenkrans site, 28Sx2 90 34. Sand Hill Stemmed Points from the Gardepe Site, Delaware County, New York 93 35. Tocks Island Points from Harry’s Farm (28Wa2) and the Snyder Site (28Wa528) 94 36. Levanna Points from 36Mr133 That Tested Positive for Protein Residues 98 37. Notched Points from an Infant Burial at 28Sx29 (Bell Philhower/Ahaloking) Dated to 790+/-80 BP 99 38. Refitted and Other Sherds from Dated “Pot Break” Feature at 36Nm4 Representing the Wiped Type 123 39. Abbott Zone Decorated Pottery from Project Area Sites 125 40. Views of Rim and Upper Portions of Shell Tempered and Net Impressed Pot from Feature 10 at 36Pi4 127 41. Base of the Shell Tempered and Net Impressed Pot from Feature 10 at 36Pi4 128 42. Levanna and Carpenter Brook Cord-on-Cord Pottery from Dated Contexts 135 43. Examples of Owasco Corded Horizontal and Corded Oblique from Dated Contexts 136 44. Examples of Owasco Herringbone Pottery from Dated Contexts 137 45. Examples of Owasco Platted Pottery from Dated Contexts 138 46. Vessel from Feature 89 at 36Pi4 Combining Attributes of Owasco Corded Horizontal, Corded Oblique, and Herringbone 139 47. Examples of Sackett Corded Pottery from Dated Contexts 139 48. Pottery from the Dated Mid- to Late-Late Woodland Analytic Unit at the Manna Site, 36Pi4 140 49. Owasco-Clemson Island Rim from Feature 911, 28Wa278 141 50. Pottery from a Dated Infant Burial at Ahaloking/Bell-Philhower, 28Sx29 143 51. Examples of Collared Wares from Dated Contexts 144 52. Pottery from Dated Feature 75 at the Kutay Site, 36Pi25 145 53. Refitted Vessels Linking Features at Harry’s Farm, 28Wa2 146 54. Pottery from Contact Period Contexts at the Faucett Site, 36Pi13A 147 55. Examples of Late Woodland Rim Sherds Made with White/Tan Firing Clay and Ball of White Clay from a Pit Feature at Ahaloking/Bell Philhower (28Sx29) 151 56. Pottery Sherd with Potential Slip from a Dated Infant Burial at Ahaloking/Bell-Philhower, 28Sx29 153 57. Hypothetical Pots with the Same ‘Look’, Same Historical Type, but Different Technological Styles 157 58. Views of Effigy Pipe from the Miller Field Site, 28Wa16, Dayton Staats Collection 160 59. Human Effigy and Other Pipes from the 1915 Excavations at the Munsee Cemetery 161 LIST OF FIGURES Page 60. Broken Effigy Pipe from the Manna Site, 36Pi4 162 61. Effigy Pipe Attributed to Late Woodland Deposits, circa 1340 AD, at the Zimmerman Site, 36Pi14 163 62. Views of a Steatite Pipe from a Dated Context at the Otsiningo Market Site, Broome County, New York 168 63. Summed Probabilities Organized by 100 Year Intervals for 14 Radiocarbon Dates Relevant to Steatite Bowls in the Study Area 169 64. Summed Probability Distributions Organized by 100 Year Intervals for Radiocarbon Dates Relevant to Steatite Bowls in the Eastern Woodlands 169 65. Frequency Distribution of AMS Dates on Soot/Residue from Steatite Vessels, Eastern United States 170 66. Copper Beads Excavated by Kenneth Gleason from Burial 2 at the Rosenkrans Site, 28Sx2 176 67. Examples of Copper Artifacts from the Upper Delaware Used in Sourcing Studies 177 68. Views of Catlinite Pipe Found in a Field North of the Munsee Cemetery, 28Sx48 182 69. Examples of Marine Shell Ornaments from the Munsee Cemetery, 28Sx48, Associated with European Artifacts in Contact/Historic Period Graves 183 70. Archaeological Distribution of Marshelder in the Delaware Valley and Vicinity 231 LIST OF TABLES 1. Radiocarbon Dates Organized by State, County, and Site 7 2. Radiocarbon Dates Associated with Biface Types 26 3. Radiocarbon Dates Associated with Archaic Triangular Points at Area D (28Me1-D) 52 4. Select Attributes of Archaic Triangles, 28Me1-D 54 5. Functional Comparison of Late Woodland Triangular Points with Archaic Assemblages from 28Me1-D, 36Pe16, 36Pe60, and 36Pe61 57 6. Descriptive Data for Triangular Points from the Sibum Site, Minisink Hills, Monroe County, Pennsylvania 64 7. General Age Ranges for Select Biface Types: Middle Archaic Through Late Woodland Periods 65 8. Comparison of Dates for Narrow Stemmed Points: Upper Delaware and Adjacent Areas 71 9. Stratigraphic and Typological Associations of Normanskill Points in the Upper Delaware Valley: Pennsylvania and New Jersey 76 10. Comparison of Dates for Broad Bladed Points, Upper Delaware and Adjacent Areas 80 11. Comparison of Broadspear and Fishtail Site Frequencies, Delaware and Susquehanna River Basins of Pennsylvania 87 12. Radiocarbon Dates Associated with Pottery Types 103 13. New York Late Middle Woodland Pottery Types with Dated Residues 129 14. Pottery Types Associated With Kraft’s (1975) Phases of the Late Woodland Period 130 15. New York Owasco Series Pottery with Dated Residues 131 16. Association of Pottery Types Through Time on Select Late Woodland Sites, Mohawk Valley, New York 133 LIST OF TABLES Page 17. Study Area C14/AMS Dates for Pottery Types Typically Associated with the Owasco Series and Pahaquarra Phase 134 18. Study Area C14/AMS Dates for Intermediate Pottery Types 142 19. Study Area C14/AMS Dates for Pottery Types Typically Associated with the Minisink Phase 143 20. Examples of Clay Caches from Sites in the Upper Delaware Valley 152 21. Some Sources of Variability Relevant to the Analysis of the Technological Style of Pottery 156 22. Performance Matrix for Comparing Types of Pottery Temper 159 23. Radiocarbon Dates Associated with Distinctive Materials/Artifacts 165 24. Suggested Date Ranges for Standardized Marine Shell Ornaments Found in the Upper Delaware Valley 183 25. Radiocarbon Dates Associated with Faunal Remains 186 26. Rockshelters or Caves with Late Woodland Components 195 27. Radiocarbon Dates Associated with Botanical Remains 201 28. Additions To Previous Compilations of Macrobotanical Remains 224 29. Summary of Paleoenvironmental Changes, Upper Delaware Valley 225 30. The Three Sisters and Associated Dates: Upper Delaware and Adjacent Areas 233 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to Kate Marcopul, State Historic Preservation Officer and Administrator, who initially envisioned the overall project of which this volume is a part and made it a reality.