Chicago Natural History Museum Blir&EiTIN Formerly ^eum News

Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 19 JANUARY, 1948 No. 1 NEW MURAL SHOWS PLANT LIFE OF COLOMBIA'S HIGH ANDES

BIZARRE AS A SCENE FROM ANOTHER WORLD IS THE 'PARAMO." A PAINTING BY STAFF ARTIST ARTHUR G. RUECKERT (HALL 29)

By J0S6 CUATRECASAS so-called "paramo," extending across north- exposed to constant precipitation and strong curator of colombian botany ern South America from Venezuela to Co- winds. Such severe weather alternates with In Colombia, as in other tropical American lombia and southward to Peru and Bolivia. clear days of strong sunlight. The nights countries, marked belts of vegetation corre- The paramos occupy the most elevated are always cold and in the highest parts spond to altitudinal levels. Each of these regions of the Andes, where special climatic (more than 13,000 feet above sea level) are belts is characterized by distinctive types conditions prevail. Because of the sudden frequently snowy. The ground usually is of plant life found within its boundary. changes in weather, they are usually cold saturated with water; in large areas it is One of these ecological formations is the and wet, generally covered with fog or swampy, and interspersed with pools. The Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 191,8 soil is black, peaty, and highly acid. Mostly a collective term for a group or formation is covered by the cylindrical mass; and in it is very deep, except in the highest of frailejones. the upper portion below the rosette of normal places, where the vegetation is sparse be- The frailejones belong to the Composite leaves is a mass of dry and twisted leaves, tween the rocks and gravel. family, which includes such common plants giving it a thick club-shaped appearance. The altitudinal limits of the paramo are as the sunflower, chrysanthemum, and aster. LEAVES HAVE WOOLLY COAT not precise, since they vary greatly accord- Within this great family of such diversity ing to the topography, ranging from about in form and color, no plants are perhaps so The leaves of frailejon are elliptic-oblong 10,000 feet above sea level to 13,500-14,000 striking in appearance as the frailejon. or lanceolate, long and narrow, thick and feet, the beginning of permanent snow. Technically it belongs to the genus Espeletia, stiff. They are covered by a dense, white Located in the tropics, the normal climate a name given by the scientist Mutis in honor or pale coat of woolly or cottony hairs. The of these high mountains presents a much of a viceroy of Colombia, Jos'; de Espeleta. dense hairiness and faded color contribute greater contrast to that of the lower zones The dominant species depicted in the mural to the unique appearance of the plants. of the same mountain ranges than to that which gives character to the entire scene, is Certain species of Espeletia (about seventy of the Alps, for example, since the lowest Espeletia Lopezii, abounding especially in have been described) have a very short stem zones of the Andes, near sea level, have depressions and valleys of the slopes, and that does not elongate with age; these plants, torrid temperatures. here shown in its various stages of develop- like the young individuals of taller species, A typical Colombian paramo with its ment. spread their large white rosettes over the extraordinary plant life can be seen in a Aside from the characters which define ground like a cluster of agave leaves. When new mural recently added to the series in Espeletia scientifically, the group is dis- the frailejones bloom, the flower stalks arise Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29 tinguished by having all the leaves bunched from the axils of the living leaves. The at the of the —Plant Life). The painting, by Staff Artist top stem to form a rosette. inflorescences may be much longer than the Arthur G. Rueckert, is based upon materials, The stem may be short, in which case the leaves, but often they barely exceed them. photographs and data obtained by the writer rosette rests upon the ground; but often it Their branches are densely woolly and the over a period of years. is simple, straight, and pole-like, with the declined or nodding flower heads are pro- Actually this mural shows a scene from rosette at its tip. As the stem grows, new tected by hairy involucres. In full flower one of the most beautiful and least visited leaves appear and the old ones dry, but their the similarity of the flower head to a small paramos of Colombia, namely, the western persistent, densely overlapping— sheaths cover sunflower is evident. The rays are generally portion of the extreme southern part of the and protect the stem only in very old yellow, but in a few species white. The in- Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, also called Sierra plants do these masses of dead leaves fall florescences consist of many heads, or in Nevada de Chita. This sierra extends spontaneously. This produces the remark- some species only of a few, and in some about eleven miles from north to south in able appearance characteristic of these there is a single head. the Cordillera Oriental in the state of plants—in a well-developed individual the Although the forms here described are the BoyacS. The crests of the mountains con- lowest portion is the most slender part, a most general and typical of the frailejones, sist of quartzite, are heavily covered by naked and woody stem; the middle portion some species deviate from this type, but are glaciers and snow, and attain a maximum not characteristic of paramo vegetation. The elevation of 17,000 feet (Alto de Ritacuva). smallest frailejones are E. Weddellii of Vene- The highest point of the Nevada seen in the FUN AT THE MUSEUM- zuela and E. Caldasii of Colombia, with mural is the Pan de Azucar, at 15,600 leaves one or two inches long, and usually feet, QUIZ YOURSELF with a table-like structure to the north called with a single flower head nodding at the Pulpito del Diablo (devil's pulpit). The 1. What is the difference between the tip of a slender stalk. These are true tongue of the glacier lies at an altitude of scale on a mandolin and the scale on a herbaceous plants, like the other stemless approximately 14,100 feet. The rocky peak pangolin? species of this genus. at the left is Los Guasguines and the peak 2. Would you take a pair of Atlantic skates The species possessing stems are herbace- at the right is Campanario. The valley with you on a winter vacation? ous in the beginning, but soon become represented is called Las Lagunillas. The 3. Do tufted puffins come with icing or are woody. Their tall stems are woody, but moraine extending towards the north below they stuffed with fish? retain a soft center (pith) and are hollow the glacier forms the mountain called Silla 4. Would you close an envelope, or a fruit near the base. Although the frailejones are Larga (13,500 feet), and the small lake at jar, or neither, with a Weddell's seal? unbranched, there are some Espeletias with the base is the Laguna Pintada. This part 5. Would you play a black drum with a branched stem, and one species found in of the scene shows the continental divide sticks or a fish-pole? forested areas {E. neriifolia) is a robust, separating the waters reaching the Rio 6. Is it true or false that stonecats never much branched tree, as high as 35 feet. The Magdalena on the west from those flowing molest birds or cause a disturbance at average height of woody species of Espeletia into the Orinoco on the east (behind the night? is that represented in the mural, that is, scene). 7. Where would you look for a squirrel from knee-high to two or three times the glider? At an airport? A playground? height of a man. SAME FAMILY AS SUNFLOWER Or in a forest in Australia? Some species have thick, leathery, grayish The presence in the landscape of plants 8. What are the difficulties of arranging a green leaves, while in others the hairy cover- of extraordinary appearance provides a bouquet of sea lilies in a Venus flower ing is smoother, appearing to be completely spectacular effect, and of these the most basket? flattened and pressed, silky and of a silvery conspicuous is the frailejon. The fore- 9. Would you look for a red hind with a luster. ground, the bottom of the valley, shows lasso, a hook and line, or a shotgun? Locally the frailejon plants have certain the frailejonal, at an elevation of 12,000- 10. Duckbills are toothless, have fur, lay uses. Their resin has been exploited in 12,600 feet, where this formation is at its eggs, and nurse their young. What are local industries. The leaves are used in best. they? the paramos to make beds, and the wool of The name frailejon was given because of For the answers, visit the Museum. the leaves is separated to stuff pillows and a fancied monk-like appearance of these To confirm what you find, watch for answers mattresses. The inhabitants of the region plants, especially if seen in fog or mist, which will be published in the next issue of use it to plug their ears, as protection against when from a distance they could be mis- the Bulletin. cold, and employ the leaves for the same taken for men. The word frailejonal is —J. R. M. purpose, placing them inside their shirts or January, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S hats, while the stems are used for shelters high soil acidity. For this reason they covered with a thick white woolen coat and or small huts in the paramos. exhibit adaptations to aridity. The shrubs is a good example of adaptation; it belongs are small or densely branched. Their leaves to the same family (Compositae) as the ADAPTATION TO EXTREME CLIMATE are leathery with revolute edges, needle- frailejon. The latter might well be con- As a result of the extreme differences in like and imbricated, or covered with hairs. sidered a giant relative of edelweiss in the climatic conditions prevailing between the The herbs have clustered basal leaves that Andes that rise high above but within the lower zones and the paramos, adaptation of form rosettes, or the plants are crowded as the tropics. Edelweiss, with its white plants is more difficult—a disadvantage even cushions, dense clumps, or compact turf. elegance, adorns and characterizes the Alps; for a rich flora—than in temperate zones. likewise, the stately stands of frailejon lend 'EDELWEISS OF TROPICS' Moreover, in these paramos, the adaptation incomparable beauty and exotic majesty of northern plants is affected by a new It is because of adaptation to these special to the paramo landscape of Colombia. ecological factor, namely, the "tropical" conditions of cold and wind prevailing on factor, a complex characterized by the the paramos that the fraikjones have their 4-H YOUTHS VISIT MUSEUM absence of marked seasonal changes and leaves and inflorescences covered with a mat the presence of strong daily changes. The of woolly hairs and the stems enveloped by Approximately 1,000 members of the plants of the paramos are especially equipped a coat of withered leaves. Some alpine National Congress of 4-H clubs—500 girls to resist the cold and to withstand a low plants of Europe are famous because of their and 500 boys from rural areas all over the water supply, resulting from hours of intense peculiar forms and similar adaptations. The United States and Canada—visited the transpiration and reduced absorption caused celebrated edelweiss, with heads protected Museum early in December while in Chicago by low temperature of the soil water and by by a rosette of spreading bracts, is entirely for the International Livestock Exposition.

THE ANCIENT MAYA ARTISTS AND ARCHITECTS OF MEXICO AND GUATEMALA By DONALD COLLIER Maya cities consisted of stone temples, and painted murals; in beautifully carved CURATOR OF SOUTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY often erected on stepped pyramids, and and painted pottery vessels; and in orna- AND ARCHAEOLOGY stone houses for the priests and nobles. The ments carved from shell and jade. A recently installed exhibit in the Hall of temples and other buildings were symmet- Half of the new exhibit is devoted to American Archaeology (Hall B) deals with rically arranged about great plazas, and displaying examples of Maya sculpture and the art and architecture of the Maya Indians the various groups of buildings were con- plastic art. In the other half, cut-outs, of Yucatan and the adjacent parts of Mexico nected by paved avenues or stone causeways. rendered in full architectural detail, of and Guatemala. The Mayas developed a The common people, most of whom lived typical buildings from the principal Maya civilization with a complex religion and in simple thatched houses on farms in the cities are superimposed on a map of the elaborate rituals, hieroglyphic writing, an country, gathered in the cities for ceremonies Maya area. Flanking the map are four accurate calendar, a rich and varied art, and festivals. Maya cities lacked the great photo-murals showing actual Maya buildings and monumental architecture. Maya cul- populations and intensive commercial and and reconstructions of Maya cities. ture lasted from about A.D. 300 until the manufacturing activities that are charac- The exhibit was designed by Mr. Gustav 15th century, when there set in a cultural teristic of modern cities. They were pri- Dalstrom, artist in the Department of decline lasting until the Spanish conquest. marily seats of the ruling class and religious Anthropology, Dr. Alexander Spoehr, The Mayas were farmers whose staple centers for the surrounding rural population. Curator of Oceanic Ethnology, and the crops were corn, squash, and beans. They Maya art was expressed in brightly writer. The negatives from which the also raised cacao, chili peppers, tomatoes, painted buildings ornamented with sculp- photo-murals were made were lent by the and cotton; and they kept domesticated bees. ture in stone, stucco, and wood; in sculptured Carnegie Institution of Washington.

MAYA CITIES WERE SACRED CENTERS MAYA ARTISTS EXCELLED IN SCULPTURE

» 10 s ^ i^ ( ,'V MAYA ARTISTS AND ARCHITECTS

A. 0. >00- Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 19i8

NOTES ON BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION aside; it had been described, figured, and kept in captivity. True, true, it was a most By AUSTIN L. RAND man who sorts out and studies the collections unusual a bird the size CURATOR OF BIRDS bird, goshawk-like the traveler brings back. He is the man of a big eagle that feeds on monkeys, but is and its who what's new. And new to UNKNOWN fascinating, judges being there's a similar bird in New Guinea, fascination is of a not to be com- him means new to the scientific world. Some THE type Harpyopsis, that feeds on wallabies, and with that of the flame for the moth specimens be brilliant in color, and their pared may there is also the harpy eagle of South intricate in But unless that results in singed wings and destruction. patterns design. they America. The view that the search for the unknown serve as material for adding to our knowledge The parrots were gaudy but typical of automatically destroys its fascination by its the researcher quickly goes on to others, tropical forest, and well described, though success is for once an un- looking for something that will provide new very superficial, if they were in good series they might known becomes new vistas to further knowledge. known, provide material for a later study on inter- unknowns The true investigator appear. Correlation of Knowledge island variation; the megapodes, that put travels never He should hopefiilly, arriving. their eggs in the ground and leave them to be the of mortals. And he The new material may not be the first among happiest hatch by themselves, are unusual, it's true, often is. of its kind; it be additional specimens may but hardly new. Alfred Russel Wallace in The discovers an unknown moun- that show the first was not a freak; the new explorer the last century left an egg on a table in tain in a far land. At once arise the data of ques- may give range variation, habitat, his cabin and the megapode chick hatched tions: "How did it get there?" "What is and clues to relationship. After the first and right away flew out the window. These, description — often too, were brushed aside by the ornithologist. from incomplete Striking, yes; once they were new and material—comes the bizarre but not now. more intensive work that correlates the The Ornithologist's Cinderella new with the already Instead, the eyes of the ornithologist known. First there is fastened on a dull brownish bird about the the of the description size of a hermit thrush. With a short first discoveries and rounded wing, few rictal bristles, and feet then the getting of that indicated a forest floor habitat, it had data into a pattern. to be Leonardina woodi, or new to science. It is the latter process But Leonardina was a monotypic genus, that shows up the known to science by only a single specimen. gaps in the data. When bird students meet and speak of on Current studies Philippine Island birds they ask—"Have the birds of the Philip- you found any trace of Leonardina woodi, based on pine Islands, the rarest Philippine bird?" The description the specimens brought checked, but in a case like this a direct /3 to the Museum by the with the one known "" %,> comparison specimen ^B Philippine Expedition is necessary. It was in the United States jJH of 1946-47, are in this National Museum and when it was borrowed The ^^^Bl stage. Philippine the new specimen matched feather for fauna has been the ^^^M feather. There was no doubt it was the J^^^^M object of study since second specimen of Leonardina woodi.

the 1 8th ; .JH^^^H early century The ornithologist's eyes were caught also the work of Worcester Jj^^^H by the series of green finches he knew as ^^^^^ and Burns, Steere, Erythrura. Some of them had bluish heads rep- Meams, McGregor and were buflfy below; they represented the resented the pioneer Philippine green finch, rare enough but well stage summarized known. But three other specimens had in 1908. In 1946, heads all green. There was only one Delacour and SCIENTISTS PARADISE Mayr species like that, Erythrura viridifacies,

. a , , , brought out new which was not named until 1937; and strange Dr. Austin L. Curator o( in his research surrounded Rand, Birds, laboratory . , -m .1. to the to it had never before been taken in by some of the bird rarities collected by the Museum' s Zoological Expedi- guide Philippine relate, tion to the Philippines. birds. But as Dela- the wild by an ornithologist! The history cour and Mayr say in of the species was unusual. A few, that its geological history?" "How is animal life their introduction, their manual, like that appeared in the vicinity of Manila, where affected by it?" "Are the animal inhabitants of McGregor, is a guide to the gaps in our the cage bird industry thrived before 1936, different on this mountain?" "Is the fauna knowledge as well as to what we know. Thus were misidentified as the blue-headed New related to that of other nearby mountains?" the study of the Philippine fauna is now in Guinea species and thought to be escaped Where before there was one blanket question, the second and more critical stage. cage birds. "What is in this far land?", there now appear The work of this Museum's Philippine In 1936-37 some hundreds of live birds a host of more specific questions. expedition has already been outlined in of this species were shipped as aviary birds The thrill of discovery is usually associated general in earlier numbers of this BULLETIN. from Manila and expert ornithologists found with the traveler who sees a mountain, a It spent a year in Luzon, Mindanao, and they didn't know it. Delacour and Hachi- hombill, a kiwi, for the first time. It's a Palawan. The earlier reports spoke of the suka named the species from cage birds, and personal thrill of new experience, and its striking hornbills, the gaudy parrots, and speculated on its normal habits, thinking effects are heightened if there is reason to the great monkey-eating eagle. But when that perhaps it wandered like our crossbills; think that no one has seen it before. But the collections were unpacked in the bird that perhaps it was a shy and secretive bird perhaps a greater thrill comes to the research room the monkey-eating eagle was brushed of swamps; and that possibly its regular January, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

haunts were somewhere on Luzon. Now birds. The adequate description of a given here were the first properly documented fauna grows step by step; the collector the ones in Books specimens, only existence, from brings back material; the new species are Massisiat in northern Luzon, and the note described; the researcher correlates the in- "feeding in flocks of six to ten in bamboos" (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are formation bit by bit; and finally it is epito- available in on the back of the label is The Book Shop of the Museum. still the only mized in a handbook, a stock taking of what Mail orders accompanied by remittance are clue we have to its habits. we know and of where the big gaps in our promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the A small series of little birds next attracted knowledge lie. The focus shifts and again postage on shipments.) the attention. were on the ornithologist's They sharpens fascinating unknown. MARINER OF THE NORTH. sunbirds, mostly dull olive and grey. There By George Palmer Putnam. Duell, Sloan & were many more brilliant sunbirds in the Pearce, SCIENTIFIC New York, 1947. 246 pages. Price $3.50. tray, but that was just it. No known MEETINGS Philippine sunbirds were that dull in color. A number of members of the Museum Reviewed by Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator But came from staff they Mt. Apo, that strange attended meetings of various learned of Geology. isolated mountain in Mindanao, that harbors societies both in and elsewhere in Chicago In so the annals of Arctic explorations, few many birds known from nowhere else. the last week of 1947, and several of them have were played a more rugged role, or written They from the Philippines all right, presented scientific papers. The meetings a more colorful chapter than Captain Bob and they had no name in the books and of many of the societies were held in con- Bartlett. journals available in Chicago. But since nection with the 114th meeting of the Mariner of the North is the of this in recent years the distribution of literature American Association for the Advancement story has been stout Newfoundland salt who gambled half sadly interrupted, the ornithologist of Science which took place in Chicago, a lifetime in the chaos of the polar sea where was not satisfied. So he wrote his colleagues December 26 to 31. the elements, not the humans, make the in the East, who had just written a book At a joint session of the systematic section final plans. on the Philippine birds, and asked them if of the Botanical Society of America and the Born and reared in amidst they knew this little dull sunbird. American Society of Plant Taxonomists, prosperity, wooden ships and sudden blizzards. Bob Sure enough, a description that had held in the James Simpson Theatre of the Bartlett all but inherited his love for the reached the library of the American Mu- Museum as a part of the A.A.A.S. meetings. sea and ice. As he grew, this love became seum of Natural History in New York had Dr. Theodor K. Just, Chief Curator of his grand passion which showed no of been published in Japan in 1940. The Botany, presented a report on nomenclature sign wane to the day he died in New York describer had four specimens. We had for paleobotanists; and at the joint sessions City, April 28, 1946. three more. But then a curious thing came of the paleobotanical section with the Society A steadfast to a to light. The species had actually been for the Study of Evolution, Dr. Just pre- bachelor, independent fault in and he described but not named in 1905 in Wash- sented a paper on "Gymnosperms and the spirit action, held no brief for either man or woman. There were two ington, but as the female of another species. Origin of Angiosperms." Mr. Karl P. exceptions: one was his mother to whom he So now these little sunbirds take their place Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, partici- wrote a letter each the in our classification as the dullest and most pated in the meetings of the Society of day; other. Admiral Robert E. Peary. He was the who primitive of the sunbird genus Aethopyga, Systematic Zoologists (A.A.A.S.). Dr. magnet drew Bob Bartlett northward and launched and we have three of the eight known Julian A. Steyermark, Associate Curator him in the business of specimens. of the Herbarium, presented a paper on grim finding a way or one. was "Flora of Guatemala" at a meeting of the making Peary always right! Variations New Names "At the of a hat—with Bring Ecological Society of America; and another drop or without gold braid—he'd tell the world about his hero." When the rarities were all picked out, one, "Speciation in the Venezuelan Guyana," Bob Bartlett there was still work of another kind to be at a meeting of the systematic section of the skippered the Peary Polar the done. The trogons of the Philippines are Botanical Society of America with the Expedition ship, Roosevelt, and accom- beautiful pink and brown birds. The American Society of Plant Taxonomists panied Peary on his successful dash to the to the of the ornithologist admired their beauty, and (A.A.A.S.). Dr. Hugh Cutler, Curator of Pole, edge eighty-eighth then laid out the fine series from Luzon Economic Botany, addressed the same meet- parallel. The top of the world was but one hundred and and Mindanao. At once something was ing on "Species Relations In Cucurbita." thirty miles away but Peary decided that apparent that everyone else has missed; the Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Henson, his Negro valet, not Captain the of his northern birds had smaller bills and paler Anthropology, and Mr. Donald Collier, Bartlett, skipper ship, would him brown backs than the southern ones. A Curator of South American Ethnology and accompany on the final lap. What rankled in Bob new name, or a name already in existence Archaeology, attended meetings in Albu- Bartlett's mind the world never but "buried in synonymy" would have to querque, New Mexico, of the American knew, for he voiced no disap- then or be allocated so that the differences could Anthropological Society, the Society for pointment ever. On the contrary, he told be conveniently discussed. American Archaeology and the Society for Peary's critics, "Don't forget that Henson was a better The series of small yellow-bellied flower Applied Anthropology. Dr. Martin pre- dog-driver than I." peckers from the Calamianes Islands were sented a paper on the results of his 1947 Five years later. Captain Bartlett com- richer and more orange than the series from expedition for this Museum to western New manded the brigantine Karluk on Stefans- Palawan; a new name would have to be Mexico. son's Canadian Arctic Expedition. "This given them. Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of will have the North Pole trip beaten to a The series of brilliant gold and black Geology, and Mr. Bryan Patterson, frazzle," Bob Bartlett wrote to a friend. So orioles presented an amazing array of varia- Curator of Paleontology, attended the meet- it did. On the first leg of her journey to tion. From island to island there were ings in Ottawa, Canada of the Geological Herschel Island, Karluk became caught in differences when the series were considered Society of America, and afterwards Dr. Roy the polar pack, and sank out of sight of as populations, but the importance of the visited the Arctic Institute of America in land, off Wrangell Island. While Karluk differences could not be evaluated with Montreal. was sinking, Captain Bartlett, for a brief present material only. few minutes, and to the consternation of all Such discoveries will all be on board, re-enacted Nero. "With the vessel incorporated Museum lecture tours are entertaining, into the next review of Philippine Island educational. See 8. list, page (Continued on page 8) Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 191,8

Chicago Natural History Museum throughout his career of more than forty GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 years. During this entire period, he was Following is a list of some of the principal Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 absent on only one occasion, that being of gifts received during the last month: Telephone: WABash 9410 short duration and resulting from the effects of acid fumes to which he was exposed in Department of Anthropology: THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES line of duty at the Museum. From: Mrs. George A. Carpenter, Chicago —5 Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. * * * ethnological specimens, Alaska, Mexico, Field Sewell L. Avery Stanley Bali, and Polynesia. W. McCoRMicK Blair Samuel Insull, Jr. Another faithful the E. Block Henry P. Isham employee leaving Leopold Department of Botany: BOARDMAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBAIN service of the Museum at the end of the Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell From: Dr. Walter Kiener, Lincoln, Neb.— Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall year is Anthony T. Mazur, sheet metal Howard W. Fbnton Ceorge A. Richardson 949 herbarium specimens, Nebraska, and worker. Mr. Mazur was born in Jaslo, Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith 89 specimens of algae. United States and Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten Poland, on June 7, 1878 and came to the John P. Wilson Mexico; Vaughan's Seed Company, Chicago Museum in the summer of 1926. Impaired —310 packets of flower and vegetable seeds, OFFICERS physical condition has prompted his retire- and 2 catalogues; Lewis E. Long, Washing- Stanley Field Preaident ment at this time. D.C.— 105 herbarium and a Marshall Field First Vice-President ton, specimens Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Vice-President collection of seeds, Nicaragua; Universidad Samuel Jr Third Vice-President The best wishes of the administration Insull, Nacional, Medellin, Colombia— 178 her- Solomon A, Smith Treasurer and their fellow workers go to these three Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary barium specimens, Colombia; Dr. Herbert John R. Millar Astistant Secretary veteran in their retirement. employees Habeeb, Grand Falls, N. B.— 154 specimens Clifford C. Gregg of algae. New Brunswick. THE BULLETIN Director Department of Geology: EDITOR From: John E. Jones, Benton, 111. — 14 Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Musettm fossil plants, Illinois; C. M. Barber, Flint, CHANGES IN MUSEUM Mich.—20 invertebrate CONTRIBUTING EDITORS BUSINESS OFFICE fossils, Mississippi. Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Department of Zoology: Theodor Just Curator Chief of Botany. Mr. William A. Bender, who joined the From: Van der Ann Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Henry Schalie, Arbor, Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology staff as Assistant Auditor on February 17, Mich.—35 specimens of fresh water clams, MANAGING EDITOR 1947, will become Auditor of the Museum Kentucky; Chicago Zoological Society, 111.— a H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel on January 1, 1948. Prior to coming to the Brookfield, 2 snakes, Austria, and Museum, Mr. Bender served for many years mammal; George M. Stevens, Marcella, Ark.—a cotton rat, Arkansas; H. Howorka, Members are requested to Inform the Museum in the business organization of Kroehler Wonder Lake, 111. —a golden hamster; Harry promptly of changes of address. Manufacturing Company at Naperville, Hoogstraal and S. G. Jewett, Jr., Chicago— Illinois, where he makes his home. 28 various bird skins, Dutch New Guinea; Mr. Benjamin Bridge retires as Auditor 3 VETERAN EMPLOYEES Dr. Walter Biese, Santiago, Chile— 16 speci- and takes the position of Auditor Emeritus. OF MUSEUM RETIRE mens of land shells, Chile. Mr. Bridge joined the Museum Staff on December 1947 marked the close of 31, February 17, 1897, and has served con- the Museum career of an old and trusted tinuously almost fifty-one years. During NEW MEMBERS Mr. Charles H. Chief employee, Carpenter, his service, he has seen almost the complete of the Division of Mr. The following persons became Members Photography. growth of the institution from a small local the staff of the Museum of the Museum during the period from Carpenter joined institution to its present position as one of in and is the November 17 to December 15: October, 1899, leaving Museum, the great museums of the world. His years after of due to his forty-eight years service, of service exceed those of any other in- Associate Members advanced The retirement voted age. pension dividual and undoubtedly establish a record Mrs. John Coleman him the Board of by Trustees approximates for all time to come. Annual Members his regular salary. Quentin H. Blewett, Jr., William V. Cook, Mr. Carpenter was born in Granville, William G. Dahl, Richard Norris Eiger, Ohio, October 20, 1859, and graduated from STAFF APPOINTMENTS Mrs. Hugh M. Fogo, Dr. Edmund F. Foley, Denison University, located in the same Director Clifford C. has announced Gregg Mrs. Darius C. Franche, Sr., O. E. Franken- in 1879. His services at the of staff to be effective town, June, a number promotions bush, Miss Helen H. Grove, E. V. Haserodt, were all in the Division of Photo- Museum January 1, 1948. Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Hymen I. Henner, Frank A. Hohenadel, graphy and the vast collection of photo- Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, has Sidney G. Karras, Ralph W. Kolkmeyer, graphic negatives and prints in the possession been promoted to Associate Curator; Mr. L. Martin Krautter, Mrs. Winfred L. Love- of the Museum was accumulated almost Harry E. Changnon, Assistant Curator of joy, Donald S. Manchester, Miss Lilian Dr. Louis M. Donald E. entirely under his direction. Geology, has been appointed Curator of Marchant, Marks, Nichols, Dr. Harry Nichols, Thomas J. Exhibits in the Department of Geology; Dr. Nyhan, Mrs. Mary M. Osanai, E. L. Robert Kriss Wyant, Assistant Curator of Ostrander, Max Schiff, Robert B. Schnering, Mr. E. Stanley Abbey, of the Economic has been to Captain Geology, promoted Mrs. Max P. Schottenhamel, Dr. Walford A. Guard of the also retired from its of Economic Mr. Herman Museum, Curator Geology; Schwab, Edward R. Seaberg, George W. service 1947. December 31, He was born Abendroth, Assistant Photographer, has Smith, Herbert W. Stoetzel, Edward H. in Manchester, England, on August 4, 1868 been promoted to Chief Photographer; Mr. Wigdahl, Mrs. Edwin G. Wiley. and came to the United States in 1904. A. L. Stebbins, bookkeeper, has been ap- In October, 1905, Mr. Abbey came to the pointed Assistant Auditor; Mr. Leonard Museum as a guard, and became head of the Carrion, a member of the maintenance staff, Owing to protection of the elephant by guard organization May 1, 1924. Besides has been appointed Assistant Chief En- game laws, ivory is now little used by his wide acquaintance among all staff mem- gineer, and Mr. David J. Conwill, Sergeant Negroes of Africa. But in Hall E, Case 39, bers of the Museum he is also well-known of the Guard, has been appointed Captain are some excellent old examples of ivory to many Museum visitors. He has achieved of the Guard filling the position left vacant armlets and anklets from north central a unique record for being present on duty by the retirement of Captain E. S. Abbey. areas of Africa. January, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

IS MAGIC DEAD? food for the ghost. The pole swung back- makes rain only in the wet season, or when By WILFRID D. HAMBLY ward. The ghost had answered "No." the first clouds gather. Quite rightly he ETHNOLOGY CURATOR OF AFRICAN At last all were assured by a forward swing refuses to risk his reputation by performing MAGIC dead? Or does it still work? I of the pole that the boy had died of a "pain in the middle of the dry season, but he is ISasked myself these questions when pre- in his belly" and there was no need to resort willing to demonstrate his technique. So paring for a long journey in West Africa as to the old-time device of accusing someone, round he prances, whistling, waving a leader of the Frederick H. Rawson West who then had to drink of the poison cup to switch, and stretching up his hands to draw African Expedition of the Museum. Can establish his innocence. down the flood, which, with slow motions, it be that in these modern days of radio, The Ford truck made a pleasant run he distributes evenly over the ground— television, and aviation, witches still work southward to Caconda, and there, right in only now none appears! converse with the make the shadow of the ancient their spells, dead, monastery (he The scene shifts to Nigeria, thousands out devils? to have known sat a rain, or cast ought better), hoary of miles from Angola, to Negroes of different not?" I Have we not our medicine man. "Why thought. appearance, language, and customs. But and our tellers of the "What have in father?" spiritualists mediums, you your basket, the magic does not change. Even the future from tea leaves at a charge of Rather reluctantly the old man showed his Yoruba who have been in contact with the tea and treasures. a bone. In seventy-five cents including What! human leg Europeans for four centuries have their the basket were a small hoe for digging up sacred white crocodile with a priest in at and a stone for the graves night grinding charge of it. bone to a powder for mixing with charcoal Today at Benin in southern Nigeria one and fat. A patient carries this mixture stands before the sacred altar. The steps, around his neck in an antelope horn or a the bronze heads, everything is splashed tortoise shell, and from time to time eats a with blood, fortunately only the blood of little of the concoction. It is a panacea for chickens and goats, for the days of human all ailments. sacrifice ended in 1897. There before the BLOOD AND BEER altar the slaves were clubbed to death so that their spirits might go to serve their We are led around a village by a hospitable dead master in a land of ghosts. chief, but we may not enter the little thatched house where two guardians stand. DRINK INK TO END PAIN "Why?" we ask. It is the house of bows. There is magic everywhere. At the door We peep in, and there hanging on the walls of his mud house an aged Mohammedan is are the weapons of dead chiefs. Before a writing charms, sacred texts from the hunter sets out he anoints the bows with Koran. He sews them neatly in leather; blood of a sacrificed chicken and with a they are a talisman against snake bite, libation of beer. The aid of his hunting sickness, and the evil eye. Even the ink ancestors has been assured. Then he bathes MLUICINE MAN AT WORK used for the texts can be washed from the his eyes with a magic potion brewed by the Members of the Vachokwe tribe in central Angola smooth writing boards and drunk in water old medicine man, and success is doubly (Portuguese West Africa) resort to blood letting to cure pain. assured, for his vision will be keen. with cupping horns to relieve pain. (Museum Around a pan of rice I observed some old Expedition photo.) A noise of heavy pounding reaches our men of the Munshi tribe— What ears. The blacksmith is at work swinging prisoners! cakes? We have all this and much more, his huge iron hammer—the Negroes are especially in our folklore and superstitions. clever blacksmiths everywhere in Africa. Then surely much is left of wizardry in the "Can we buy some tools?" There is a chilly jungles of Africa! silence. "What is that funny little figure by There was no magic in my landing in the anvil?" Again no answer. But the days Portuguese West Africa, except the wizardry pass and confidence is gained. of the tropic sea and the waving palms. The Every boy serves an apprenticeship of heat, the flies, and my argument with the two years. Then his master makes a set of customs officers were all most prosaic. But tools from which the youth must never part, let us march into the hilly plateau where on pain of death. The implements have quiet villagers lead their sheltered lives been consecrated by the blood of sacrifice, SACRED WHITE CROCODILE and the little in former untroubled by European clothes, trade- wooden figure, days In pond at Ibadan, Nigeria (British West Africa). cloth, and trashy ornaments. In the eastern at any rate, was said to contain the spirit In former days such crocodiles were fed with human flesh. Expedition photo.) hills of Nigeria are still to be found women of a man, who, murdered by the blacksmith, (Museum whose entire wardrobe consists of a bunch entered the wooden effigy and aided the of freshly picked leaves. artisan at his work. could have been the crime of these placid, Squatting on his haunches in one of the white-whiskered patriarchs? They were THE GHOST TALKS accused of in order to obtain blood villages is a medicine man Yes, he must be murder to fertilize the for the had been In a quiet village of Angola, Portuguese crazy! He gazes intently at two objects, a —ground, crops — West Africa, I heard a drumming. Nothing tortoise shell and a rattle. The former he bad; so blood the great regenerator was of the tribe. Were unusual about that. But what is that spins quickly on a slender stick, while demanded they guilty? I did of strange object slung on a pole supported shaking the rattle and talking volubly. His I do not know, for not see the end by two bearers? It is the coffin of a twelve- spells will make the thief return to the the trial, but I think it not unlikely that the for blood and year-old boy, and the ceremony has been village, there to receive justice. charge was substantiated, arranged to question his ghost, which stays magic, along with sacrifice and cannibalism, WET SEASON RAIN-MAKER by the coffin for three days. have been a driving power of African Negro "Was it witchcraft that killed you?" And how convenient to have a rain-maker, religion from thousands of years ago, before asked an old man, holding up a plate of but how disappointing to learn that he the dawn of history. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 1 9^8

Books— of sacrilege in them. When he spoke before JANUARY LECTURE TOURS (Continued from page 5) the Royal Geographic Society at Albert Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of around me and the sound of Hall in London, the audience literally broke breaking up staff lecturers, are conducted every afternoon water into the I one loose and filled the hall with cheers even puring hold, played at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain record after he wrote. The last though "few of those ten thousand people another," holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- record was Funeral March. "The in Albert Hall ever before had heard quite Chopin's days, and Saturdays, general tours are given, sounded above the moans of such words." Chopin dirge covering all departments. Special subjects the as she braced herself Mariner of the North is a living portrait dying Karluk," are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays (the for the final of a fascinating sailor-explorer. It is also plunge. Friday tours open with an introductory loss of Karluk was but a to fascinating reading. George Palmer Putnam, The prelude lecture and slides or films in the meeting confused drama of death and the author, is to be congratulated for bring- the mutiny, room on the second floor of the Museum); ing Bartlett back to life. One sees the starvation that lay ahead. Bob Bartlett a schedule of these follows: never then or since has had a more impelling Captain, his oilskins and boots and all, Jan. 2— in the deck of his beloved Fri., Fashions Foods and occasion to rise to his full height. Against pacing Morissey. Beverages. Illustrated introduction with incredible odds he led the stranded caravan, Mr. Putnam's personal knowledge of Captain color pictures in Meeting Room (Marie with two Bartlett and his own experiences in the including an Eskimo woman babies, Svoboda). Arctic have the book tone and color sledges, supplies and a black cat, to given dogs, Wed., Jan. 7—Plants and Animals of rare in drawn from records Wrangell Island and to comparative safety. biographies Illinois (Lorain Farmer) . The book is a Then came the grave and bewildering ques- only. more than biography; Jan. 9—Your Winter Vacation— it is a resume of the Fri., tion of rescue, which meant a journey on important chapters Southwestern United States. Illustrated foot of seven hundred miles across the of Arctic history. It is to be regretted that introduction with color pictures in Meet- ice to the coast of Siberia there are no illustrations in the volume. torturing polar ing Room (Harriet Smith). and thence all the long unknown way to Wed., Jan. 14—The Chopstick Culture East and to Nome. It was a Cape finally A FIELD GUIDE TO THE SHELLS of (June Buchwald). challenge Bob Bartlett had never faced Our Atlantic and Gulf Coast. XVII. Fri., Jan. 16—Your Winter Vacation—The before. He set out and made the epic trek — By Percy A. Morris. Houghton Mifflin Caribbean Plants, Animals, and People. in thirty-four days! 1947. 190 40 Illustrated introduction with natural color This was the climax Company, Boston, pages, unsurpassed journey pictures in Meeting Room (Miriam Wood). plates. Price $3.50. of Captain Bartlett's lifetime of adventuring. Wed., Jan. 21 —Circus Animals (Jane With and the passing of time his interest age Although there has been no lack of books Sharpe). in the direction of a less turned dangerous dealing with the shells of the East Coast of Fri., Jan. 23—The Adventures of Carl and perhaps more useful occupation. Stimu- the United the of States, publication this Akeley. Illustrated introduction with lated by his contacts with the personnel of new one is definitely welcome. The existing color pictures in Meeting Room (June scientific Bob Bartlett entered institutions. works on shells of the region mentioned were Buchwald). upon a career that combined his old love either too large in size to serve as field books, Wed., Jan. 28—The Land of the Mummies for the North with his new love for the flora or they were not detailed enough for the (Winona Cosner). and fauna of the North. For twenty years. collector who wanted to have a pocket-sized Fri., Jan. 30—Animal Aviators. Illus- Captain Bartlett and his little schooner, book as a on his companion collecting trips. trated introduction with color pictures in Effie M. Morissey, were inseparable partners. Morris' Field Guide now combines a handy Meeting Room (Lorain Farmer). Together, they traveled well over one size with a full account of all the shallow- hundred thousand miles and became "itiner- water species of shells the beachcomber may ant of Arctic "To Biology Smoker for A.A.A.S. procurers specimens." expect to find. A clear text and excellent Bartlett's scientific collec- survey Captain plates, both in color and in black-and-white, Approximately 2,000 scientists from all tions is to review the biology of the Arctic will make his classification of the collected over the United States attended the "Biol- declared Waldo Schmitt of the regions," treasures easy. Thus the new book will ogy Smoker" in Stanley Field Hall of the Smithsonian Institution. serve not only in the field, but also in the Museum on the evening of December 29. Bartlett had few as mariner Captain peers laboratory; it is heartily recommended to The smoker was sponsored by the American of the ice. He had none as the "linguist" he shell collectors. Association of Naturalists as a feature of a all in- was. He spoke language his own, Fritz Haas the 114th Annual Meeting of the American often He could imitable, unpredictable. Curator of Lower Invertebrates Association for the Advancement of Science. scarcely carry on a conversation without dipping heavily into words of the sea. One evening he was to escort Lady Northcliflfe for the Museum. . . . Mr. Emmet R. to dinner. When the critical moment came, STAFF NOTES Blake, Associate Curator of Birds, has been he "The train of her dress was recalled, appointed editor of the Middle Western about ten fathoms The Mr. Llewelyn Williams, Curator of long. very sight Season Report of the National Audubon of it set me adrift. And steer as I Wood Technology, has resigned from the would, Society, New York. the damn thing was under my feet from the staff of the Museum as of December 31, minute we cast off." Here is another example 1947, to accept a position in scientific in- —an incident of bumping against a pedes- vestigation and research with the L. A. Entomologists' Meeting trian, "I'd scarcely cast adrift, when, not Dreyfus Company. Mr. Williams will con- paying proper attention to my course, I tinue on the Museum staff as an honorary The museum recently was host to a joint rammed amidships into a very pretty lady." member. Associate in Forest Products. . . . meeting of the Chicago Entomological It was equally difficult for him, regardless Mr. John Bayliss, preparator in the N. W. Society and the entomologists of the Illinois of the occasion and surroundings, to speak Harris Public School Extension, has been State Natural History Survey and the Uni- at length without mixing his salty rhetoric transferred to the Division of Photography. versity of Illinois. Following a session at with one or two lusty oaths. Yet, no one For many years he has practiced the art of which Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of ever heard a vulgar word from his lips. photography as a side-line and has done Zoology, was the speaker, the group toured Even his so-called profanities had no trace special work in this field at various times the Department of Zoology laboratories.

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Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 19i8 3rd CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL EXHIBIT OF NATURE PHOTOS

Local Camera Club's Show at Museum All This Month; conducted by the Museum itself as a feature Color Picture Screenings February 8 and 15 of its 50th Anniversary celebration in 1943. The First International Nature Salon held As this issue of the Bulletin is distributed, the Third Chicago Inter- at the Museum under the auspices of the national Exhibition of Nature Photography is opening in Stanley Field Hall Nature Camera Club of Chicago was in of the Museum, where it will continue until February 29, inclusive. 1946, and these competitions will now prob- did not color In each of these Because the judging take place transparencies. ably be continued. Plans for the 1949 event until after time for the it is sections there are three classifications: press Bulletin, are already under way. In recent years, to list the winners or to Plant and Animal Life. The not possible repro- General, Life, other exhibitions devoted exclusively to the in this issue. General classification includes duce winning photographs scenery, nature photography have been developed a nature frost However, representative photo- geological formations, formations, in various cities, the most recent being the from the hundreds submitted archaeo- graph among anthropological subjects (including First International Salon, "Photography in been used for the cover of this Bulletin. and miscellaneous manifesta- has logical sites), Science," sponsored jointly by the Smith- The Nature Camera Club of is tions of nature. There are in each Chicago prizes sonian Institution and the Scientific Monthly, of contest and and division of each section. sponsor the exhibition, magazine published by the American Asso- are awarded by it and associated prizes being TWO SCREEN PROGRAMS ciation for the Advancement of Science. organizations. A list of winners in the Third Chicago two 8 The exhibition is divided into a black-and- On Sunday afternoons, February International will be published in the next white photograph section and a section of and 15, at 3 o'clock, the accepted color issue of the BULLETIN. transparencies will be projected in the James Simpson Theatre. By this means, the public FEBRUARY LECTURE TOURS will be able to see them to best advantage. EXHIBITS OF INSECTS At other times, about one-half of these Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of Habitat groups of the insect life of the slides will be exhibited, in a special illumi- staff lecturers, are conducted every afternoon Indiana Dunes and of the life history of the nated case, with the display of black-and- at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain tomato-worm moth, as well as three cases of white photographs. holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- North American and exotic butterflies, are The judges were: Dr. Theodor Just, the days, and Saturdays, general tours are given, in Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18). Museum's Chief Curator of Botany; Mr. covering all departments. Special subjects L. H. Longwell, Associate, Photographic are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays (the Society of America, well-known photog- Friday tours open with an introductory rapher, whose interests in nature are chiefly lecture and slides or films in the Meeting MUSEUM FUN: ANSWERS in geology; Mr. John R. Millar, Deputy Room on the second floor of the Museum); TO LAST MONTH'S QUIZ Director of the Museum; Mr. Karl Plath, a schedule of these follows: Curator of Birds, Brookfield Zoo, prominent The answers to the ten quiz questions* Wed., Feb. 4—Plants the Indians Used artist and illustrator; and Mr. Lee Smiley, that appeared on page 2 of the January (Marie Svoboda). teacher of art and photography, Barrington Bulletin are as follows: Fri., Feb. 6—Keeping Ahead of the Joneses High School, former president of both camera 1. The scale on a pangolin, which is a —Entertaining for Prestige. Illustrated and nature clubs. superficially reptile-like African and Asiatic introduction in Room is a Meeting (Harriet More than 1,600 entries were received, mammal, protective body cover. Smith). submitted by more than 400 competitors in 2. You would not take Atlantic skates on 11 — — a winter Wed., Feb. Valentine Variations most parts of the United States and from vacation because they are shark- Around the World Buch- like fishes. 3. are birds Courtship (June a number of foreign countries as well. The Tufted puffins and wald). do stuff themselves with fish. 4. Wed- prizes in each division consist of medals and they Fri., Feb. 13—Superstitions—Friday the ribbons. The names of the winners will be dell's seal is an Antarctic member of the 13th. Illustrated introduction in Meeting inscribed on the Myrtle R. Walgreen bronze seal family. 5. The black drum is a fish. Room (Miriam Wood). 6. also are fishes plaque, to be displayed for the first time in Stonecats and are not Wed., Feb. 18—War in the Wild—Conflict connection with the exhibition. known ever to "molest birds." 7. The in the Animal World (Jane Sharpe). In addition to the medal and ribbon squirrel glider is a phalanger, a member of Australia's curious fauna of mam- Fri., Feb. 20—Your Winter Vacation—The awards, the color division of the Photo- pouched Andes Countries. Illustrated introduction mals. 8. Both sea lilies and Venus flower graphic Society of America will award a in Room are first Meeting (June Buchwald). silver medal to the maker of a slide out- basket marine invertebrates, the — a crinoid and the second a form of Wed., Feb. 25 Before the Dawn of History standing in its illustration of complementary being (Lorain Farmer). colors in nature and a second medal to one deep-sea sponge. 9. A red hind would best be hunted with a hook and line because it FrL, Feb. 27—When the Lady Takes entering the best slide illustrating adjacent the Lead—Leap Year for the Birds and colors in nature. is a fish. 10. Duckbills are Australian Beasts. Illustrated introduction in Meet- mammals despite the fact that they lay eggs. Room ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE ing (Winona Cosner). REPRINT OF THE QUESTIONS: The Nature Camera Club will publish an 1. What is the difTerence between the scale on a mandolin and the scale on a 2. Would you illustrated of the exhibit to be pangolin? catalogue take a pair of Atlantic skates with you on a winter 1,183,308 VISITORS IN 1947 sent free to all entrants in the contest and vacation? 3. Do tufted puffins come with icing or are they stuffed with fish? 4. Would you close an Attendance at the Museum in 1947 totaled to be available to others at nominal cost, envelope, or a fruit jar, or neither, with a Weddell's seal? 5. Would a black drum with sticks a decrease from the either from the Museum or from Miss you play 1,183,308, slight or a fish-pole? 6. Is it true or false that stonecats 1,287,436 visitors received during 1946. Louise K. Broman, 6058 South Troy Street, never molest birds or cause a disttirbance at night? 7. Where would you look for a squirrel glider? At However, the paid admissions on Mondays, Chicago 29, secretary of the club. an airport? A playground? Or in a forest in Australia? 8. What are the difficulties of arranging a bouquet of and in- first exhibit of this Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays The photographic type sea lilies in a Venus flower basket? 9. Would you with a a hook and or crea.sed, the number being 137,680 in 1947 held at the Museum and probably the second look for a red hind lasso, line, a shotgun? 10. Duckbills are toothless, have fur, lay against 127,305 in 1946. in the United States was "Lenses on Nature," eggs, and nurse their young. What are they? February, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S 17 EXPEDITIONS ON THE LIST FOR 1948 OUR COVER— Museum Parties Will Scour the Depths of the Sea, The picture on our cover is typical of some of the best photo- And Explore Asia, the Southwest, Latin America graphs submitted for the Third Chicago International Exhibition A deep-sea expedition in Bermuda waters to dredge up from depths of of Nature Photography being held 8,000 to 12,000 feet some of the strangest creatures known to science—and, at the Museum February 1 to 29, it is hoped, a number of new species not yet known— heads the Hst of 17 inclusive, under the auspices of the Nature Camera Club of Chi- expeditions planned for 1948 by the Museum, it was announced by Colonel cago. Clifford C. Gregg, Director, in the latter part of January. The title of this picture is Named officially the "Bermuda Deep-Sea areas, will be conducted by its sponsor, "Birds, Branta canadensis cana- Expedition, 1948," the project is under the Mr. Rush Watkins, Chicago businessman, densis (Canadian Geese)." It is of this institution and the and Dr. Austin L. the Museum's the work of Mr. Roger E. Richard, joint auspices Rand, of Dearborn, Michigan. Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Curator of Birds. Its objective is a compre- At the time of going to press, Inc., of St. George's in the Bermuda Islands. hensive ornithological collection. winners had not been chosen. The latter organization's participation in the Mammal Collecting. Mr. Colin C. work will be supervised by its director. Dr. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, will leave Dugald E. S. Brown, assisted by members in March for Arkansas to collect mammals of his staff. Leader of the expedition will of that state. MAGNIFICENT MEDINILLA, be Mr. Loren P. Woods, the Museum's Insects of Guatemala. Mr. Rupert L. NEW BOTANY EXHIBIT Curator of Fishes, and associate leader will Wenzel, Assistant Curator of Insects, will By THEODOR JUST be Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower In- leave in April for Guatemala, where he will CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY vertebrates. A number of other members make entomological collections. of the to C. One of the most beautiful tropical shrubs, Museum staff, be announced later, Peru-Bolivia. Dr. Hugh Cutler, will be included in the of will to Medinilla magnifica, i.s a native of the expedition personnel Curator Economic Botany, fly Philippines. It was named in honor of before actual work, scheduled for June 1, Peru and Bolivia in April to conduct re- Jose de Medinilla y Pineda, one-time begins. search and collect exhibition specimens of governor of the Marianas Islands. A model Based at St. George's, the expedition will useful plants native to the Americas, of Medinilla has been added to the Museum's have its own ship with a full professional principally those of the valley of Cuzco. botanical exhibits. crew of navigators and seamen. The vessel, Cuba. In February, Dr. Cutler will go to for several to Dr. B. E. Medinilla was discovered just a hundred the Caryn, is a 98-foot ketch assigned to the Cuba weeks join years ago (1847) in north-central Luzon Bermuda Biological Station by the Oceano- Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus of Botany, who by Thomas Lobb, a collector for the British graphic Institution (Marine Biological Lab- is on the island at present engaged in an firm of Messrs. Veitch, brought to a nursery oratory), of Woods Hole, Massachusetts. expedition studying palm genetics. In preparation for the three-month expedi- Prehistoric Reptiles. Dr. Rainer tion, the Caryn will be put in commission Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, accom- and will sail to Bermuda in April. panied by several students, will dig for of and am- For the Museum, the expedition will col- specimens prehistoric reptiles lect specimens of some of the world's most phibians in an essentially unknown forma- the Alcova of central grotesque creatures— fishes, squids, crus- tion, Wyoming. taceans, and other invertebrates—for a Mexico. Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., projected new Hall of Deep-Sea Life. This Associate in the Division of Birds, will hall will feature only the fauna of the far collect Mexican birds for about six weeks, in in the Mt. Orizaba deeps of the sea—the forms of life that beginning June, inhabit a world of complete darkness under region. The expedition is a resumption of several tremendous pressure of water. It should work begun by Mr. Traylor years be one of the most spectacular and interest- ago. Taxidermist Frank C. ing halls in the Museum, in the opinion of Alaska. Staff Mr. Kari P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Wonder will be dispatched to Alaska in material for use Zoology, who planned the expedition. July to collect accessory in a projected habitat group of sea otters. Other Expeditions Fossil Invertebrates. Mr. Eugene S. Southwest "Dig." Second of the three Richardson, Jr., Curator of Invertebrate will collect invertebrates of the largest expeditions in the year will be the Fossils, era of some 450 1948 Archaeological Expedition to the South- Ordovician period (an million in the mountains of west under the leadership of Dr. Paul S. years ago) PHILIPPINE BEAUTY Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology. Pennsylvania. Dr. Robert This will be the 15th season of operations American Geology-West. Specimen of Medinilla magnifica reproduced in Kriss Curator of Economic Geology, Museum botanical laboratories. Now on exhibi- in the Southwest for Dr. Martin. This Wyant, and Mr. E. Curator of Ex- tion in Hall 29. year's work will be conducted in New Harry Changnon, Mexico. Dr. Martin will be assisted in hibits, Geology, will make an economic in and collection of ores in the Black Java, finally introduced into England, the excavations of prehistoric Indian sites geological where in 1850 it exhibited Mountains in New Mexico. was before the by a large staff of archaeologists and Range They Royal Horticultural Society. Its striking technicians. will also assemble specimens relating to beauty immediately attracted attention. To Burma. A third expedition of un- physical geology. The plant is now widely grown outdoors usual interest will be the Rush Watkins American Geology-East. During the in the and in Dr. Sharat K. Chief Curator tropics greenhouses throughout Southeast Asia Expedition, which will leave summer. Roy, the is of will continue field temperate regions. It readily propa- Chicago about September. This expedition, Geology, systematic {Continued on page 8, column S) working largely in Burma and adjacent (Continued on page 5, column S) Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 19^8

A NEW IDEA-EXHIBIT TO ILLUSTRATE EVOLUTION so different, that we cannot follow their By AUSTIN L. RAND relationships except through inference. But birds have come into being, are coming into if CURATOR OF BIRDS we examine island groups where conditions being, and will come into being in the future. are simpler, we can see more plainly how NEWEST exhibit placed in Hall 21 It is an illustration of the of theory evolution, evolution works, for here the faunas are (Systematic Collection of Birds) shows descent with modification. THE predicated upon smaller and evolution in the process of how evolution works to new kinds No two birds of kind are produce any exactly operation can be charted. It was the of birds. alike; each bird shows differences. ' Some- conditions in the Galapagos Islands, the A museum is designed to deal with objects, times these differences are small, discernible islands represented in our exhibit, that helped with concrete things, called specimens. only on close comparison; sometimes the Darwin crystallize his ideas leading to the are and studied. differences are in a Specimens kept, exhibited, considerable, apparent original formulation of the theory of evolu- But out of these studies the casual individuals are better emerge ideas; glance. Some tion. And Darwin did not exhaust the ideas deal with the interpretation and with equipped than are others to find their food, interest of the Galapagos to biologists. the relationships of these objects. And mate, and escape their enemies. This varia- No natural example has quite the clear- these ideas find their way into the exhibits. bility is the raw material of evolution. Each cut decisiveness of a diagrammatic presenta- The commonest idea expressed in bird year many birds die, from the weather, their tion. So in the Museum exhibit, instead of exhibitions is that of relationships. The enemies, or other causes. They are the less starting with a real example, we present first what happens on three hypothetical islands. .' From the distant mainland a pair of birds wandered chance SPECIES EVOLVE ONLY IN ISOLATION by to one of these hypo- thetical islands, which was so far distant ISLAND POPUtATlONS ILLUSTPATE THIS from the mainland that few kinds of birds DIAGRAMMATICAL EVOLUTION had ever reached it. Competition was not THREE > OF SPECIES keen and the birds thrived. Soon, through eOfH #RF7 MHO iStAHbl Afle MYfOTMeTiCAl. chance wanderings, the other two islands not too far away were colonized from the EVOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY thriving population on the first island. On kCALAPACOSJSLANDS" each of the three islands there then lived, ^BIRDS populations isolated from each other and from those on the mainland. This is the condition illustrated by Stage I. The conditions on each island and on the mainland whence the island colony ancestors came are different. Gradually, through selection, each island population comes to

KEY TO EVOLUTION CHART

HOW SPECIES COME INTO BEING IS ILLUSTRATED BY EXAMPLES. Every individual bird diners from every other one, and each population £rom every other. Only mounted specimens are arranged row on row, fit; the fittest survive. This is selection. where populations are isolated do they evolve into so that they are grouped in natural families, Selection, working on variation, causes the species. On island groups, where con- ditions are this is most seen. with the birds so arranged in each family population of an area to change gradually simple easily UPPER RIGHT: A that the closest relatives are next to each and become different. hypothetical example shows two early stages in speciation. Stage I: other. This is the Just as no two individuals are no main theme underlying alike, the same kind of bird has reached three the systematic arrangement of birds of the two places are exactly alike. Thus selection islands; Stage II: through evolution each world in Hall 21. acts differently in each place. It follows, island population has evolved into a differ- ent We also have, in our North American then, that the populations in various places species. LOWER LEFT: The Islands series, a series of mounted birds selected will gradually become different, due to the Galapagos mockingbirds are an example of the early with the idea of showing what birds live in different selection of different places. Al- stage of evolution (Stage II). Long ago they a restricted area. Another idea appears in though birds in different places may become came from the American mainland. In island our group of restorations of fossil birds, with very different, so long as the populations are isolation they evolved into different forms, but never more than one kind to an island. its glimpse of the ancestry of our present- in touch with each other they do not divide LOWER RIGHT: When more than one day birds. Our exhibit "What Is a Bird" into species. For this crucial step to take species occurs on an island it is the result has as its central idea the differences between for two different populations of one place, of successive invasions. Birds may wander birds as bird to into a group and mammals, fishes, kind of develop two new kinds, occasionally from island to island. If this reptiles, and amphibians. Other exhibits another factor, isolation, must be present. occurs before they have evolved into new are absorbed into the have as their themes the birds introduced The populations must be ssparated from species, they popula- tions of the island come to. This may into North America and the birds extermi- each other. they slow down evolution. But if it occurs after nated in modern times. Complicated ideas the different island have become ISLANDS IDEAL FOR STUDIES populations can be expressed by the proper arrangement species, they may start a new ^ olony of their own and in this isolation evolve into of specimens, with a minimum of words. Though all the birds of a Chicago garden species another species. By colonization, speciation, are related and descended from a common THE 'how' of evolution recolonization, etc., many species may come ancestor, this relationship can only be to live on one island, as shown by the diverse The exhibit recently installed illustrates inferred. They evolved so long ago, when Darwin's finches. were part of the process by which new kinds of conditions, through geographical time, February, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 differ more and more from its relatives. In and there are about 89 species and subspecies EXPEDITIONS— the of time populations may appear quite breeding birds, have arrived as chance (Continued from page S) different. The islands are so far from the wanderers. The distance from the Americas study, in which he has been for a mainland that no chance wandering brings is great, and for a bird species to establish engaged number of years, of the basic igneous rocks new immigrants during this period; the itself, not one but a pair must wander. Thus found in the Adirondack mountain areas of islands are far enough apart that the few it is a rare happening for a species to establish New York state. He will conduct field occasional island-to-island wanderers are itself. The rarity of this happening is shown studies also in New and absorbed by the resident population, and by the small size of the Galapagos total list Hampshire possibly in Massachusetts. only increase variability and perhaps slow of birds— 108 species and subspecies com- Central America. Mr. Paul C. up the evolutionary process of change. pared with more than 700 from Guatemala Standley, Curator of the will leave in in Central America and more than 1,500 Herbarium, DISTINCT SPECIES BEGIN September on a botanical to from Ecuador, opposite the islands in South expedition Central America. For a period of almost But sooner or later each island population America. But this kind of colonization has one year, he will continue the becomes so different from its relatives on happened at rare intervals. collecting flora of Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua the other islands as to be a species. No The Galapagos mockingbirds illustrated in the areas in which he has already done longer would the different island populations in the lower left portion of the screen are preliminary work. interbreed freely if brought together. This comparable with Stage II of the hypothetical Seashore Mosses. Dr. Francis Drouet, is Stage II of our exhibit. For the sake of demonstration. All the mockingbirds of the Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, will collect illustration, the head of each gray bird in Galapagos Islands are much more like each cryptogams (mosses, seaweeds, etc.) for Stage I has, in Stage II, been painted with other than they are like any of the mocking- three months, beginning in September, in a different color: one red, one yellow, and birds on the mainland of the Americas coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico from one green, to indicate that each population whence their ancestors came. Since the Louisiana to Florida. He will work with is different. Questions at once arise: Do time that they arrived on the Galapagos both fresh and salt-water species and also stray individuals still sometimes find their Islands they have occupied many of the with land species. way to other islands, occupied by sister- islands. In many cases, in the isolation of Colombia. Mr. Philip Hershkovitz, As- species, after Stage II of our panel is reached, their island homes, they have developed or sistant Curator of Mammals, will leave in and if so what happens? Also how is it that evolved into different kinds or varieties. October to spend about a year collecting on some actual islands there are more The characters that distinguish the kinds mammals in Colombia. species of birds than one? or varieties may not be apparent to a casual Africa. Mr. Harry Hoogstraal, Assistant The answer is that evolution is a con- glance, but by noting the distinguishing Curator of Insects, has already left to tinuing process. Wanderers continue occa- characters described on the label below each participate in the University of California sionally, by chance, to make inter-island bird and then looking again at the specimens, African Expedition, which will conduct ex- journeys. Formerly the wanderers were ab- it can be seen that one is darker or lighter, plorations from Cairo to Capetown or the sorbed by the resident population and be- or has a longer or shorter bill, or is more or of the continent. is a less length He mammalo- came part of it, but now that the three island heavily marked on the breast than the gist-entomologist of the U. S. Navy Medical populations have evolved into species, when others. And careful study of the distribution Science Group, on loan from this Museum. these new species wander they retain their in- of those birds by expeditions to the Gala- The Navy group is attached to the Uni- dividuality and colonize anew. If a pair of pagos Islands has proved that no more than versity of California Expedition and is red-headed birds should cross to another one kind lives on any one island. These under the direction of the Office of Naval island at the same time, they might establish mockingbirds have been on the islands only Research. a colony of red-heads on the blue-heads' long enough to reach Stage II, as set forth island. In this new place, separated by water in the hypothetical example. Although acquired as far back as 1898, from the rest of the red-heads and kept by The Darwin finches are even more in- the Museum's model of the visible hemi- biological characters from breeding with blue- teresting. They, too, are more like each sphere of the moon, 19 feet in diameter, in heads, on whose island they are, they develop other than any one of them is like its Clarence Buckinghall Hall (Hall 35), is into still another species. The same thing is nearest relative on the American mainland. believed to be, by far, the largest and most happening on the other islands and the Indeed, they have changed so much that it elaborate representation of the moon's process continues indefinitely. Many kinds is doubtful what their closest relatives are. surface ever made. of birds may come to live on each island. It is obvious from this that they have been Thus Stage II is passed, and a complicated on the Galapagos Islands much longer than situation comes into being, comparable to have the mockingbirds, which still are species' islands, evolve again into further the many related birds living in a Chicago recognizable relatives of the mockingbird- species, and continue the process of coloniz- garden—many species now living together thrasher groups of American birds. ing, evolving, and again colonizing, until as but each evolved in isolation from its nearest many as ten species are found on one island, VARIATION IN FINCHES relative. as is shown on the map in the lower center How different kinds of birds come into This comparatively ancient colonization of the exhibit. existence has thus been illustrated in our of the Galapagos Islands has also given the Thus we have shown how species evolve exhibit with hypothetical examples. But finches time to evolve into forms very through variation providing the raw material, the process is also demonstrated with actual different from each other. With the mock- selection acting on this raw material to examples, and the birds of the Galapagos ingbirds it is necessary to look closely to produce populations that differ from each Islands provide good ones. see that the numerous varieties are different. other, and isolation of these different popula- But the gray warbler finch, the small ground tions evolving into different species capable ISOLATION IN THE GALAPAGOS finch, the big ground finch, and the black- of recolonizing the territory of their related The Galapagos Islands are a group of headed tree finch are so different that close species. The new exhibit shows this process oceanic islands on the equator, about 500 study was necessary to demonstrate their by hypothetical example and by two groups miles west of the South American coast. near relationships. Also, the long lapse of of Galapagos birds, the mockingbirds and They have never had any land connection time since they have arrived on the islands Darwin's finches, that are actual examples with any other land mass. The ancestors has enabled some to evolve separately on of the products of such recent trains of of all the land birds that live there now, isolated islands, then to invade their sister- events. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN FtHmtary, 1918

R. E. Chicago Natural History Museum McErlean, McGreevy, Dr. Charles B. $1,000 to $100,000.) Those elected are Mr. Puestow, J. Schwab. Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Raymond Albert H. Wetten, who is also a Trustee; RooaeTclt Road and Lake Shore DriTe, Chicago 5 Mr. Joseph Desloge, of St. Louis, who con- Telbphonb: WABash 9410 tributed funds for an expedition to Peru; STAFF NOTES and Mr. Charles Albee Howe, of Homewood, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Illinois, who is also an Associate member. Lester Arhour Marshall Field, Jr. Mr. Kar! P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Sbwbll L. Avery Stanley Field W. McCormick Blair Sahuel Insull, Jr. Zoology, has been elected to the Board of Laor E. Block Henry P. Isham GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM BOAROMAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBaIN Governors (Honorary) and to the Board of J. Cummings Wiluav H. Mitchell Walter Trustees of the Chicago Zoological Society. Following is a list of some of the principal Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall

. . last Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson . Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of gifts received during the month: Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith Oceanic is also a Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten Ethnology, who Research Department of Botany: John P. Wilson Associate in the of Anthro- Department From: Dr. Walter Kiener, Lincoln, Neb.— at the of has OFFICERS pology University Chicago, 89 specimens of algae, north central United Stanley Field Praident begun teaching a course in introductory States and Mexico; Dr. Francis Drouet, Field Firtt Viee-President Marshall to classes at the downtown —733 and Albert B. Dick, Jr. S«<»i«d Vice-Pretidenl anthropology Chicago cryptogams phanerogams; Jr. Third Vice-Premdent Nica- Samuel Insull, branch of the university. . . . Mr. D. Brother Antonio Gamier, Managua, Solomon A. Smith Trtaturer — 450 herbarium ; CiAtvotio C. Grbgo DinclOT and Seerttary Dwight Davis, Curator of Vertebrate ragua specimens, Nicaragua Anutant Seerttary J. Peru— 106 herbarium John R. Millar Anatomy, Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Soukup, Lima, specimens, Peru; Prof. Eizi Matuda, Es- Lower Invertebrates, Mr. Philip Hersh- cuintla, Chiapas, Mexico—569 herbarium kovitz, Assistant Curator of Mammals, Mr. THE BULLETIN specimens, Mexico; Dr. V. J. Chapman, Curator of Fossil Mam- EDITOR Bryan Patterson, Auckland, New Zealand—23 specimens of Dr. Alfred E. Research CUFFORD C. Gbsgg Dirtlor of Iht Muttum mals, Emerson, algae, near Auckland. Associate in the Division of Insects and CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Department of Geology : Professor of Biology at the University of Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of AnUiropoloty From: Museo Argentine de Ciencias Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany Chicago, recently met in the office of Chief Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina—3 casts P. Curator Zoology Curator of Zoology Schmidt with a dis- Karl Schmidt Chief of of sijecimens of anteater foot bones; FMlmore of interested in MANAGING EDITOR tinguished group zoologists Turner, Oak Park, 111.— 17 invertebrate of The H. B. Habtb Publie Relatione Couneel problems zoological nomenclature. fossils, New Mexico; Harry Hoogstraal, occasion was the visit of Mr. Francis Chicago—5 specimens of basalt and tuff, of the International Hawaiian Islands; Eugene S. Richardson, Members are requested to Inform the Museum Hemming, secretary — promptly of changes of address. Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. Jr., Winnetka, 111. 28 invertebrate fossils; Dr. Thomas B. D.C.— Others in the group who participated in a Nolan, Washington, a stibnite Stuart H. STANLEY FIELD'S 40th round-table discussion were: Dr. Curtis W. specimen, Japan; Perry, Adrian, Mich.—3 meteorites, Texas, Ari- Sabrosky, of the United States National YEAR AS PRESIDENT zona, and Tennessee. Museum; Dr. Charles D. Michener, of the For the fortieth consecutive time, Mr. of American Museum of Natural History; Dr. Department Zoology: Field was re-elected President of the From: Alex K. 125 Stanley Earle G. Linsley, of the University of Wyatt, Chicago— at the Annual of the insti- and allies, southwestern Museum Meeting California; and Dr. Hobart M. Smith, of beetles, insects, tution's Board of Trustees, held January 19. United States; Chicago Zoological Society, the University of Illinois. . . . Dr. Paul S. — in 1947 were Brookfield, 111. a giant eland, 2 frogs, and All other officers who served Chief Curator of Martin, Anthropology, 31 Dr. J. — re-elected. are: Mr. Marshall Field, birds; Sidney Camras, Chicago They his lecture and motion pictures "Ar- gave 3 spiders, 4 ticks, and 2 fleas, Aleutian Chicago publisher, First Vice-President; Mr. in chaeology Action" on January 16 before Islands and Illinois; Robert L. Fleming, Albert B. Dick, Jr., Second Vice-President; the Anthropology Club of the University of Mussoorie, India— 120 beetles, 2 cicadas, Mr. Samuel Insull, Jr., Third Vice-President; Chicago. . . . Mr. Robert Yule, formerly and a scorpion, India; Harry Hoogstraal, Colonel Clifford C. Director and Gregg, Assistant in the Department of Anthro- Chicago—4,963 insects, mostly Philippines, Mr. Solomon A. Secretary; Smith, Treasurer; pology until forced to discontinue that work New Guinea, and Mexico; Eugene Ray, and Mr. John R. Millar, Assistant Secretary. —36 Mordellid beetles and 6 may- because of failing eyesight, has returned to Chicago Illinois and Indiana; Luis de la Torre, the Museum after occupational therapy flies, Ann Arbor, Mich.—3 fleas, 11 lice, and and special training in a school for the blind NEW MEMBERS 8 ticks, Wisconsin; Bryan Patterson.-Harvey, and is now in the Herbarium of employed 111. —88 insects and allies, Illinois; Dr. The became Members of where he is following persons the Department Botany, Wolfgang Wejrrauch, Tingo Maria, Peru— the from of the Museum during period handling a variety of suitable work. . . . Dr. 243 Peruvian land shells; F. E. HoUey, December 16 to January 16: Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, Lombard, 111.—32 parasitic flies, Texas, Dr. Rainer Associate Members has been elected chairman of the Paleo- Illinois, and New York; Zangerl, Section of the Botanical Harvey, 111.—7 salamanders, 6 frogs, and Maurice L. Cowen, Mrs. John D. Hrdlicka, botanical Society 4 lizards, Switzerland; Lincoln Park Zoo, John W. Page, Mrs. G. William Reynolds, of America, and Dr. L. H. Titfany, Re- Chicago—a three-toed sloth and a night Victor Segal, Francis H. Uriell. search Associate in Cryptogamic Botany, monkey; Lawrence Curtis, Dallas, Texas— has been elected vice-president of the Sustainin]^ Members 7 copperheads, Texas; Major Howard T. American Phycological Society. W. G. F. Price Wright, U. S. Army—156 insects and allies, Annual Members Japan. Frank M. Arnold, Mrs. Walsh Baldwin, 3 New Contributors Elected Library: R. M. F. D. Mrs. Edna D. From: Dr. Fritz Haas and Paul C. Beall, Burckert, At the annual meeting of the Museum's Cassinerio, Mrs. Norman Cram, G. H. Standley, both of Chicago; and Major Board of Trustees, held January 19, three Edwards, Henry A. Finlay, Jr., Master Howard T. Wright, U. S. Army. new Contributors were elected. (The de- Richard Harvey Jacobsohn, George C. "Contributors" includes all Koltz, Jr., Leonard J. Krane, Rudolph signation persons after- Krasberg, John T. Love, Miss Olive whose contributions to the Museum in either The Spring Course of Saturday Mazurek, Patrick D. McCain, Charles F- funds or materials range in value from noon lectures opens March 6. February, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

When one considers that in many years In the hills of the Jos plateau, eastern Books corn has grown on about one-fourth of all Nigeria, the traveler is startled to see men cultivated land in the United States and who are devoid of even a vestige of clothing, that the com crop exceeded in value and while women of the Angas tribe are clothed (All books reviewed in the Bullettin are volume the combined crops of wheat, oats, only in bunches of leaves—a fresh dress, available in The Book Shop of the Miiseum. and the value Mail orders accompanied by remittance are barley, rye, rice, buckwheat, newly picked from nature's storehouse every promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the of a 20 per cent increase in yield can easily morning. postage on shipments.) be seen. PORTAGES THROUGH SAND Packed with the book can be read THE HYBRID-CORN MAKERS: Proph- facts, with for Mr. Crabb's main interest No traveler can how he intends ets of Plenty. By A. Richard Crabb. pleasure, say exactly is in the people who worked with corn. to for on the Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, travel, everything depends From his extensive correspondence and many season and the nature of the country. Then N. J., 1947. 331 pages, 16 illustrations. personal visits with nearly all the men who some are more enter- Price $3. again, governments have taken part in the modern miracle of prising than others in making roads, and Here is the story of hybrid com, told like the synthesis of hybrid corn, Mr. Crabb has a series of biographies of the men who made selected those incidents that illustrate the it. It is the history of the greatest develop- extensive efforts and the co-operation of the ment in food plants since man first learned breeders which made hybrid corn possible. how to farm, more than 5,000 years ago. The work of these men occupies a place in Until the hybrid-corn makers started their American history similar to that of the fur work, our food plants were improved by traders and government explorers who the same methods used by the ancients. opened the way to our West. But the Improvement of crop plants was done by hybrid-corn technique, which releases large simple selection of the better types, and areas of land and many workers, will even- quality and yield were increased only slowly. tually produce changes on a scale comparable Until recently little use was made of our only to those preceding the Industrial knowledge of botany. Revolution. As early as 1694 the Dutch botanist Hugh C. Cutler Camerarius had discovered pollen and the Curator of Economic Botany fertilization process in corn. Charles Darwin observed that increased vigor could be secured in corn by unrelated strains. HOW TRAVELERS FARE crossing IN WEST AFRICA Yet these observations were scarcely utilized COMFORT ON ONE WHEEL until recently. In the early 1900s intensive By WILFRID D. HAMBLY At leasl, the one who rides on this porter-pro- was started to secure lines CURATOR OF AFRICAN ETHNOLOGY inbreeding pure pelled monocycle is reasonably comfortable on its of of corn. Pollen a plant was placed on did you travel? This was one of seat springs. The vehicle is used (or travel atnong silks of an ear of the same so that the hills o( Central (Portuguese West Africa). the plant HOWthe questions most frequently asked Angola the progeny had only one immediate parent. on my return to Chicago after a journey of the of for The best of the resulting plants were then 10,000 miles in West Africa as leader of the possibility making highways motor traffic on the of self-pollinated again and again. Frederick H. Rawson Expedition of the depends presence stone. In central West In 1907 the first hybrid corn as we know Museum. Angola, Portuguese roads are excellent since a it was grown from a mating of two dissimilar Recent years have brought rapid de- Africa, plentiful of rock from the hills the inbreds. The yield of corn per acre surpassed velopment in communication with Africa supply provides material. But what a different that of the best of the known corn varieties by airplane from England and France, and necessary in southern and far eastern of that period; yet a period of ten years railways within the continent have been story Angola where the truck is followed in which, although work was being extended. Judging from the increased chug-chugging through in the with the water in the done by a small group of scientists, little tourist traffic in the north and south that sand, deep ruts, Time after hope was held for an economically useful occurred before the war, Africa appears to engine boiling. time, unloading is and after the truck has hybrid corn. be completely modernized. necessary, panted to the of the sand dune all the baggage Seed for the hybrid plants was produced This, however, is only a partial truth, for top has to be carried the slope. on small ears with irregular-shaped grains, one is apt to forget the enormous size of the up A few miles and then the next bar- the yield per acre was low, and the amount African continent, 12,000,000 square miles— slip by rier in the obstacle race is seen—this time a of hand labor required was great. In 1917 four times the size of the United States. weak wooden across a Will Dr. Donald F. Jones discovered a practical I am glad to say that many thousands of bridge swamp. unloaded truck across? At method to produce hybrid corn seed on miles of line must be laid and years of air- the get any rate, we must and no accident— vigorous hybrid plants, and shortly after plane service will be needed before primitive try. Half-way comes a and that a small amount of commercial seed man is robbed of all his elementary charm. excellent! Then splitting of rotten timber and our back was available. In the last ten years hybrid Near the coast and inland close to European crackling wheel is the In a few hours com has become so well accepted that in settlements he may assume European clothes through planks. are on the and before us lies 1947 more than 98 per cent of the corn and speak pidgin English, French, or we way again, a broad river. An administrator acreage in Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa and Portuguese, but this is only a veneer of enterprising have obtained a metal boat from a 67 per cent of that of all the United States civilization. Far away in the hills a traveler may —if we are were planted with hybrid seed. During can always find primitive life jogging along parsimonious government so, indeed. But on the a World War I the United States raised a much as it might have done long before a lucky contrary, day three billion bushel corn crop on 110,000,000 white face was seen on the continent. may be spent in lashing together large dug- a acres of land. In 1942 the same harvest was The Yoruba of Ibadan, southern Nigeria, out canoes and fastening across them plat- form to take the truck. produced on 89,000,000 acres. The land and have their sacred white crocodile guarded labor thus saved were turned to other war by a priest, and in a nearby temple are the In Angola I found the best plan was to needs. wooden effigies of gods and divine heroes. pitch a base camp near the coast and then Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 19U8

cloth of native make, although it is still MEDINILLA— made and used for sacred ceremonies such as (Continued from page S) initiation of boys into the tribe. I entered gated from seeds or cuttings of young wood, an enclosure at Cangamba in eastern Angola, and it flowers profusely even if only two or and there found boys making grotesque three feet high. masks of bark-cloth for their dances. In its native habitat Medinilla grows as Some of the native methods of transport an erect shrub in ravines to 5,000 feet are ingenious. As a rule the load is lashed up elevation and is usually broader (20 feet in between two long sticks so that, when diameter) than high (8-10 feet). Its ever- resting, the weight is not lowered to the green leaves are large (one foot long), op- ground but is stood upright. Primitive posite in arrangement, ovate or oblong- people often carry a pig by lashing it to a ovate, leathery in texture, dark and shiny pole—a very inhumane method it seems to and characteristi- me. The Ovimbundu have a more com- above, pale underneath, cally marked by nine to thirteen prominent MYSTERY: WHY DOESN'T IT CAPSIZE? fortable method for small pigs. They are veins from the midrib. carried in of bark. Four holes are curving upwardly Omoc of papyrus reeds, made by the Buduma tribe. trays But its chief claim to fame is seen in the Lake Chad, northern Nigeria. made for the pig's feet, which are tied on magnificent pendulous rose-colored flower the under-side of the tray. The animal clusters (panicles), which may be 18 inches to use a truck. Why not a car? It would lies in the hollow curve of the bark and is or longer. Each cluster contains between be lighter for weak bridges, easy to transport carried as a head-load. 100 and 150 flowers arranged on whorled on a raft, and little trouble to push out of A sick man is carried in a hammock, branches that are four-ridged or winged. deep ruts of sand. But what of the equip- and the tepoia with a white canopy is While in bud the clusters are clothed ment that has to be carried? And how are sometimes used for carrying a recumbent by large bracts (1-4 inches), the lowest of which the Museum collections to be brought back chief or a European official, especially when are tinged with green while the others are to the base camp? One large wooden drum the route lies off beaten tracks and in hilly rose-colored like the branches. After the may fill a touring car. country. Chickens are carried in native- flower cluster has emerged, the lowest bracts made cages slung one at each end of a long EXPERIMENT WITH AN OX drop off. pole balanced over the porter's shoulder. The flowers are rose-colored or An elderly Portuguese tried to convince Toward the end of the rainy season I deeply the ones one inch in me that I would find an ox comfortable to landed in Nigeria for the second part of my coral-red, large diameter, equipped with five petals and ten stamens ride upon. The ox certainly looked the expedition. Rivers had overflowed their whose peculiarly lobed or essence of placidity with the rider"s feet in banks in the south of Nigeria and, before spurred append- ages set Medinilla apart from other members broad brass stirrups depending from a setting out on a journey leading up into of its family. The fruit is a broad saddle. But he did not like me. I got the southern Sahara desert, it was necessary berry. on at one side and off the other with remark- to send telegrams to find out the condition The genus Medinilla contains more than 100 most of which are found in able celerity. Moreover, the animal walked of the highways. But despite precautions, species, eastern in the and Pacific at the rate of about two miles per hour, and the Ford truck went deep into the water of Asia, Philippines area. Two are found in a man cannot spend the rest of his life a flooded road between Lagos and Ibadan, species, however, Africa. Medinilla to a covering tropical Africa. usually one of the best roads in southern belongs large family Years ago Boer farmers from South Africa Nigeria. of tropical plants, the Melastomaceae, con- 200 introduced ox carts into Angola. These are But every day of the northward journey taining nearly genera and some 3,000 The is heavy lumbering vehicles drawn by as many witnessed a drying of the country, until at species. family particularly well in America. as sixteen yoke of oxen, traveling about three last trains of camels were seen bringing their represented tropical The name is based on the miles an hour, on roads to be used only for loads of peanuts into the great trade center fact that the edible berries of some that traffic. The Portuguese forbid the use of Kano. And in the huge bazaars where species leave the mouth —stained of these carts on roads made for motor hundreds of artisans ply their trades in black (from the Greek words mela black, and stoma— traffic. leather, silver, and basketry, patient oxen mouth). The old-time safari on foot has still to be push their way slowly along the narrow The living material on which the new followed, especially among hills in rugged streets. Farther north in French Niger Museum exhibit is based was furnished by country. The truck can be parked under Territory families may be seen on trek, the the Garfield Park Conservatory. Mr. Emil guard and the essential baggage made into women, children, and baggage mounted on Sella, Curator of Exhibits, Botany, prepared loads of about sixty pounds which native oxen while the father plods along on foot. the model, which is displayed in Case 854, porters will carry about twenty miles a day, Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29). RIDING LIKE AENEAS at a charge of 25 cents per man. But the Portuguese have forbidden this employment, Sometimes, especially in swampy country and special permission has to be obtained. such as that near Lake Chad, one is glad to the horses had one concern—the appearance The Ovimbundu were formerly renowned sit astride the shoulders of a native who of the saddle rug. The girths apparently carriers who crossed from Angola to the toils waist-deep in the mud carrying his did not matter, for they were slack, with no eastern side of Africa, taking European trade passenger to a canoe. The frail-looking method of tightening them beyond knotting. goods and often returning with slaves and vessels are made by lashing together bundles Stirrups were not adjustable; you had to ivory. Large caravans are still seen, but of strong papyrus stems. The canoes become twist the cords until they were the right these consist of men and women who are waterlogged in a few weeks, but when newly length. From the cruel bit an iron projec- taking their beans, com, and beeswax to made they carry cattle and donkeys across tion touched the roof of the horse's mouth. Portuguese trading posts. There they sell the lake. One snag at the reins and the mount was their produce and buy ornaments of brass, Thirty miles from Lake Chad the truck going through all the feats of a circus horse, bright metal combs, and tin ware which is refused to plow the sand, and in other places dancing on his hind legs and pawing the air. gradually replacing native pottery. Trade- the deep, wide, cracks in the dry mud were The natives use these bits so that they can cloth, usually blue with white spots, is a dangerous, for they nicely accommodated pull the horses on their haunches quickly, favorite, and one seldom sees the old bark- the wheels. The village chief who provided even when riding at the gallop.

PKINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS %

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''ii-r Sfi-^ "?•'*& Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1916

BIRDS USING TOOLS to get the soft edible animal out of its shell -THIS MO.\TH'S COVER- By AUSTIN L. RAND it carries or drags the snail to a favorite rock, CUKATOR Reproduced on the cover of this OF BIRDS its and there hits it the anvil anvil, against BULLETIN is "Snow-capped," "TOOL," according to my desk dic- until the shell is broken and its contents winner of the first prize medal in the A tionary, is "a simple mechanism or exposed. The question is: Can this be con- general classification, color slide of the Third as a hammer, sidered as a tool? If the thrush division, Chicago implement, chisel, spade, etc., using song International Exhibition of used in working, moving, or transforming moved or prepared the rock, which it does Nature Photography held in material. By extension, a machine— ." not do, there would be no question that it Stanley Field Hall of the Museum Man has progressed so far in using tools was a tool. The sea otter brings a stone during February. that the present era has become known as from the bottom of the ocean and places The picture was made by Cap- tain Martin L. Davis, of the Head- the "Machine Age." But man has not it on its floating body to use as a similar quarters Pine Camp, Pine Camp, a on tools. Birds with anvil in hard and this monopoly along cracking objects, New York. Captain Davis supplies some other groups of animals have a few undoubtedly is the use of a tool. At the the following information about the species that use tools. other extreme are many species of birds picture: " was taken with The clearest case is that of the wood- that beat their prey on branch or ground, 'Snow-capped' a Contax III during the winter of of the Islands. wherever they happen to be. The method pecker-finch Galapagos 1945 in the Tirolean .\lps while I of the thrush is an advance Camarhynchus pallidus is its proper name. song certainly was a company commander in the over that and I be considered 42nd 'Rainbow' Division. It is one of a group of dull-colored finches can, think, Infantry I have been an amateur restricted to the Before it as using a tool in a primitive way. photog- Galapagos. for but had A few other shellfish to rapher eight years became known that one species used a tool, species, too, bring never entered any exhibits until on our north- the chief claim to fame of the group was that special places. Herring gulls my wife, without my knowledge, eastern coast mussels and clams and, entered this I three it, along with some other Galapagos animals, pick up picture. spent over a rock or some other hard years in Europe with the Army, such as the tortoises, had a great in- flying surface, giant mostly in Austria, and took several drop the shellfish and follow it down. If fluence in turning Darwin's thinking to the hundred color shots, of which this is dish is for the working out of the theory of evolution as the shell broken, the ready picture is a sample. 'Snow- if the shell is not broken the takes was film set forth in his Origin of Species. gull; gull capped' taken on .Vgfa in the shellfish up to a higher altitude and and processed England." The woodpecker-finch feeds largely on tries again. Where hard-surfaced roads are insects that it gets by searching and probing conveniently located, gulls have learned to on the ground and on tnmk and leaves of use them as shell-breaking places, and such trees. In searching crevices, the wood- roads become littered with shells. Crows pecker-finch is handicapped by its rather be clear. But the bill is used as the tool for of more than one species also use the same short, thick bill. To offset this the bird applying the paint, and this case does not routine in breaking open shellfish, and they to the clear picks up a slender, short length of stick seem parallel case of the wood- too have learned to use special hard surfaces, or the spine of a prickly pear and with it pecker-finch using a tool. such as masonry walls, on which to drop the pokes into crannies. The insects thus dis- shellfish. turbed or driven out are seized. Sometimes Here we have a number of species of the woodpecker-finch digs into the tree THE SWALLOWS OF CAPISTRANO birds, not especially closely related, that trunk and then gets a stick to probe with; —A LEGEND OF MARCH have evolved farther than their kin in their sometimes it carries its about with it, probe There is a well-known that the manner of getting food. By this means story swallows of the Mission San Juan each is able to get food, or more food of a Capistrano certain kind than it could otherwise. Al- return each year to their summer nesting at the mission on St. though much of this activity has probably place Joseph's Day, March and or rather used to evolved along instinctive lines, learning is 19, depart, for the South on St. Juan's evident in the activities of gulls and crows depart, Day, that use a hard road or a stone wall. October 23, and have done this from time immemorial. A few before March The satin bowerbird of Australia, a species days 19, when the swallows are a few birds known to science as Ptihnorhynchus violaceus, due, as scouts and these back to has been considered as a case in point when appear go the main flock. The time of disciissing the use of tools. The birds are convoy day but it's on March 19. somewhat larger than a robin, the male may vary, always St. Juan's has been the tradi- glossy blue black, the female greenish. The Though Day tional for the swallows to leave, in male of this species constructs an elaborate day recent the mission that bower, presumably for courtship purposes. years reports they have been in Such is It makes the bower of sticks and twigs and leaving earlier, July. a of the as the decorates it with bright and curious objects summary story supplied by mission. such as shells, feathers, bits of bone, and fruits, as do several other species of bower- The identity of the birds is easy. The birds. But the satin bowerbird is unique swallow that makes its flask-shaped mud in painting the inside of its bower. PVuit nests under the eaves of the mission is the is crushed in its bill, and the bird, using its cliff swallow, which also nests commonly Cartoon by Peggy Ceilings Brown bill as the tool or paint brush, smears the elsewhere in California. Naturalists find fruit juice on the sticks on the inside of the that swallows arrive in California with poking in crannies until prey is disturbed. bower. While this is a wonderfully strange great regularity in the latter part of March, Then the stick is dropped and the food seized. habit, apparently unique in the bird world, and most of them leave by September. Although this is the clearest case of a it is doubtful if paint can be considered a Naturalists do not, however, subscribe to bird using a tool, there are other cases that "tool." If the satin bowerbird used a twig the view that they reach and leave any are borderline. The song thrush of Europe or a wad of moss or fiber (which it does not given locality on a given day, —year after feeds in part on snails and winkles. And do) in spreading the paint, the case would year. A.L.R. March, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S LECTURES ON SATURDAY AFTERNOONS IN MARCH AND APRIL

The Museum will present its annual spring course of free illustrated April 17—Desert Gold lectures on Saturday afternoons during March and April in the James Simpson Peter Koch Theatre. All lectures will at 2:30 p.m. are restricted to adults— begin They Mr. Koch tells and in color film recreates special programs for children will be given on Saturday mornings during the by means of a new kind of symbolic photo- same months under the auspices of the James Nelson and Anna Louise graphy the story of the first of this Foundation. crossing Raymond continent in 1535. "Desert Gold" abounds Lectures in this course in from mon and rare are seen from range scope plants growing with spectacular scenery, colorful flowers, explorations in the most remote parts of seedling to maturity before the eyes of the and rare birds and insects found in the "lost South to Alaska and include ad- audience. The flower's life is America cycle presented world," a naturalist's paradise of the Chisos in full has ventures undersea with sharks, octopuses, natural color. Mr. Ott been (Ghost) mountain area of west Texas. There and the natural of our in studies with this of time- barracudas, history engaged type is a remarkable study of the rarely photo- own and studies of life for more than country, plant through lapse pictures twenty years, graphed golden eagle that shows the life of as time-lapse motion picture films. and the results of his work are regarded an immature bird after it leaves the nest. The dates, subjects, and lecturers booked a great contribution to the science of botany. For seven months this bird was followed for Course are as follows: the Spring over the wild mountain country west of the April 3—Seegooruk Pecos, a chase that gave Mr. Koch the most March 6—Wilderness Mischief Frederick Machetanz exciting experiences in his twenty years Dr. Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. in "freeze- "Seegooruk" means, Eskimo, of wild-life photography. A highlight of his This is a film of animal — Mr. Machetanz's film shows Alaska story ecology up." adventure with this noble bird of prey was how and other kinds of in the winter from the time of the fall freeze- mammals, birds, flying with the eagle in search of game and animals live in a wilderness of to the out of the ice. Members of community up going photographing the kill. northern Michigan. Various episodes in the audience start out as "cheechakos" and 24—Life the narrative show how they play, gather April Among the Primitive FUEGIANS food, compete for living space, build their homes, rear their families, and defend them- Col. Charles Wellington Furlong selves enemies. Characters in this against RESERVED SEATS This lecture discusses the way of life of wilderness include story bears, deer, foxes, FOR MEMBERS the F^iegians, Indians who inhabit the great raccoons, porcupines, chipmunks, bitterns, island of Tierra-del-Fuego and the adjoin- No tickets are for ad- red-winged blackbirds, bobolinks, killdeers, necessary ing islands and channelways. These people, and red-headed mission to these lectures. A sec- ovenbirds, woodpeckers. now almost extinct, are among the most tion of the Theatre is reserved for of the world. There are four March 13—Mexican Mosaic primitive Members of the each of Museum, tribes of Fuegians—the Yahgan, Alacaloof, Alfred Wolff whom is entitled to two reserved Ona, and Haush. The Yahgan and Ala- Wolff's color films and narrative seats. for these seats Mr. Requests caloof are canoe people of the channelways an "off the beaten should be made in advance present path" panorama by and coastal regions of the Fuegian Archi- of our to the south. Mr. or in neighbor republic telephone (WABash 9410) pelago; the Ona and Haush are foot people Wolff takes his audience all the from and seats will be held in way writing, of the forest fastnesses of Tierra-del-Fuego, the to the and the scenic the Member's name until 2:30 primitive modern, the Ona tribe living like Stone Age men. splendors he shows range through mountain, o'clock on the lecture dav. jungle, and desert. His film shows life among the Mixe Indians of Oaxaca—people PHOTOGRAPHIC 'ESSAY' whose beautiful primitively costumed women ON ATOMIC ENERGY rival the famed Balinese. In Yucatan he wind up as "sourdoughs." Features in- In the belief that atomic energy still is, shows the fascinating studies of the lost cluded are use and care of dog teams, winter or should be, a matter of great public in- empires of the Itzas and Mayas. hunting and fishing, and winter life in snug terest, the Museum will display a photo- buildings. During the recent war Mr. March 20—Down North graphic "essay" on the subject, prepared by Machetanz was engaged in naval intelligence Life Magazine. The exhibit will open Alfred M. Bailey work in the Aleutians and with the coming March 12 in Stanley Field Hall. There are few areas on the North American of peace was released from the Navy with of continent more interesting than the ice- the rank of commander. Thirty large photographs, some which bound shores of Labrador «hown in this new have never before been available, outline April 10—World Below the Waves the of events to the pictorial film. On the &..'iooner Bowdoin story leading up develop- with Commander Donald MacMillan, Dr. VirKent Palmer ment and present-day use of fissionable and of elements. Bailey visited remote trading posts along Mr. Palmer has spent sixteen years in materials isotopes The text of labels was drawn from the the glaciated northern coasts and photo- exploration and engineering projects under- largely on the International Control of graphed the interesting animal and plant sea. During this time he has had many Report Atomic for the life of this rugged region. Dr. Bailey was adventures and has been able to bring back Energy prepared Secretary of and from a formerly a member of the staff of the in color films and in narrative much new State running commentary Dr. Arthur Assistant Professor Department of Zoology at this Museum. knowledge about the denizens of the deep. by Solomon, and at Harvard. In his films a diver is seen warding off with of Chemistry Physics March 27—Flowers in Action a knife repeated attacks of a six-foot barra- In conjunction with the Life photographs, Jr. John N. OU, cuda. The collision and sinking of a boat the Museum's special exhibit of uranium Mr. Ott's films, made by time-lapse are seen from below. There are "shots" of ores and their known distribution will be technique, are an interesting development twelve-foot sea giants in violent combat, a temporarily transferred from the Depart- of cinematography whereby plant growth swimmer struggling in the tentacles of a ment of Geology for display in Stanley Field of days, weeks, and months can be observed fourteen-foot octopus, and the latest methods Hall during the exhibition, which will con- in a few minutes. Many varieties of com- of harvesting the resources of the sea. tinue until April 9. Patei CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 19i8 WOOING IN THE WILD: ANIMALS THAT COME BEARING GIFTS

By MARGARET J. BAUER

MAY not be flowers and candy but it gets the same results! Like man, ITthe lower male animal has learned that a gift in the hand does wonders toward friendlier relations between the sexes—although not all animals have the same ideas about what makes the ideal gift.

Birds are probably the most practicaL A sharp darts, which they shoot at any female grebe will bring weeds, a heron will bring that takes their fancy. a will each sticks, and penguin bring stones, Certain species of spiders get right down the material its bird bringing from which to the business of wooing on sight of a nest is made. This is, of course, a gentle female. It she tries to escape, the male will hint to start housekeeping. grab her leg roughly in his jaws until she Insects are a little more on the idealistic shows no sign of running away. Some side. In certain species of flies the male spiders go as far as to tie the female to the presents the female with a choice morsel of ground with such a quantity of silk that food wrapped in a glistening bubble that she ultimately has some difficulty in tearing he secretes. The bubble usually is larger herself free. his than he is, which makes him and gift In other species the male spider has a •LIKE A LITTLE BOY SHOW-OFF' Other very conspicuous. flies, disdaining Sinatra effect on the females. The lady is Prince Rudolph's blue bird-of-paradise hangs as unaesthetic as his gifts food, present the lady usually so overcome by the approach of the upside down to impress ladylove (Hall 21). fair with bright objects, such as flower wooer that she falls in a cataleptic trance. petals in bubbles. wrapped With her leg clasped in his jaw, the victori- Probably of all courtships the spider's is Certain web-spinning spiders wrap up a ous male then returns home. the most elaborate, and there is a very good fly in fine silk and present this to the female. reason for this. If the female doesn't Patience Does It The old saying "Beware of Greeks bearing recognize the male as a potential wooer, he well gifts" might apply to spiders also, for The little male web-spinning spider goes stands the chance of being eaten by his scientists have found that occasionally a to the other extreme in his courtship. He intended bride. will male spider offer a fly it had itself advances softly to the web of his sweet- sucked Let's Dance previously dry. heart, and with his claws pulls strongly at the threads. He Dancing is quite common as a form of Cave-Man Stuff taps impatiently, proceeds, retreats, and circles round the female's courtship. Even in the lowest animals, the If you're the owner of a tropical aquarium, refuge. If he continues this often and long marine bristle-worms writhe and contort noticed you've probably and commented on enough she will reply, pulling the threads themselves in a frenzied dance among the the ferocious behavior of the sword-tailed at her end, a real exchange of tender senti- females. fish. The handsomely colored male will while she ments. After a may decide to Among the birds, probably the most swim around the excitedly female, giving come out and advances a little from her striking dances are those of the European her an occasional dig with his stiletto-like retreat. be But she must made to come out ruffs (of which there is a habitat group in tail. It isn't a its their of fight; only way on to the web, and the male goes to seek her. Hall 20) and the American prairie chickens love. making He takes her foreclaw in his and gently, very and sharp-tailed grouse. In spring, the ruff One of the most peculiar courtships is gently, drags her toward him. Sometimes males gather at definite dancing areas and that of certain land snails. Cupid probably she is afraid, and escapes back to her hold a community "jam session." Anywhere got his bow and arrow idea from these retreat. Then he begins his courtship all from half a dozen to twenty or thirty males creatures, for the males are armed with over again. will take part. They whirl round and round

IF ADMIRING FEMALES ARE NEAR. THE SEA LION WILL POSE, HEAD THROWN BACK. FOR HOI KS (HabitM group of northern or Stellcr'i ica lions of the Pacific— Hall N) March, 1H8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

like dervishes in their excitement. The As the females land, the males fight for PALEONTOLOGICAL PUZZLE the female gathering is entirely male. When them and establish harems. In some species By JAMES H. QUINN visits the dancing platform the scene they may seize the cows by the neck and POaMBR CHIEF PREPARATOR, PALEONTOLOUY immediately changes. The ruffs squat, with pitch them over their shoulders into the Mysteries are always intriguing, once all outstretched and beaks to the ground harem. wings the involved facts are accumulated and their as though hypnotized. The female will Scientists have never been able to agree individual significances appreciated. The then walk among the prostrate males and, as to the reasons why the male in the lower task of fitting them together sometimes leads when she has made her choice, touch him animals is usually the more brilliantly to odd but conclusive answers. One of the with her bill. The various grouses go adorned. The co'nsensus of opinion seems most unusual mysteries to confront the through all the postures of fighting but to be that their decorations are mainly to paleontological staff came to light during never touch a feather. make them conspicuous and recognizable the preparation of a large slab of soft sand- In the case of scorpions, the male and to the female. stone containing remains of prehistoric female dance together with interlocked Certainly, nature went to an extreme in animals of early Pliocene age received at and even intertwined "tails." After mating, adornments in the birds-of-paradise. The the Museum laboratories recently. the male is devoured by his spouse. most ornate of all, the Prince Rudolph's Fossil specimens may be preserved as Troubadors and Serenaders blue bird-of-paradise, has nuptial plumes individual bones, as stream-accumulated of marvelous pastel shades of blue, mauve, Many animals accompany their love- collections containing "odds and ends" of lilac, and maroon. In contrast to this making with music. The grasshoppers bones of many animals, or as articulated exquisite plumage, his spouse is a drab scratch their legs together, and the familiar skeletons where the bones retain their crow-like bird. Not content with exhibiting summer evening chirping of the crickets is normal relation to one another. In this his fine feathers, the Prince Rudolph's blue made by the vibration of their wings. last exceptional and infrequent case, the bird-of-paradise must, like a little boy We are all acquainted with the songbirds, collector expects to find all the parts of a showing off, hang upside down from a but we may not be aware that the singing skeleton intact, except those that have been branch while making his nuptial display. of the male serves a purpose other than eroded away by weathering in the uncover- Perhaps the most striking display of all serenading the female. It is necessary for ing process. is that of the Argus pheasant. His long each male bird to appropriate an area or It was thus brown wings are patterned with a series of quite disconcerting to dis- territory for a nesting site and he sings to as the bones of the Pliocene white spots, which are wonderfully shaded cover, slab warn other males not to encroach. His were cleared of whole so that they look like large eyes. When matrix, series of song serves the purpose of letting any female cervical exhibiting himself he spreads his wings and vertebrae, pelvic girdles, entire within hearing know that here is an eligible hind and throws them forward, like the bell of a great legs, numerous skulls, with lower bachelor, and it also is a warning notice to flower. The long tail plumes are waved up jaws, invariably lacking the occipital region. other males—trespassers keep out or fight! The animals and down behind, and from below one wing represented were three-toed There doesn't seem to be any accounting and an eye peeps out to keep the hen in view. horses, camels, oreodonts. After con- for tastes in song. The female plant-cutter siderable and Wooing in the wild can be comic or tragic, brow-furrowing theorizing, of South America evidently thinks the it was decided that the bones elaborate or plain, but probably the most were accumu- serenade of her mate, which sounds like lated no appealing from the aesthetic point of view by physical agent of nature but the squeak of two tree limbs scraping in the rather the work of a is that of the Hepialus butterflies. Nature by large carnivore or wind, just as lyrical as that of the thrush has endowed the male with pouches lined flesh-eater. The material represented the or nightingale. remains of victims intended to feed with scent-producing glands. His last pair the Some birds go in for beating out their love families of the beasts of for of legs is also transformed into organs prey responsible calls. The ruffed grouse of North America the This rather like giant powderpuffs, which are killings. theory was based on the will select an old log or stump and "drum" belief the normally kept inserted in the perfume that hunters were not strong out a love-call to his mate. This is done by to the entire victims pouches. When he comes acourtin', out enough drag away and beating his short, stiffly feathered wings therefore dismembered the carcasses come the giant powderpuffs from their through against his body. It is a dull thumping at the loins or the "perfume bottles" liberally doused with neck, carrying home hind first and then gradually becomes a steady, or the these scent, and the perfume is daintily shaken quarters head, being much roar. drum pulsating Many woodpeckers over the female. lighter than the fore quarters. The hypothe- their beaks with incredible on dead rapidity sis likewise neatly explained the opened branches to make a resonant note. If a tin brain cases, which otherwise could not be roof is forsake available, they generally accounted for easily. their wood instrument for the "brass." INDIANS BEFORE COLUMBUS* Is the Oddly enough, all the animals represented firat total review of the of North Show-offs prehistory were similar in size so that the America, this side of Mexico, that Is at predator once would have been confronted with the Through the ages, the display of manly authentic and intelligible to others same than specialists. It takes nothing for the man of the problem in every case. strength— strong circus, granted; It explains everything In non- the handsome lifeguard on the beach—has technical words. Each type of ancient cul- The final "proof" of the correctness of this ture In area is described sim- always impressed the womenfolk. A female every briefly, theory was uncovered eventually by the ply, and In Its relation to others, and Is gorilla will find the sight of her mate, with dated approximately or by estimate. discovery of a perfectly articulated skeleton Above the book Is flexed biceps and fists thumping his chest, all, organized; every- of a puppy of the large dog Aleurodon thing is In Its place and can be readily irresistible. The elephant seal will pose for found there. The volume will therefore draped over the top of all the other bones hours with head thrown back and chest be invaluable, both as a textbook in the in the slab. Of course, there is really no teaching of American Indian archaeology extended if there are females of that this admiring and as a handbook or reference work for way establishing positively nearby. the Intelligent amateur and Interested lay- carnivore-den hypothesis is correct, espe- man looking for basic orientation In the In sea lions and sea elephants (both cially since the event took place millions of prehistory of the United States and Cana- shown in elaborate habitat groups in Hall da. —A. L. Kroeber, Professor of Anthropol- years ago, but the evidence certainly points N—Marine Mammals), the bulls, who are ogy, Ualvenlty of California (Berkeley). to that conclusion, and the skeleton of the enormously bigger and stronger than the *By Paul S. Martin, George I. Quimby, Donald puppy, undisturbed from the day of its Collier. —at Museum Book cows, come ashore during the breeding f6 Shop. death, seems to lend some further credence season and stake out mating territories. to the theory. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 19i8

Chicago Natural History Museum terests were divided between mathematics GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Founded by Makshall Field, 1893 and natural history. He spent much time Following is a list of some of the principal Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 as a student at the small college museum, gifts received during the last month: Telephoke: WABash 9410 and this led him to work for a year at Ward's of Natural Science Establishment in Rochester, Department Botany: From: Dr. Nicol&s Peru THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES New York, which was the training school Angulo, Trujillo, —30 herbarium Dr. Eizi L^TBR Armour Marshall Field, Jr. for so many museum workers. After two specimens, Peru; Sbwell L. Avery Stanley Field Matuda, Escuintla, Mexico—200 herbarium Samuel Jr. years at Cedar in of the W. McCoRMicK Blair Insull, Rapids charge Dr. E. Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham specimens, Mexico; Max Britton, installation of an electric light plant, he BOARDMAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBaIN Evanston, 111.—154 herbarium specimens, William H. Mitchell Walter J. Cummings turned permanently to collecting zoological Dutch East Svend Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Indies; Anderson, Copen- Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson specimens as a career. hagen, Denmark—a specimen- of Epilobium Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith his life as naturalist and Marshall Field Albert H. Wettbn During collector, anguslifolium, Denmark. John P. Wilson in he made more than beginning 1888, Department of Geolo^; most of them in OFFICERS forty expeditions, tropical From: Capt. Richard Grosvenor, Fort America. In addition to his work for this Stanley Field Prendent Clayton, Canal Zone—geological specimens. Marshall Field First Viee-Prefidml Museum, he was employed by the Brooklyn Canal A. Colo. Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Via-President Zone; Look, Grand Junction, Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-Pretident Institute of Arts and Sciences, the United —25 specimens of barite crystals, Colorado; Solomon A. Smith Treamrer Elmer — CUPFORD C. Gregg Dirtelor and Secretary States National Museum, the National Mu- Hackenbary, Sr., Pine Ridge, S. D. AMitiant John R. Millar Secretary seum of Costa Rica, and the American 2 fossil specimens. South Dakota; Uni- of —9 fossil Kansas. Museum of Natural History. He published versity Chicago turtles, THE BULLETIN various papers on birds, and an auto- Department of Zoology: in 1931. — EDITOR biography. Dark Trails, appeared From: Ernest P. Du Bois, Talara, Peru 66 3 a CUFFOBD C. Gregg Director of the Muteutn —CCS. lizards, snakes, scorpion, grasshopi)er, beetle, Peru, Ecuador; Herndon Dowling, EDITORS Jr., CONTRIBUTING Ann Arbor, Mich.—8 snakes, Florida; Paul S. Martin Curator of Chief Anthropology N. L. H. Krauss, Hawaii—a toad Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany Honolulu, Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geoloty STAFF NOTES and a lizard, Mexico; Lieut, (j.g.) John F. Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology Kurfess, Warrington, Fla.—26 reptiles and MANAGING EDITOR amphibians, Florida and Texas; Dr. Louis B. Members of the of H. B. Habtb Public Relatione Countel Department Botany Bishop, Pasadena, Calif.—10 birds; Lincoln series five lectures at Fisk staff began a of Park Zoo, Chicago—an adult cheetah; C F. Northwestern last month —2 Members are requested to Inform the Museum Hall, University, Graefe, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio pigeons; promptly of changes of address. and will conclude the series in March. Dr. Harry Hoogstraal, Jewett Amadon, and Julian A. Steyermark, Associate Curator Dean Amadon, Chicago—37 miscellaneous of the Herbarium, lectured on "Flora of birds, Dutch New Guinea; Roger Conant, GEORGE KRUCK CHERRIE —5 United Mrs. Guatemala and Its Geological History"; Philadelphia frogs. States; (1865-1948) Dessie Morrow and Miss Marion Clow, Lake Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, Bluff, 111.—a bird, Illinois. George Kruck Cherrie, who died on lectured on "Rates of Evolutionary Pro- January 20, 1948, at his home in Newfane, cesses"; Dr. Jos6 Cuatrecasas, Curator Library: Vermont, at the age of 82, was connected of Colombian Botany, lectured on "Man- Fi-om: Col. Clifford C Gregg, Valparaiso, Dr. Fritz Haas and Paul with Chicago Natural History Museum at groves of the Pacific Coast of South Ind.; C Standley, and M. Celaleddin Izmirii, Istanbul. various times during his life. America"; Dr. Just will lecture in March on Chicago; Mr. Cherrie served as the first Assistant "Hartmann's Theory of Sexuality"; and Curator of the Department of Ornithology Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of Economic NEW MEMBERS from 1894 to 1896. On an expedition to Botany, will lecture on "Useful Plants of The following persons became Museum Hispaniola in 1894-95, he collected 1,958 the Andes." ... In connection with the Members between Jan. 16 and Feb. 14: birds in addition to mammals, reptiles, and Museum's co-operative expedition with the Contributors fishes. On a second collecting trip to the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Joseph Desloge, Charles Albee Howe, Gulf Coast in 1896 he back almost Inc., scheduled to begin in June, Mr. Karl P. brought Albert H. Wetten. 1,000 birds. In 1915 he was a member of Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, and Associate Members the Collins-Day Expedition to Peru, Bolivia, Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Inver- Philip Bernstein, Earl J. Bush, Louis and Brazil. When the Roosevelts, Kermit tebrates, who will be associate leader of the Frankel, Joshua B. Glasser, M. D. Strong. and Theodore, Jr., organized the James have been honored by election expedition, Non-Resident Associate Members Asiatic in as members of the Bermuda . . . Simpson-Roosevelts Expedition corporation. Miss Lucy M. Brigham Mr. Cherrie was their first choice as Mr. Donald Curator of South 1925, Collier, Annual Members naturalist and collector because he was American and Archaeology, has Ethnology C. M. Baldwin, Robert F. Bradburn, to Kermit Roosevelt from the senior to the Committee on known been appointed Dating Reuben F. Brookstone, Edward W. Burkill, Brazilian of the American Theodore Roosevelt's expedition by the Carbon-14 Method Albert Carroll, Miss Louise Dekker, John in 1914. Mr. Cherrie had just returned Anthropological Association. In this ca- Ford Evans, H. K. Ferguson, John W. from the Asiatic Expedition when he was pacity, Mr. Collier will co-operate in the Godey, A. L. Godie, Robert E. Haskins, asked to lead the Marshall Field Brazilian selection of suitable archaeological material Mrs. William D. Hechler, Dr. Robert W. Expedition of 1926. for tests of this new method of determining Henner, Maxwell R. Herman, Ray Ireland, H. A. Johnson, Herbert M. Johnson, Mr. Cherrie was born in Knoxville, Iowa, time passage by measurements made possi- A. E. KoUenberg, John T. Landreth, Harry on August 22, 1865. At the age of 12 he ble through a technique based on the radio- W. Levy, R. C Maxson, John H. McClellan, began work in the woolen mills, on the then activity of the heavy atom of carbon. . . . Joseph A. Mclnerney, Harold Meidell, Rev. schedule. The Miss Miriam Chief of the current 14-hour-day young Wood, Raymond Ariel O. Mortvedt, James J. Porte, Milton J. on "Conservation Edu- George Cherrie went to the Iowa State Foundation, spoke Sabath, Mrs. Carlo Scuderi, Henry L. Sea- College, at Ames, Iowa, at the age of 15, cation at Chicago Natural History Museum" man, Mrs. Caroline H. Sparr, Walter R. where he worked his way through the course before a recent meeting of the Conservation Tuck, Irwin R. Tucker, Dr. Edward F. in mechanical engineering. His special in- Council of Chicago. Webb. March, 19iB CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN! Page 7 THE UBIQUITOUS CRINOIDS, life of the proprietor by delicate ligamental LAYMAN'S FOSSILS tissues. After these death, connecting Visiting Hours Change March 1 By EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, JR. tissues very quickly deteriorate, and sub- Beginning March 1, spring visiting CURATOR OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS marine currents scatter the plates so that 9 A.M. to 5 not even a hours, p.m., will replace Of the visitors jigsaw-puzzle enthusiast could many who bring fossils the winter schedule of 9 to 4. The find and match It is to the for them again. estimated Museum identification, most new hours will continue that a in effect until of large modern crinoid may have more bring pieces crinoids that they have April after which the than three million 30, Museum found. Attractive in plates in its skeleton. themselves, looliing will be open from 9 a.m. to 6 p-m. until Unlike the of the crinoids like but a of a knights old, have anything part drifting animal September 6 (Labor Day). of the muscular power to feel and to act com- the ocean currents, these pieces naturally pletely at ease in their armor, largely because compel one to wonder, on finding one in a of the buoyant effect of the sea water in beach pebble or a quarried rock, what they which they live. the The may be. Is this a worm? "No," says the calyx. arms are five in number Because of the of where from helminthologist. Is it a plant stem? "No," breaking up the skeleton, they spring the calyx, but they answers the it is unusual to find an entire fossil usually branch or times paleobotanist. Is it, then, a crinoid, once, twice, many such as round mineral crystal? "Heaven forbid!" the one on display in the case of above that. An amazing variety is possible Jurassic fossils in the cries the crystallographer. in Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall manner of branching, and many (Hall 37), and they are among the most species are readily recognized from the form treasured of fossils. Like human beings, of their arms. crinoids are gregarious animals, growing in Certain crinoids, not rooted to the sea- great abundance where conditions are suit- floor, can swim by gracefully folding and able, preferring clear, limy water. And, unfolding their arms, which is certainly where quick burial in undisturbed water more than Sir Launcelot could have done permits the perfect preservation of one in his armor. The main function of the crinoid, we can expect to find an abundance arms, however, is to gather food. Crinoids, of them. In the Museum we have fine like sponges, eat only microscopic plants specimens from such beds in the Missis- and animals from the water, and so do not sippian limestones of Iowa and Indiana. have to grab their prey as does the octopus. Assiduous collecting over the last three Instead, each arm bears, on its upper or generations has now exhausted the supply inner surface, a furrow covered with a roof from those places, adding to the rarity of our examples.

SEA LILIES 'toil NOT'

The illustration {Figure ;) of a nearly perfect Peniacrinus subangularis* shows at 1. A and Fig. large nearly perfect cnnoij, Pcni.i- a crinus glance why the popular name of "sea subangularis, from the Jurassic of Germany. lilies" has been The ruled line is scaled lo the length of one foot. bestowed upon the crinoids. With the long stem, the small, compact, "calyx," and the long feathery arms re- Because the commonest crinoid fossils are sembling petals, it seems surely some the pieces of the broken and scattered lily from a fantastic garden. Like the proverbial skeleton, many of whose pieces are star- lily of the field, it toils not, neither does it shaped, people have in the past taken them spin. Some crinoids drift lazily with the for "irradiations" of heavenly bodies, a ocean current; others root themselves to a view encouraged by the mediaeval astrol- rock or shell on the sea-floor, the roots ogers. Few animals, indeed, can produce furthering the resemblance to a plant (see from the remains of a single individual Figure 2). A tenuous "nerve" or "tendon," fossils of such varied appearance. passing through a central hole in each plate Modern crinoids, often captured in fisher- of the stem, the animal the Fig. 2. Parts of fossil crinoids. In the center, the men's a gives necessary nets, and relatively small number roots control of its distant roots. of two individuals of Eucalyptocrinus <^rassus, of perfectly preserved fossil representatives from the Silurian of Indiana; above and to the left Fossil crinoids are dull but in afford us a good understanding of the nature colored, of these, the bottom of a calyx of Batocrinus yan- their lifetime they must have been as delli. The other pieces are broken stems and single of these unusual animals. With the starfish, bright The white line at the bottom sea and a few other as the modern ones, which are colored, in stem-plates. repre- urchin, rare groups, sents one inch. or solid with some extinct, they compose the phylum stripes, spots, patterns, tints, of the or all the rainbow shades plus silver, black, Echinoderma, "spiny-skinned of calcite and lined with and brown. jointed plates tiny animals." So far has the of the white, An underwater "garden" protection hair-like cilia to propel the food-bearing soft tissues of crinoids is strangely like a bewitched field progressed in this class that the water the tube thus formed. of random wild flowers. through entire animal is encased in a heavy armor of crystalline calcite, several hundred times Although most plants take their food man's distant COUSIN? as heavy as the animal inside. through their roots and with their green The tubes collect water at the ends of the

pigment, crinoids, being animals, must catch finest branches and it to the MILLIONS OF PLATES carry mouth, theirs. It is for this purpose that they have situated at the center of the top of the calyx, In of the spite this heavy integument, crinoids long, many-branched arms rising above within the circle of arms. All the way, it are the among most flexible of creatures, for travels through the protected tube, to the the skeleton is built of • numerous small Collected by Dr. Bernhard Hauff in the Liaasic shale great discouragement of parasites and food- of "New of plates of calcite, each a part of an individual Holzmaden, Wurttemberg (see Graveyard thieves. Certain crinoids of the South Atlan- Fossil Vertebrates in Wyoming" by Dr. Rainer Zangerl, crystal, that are held together during the. Bulletin, August, 1947). (Turn to page 8, column S) Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 19i8

NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY Morgan, Monterey, Calif.; Jack Stump, MARCH LECTURE TOURS, PRIZE WINNERS San Diego, Calif.; Giuseppe Rinaldo Con- DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAYS falonieri, Milano, Italy; Miss Evelyn M. With the exception of the names of prize Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of Flach, Buffalo, N. Y.; V. E. Ward, Angels winners that were not available at the time staff lecturers, are conducted every after- Camp, Calif.; Wells W. Smith, Salt Lake of going to press, a full account of the Third noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain City, Utah; and Mrs. Alice B. Rawson, Chicago International Exhibit of Nature holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- Denver, Colo. Photography held at the Museum under days, and Saturdays, general tours are given, the auspice^ of the Nature Camera Club of The final tally of entries exceeded 1,900 covering all departments. Special subjects Chicago appeared in the last issue of the (300 more than reported in the last Bul- are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays (the Bulletin. letin), of which 700 were accepted for the Friday tours open with an introductory the Following are the lists of medal winners exhibition that was held from February 1 to lecture and slides or films in Meeting and awards of honorable mention: 29, in Stanley Field Hall of the Museum. Room on the second floor of the Museum); The number more than 400 and a schedule of these follows: MEDAL WINNERS competitors represent several foreign countries as well — — Black and White Photographs: Wed., Mar. 3 Denizens of the Deep as most of the states of this country. Underwater Life (Lorain Farmer). Animal Life Division: H. J. Ensenberger, Mar. 5—Sacred Animals. Illustrated Bloomington, 111.—Goggle Eyes. Fri., MOVIES FOR CHILDREN introduction in Meeting Room {Jane Plant Life Division: Ray L. Carroll, SATURDAY MORNINGS Sharpe). 6143 S. Troy St., Jack-in-the Chicago— Wed., Mar. 10—"Be It Ever So Humble"— Pulpit. The spring series of free motion picture Housing Around the World (June Buch- for children on General Division: E. C. Crossett, 1407 programs Saturday mornings, wald. the James Nelson and Anna Railway Exchange, Chicago—Forest Glen. presented by Fri., Mar. 12—Giants—Large Plants and Louise Raymond Foundation, will open Animals. Illustrated introduction in Meet- Color Slides: March 6 and continue through April 24. Room (Miriam Wood). Animal Life Division: Edward A. Hill, The programs are given in the James Wed., Mar. 17—The Gift of Green—Story Fleetwood, Pa.— T^ie Two-tailed Cat. Simpson Theatre of the Museum, and all of the Plant Kingdom (Marie Sroboda). Plant Life Division: Phoe- Frank Proctor, begin at 10:30 A.M. In addition to motion Fri., Mar. 19—Activities Behind a Great nix, Ariz.—Cactus Beauties. pictures, three of the programs will be Museum—Stories of Expeditions and Re- to be search Behind the Scenes. Illustrated General Division: Capt. Martin L. Davis, accompanied by lectures, given by Mrs. June Buchwald of the Museum's introduction in Meeting Room (Lorain Pine Camp, N. Y.—Snow-capped. staff, Frederick Machetanz, artist and lecturer, Farmer). HONORABLE MENTIONS and Peter Koch. Wed., Mar. 24—Animals in Domestic Black and White Photographs: Service Children may come alone, accompanied (Harriet Smith). Animal Life Division: Louis — Quitt, Buffalo, by adults, or in groups from schools, etc. Fri., Mar. 26 Hats and Hair-dos, Mas- N. Mrs. River- culine As Well As Feminine. Illustrated Y.; Dorothy Meigs Eidlitz, Following is an outline of the programs: dale-on-Hudson, N. Y.; Rodger E. Rich- introduction in Meeting Room (Harriet March 6—Animal Tales ard, Dearborn, Mich.; Tod Swalm, Silver Smith). — Springs, Fla., and Dr. G. B. White, Port Some favorite animal pictures Wed., Mar. 31 Pranks Among the Animals — is Fools' Colborne, Ontario, Canada. Also a cartoon Every Day April Day (Winona Cosner). Plant Life Division: Ray L. Carroll, March 13—Let's Eat 6143 S. Troy St., Chicago; John Voss, Stories about foods Peoria, 111.; H. J. Ensenberger, Bloom- CRINOIDS— ington, 111.; and Miss Esther Heacock, Also a cartoon Wyncote, Pa. (Continued from page 7) March 20—The Enchanted Forest General Division: Ben Hallberg, Brook- tic, which haven't the covers on their food- The adventures of a little boy in a friendly field, 111.; Dr. B. J. Ochsner, grooves, are badly infested with parasites Durango, forest Colo.; Mrs. Caryl R. Firth, Trappe, Md.; and are probably doomed to a not far distant and Giuseppe Rinaldo Confalonieri, March 27—ANIMAL ANTICS (Movies) extinction as a result. From the mouth, the food travels an alimentary canal Milano, Italy. Furry young playmates through so well developed that many consider the Ck>lor Slides: Lecture by June Buchwald, Chicago echinoderms to be man's closest relative Animal Life Division: Willard H. Farr, Natural History Museum among the invertebrates. 6024 Dakin St., Chicago; R. E. McAdams, April 3—Eskimo Summer (Color Movies) If that is so, it enables us to trace our Springfield, Ohio; Edward A. Hill, Fleet- Eskimos live in the summertime ancestry rather close to the "primeval pro- wood, Pa.; Frank Bazzoni, Ottawa, 111.; How toplasmal globule" who was the first re- Miss Mary E. Owens, Toronto, Canada; Lecture by Frederick Machetanz, Kenton, corded ancestor in the family tree of Gilbert and Mrs. Marian S. Kimble, Boise, Idaho. Ohio and Sullivan's Pooh-Bah, for the earliest Plant Life Division: Frank W. Bemm, April !—GuMPSEs OF Australia echinoderms are reported to occur in rocks Skokie, 111.; John B. Brennan, Salt Lake Also a cartoon about 550 million years old. The first Utah; Miss Marion R. City, Davis, crinoids appeared about 50 million years Rochester, N. Y.; R. E. 17— in the Big Bend McAdams, April Beauty Coun- later, as a specialized branch of the phylum Mrs. Helen C. Springfield, Ohio; Manzer, try (Color Movies) that has provided abundant denizens of New York, N. Y.; Frank Proctor, Phoenix, Our newest national park in Texas the oceans to the present day. Whether or Ariz.; and D. W. Williamson, Montrose, Lecture Peter Koch, Texas not we care to think of echinoderms as Colo. by Marathon, possible distant cousins, they are in them- General Division: Russel Kriete, 5046 April 24—My Dog Shep selves rather fascinating members of almost Cornelia Ave., Chicago; Roy A. Whipple, The story of a boy and his dog in the great every fossil collection in the world and among 66 W. Ohio St. Chicago; William L. out-of-doors the easiest ones to find in the Chicago region.

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I Vol. No. 4 '*l-:«;^ 19, April, 1948 ^ %^^ -'*si;^*' ^'''SC^J Chicago Natural History Museum Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 19i8 UNIVERSITY GIFT: A VAST FOSSIL VERTEBRATE COLLECTION By BRYAN PATTERSON its efforts in the collection CURATOR OF FOSSIL MAMUALS ontology, largely concentrating types represented by on the faunas of Permian and Triassic age. mounted skeletons. More than 300 million in that years ago, These two periods, marking, respectively, The present-day frogs and toads are now of the earth's known as the period history the close of the Paleozoic era and the open- believed to be modified, in many ways some lobe-finned fish came out Devonian, ing of the Mesozoic, saw the final flowering degenerate, descendants of this labyrinthine- of water. The manner of their the precise of the amphibians and much of the rise of toothed division. A member of another is not known. But the event was coming the reptiles. The collection, one of the finest group of amphibians is the extraordinary one of the most momentous that occurred of its kind in existence, that has resulted Diplocaulus, an aquatic form with greatly in the long history of life on earth, for it from this work has been presented by the reduced limbs and a skull that could almost was destined to lead, among other things, University to the Museum. Merely to be described as boomerang-shaped. Al- to the rise of the dinosaurs and their eventual enumerate and comment briefly on all of though they pioneered in the invasion of the land, the amphibians never completely conquered it. Professor Alfred S. Romer has aptly remarked that in the water they are born; to the water they must periodically return. They never succeeded, as a whole, in evolving an egg that could be laid on land, left to develop there, and from which there would hatch a small but fully formed replica of the adult. In a restricted sense, however, they did accomplish this feat, for the labyrinthine-toothed amphibians gave rise to the reptiles that took this last, decisive step to true land life. The di\'ision between reptile and am- phibian, so sharp today, was by no means clear-cut in the late Paleozoic. It is a matter of discussion whether a certain group, typified by an animal called Seymouria, should be referred to the one class or the other, and quite possible that the more or less arbitrary dividing line between the two may have been crossed more than once. Be this as it may, reptilian diversity was rapidly attained, and by Permian time a great variety of forms was in existence. Included in the collection are skeletons LARGE SPECIMENS PRESENT MOVING-DAY DIFFICULTIES of the primitive Labidosaurus, of the little suite of whose remains from Minor injuries to ancient skeletons sufiered during transportation of the fossils from the University of Captorhinus (a Chicago to the Museum are repaired by Preparator Stanley J. Kuczek (left) and Chief Preparator Orville L. a fissure fiUing are almost perfectly pre- in the is a the other two are Gilpin. The specimen background dicynodont; pareiasaurs. served), of the lumbering pareiasaur Brady- saurus, and of various pelycosaurs. These replacement by the mammals, to the ap- the groups represented would require an last are of extreme interest, not only because pearance of man and the development of his article several times the length of this one. they were on the line that was to lead to civilizations, to total wars and the release Space permits mention here of only a few, the mammals but also because of the ex- of atomic energy. leaving more detailed discussions for the traordinary structure attained by two of Between the coming forth of the fish and future. the latest representatives of the order. even the first of these later refinements, Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus, the forms in MODERN RELATIVES OVERSHADOWED however, 150 millions of years were to elapse. question, were characterized by immensely During this immense stretch of time, the The amphibians of today—the well- long dorsal spines on the trunk vertebrae world was to witness the rise and differentia- known frogs, toads, and salamanders and that were joined together in life by skin. tion of the amphibians that were the the unfamiliar caecilians—convey almost no What function, if any, was served by these descendants of the lobe-finned fish and the idea of the group in its heyday. From the "sails" is wholly conjectural. In the eda- early radiation of the reptiles that were, in later Devonian until well into the Penn- phosaurs and their relatives of the Casea their turn, the descendants and later on sylvanian period, they were the dominant, group, furthermore, we have the first truly the supplanters of the amphibians. indeed for most of that time the only, land herbivorous land vertebrates. To many students of the subject, this is vertebrates, and they were still abundant FIRST TAPPING OF PLANT FOOD the most fascinating period of vertebrate during the early Permian. A great number evolution. Heretofore, because of lack of of diverse forms arose, the largest of which Among the other early reptiles and the specimens, the Museum has not been able attained the size of crocodiles. The most amphibians, the larger ate the smaller, the to present it satisfactorily to the public. important and best-known group had smaller the smallest, and the smallest in This deficiency has now been overcome, solidly roofed skulls and teeth with peculiar turn subsisted on insects and other in- thanks to one of the most munificent gifts labyrinthine infoldings of the enamel, both vertebrates. Here was the first direct in the history of the institution. Since the characters inherited from the ancestral tapping by the backboned animals of the 1890s, the University of Chicago has been fishes. The large and ungainly Eryops, food supply afforded by the plant world, pursuing an active program of collecting, the smaller but even more clumsy-looking a resource that was to be used extensively research, and exhibition in vertebrate pale- Cacops, and Tremaiops are early Permian by the later reptiles and even more so by April, ISiS CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S the mammals. The early Permian material Wendell Williston, who had also served a ARKANSAS ZOOLOGY TRIP in the collection comes mainly from Texas. term as assistant to Marsh. It was under On March 20, Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, The later Permian and early Triassic faunas Williston that the bulk of the Texas Permian Curator of Mammals, left for Arkansas are represented by specimens from the material was acquired. accompanied by Staff Taxidermist Frank C. Karroo, that classic collecting ground in The tradition of Permian work was con- Wonder and Seflor Celestino Kalinowski, a South Africa. Among them is a good series tinued by Professor Romer, now of Harvard, Peruvian student at the Museum. They of the therapsid reptiles that were the and is being maintained by his successor. will be joined later by Mr. Rush Watkins, descendants of the pelycosaurs and the Dr. Everett C. Olson, the present incumbent of Chicago. ancestors of the mammals. of the chair and also Research Associate at This trip will be the "maiden voyage" Although the groups mentioned constitute the Museum. The late Mr. Paul C. Miller, of the new Chevrolet Carry-all recently the most famous part of the University formerly Curator of the University collec- purcha.sed by the Museum for zoological tion and one of the great collectors that field work. Collecting of mammals, reptiles, America has produced, was associated with and plants will be carried on near Marcella all but Baur. He personally collected and in the Arkansan Ozarks. This is the second prepared most of the specimens and as- of a series of field trips to collect and study sembled every mounted skeleton. In a very the mammals of Arkansas. real sense the collection is his monument.

BASIS OF MUCH RESEARCH tion rests. It be said with TREMATOPS SKI LKTON Material in the collection has been studied largely may considerable assurance by these men, by their students, and by that no discussion of An early Permian labyrinthine'toothed amphibian the evolution of the land vertebrates that attained a length of about 30 inches. early has appeared that has not been influenced either directly or indirectly by the knowledge collection, they are by no means all there gained from the specimens in it. is of it. A considerable amount of fossil f . The gift of the collection does not mark fish material, including a notable series of the termination of the University's interest American Paleozoic remains brought to- in vertebrate paleontology. It is, rather, a gether by the late Mr. William F. E. major step in a continuing integration of Gurley, will aid materially in filling a long- effort of the two institutions in this field. felt gap in the Museum's collection. The Both the University and the Museum are fossil mammals, mostly from the White and will continue to be interested in further- River Oligocene of the Great Plains, supple- ing research and in collecting the specimens ment rather than complement those already on which such work is based. The in the Museum, but they are nevertheless housing and care of the material falls, as is a most welcome addition. Almost as if proper, to the lot of the Museum. In disseminating eventual union had been foreseen, the Mu- the knowledge gained, the two institutions seum and the University concentrated their SKELETON OF CACOPS address themselves in the main to different field work in deposits of different ages, A largc'headed amphibian, about IS inches long, audiences in different ways—the University the University working chiefly in the late from the early Permian of Texas. The bony armor to its students by direct instruction and the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, the Museum along the back presumably served for defense Museum to the general public through the in the late Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. against larger predaceous forms. medium of exhibits. Both groups will benefit Fusion has thus gone far toward filling the from the concentration of specimens. gaps in each. other investigators and much has, in con- Advanced classes in vertebrate paleon- The University collection began in a sequence, been published upon it. Because tology have for several years been conducted modest way with the collecting activities of this, the number of specimens that have in the Museum building. The advantage of of the late Professor Georg Baur, who, as a been figured and described in the literature the new arrangement to the students is young man, had come to this country from as well as of those that have served as the obvious; no amount of listening to lectures Munich to work with Professor O. C. Marsh bases for descriptions of new species and or looking at published figures can supply of Yale, one of the founding fathers of higher taxonomic categories is large. It is the experience that is to be gained from American vertebrate paleontology. Baur upon this considerable volume of published first-hand examination of material. The was succeeded by the late Professor Samuel work that the wide reputation of the collec- Museum visitor can now see more of the grand sweep of vertebrate history. Access -THIS MONTH'S COVER- to the University collection was, to be sure, not denied him before; the specimens had "For, lo! the winter is past, the rain is over and gone; the Sowers appear on been exhibited on the campus for many the the of the of birds is and the voice of the earth; time singing come, years, but, although they were known to turtle is heard in our land." (THE song of solomon h, i2) u, specialists the world over, it is probable that one in a thousand Our cover picture shows part of a trilliums, dogtooth violets, Virginia hardly Chicagoan habitat group— Illinois Woodland, bluebells, wild ginger, columbines, was aware of their existence. of material from the Uni- Chicago Area, in Spring—in Martin Jack-in-the-pulpits, Solomon's seals, Incorporation A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Plant and blue, yellow, and spurred violets. versity collection into the Museum's ex- hibition series will of take some Life, Hall 29). The group was prepared in the necessity time to the revision Trees shown in the exhibit include Department of Botany's plant repro- accomplish. Pending sugar maple, American elm, linden, duction laboratories under the super- that this will entail, a number of skeletons white oak, witch hazel, black cherry, vision of Curator of Exhibits Emil of early amphibians and reptiles, including and pale dogwood. Among the Sella. The background is by Staff nearly all forms mentioned in this article, flowers seen are white and pink Artist Arthur G. Rueckert. are being placed on temporary exhibition in Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38). Page ^ CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1 H8

BIRDS ARE WHERE YOU FIND THEM—IF LUCK IS WITH YOU By AUSTIN L. RAND in the and on board the routes CURATOR OF BIRDS mountains, ship amongst used, and observations on travel oceanic islands, and he saw himself, perhaps conditions and anything else that may be ANG! and two birds fell from Bang!" for the first time, really playing his part in of value in writing up a report. As the the of the "B' leafy canopy tropical the whole scheme. Before he had left specimens begin to come in to the Museum, to at the feet of the forest land young Chicago, the ornithologist had talked at the ornithologist will have sent back en- naturalist. He his to dropped gun pick length with him about collecting and the couraging letters to the young collector, hold a bird in each hand. up and Museum's bird collection. suggesting improvements in labeling and They were breath-takingly beautiful and The ideal way to get specimens for study preparation, commenting on the material strange to him. He'd studied the birds is to go out and collect them yourself. and its value, pointing out things lacking, he'd expected to find in this jungle when But you wouldn't live long enough for that, and congratulating him on the rarities he he was back in the Museum, but he'd seen nor do you have enough alter egos. So has found and on his good series. none like these. There certainly were none expeditions sent from the Museum are the DUGOUTS, DISASTER, DESPAIR like them in the Museum. Perhaps they next best solution. The ornithologist were new; perhaps the ornithologist back knows from his studies the areas that have Transportation is by whatever means at the Museum would name them for him; not been explored; he knows what sort of come to hand, and some Museum expedition journals, between entries for the detailed description of the song of a brown-tailed scrub-bird, long lists of provisions, and itineraries, may read like first-rate escape adventure literature. Take the 1938 British Guiana trip of Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator of Birds. He went into the Brazilian frontier country, a region of rugged moun- tains, rushing streams, and trackless jungles avoided even by aborigines. He flew in from Georgetown and landed on a river base; then he relayed his goods upstream by a 32-foot power boat and later by dugout canoes. In October, with the start of the dry season, falling water level threatened to leave him stranded and so he hurried downstream. Rapids presented real dangers, and one of these materialized. The motor- boat hit a rock in midstream, leaving the outfit stranded, the gear gone, and half the specimens lost. Crude craft were improvised —a "bateau" from canvas and planks and a "woodskin" boat from the bark of a ALONE, WITH WORK, IN A CLOUD FOREST OF GUATEMALA "purple heart" tree—and in these and some Museum camp on slopes of Mount Tajumulco, altitude about 7,500 feet. At this camp, on an expedition dugouts the expedition members paddled Leon at sponsored by Mandel, Associate Curator Emmet R. Blake, shown here work, collected the specimens back to civilization. They were safe, but for the beautiful quetzal group now in Hall 20. the loss of half their collections, half the results of a year's work into which had gone if he and when are needed. So he sends out the perhaps, proved helpful apt things thought, effort, long hours, and a man's he back he could have a student with his a got home, part young equipment, whole heart—material that was irreplace- in them. This was his first of a list of describing day modicum funds, map, a rarities able—was a catastrophe beyond portrayal of collecting, and it was an auspicious that he wants especially (mostly quite in words. He of the time and instructions to a beginning. thought ahead, unobtainable), get Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Associate in the of the route he'd while over of all the birds in planned poring complete representation Division of Birds, on a trip to Yucatan maps and specimens, and of the treasures the area in series large enough to be useful, traveled and worked in company with an he'd have to take back if collecting continued not forgetting herons, ducks, hawks, and archaeologist. Bill Andrews. While Andrews like this—treasures that would his hornbills those that are hard to make (i.e., big, pored over ancient inscriptions, transcribing a notable expedition success. skin, and smelly, and whose skins are hieroglyphics, Traylor collected birds on the difficult to dry and pack). plaza where in bygone days Indians A CONTINUING TASK Mayan The young collector must not forget the conducted religious ceremonies. Our col- That afternoon, as he skinned his birds common birds of the native village where lectors have worked widely: in South and made them into study skins for the he has made his headquarters, for some may America Blake has made several trips to Museum collection, he thought of the part be seen nowhere else, though it's necessary British Guiana, and Rudyerd Boulton, he was playing in the building of the bird to be careful about natives' prejudices, for former Curator of Birds, made a wonderful collection at the institution and of the part the natives may not want guns fired in study on Mt. Cameroon in West Africa; the others had played and still had to play. their villages. He will have had strict late Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, former Chief Expeditions, he knew, had been an important instructions about labeling (a label without Curator of Zoology, with the late Louis factor in building up the bird collections a specimen can be valuable; a specimen Agassiz Fuertes, noted artist, and Alfred of Chicago Natural History Museum. Ex- without a label isn't worth much), and on M. Bailey, then a member of our De- peditions with Museum collectors had note-taking. His notes should include in- partment of Zoology and now Director traveled to far corners of the earth, to make formation as to where and how each bird of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, their camps in the jungles, on the plains, lives, a description of the country and of Denver, got a beautiful collection from April, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

northern Abyssinia. Josselyn Van Tyne, ADDITIONS TO EXHIBITS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM now of the University of Michigan, worked By THEODOR JUST deserts from Texas to northern for us in Indo-China; Boardman Conover, CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY South Trustee of the Museum and Research America. Two new models of plants belonging to Associate in the Division of Birds, and Highly variable in leaf shape and color, widely separated groups have recently been John T. Zimmer, former Curator of Birds, their leaves may be dark or quite pallid, added to the synoptical exhibits of the collected in East Africa. The history of sometimes frilled. The species represented, the collection during the early years of the gibbous-flowered Echeveria, is a native of Museum is another and an interesting story. Mexico, where it generally attains a height of 3 to 4 feet in flower and 12 or more CAMPS, COOKS, AND CONTACTS inches in diameter. The flowers are con-

There's more to collecting than shooting spicuous because of their rose-colored petals the birds. There's choosing the right places to and leaf-like bracts. camp and staying there until the area's The genus Echeveria belongs to the stone-

exhausted, that is, until days go by without crop family, which contains some 600 species getting any new birds. There's the camp of fleshy or succulent plants, most of which to set up and manage, the kitchen to run, are small like the stonecrop, live-for-ever, and the food to supply to the cook. There's etc. Echeverias are great favorites for the water to boil. Contacts must be made greenhouse cultivation and can easily be with the local people and transport arranged. hybridized. The getting of birds starts another train The model, prepared from a live specimen of responsibility, too. There's the preparing by Preparators Frank Boryca and Milton of them. If native help is available, use it. Copulos, with the assistance of Mr. Emil Natives can be taught to skin large birds, Sella, Curator of Exhibits, is on display in and as skill develops they can graduate to Case 849. small ones. That can double or treble your The other model is a reproduction of a productivity. The specimens have to be remarkable representative of the class known a dried, perhaps over kerosene lamp (but as blue-green algae. It is a species of Nostoc avoid a smoky fire, which turns specimens (Nostoc amplissimum) common in cold fresh- brown), then packed, and got somehow to water ponds and streams of the western the to a coast, be put aboard steamer, after United States. The large gelatinous balls which the collector can be reasonably sure of this species are olive-green or brownish to — the they'll get Chicago unless, that is, and may attain a size of 60 by 30 centimeters, catches fire or ship they're damaged by whereas those of other species are usually that's water, and beyond him. marble-sized or slightly larger, as is evident Native aid in getting birds is important, from a comparison with another exhibit in especially for obscure or shy ground birds the same case (803). and those of dense and marsh that the grass Nostocs are really made up of innumerable natives can snare or shoot with their bows DESERT GLORY microscopic filaments densely interwoven or their blow-guns. Sometimes a little crake and embedded in a matrix. This reproduction of Echeveria gibbiflora, native of gelatinous The be common. Its call from may rings daily Mexican deserts, has recently been added to the structure of these filaments can be seen in a near the table exhibits in Hall of Plant grassy meadow skinning 29 (Hall Life). the glass model in Case 801. This model but is one In such a case rarely glimpsed. also gives an indication of the blue-green the native is invaluable. He knows where Plant Kingdom on display in Martin A. and color characteristic of these plants. Nor- the birds run. He sets his little fiber snares, Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29, Plant Life). mally nostocs grow in water or on wet soil and for a few cents worth of trade in goods The genus Echeveria includes some of the or rocks. The specimens used for this face or beads, paint, seashells, trinkets, most beautiful succulent plants known. exhibit were collected on the bottom of a soon have a whole series in. you may brought Named in honor of the Mexican botanical very cold pond about 12 to 24 inches deep A native with a gunboy, provided shotgun artist, Atanasio Echevarria, its species near Klamath Lake, Oregon. The models and a ration of a few shells is also a daily number more than 100 and range in the were made by Mr. Sella. good investment. The good collector is astir betimes. He's up and active with the sun. He tries to get back to camp before noon so as to have shine in the rays of his light. Only the eyes Near settlements make sure that large, lots of time to prepare his specimens. But are visible in the beam of the torch, and he luminous eyes don't belong to someone's even so, his enthusiasm may have spurred shoots at them. It's perhaps the most horse or cow! him on to gather so much material that the exciting kind of hunting, for often he doesn't Sometimes it seems impossible to get a last of it has to be prepared by the light of know what kind of an animal the eyes specimen of a particular species of bird a lamp, after dark. And then there's the belong to until after he's gone over and that's seen almost daily. Sometimes it's writing up of notes, records that are as im- picked it up. It may be a goatsucker he's an eagle that soars high over the jungle, portant as the specimens for any well-run not seen before; it may be some rare mammal never coming within range. But be eternally expedition. By the time he's finished, he's that he'll save even though mammals are vigilant, and some day you'll find one off ready for bed. But every night can't be a sideline in his interests; or it may be only guard. Osgood had trouble getting a good spent in bed, if he's to get a complete col- a spider, for spider eyes shine brilliantly. specimen of the rare and elusive green pea- lection of birds, for it's at night that some In some marshy bogs the rays of his torch cock in Indo-China. The birds were feeding birds, like the owls and goatsuckers, are may reveal many pairs of reddish eyes at in the old rice fields and meadows but always abroad. So some days as darkness falls he the water's edge, the eyes of young alligators. far from good cover and so alert as to defy takes his gun and jacklight and prowls the Owls' eyes don't shine well and so he has stalking. But by watching the birds he jungle trails, watching for animal eyes to to watch closely. But a word of caution. (Turn to page 8, column 1) 6 Page CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 19i8

Chicago Natural History Museum Curator of the Herbarium, has been ap- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 pointed Honorary Research Associate of Books Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Telephone: WABash 9410 (All books renewed in the Bulletin are CUBA BOTANICAL available in The Book Shop of the Museum. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES EXPEDITION Mail orders accompanied— by remittance are Lester Arhour Marshall Field, Jr. promptly filled The Book Shop pays the Sbwell L. Avery Stanley Field postage on shipments.) W. McCoRHiCK Blair Sauubl Insull, Jr. Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus of Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham and Dr. Boahdman Conover Hughston M. McBain Botany, Hugh C. Cutler, Curator ESPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN— Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell of Economic Botany, have returned from an Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall PANUCK, ESKIMO SLED DOG. By Howard W. Fbnton George A. Richardson expedition to Cuba where they studied and Frederick Machetanz. Charles Scribner's Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith collected Marshall Field Albert H. Wettbn palms. Sons, New York. 95 pages, illustrations John P. Wilson Although palms provide food, shelter, and by author. Price $1.75. for OFFICERS clothing many people in the tropics, little This is the of an Stanley Field President is known about the habits of palms story Alaskan Eskimo Field First Vice-President Marshall and of the relationship between the various boy and his dog. The Eskimo boy, Andy, Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Vice-President Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President kinds. The date and coconut palms have raises his puppy, Panuck, to be a sled dog. Solomon A. Smith Treasurer been studied With his own sled and team with Panuck Clifford C. Grego Director and Secretary slightly, but no thorough dog John R. Millar Aesisiani Secretary investigation has been made of the lesser as lead dog, Andy has adventures, one of known palms, many of which, like the which is particularly exciting and proves the THE BULLETIN babassu palm of Brazil, continued to provide abilities of the boy and his dog team. The essential of oil when Oriental story is laid a of modern EDITOR supplies the against background sources were cut off the Eskimo life in Alaska. The duration of the Clifford C. Gregg ^Director of the Museum by Japanese during the war. story, four seasons, enables the author to CONTRIBUTING EDITORS During the survey of the palms of Cuba, show modern Alaskan Eskimo life in spring, Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropoloey Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany material was collected for the exhibits and summer, autumn, and winter. Sharat K. Roy Curator Geology Chief of herbarium of the The text is Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology Museum. abundantly supplemented with excellent illustrations by the author. MANAGING EDITOR These are not only entertaining but also H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel Guatemala Zoological Expedition instructive. There are, for instance, draw- The Museum's Guatemala Zoological Ex- ings showing the form and construction Members are requested to inform the Museum pedition, 1948, will leave on April 8 for promptly of changes of address. of sleds and the style and method of harness- four and one-half months work in the field. ing dogs. The main purpose of the expedition is to George I. Quimby collect certain insects that were described STAFF NOTES Curator of Exhibits, Anthropology in the monumental publication, Biologia Centrali-Americana, and that have since Dr. Alexander Curator of Spoehr, presented many problems in classification, GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Oceanic Ethnology, has been granted leave and to collect mammals and their ectopara- Department of Botany; of absence for next summer to teach anthro- sites. Work will center around chiefly From: Dr. Walter Kiener, Lincoln, Neb.— pology at Harvard University. Currently, the Volcan and the Volcan the Fuego Agua, 180 specimens of algae, Nebraska; Dr. he is in research at museums and engaged Sierra de las Minas, and the caves in the Ramon Ferreyra, Lima, Peru—29 specimens libraries in New and Washington, York, Lanquin area. The party consists of two of algae,— Peru; Dr. E. Yale Dawson, Los New Haven in connection with collections entomologists, Mr. Rupert L. Wenzel, Angeles 90 specimens of algae, Mexico, Costa made on his recent expedition to Micronesia. Assistant Curator of Insects, and Mr. Rica, and Galapagos Islands; Herman ... Dr. Paul S. Chief Curator of Silva, East. Lansing, Mich.— 192 specimens Martin, Rodger D. Mitchell, of Wayne, Illinois, of algae, Tennessee and North Carolina; Anthropology, Mr. Donald Collier, Curator and a mammalogist, Mr. Luis de la Torre, Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, MedelUn, of South American Ethnology and Archae- of Highland Park, Illinois. Colombia—342 herbarium specimens, Co- ology, Mr. George I. Quimby, Curator of lombia. Exhibits, and Dr. Spoehr all have recently 'Children's Corner' on Radio Department of Zoology: lectured before anthropology classes at the Features Museum Stories From: John Q. Burch, Los Angeles—2 University of Chicago. . . . Dr. Hugh C. Museum stories on natural history, specimens of sea shells. West Mexico; Mrs. Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany, gave — supplied through the co-operation of the Dorothy Foss, Chicago a golden hamster; a seminar, "Diversity in Useful Plants of James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Rupert L. Wenzel, Oak Park, 111.—404 Bolivia," at the Missouri Botanical Garden, of insects and Tennessee Foundation for Public School and Children's specimens allies, St. Louis, last month. He and Mr. Collier and Georgia; Hugh B. Leech, San Francisco Lectures, are currently being featured as together participated in a recent "Flying —2 beetles, British Colombia; Smithsonian part of the program called "The Children's Reporter" radio program over WAIT, telling Institution, Washington, D.C.—a fresh- Corner." The program is presented each water Lincoln of their expeditionary activities. . . . Dr. snail, Philippine Islands; Saturday on Station WCFL at 5:15 p.m. Park —a hutia Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, Zoo, Chicago (Plagiodontia), and again each Sunday morning at 9 A.M. Haiti; Chicago Zoological Society, Brook- gave a seminar at the University of Chicago field, 111.—19 birds and a male drill; Bro. on "Hartmann's Theory of Sexuality." — Museum Aids Surgery Class Niceforo Maria, Cucuta, Colombia a turtle; . . . Mr. Colin Sanborn, Curator Campbell Miss Dawn Davey, Chicago—22 specimens of Mammals, has been elected a On February 12 and March 9 a group of Correspond- of sea shells, Florida; Claudio Ciferri, of the of ad- ing Member Zoological Society twenty-four plastic surgeons taking Caracas, Venezuela—6 birdskins, Venezuela. London. . . . Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, vanced graduate work at the University of Library: Chief Curator of attended a recent Illinois Medical School visited the Museum Zoology, From: Caribbean Research Council, Carib- of of for Mr. meeting the American Society Icthyolo- a special demonstration by John bean Commission, Washington, D.C; Col. gists and Herpetologists in New Orleans. Pletinckx, Ceramic Restorer in the Depart- Clifford C. Gregg, Valparaiso, Ind.; Dr. . . . Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Associate ment of Anthropology, of plaster casting. Fritz Haas and Rupert L. Wenzel, Chicago. April, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 SATURDAY LECTURES DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION PREPARATIONS UNDER WAY ALL THROUGH APRIL Most of the equipment for the Bermuda Laboratory at Woods Hole was erroneously The Museum's course of free illus- spring Deep-Sea Expedition, 1948, a joint project named in connection with the Oceanographic trated lectures on afternoons will Saturday of Chicago Natural History Museum and Institution. The Laboratory is a sister continue All lectures through April. begin the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, organization but has no official connection at 2:30 p.m. in the James Theatre. Simpson Inc., will be dispatched in April to the ex- with the Oceanographic Institution. They are restricted to adults. The remaining lectures are:

April 3 — Seegooruk Frederick Machetam

April 10—World Below the Waves Vincent Palmer

April 17—Desert Gold Peler Koch

April 24—Life Among the Primitive FUEGIANS Col. Charles Wellington Furlong

No tickets are necessary for admission to these lectures. A section of the Theatre is reserved for Members of the Museum, each of whom is entitled to two reserved seats. Requests should be made in advance by telephone (WABash 9410) or in writing.

LECTURE TOURS IN APRIL, DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAYS i'hoto lOurccsy WooJs llole Cccanograpriic In&iicutioti Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of THE 'CARYN,' EXPEDITION SHIP, AT HER DOCK AT WOODS HOLE. MASSACHUSETTS staff lecturers, are conducted every after- noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and pedition headquarters at St. George's in the Progress of Pacific Expedition certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Bermuda Islands on the Caryn, the ship The Palau Entomological Expedition, Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours assigned to the expedition. which entered the field in October last year, are given, covering all departments. Special The Caryn is currently engaged in oceano- has transferred its insect-collecting activities subjects are offered on Wednesdays and graphic research for the Woods Hole Oceano- from Palau Island to Ponape, the largest of Fridays (the Friday tours open with an graphic Institution in Massachusetts. When the Caroline Islands in the central Pacific, introductory lecture and slides or films in her present mission is completed, the Caryn it is reported by Mr. Henry Dybas, Assistant the Meeting Room on the second floor of will go to Bermuda for the joint operation Curator of Insects, who is in charge. the Museum); a schedule of these follows: by the Bermuda Station and Chicago Mu- seum. She is to be ready for the beginning Fri., Apr. 2—The Wandering Navaho. Il- of actual work on the lustrated introduction in Meeting Room Museum expedition NEW MEMBERS {June Buchwald). in June. The became Museum The Caryn, shown in the accompanying following persons Wed., Apr. 7—Spring in the Animal World Members between Feb. 16 and March 15: illustration, is a 98-foot auxiliary ketch (Lorain Farmer). and for marine — especially designed equipped Associate Members Fri., Apr. 9 Spring Song Birds. Illus- research, manned with a full crew of pro- Carl A. Erikson, Roger F. Howe, Franklin trated introduction in Meeting Room fessional and seamen. Members navigators J. Lunding, Mrs. Norman G. Parry, Dr. {Winona Cosner). of the staffs at both the Chicago Museum Eugene L. Walsh. Wed., Apr. 14—Indian America (Pan- and the Bermuda Biological Station are at Sustaining Members American Day) {Harriet Smith). present busy with preparations for the William expedition, which will be at sea during June, Laing Fri., Apr. 16—Medicine Men—Primitive and Medical and Dental Practices. Illus- July, August. Annual Members Dr. Dugald E. S. Brown, director of the trated introduction in Meeting Room Dr. Leo Amtman, George S. Bartlett, Bermuda and members of his {Marie Svolwda). organization, Daniel L. Benton, James F. Cech, A. B. staff will conduct certain phases of the work. R. J. G. Howard Wed., Apr. 21 —Spring in the Woodlands— Dunwody, Durham, The Chicago Museum's party on the expedi- Fisher, Maurice Fisher, Dr. Townsend B. The Earliest Flowers, Leaves, Birds, and tion will be led Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator Friedman, Goder, William Grage, Reptiles {Miriam Wood). by Joseph of Lower Invertebrates, with the aid of Mr. C. R. Hickey, Leon J. Ketcham, Dr. John A. Fri., 23— or Become Extinct! A. A. W. Apr. Adapt Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, who Kollar, Jr., W. Kuechenberg, Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room Dr. Richard A. Francis will join the expedition for the initial three Lavers, Lifvendahl, {Jane Sharpe). E. Dr. F. Lutterbeck, weeks. A number of other members of the Luthmers, Eugene Verne O. McClurg, Albert E. McKee, A. S. Wed., Apr. 28—Buried Treasure—Story of Museum staff will be included in the expedi- Nabat, Dr. F. E. Norman, Mrs. Hedwig Gems {Winona Cosner). tion personnel. Norman, Leo T. Norville, Jay G. Odell, In a announcement of the Fri., Apr. 30—Snake Stories. Illustrated preliminary Joseph R. Odell, Paul V. Pallasch, Mrs. Ben introduction in Meeting Room {Lorain Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition in the Regan, Reuben M. Schutz, George F, Farmer). February Bulletin, the Marine Biological Stahmer, II. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 19U8

Easter Bonnet . . . in carrying out a project of the Museum's MOVIES FOR CHILDREN Division of Public Relations and SATURDAY MORNINGS A published MUSEUM PHOTO WINNER in "News-Views," rotogravure section of The spring series of free motion picture IN PUBLICITY CONTEST the Chicago Daily News, last month was programs for children on Saturday mornings, winner of an award in the Feature Section presented by the James Nelson and Anna of "Pictures With A Purpose," the first Louise Raymond Foundation, will continue publicity picture competition and exhibition through April 24. The programs are given sponsored by the Publicity Club of Chicago. in the James Simpson Theatre of the Mu- Mr. H. B. Harte, Museum Public Relations seum, and all begin at 10:30 A.M. Counsel, is a charter member of the club, Following is an outline of the programs: which was founded in 1941. The picture was made by Mr. Emmet April 3—Eskimo Summer (Color Movies) staff of the Barden, photographer Chicago Lecture by Frederick Machetanz Daily News. The girl, Miss Pauline Pfeffer of the Patricia Stevens model studios, is April 10—Glimpses of Australia shown as a hat a mask from New wearing Also a cartoon Ireland in the South Pacific, regarded as a no more startling item of millinery than April 17—Beauty in the Big Bend Coun- some of the "creations" worn by women try (Color Movies) in this and country Europe, especially Lecture by Peter Koch around the Easter period. When published in the Daily News, the picture was used April 24—My Dog Shep with a series of other primitive headgear from various parts of the world. PERU BOTANICAL EXPEDITION

Special Atomic Exhibit Continues The Desloge Peruvian Botanical Expedi- Courtetf Chicago Daily News left March 31 for South America The atomic energy "photographic essay," tion, 1948, to the of cultivated plants in prepared by Life Magazine, which opened study history Peru and Bolivia. in the central The accompanying picture, entitled last month in Stanley Field Hall, will There, is the center of of "Easter Bonnet—Primitive Style," made continue on exhibition until April 9. Andes, origin many important American food plants, such as corn, potatoes, and tomatoes. The three members of this expedi- BIRDS ARE WHERE tions for study. He went to British Guiana tion. Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of YOU FIND THEM where lives one of the most remarkable Economic Botany at the Museum, and Mr. birds in the the hoactzin. This IContinued from page 5) world, bird, Joseph Desloge and Mr. Arthur Hoskins, amongst other things, is notable for having of the St. Louis Academy of Science, will found that if they were undisturbed, he functional fingers on its wings. Its nests are secure information and specimens for ex- could follow them at dark and find where usually over water in swamps, and when the hibits of the more important indigenous they went to roost in tall trees and then, young are disturbed they may dive into the New World plants before these have dis- with care and luck, he could get a shot. water beneath and, later, when danger is appeared. Mr. Desloge, sponsor of the But then he found that ordinary shot was past, clamber back into the nest. The expedition, was recently elected to the roll not heavy enough to kill them, and he had iioactzin being one of his main objectives, of Contributors to this Museum. to use buckshot. He got some females and Blake first located a colony near George- young males that way, but the fine old male, town and, employing natives to help him, now in the habitat group in Hall 20, he got Indians. After a in the Blake he obtained the birds, their nests, samples year field, by a fluke. He shot it from his motor car, returned to the Museum with wonderful of plants, and photographs and plans so beside the road, at the end of his stay in birds rare and new to the that the Museum might have, in a habitat collections of the country. as well as material for the two group, a faithful reproduction of a nesting Museum these he re- habitat He had traveled in one Sometimes, and are times hoactzin colony of Canje Creek, British groups. the collector has searched far members, Guiana. With this finished, Blake turned to year 16,000 miles, by rail, steamer, canoe, and in and over and on horseback and afoot. wide, jungle, by river, plain, collecting his research material. Camps oxcart, for rare is live animals is im- some bird that supposed to be were established on the river banks, in the Bringing back usually in the or that he is without for a Museum The area, hopes there, mountain forests, and in the vast coastal practical expedition. trace of it. And then toward amount of care the need is finding any plains. captives usually the end of his far what can be But stay, returning tired and The rainy season made field work in beyond provided. to he finds that it can be done. When the discouraged camp, during British Guiana impractical and Blake moved occasionally in his absence one of the prized individuals to Brazil where he could work more effec- Leon Mandel Expedition collectors were has ventured into the and the the were on a right camp tively. Amongst other things he wanted Galapagos, they traveling cook boy has killed it with a stick. rheas and rheas' nests. Rheas are ostrich- private yacht. When live Galapagos pen- and boobies The birds and the material for the habitat like in appearance and the largest of guins, albatrosses, frigate birds, were there was to house groups in Hall 20 were collected by expedi- American birds. They usually go in small secured, space food and care could be and tions. Special expeditions may be sent out flocks containing one male and several them, provided, were back in shape for for exhibition material but usually such females. A nest may contain 25 to 50 eggs, they brought good Brookfield and other zoos. collecting is combined with securing scien- each weighing one and one-half pounds. tific material. In 1937 Blake went to South On this job, Blake spent about two months (Next month Dr. Rand will tell of collec- America, to collect specimens and accessories in the saddle, roaming the plains, often in tions obtained from sources other than official for two groups and to make general collec- company with the picturesque Guarani Museum expeditions.)

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1. .^; Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1H8 EXHIBIT TRACES GENEALOGY OF MAMMALS—INCLUDING MAN By D. DWIGHT DAVIS and the of their affinities is CURATOR OF VERTEBRATE ANATOMY species, problem glsts perfect. Further discoveries, espe- has puzzled zoologists ever since they were cially of fossils as yet unknown, and further Chicago Natural History Museum has first discovered. knowledge of mammals already known, will large halls devoted to the mammals eight undoubtedly change our ideas of the inter- of the world. Since man himself is one of man's place changes relationships of mammals. Perhaps a the mammals, the many halls of anthro- The question of man's position in the century from now our present classification exhibits could also be regarded as pological classification of mammals has had an in- will look as crude and unscientific as the mammalian exhibits, and thus more than half of the total exhibits in the Museum deal with this group of animals. In nature, on the other hand, the mammals are among the least numerous of all animal groups.

A trip through these halls gives the in- terested visitor a graphic idea of the astonish- ing differences among the various mammals. He can scarcely fail to be impressed by the bigness of some and the littleness of others, by the array of horns, hoofs, claws, trunks, flippers, or of various degrees of hairiness or nakedness. The mammals seem to have gone off in all directions in adapting them- selves to their varied ways of life. Actually there is an order in this seeming chaos, but until recently there was nothing in the Museum to show how the thousands of different kinds of mammals are inter- related, like the various members of a human family. A "family tree" of mammals, now on view in George M. Pullman Hall (Hall 13) shows these relationships at a glance. Thus it serves as an introduction to the remaining exhibits of mammals.

EVOLUTION OF CLASSIFICATIONS

Zoologists, like many other people, are inveterate classifiers. The oldest historical records contain attempts to classify mam- mals from various standpoints, scientific and otherwise. One of the oldest and best MAN IS SHOWN AS ARISING FROM A LOWLY LINE known is the ancient Jewish classification of mammals into "clean" and "unclean" on The oldest classifiers classifications of the older do to the basis of foot structure and cud-chewing teresting history. zoologists could not bring themselves to bracket man those of today. habits (Leviticus xi). Subsequent attempts with the beasts of the field, and they omitted to classify mammals, made by zoologists in The family tree of living mammals was him entirely from their classifications. As various parts of the world, underwent a prepared by Museum Artist Joseph B. scientific increased it became gradual evolution that reflects the growth knowledge Krstolich, under the direction of Chief more and more apparent that man does not of knowledge over the years. In 1910, Dr. Curator of Zoology Karl P. Schmidt. A differ fundamentally from other mammals. W. K. Gregory, of the American Museum similar project for invertebrates is in process. Zoologists of the 18th and 19th centuries of Natural History, published an interesting included man in their classifications, but history of these classifications, under the they gave him a very special position. title The Orders of Mammals. The discovery THIS MONTH'S Usually a classification either began with COVER- of fossil mammals, many of them entirely man and worked down through the "lesser" different from any living mammal, first This picture, from a negative mammals to the "lowest," or it began with became an important factor in the 19th made away back in 1883, sliows the lowest and ended, on a note of triumph, century and since then has been of con- totem poles and native houses in with man at the top. But still further stantly increasing importance in shaping the old Haida Indian village of research showed that man and his relatives our ideas of the classification of mammals. Skidegate on the Queen Charlotte are most closely related to the insectivores Today zoologists recognize eighteen great Islands of British Columbia, (the moles and shrews), which in turn are groups, or orders, of living mammals and Canada, as they appeared at that among the most lowly of living mammals. fourteen additional orders that flourished time. Totem poles, house posts, The new Museum exhibit accordingly shows in the past but died out and are now known and many other objects of ethno- the line that leads to man coming off near to us only as fossils. Some of the orders, logical interest collected from the that of the insectivores. such as the bats, the rodents, or the car- Haida Indians who formerly oc- contain thousands of are cupied this village are on exhibi- nivores, species, FURTHER MODIFICATION ANTICIPATED found everywhere, and are well known to tion in Hall 10 of the Museum's everyone. Others, such as the colugos or Of course, there is no reason to believe anthropological exhibits. the aardvarks, include only a couple of that the classification now in use by zoolo- May, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages

Science Plus Imagination . . . Somewhat less nebulous were the colors EXHIBIT OF STUDENT ART of Iclhyornis and Hesperornis, beautifully FROM MUSEUM CLASSES THE PROBABLE COLORS adapted fish-eating birds that inhabited An exhibition of and OF PREHISTORIC BIRDS North American seas approximately 100 pastels, drawings, paintings by the students of the Art Institute By emmet R. BLAKE million years ago. Both species had teeth, Junior School will be featured at ASSOCIATE CURATOR OP BIRDS but otherwise they resembled birds of certain Chicago Natural History Museum from May 1 to 31. existing families. We know from its fossil Birdwatchers of today can broaden their These students in from about remains that was a bird of range age and learn the distinctive charac- Iclhyornis strong experience eight to seventeen years. The work is done flight and tern-like structure; so it is reason- ters of the earliest known species by visiting from the Museum which able to that its was also directly exhibits, the exhibit of fossil birds in Hail 21. Plaster suppose plumage constitute a wealth of information, source similar to that of its present-day counter- models and full-scale reproductions of primi- and The artists In like the material, inspiration. young tive birds that inhabited the world millions part. manner, spotted plumage are given freedom to choose any subject, of immature grebes is a primitive character and it is interesting to note the variety of that offers a clue to the probable appearance the subjects included in this particular of that flightless ancestor, Hesperornis, the exhibition. most nearly aquatic of all known birds. The sketching of plant and animal forms ACTUAL FEATHERS FOUND in Museum exhibits, shown as they are in Several terrestrial species of massive nature yet under what amounts virtually to structure that became extinct millions of studio conditions, is but part of the many years ago during the Tertiary and Quater- advantages offered young art students. nary Periods are also reconstructed in Hall They also have the opportunity to discern 21. Birds of this type are represented today and study the antecedents of many art by cassowaries, emus, and ostriches. Since forms in the extensive ethnological exhibits of the existing relatives are predominantly gray, Museum, particularly those of South black, or drab brown, it is believed that Seas and African cultures. their primitive ancestors were similarly Some of the exhibited items are natural- camouflaged. Remains of the giant moa istic representations of animals, plants, and {Dinornis) of New Zealand, a fairly recent other material found in the Museum; others fossil, tend to support this theory. Feathers are impressionistic in type following various

as well as bones of the moa have been found ; modern trends but still having their in- so there can be little question as to the spiration or basic design originating from appearance of this form and its relatives. Museum material. The work is notable

Also exhibited in Hall 21 is a reconstruc- especially for the colorful treatment most of tion of the famous Mauritius dodo. This the children give to their productions. strange bird became extinct in 1681, but The Museum provides a classroom in several fragmentary specimens fortunately which the group assembles, and folding ARCHAEORNIS are preserved in museum collections. Dodos chairs for student use in exhibition halls. Harliest known bird. It lived in Bavaria about 135 appear in many Flemish tapestries of the Other classes of the Art Institute also visit million years ago. period, and paintings by contemporary the Museum periodically as part of general artists indicate that the Mauritius Island course work for adult students toward de- of years before man have been reinstalled species was a bird of considerable beauty. grees in art. with life-like colors that are believed to approximate the original appearance. How can one determine the colors of birds STAFF known only from fossil remains? In the NOTES absence of feathers the researcher seeks a clue in the colors and patterns of surviving Miss Margaret Bradbury has been ap- relatives of the prehistoric bird and thus pointed to a post as artist in the Depart- tempers imagination with probability. The ment of Zoology. . . . Mrs. Genevieve primitive characters retained by the young Highland has been appointed as assistant of modern birds sometimes suggest correla- to Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor tions, and others may be found in the habits HESPERORNIS of Scientific Publications. . . . The Sociedad of related species. Completely flightless, it was the most nearly aquatic Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre," Museo ol all known birds. Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba, has EARLIEST OF BIRDS elected Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Archaeornis, the earliest known bird, lived The Museum's full-scale model is displayed Invertebrates, an honorary member. in the cycad forests of Bavaria about 135 with copies of early illustrations reproduced million years ago. Today no one can in color. Reptile Collecting in Texas determine the color of its plumage with certainty, for no living bird resembles this Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Meteorites Consumed in Passage primitive ancestor. Nevertheless, its reptile- Zoology, is conducting a field trip in south- like teeth, functional "fingers," and long- Most earth-bound meteorites are com- western Texas to collect amphibians and is F. jointed tail, and the nature of its habitat, pletely destroyed during their passage reptiles. He accompanied by Robert suggest that Archaeornis might well have through the atmosphere, and fail to reach Inger, an assistant in the Division of Reptiles; been brightly colored like certain present- the ground. Those that actually strike Mr. Schmidt's son John is also a member day tropical lizards. The Museum's model were much larger when they reached the of the party. While in the vicinity of is colored blue and brown, after Gerhard upper confines of the air than they were up- San Antonio they plan to attend the spring Heilmann's famous illustration. on landing. meeting of the Texas Herpetological Society. Pagei CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 19i8 FOSSIL REPTILES' SPINY BACKS ARE A PUZZLE TO SCIENTISTS By RAINER Z.\NGERL that have been used in navigation; pieces, however, remained separate. This curatob op fossil keptilbs might another assumes the spines to be uncon- means that the upper end of the broken to occur in the Among the reptiles known nected, the animal twisting its backbone spine must have been held in place by a of Texas famous Permian Red Beds (de- in such a way that the spines would form strong membrane. the posited some 230 million years ago), a pincushion as protection against enemies; The pelycosaurs are an old and primitive are the most pelycosaurs probably striking yet another theory stresses the possible group of reptiles that has recently been a disinterested visitor to creatures. Even similarity of appearance between the spines reviewed in an extensive work by Professor where Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38), and the rushes in which the animals were A. S. Romer of Harvard University. Among of these animals are ex- some skeletons now concealed, thus attributing to the spines the pelycosaurs, we must look for the stem fail to be hibited, could hardly impressed the role of camouflage equipment (forgetting line that leads to the mammal-like reptiles of by the uniquely grotesque appearance that the animals would have been better and finally to the mammals themselves. their skeletons. concealed without the spines). Within the order Pelycosauria, there are The main feature that makes some of More recent authors agree that no possible three main lines of development whose best- these animals look almost unreal is the function could be assigned to these spines known and advanced representatives are great elongation of the spinal processes of that would compensate for the obvious disad- those illustrated herewith. The specimens the vertebrae along the back. These spines vantage of their presence. Modem theories are from the vast collection recently pre-

SPINEBACKS OF PELYCOSAURS BAFFLE PALEONTOLOGISTS SEEKING A SATISF.ACTORY EXPLANATION

Whether the spines on these strange creatures of the early Pliocene period Ophiacodon retroversus. All were obtained in Texas fossil fields, and were (about 230 million years ago) were for defense, camouflage, or possible use included in the extensive collection of paleontological material recently pre- even as sails in navigation, remains an unanswered question. Specimen on sented to the Museum by the University of Chicago. They arc now on exhibi- left is inset tion in the Ernest R. Hall —vertebrate Dimetrodon limbatus; right, Edaphosaurus boancrgcs; above, 1 Museum's Graham (Hall 38 paleontology).

are, save for their length, essentially like advanced to explain the development of the sented to the Museum by the University of those of any other reptile, and, indeed, there pelycosaur spines are much more sober than Chicago (Bulletin, April, 1948, page 2). are numerous pelycosaurs whose vertebral the early ones, suggesting an initial selective spines are of moderate length (see small advantage in moderate spine elongation as a NEW MEMBERS inset in illustration). As would be expected, mechanism to strengthen the otherwise weak The following persons became Museum there is ample discussion in the technical backbone. Over-development is thought to Members between March 16 and April 15: literature regarding the possible function of have possibly been associated (genetically Associate Members the long spines in such genera as Dimetrodon linked) with other changes in the physiology Dr. Emelia J. Giryotas, Austin T. Graves (on left in illustration) and Edaphosaurus and/or anatomy of the animals. .\iinual Members (right). In the former geniis, the spines ONE PROBLEM SOLVED Mrs. Clarice Arnold, George Baldwin, are relatively smooth; in the latter, they Alex W. Block, Harlowe E. Bowes, Mrs. are provided with fairly strong side branches There is one aspect of the pelycosaur spine Robert C. Brandt, Dr. Andrew F. Bulfer, that look like blunt thorns the shafts that could be solved satisfactorily. along problem Thomas S. Bulger, Arthur A. Burrows, Lee of the thus in a remote It concerns the as to whether the spines, simulating, question B. Doddridge, R. Gregory Durham, William of connect- w^y, the twigs of an antler. spines were connected by means E. Durham, Philip E. Eddy, Mrs. Raymond ing tissue covered by tough skin or whether Fisher, Ira I. Fisher, Charles C. Gaudio, ONCE HELD TO BE 'SAILS' they stood as free rods on the backs of the Mrs. James A. Griffin, Jr., Gideon Haynes, Snce no contemporary vertebrate has animals. In one skeleton of a Dimetrodon, Jr., John Thompson Haynes, Walter H. A. Hollar, Carl E. spines like some of the more specialized part of the backbone was found fully articu- Hildebrand, Philip Hoppe, Dr. M. J. Kostrzewski, Seymour J. Laney, pelycosaurs, it is not possible, by analogy, lated in the rock. The spines were well Conrad A. Lindenmeyer, Dr. Maude L. to suggest a probable explanation for their preserved and lay in their natural position Lindsey, Dr. Frank Lock, Archibald D. development. Earlier workers side side. One of these spines was attempted by McKellar, Miss Marian Miller, Robert H. to the of the fimc- broken while the animal was still explain presence spines evidently Miller, Mrs. Frank E. Nagel, Miss Gladys of the tionally and some amusing theories were alive, since both broken ends spine M. Scrimgeour, Da^^d I. Spark, Edmund Q. suggested. One states that the spines were show bone formation of the type commonly Sylvester, Dr. Emmy Sylvester, Paul F. connected by a membrane to form a sail seen in healing fractures. The two spine Tevis, Edward M. Waller. May, 1H8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

BIRDS FROM EVERYWHERE Boardman Conover is building up a col- By AUSTIN L. RAND lection in the Museum of game birds that Books CURATOR OP BIRDS is one of the finest in the world. He has (In "Birds Are Where You Find Them," in the field been himself, from Alaska to (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are published in lasl month's BULLETIN, Dr. South America and Africa, and through a available in The Book Shop of the Museum. Rand told of the collecting of birds by Museum wide with in Mail orders accompanied by remittance are expeditions. In the following article he tells correspondence many people promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the of collections obtained from a variety of other many parts of the world he continues to postage on shipments.) sources also in the important building up fill in the remaining gaps. Museum's resources.) ESPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN— CHANCE COLLECTIONS Many areas are represented in our col- Small collections add their lections, though we've had no expeditions quota, too; ON ARCTIC ICE. By Frederick Mache- a in northern or in thpre. For such regions our collecting has missionary India, tanz. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. send a few but followed a different pattern. We shared Cameroon, may important 105 pages, illustrations by author. Price a resident of South America in the Indo-China expeditions of Jean specimens; $2. sent us Delacour, research associate of the American some important specimens from a On Arctic Ice is an independent sequel Museum of Natural History, and our col- Paraguay; and mammal collector's few collected as a have to Panuck, Eskimo Sled Dog.* Once again lections increased accordingly. Sometimes skins, sideline, yielded adventures of his additions like "Darwin's lost the Andy Nalook and professional collectors finance their expedi- important collected our Curator of dog, Panuck, are laid against a background tions by selling their specimens. They love bird," by Mammals, Colin C. a hundred after of modem Eskimo life in Alaska. This the travel, the exploration, the work, and Sanborn, years farther north Darwin's visit to A time, however, Andy goes the feeling of accomplishment. W. W. Uruguay. single speci- and spends the winter with a group of Brown collected in the West Indies for the men of a single species, or a specimen in a that's needed for have Arctic Eskimos. In the far north Andy late C. B. Cory in the 1890s and only last plumage study may has adventures. Items of behind it. found many exciting year the Museum purchased 300 bird skins a story Recently, Conover interest are the reindeer-herd- from him. we didn't have a downy young sea duck ethnological from but ing Eskimos visited by Andy on his journey Collectors don't care about selling the (Thalassorius) Africa, through with a in West northward, the breathing hole and stalking specimens, but they have to eat. From correspondence chap Africa, methods of seals from the ice he one and that filled. hunting ice, Bolivia our chief representation is due to got gap's a of methods and a fishing, walrus hunting, and whale hunting. a Collection of 5,000 birds secured from By great variety by The book is a good introduction to the Senor Francisco Steinbach of Cochabamba. world-wide system of contacts, the collec- tions of our Museum have been built ethnology of modern Alaskan Eskimos. He is continuing to collect the animals of up. The illustrations by the author are Bolivia in the tradition established many We are on the way to having a representa- tive collection of birds of the world. Our aesthetically pleasing and informative. years ago by his father, Jos5 Steinbach. There is much in this book to interest Their efforts have enriched many of the mu- study collections permit us to produce ex- haustive on the birds of some adults, although it was written primarily seums of the world and made possible the monographs We're other for young people. present knowledge of the birds of their regions. planning expeditions to other for birds. this George I. country. Herbert Stevens, who has col- explore regions On Quimby material will be based further Curator lected in many out-of-the-way parts of the publications of Exhibits, Anthropology for the advancement of science and for globe for various museums, got us a beautiful * Reviewed in BULLETIN. collection of birds from Sikkim in northern popular publications as well as additions to April our exhibits for the of the India; and Tangier Smith got us another enlightenment from Szechwan—material that when worked public generally. Technical Publications Issued up will add materially to our knowledge of The technical were the southern Himalayan fauna. Museum-School Radio Programs following publications recently issued by Chicago Natural History We have the magnificent Jackson collec- In co-operation with the Radio Council Museum: tion from East Africa. It was collected over of the Chicago I^iblic Schools, the James a of while Frederick period twenty years Sir Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Founda- Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 32, No. 5. Pre- Jackson was lieutenant governor of Kenya liminary Survey of the Amphibians of the tion will present two Museum radio pro- and governor of Uganda in East Africa. Riukiu Islands. By Robert F. Inger. grams for school children of the 5th and 6th One of Sir Frederick's his Dec. 8, 1947. 58 pages, 4 maps, and 2 plans during long in the Council's "Your Science grades text $0.75. and distinguished career in Africa was the figures. Story-Teller Series." The first program writing of a treatise on the birds of East Botanical Vol. No. 6. Further will be on May 25 at 10:15 a.m. over stations Series, 23, Africa, and to this end he recorded notes Studies in the Genus Dodonaea. By Earl WBEZ and WIND, and again at 1:30 p.m. and observations and backed his records Edward Sherflf. Dec. 22, 1947. 52 pages. over WBEZ only. On that program Mrs. with specimens. Consequently this is an $0.75. Winona Cosner will be the guest speaker on important collection for us, not only because Vol. No. 7. Pre- the subject "Migration Mystery," pertain- Botanical Series, 23, A it gives us representatives of many forms liminary Study of Hawaiian Species of the ing to birds. On June 1, same stations and that we didn't have but also because it Genus Rauvolfia. Additions to the Genera same hours. Miss Lorain Farmer will present the historic specimens used by Scalesia and Hidalgoa. By Earl Edward preserves "Some Strange Fish Stories." On the day Sherff. Dec. 1947. 18 Sir Frederick. The locality records in his 30, pages. $0.25. following each of these programs, May 26 volumes on Birds of East Africa are those and June 2, at 1 :30 p.m., follow-up lectures Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 32, No. 6. De- on the specimens in our collection. We also and demonstrations will be given at the velopment and Growth of the Rattle of acquired the magnificent Bishop Collection, Museum to groups of children sent from Rattlesnakes. By Arnold A. Zimmermann one of the finest of private North American their schools. and Clifford H. Pope. March 29, 1948. bird collections and the life-long labor of 62 pages, 25 illustrations. $0.75. Dr. Louis B. Bishop. Such large private collections, of course, tend to find their A lot of things widely believed just are not permanent place in a research collection in so. Hear "Facts and Fallacies in Natural The facilities of the Museum Library are a large museum. History," at the Museum, 2 p.m., May 14. open to the public for reference reading. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 19i8

Chicago Natural History Museum on gentle or steep slopes along streams. FouNDSD BY Marshall Field, 1893 Other early indicators of spring, found in PLEASE NOTIFY MUSEUM RoowTclt Road and Lake Shore Drlre, Chicago 5 southern or central Illinois and adjacent IF YOU'RE MOVING Tblsphonb: WABash 9410 states but not occurring spontaneously as Members of the Museum who far north as Chicago, are the tiny, blue- residence are to THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES flowered least bluets {Houstonia minima), change urged the Museum so that the Lbstbr Ariiouk Marshall Field, Jr. not to be confused with other species of notify Sbwbll L. Avert Stanlby Field this in BULLETIN and other communi- W. McCoRMicK Blair Samuel iNsmx, Jr. genus the Chicago region. Whitlow Lbopold E. Block Henry P. Isham cations reach them grass {Draba — or its relative, may promptly. BOARDliAS CONOVBR HuoHSTON M. McBain brachycarpa) Walter J. CuiniiNGS WiLLiAu H. Mitchell introduced from Europe into the Chicago Members going away during the Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Howard W. Fbnton George A. Richardson region, Draba vema, a tiny white-flowered summer may have Museum mat- JosBTH N. Field Solomon A. Smith —and mousetail minimus), ter sent to- their Marshall Field Albert H. Wbttbn plant {Myosurus temporary John P. Wilson a dwarf plant with slender upright leaves addresses. and a tail-like column supporting tiny OFFICERS greenish flowers. the name wake- Stanley Field PrefuJcal Although Marshall Field Finl Vite-Pretidtnt robin, applied in general to species of tril- Albert B. Dick, Jr. Stand Vie»-Pn*idtni indicate that these are and other indicate the arrival of Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Viee-PrauUni lium, might plants species Solomon A. Smith Treaturer .true heralds of spring, they flower, with the spring. However, only northern (excluding CLirroRD C. Grego Dinetor and Secretary John R. MnJ.AR AttitUint Secretary exception of the snow trillium mentioned Washington and Oregon) and central United above, much later than many other plants. States have severe winters during which Some cultivated flowers, such as snow- plant growth is suspended and at the end THE BULLETIN drop (Galanthus nivalis), squill {Scilla bi- of which harbingers of spring are more EDITOR folia), and sijedes of crocus are early conspicuous than in other parts of the CurroRD C. Grboo Dirtdor of IM4 Muuitm bloomers. Of these, the snow-drop is the country. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS first to flower. Although it often appears Julian A. Steyermark Paul S. Martin Curator Chief of Anthrovoton above ground with its single terminal Associate Curator of the Herbarium Tbbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany Srarat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geotofy nodding bell-shaped white blossom in early Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoolofy March, it may, in fact, blossom earlier than MANAGING EDITOR Chicago's first native wild flower, skunk Visitors from Netherlands, H. B. Habtb Public ReUitiom Countel cabbage. Mexico, and India One of the plants actually named "harb- A recent group of distinguished visitors Menib^^ are requested to Inform the Museum inger of spring" is a member of the carrot promptly of changes of address. to the Museum included Dr. P. S. Oud, family called Erigenia bulbosa. It is also Burgomaster of Rotterdam; Mr. Ch. G. known as "salt and pepper" because the Matser, Burgomaster of Arnhem; Dr. J. B. small clusters of flowers are in a black-and- HARBINGERS OF SPRING V. M. J. van de Mortel, Consul General of white arrangement suggesting specks of The and Mr. A. P. van der native Netherlands, Many plants mark the approach salt and pepper. This plant, although not Burch, consul of The Netherlands in Chi- of spring. Depending, of course, upon found in the immediate vicinity of Chicago, cago. Mr. John R. Millar, Deputy Director what part of the United States we live in, is commoner in the south-central and north- of the Museum, and Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator harbingers of spring vary. For example, eastern states and is one of the first wild of Lower Invertebrates, conducted the guests skunk cabbage, dweller of swamps and wet flowers to appear in those areas. on a tour of zoological and anthropological ground, is the first native herbaceous wild exhibits. flower to appear in the Chicago repon, but OZARK WITCH HAZEL to the south of its natural in the Mr. Miguel Covarrubias, famous artist range, Among the woody plants, none flowers eastern and north-central United it and archaeologist from Mexico, and Mr. States, earlier than the Ozark witch hazel, Hama- Daniel F. Rubin de la BorboUa, director is replaced by other species. melis ozarkana. It is found in the Ozark of the National Museum of Mexico, were Actually, the first wild flower to bloom region of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma entertained at the Museum by Dr. Paul S. in Illinois is the dainty little white-flowered, and may start blooming as early as the first Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology, and short-stemmed species of trillium, or wake- part of January. Its flowering season ex- other members of the department staff. robin, known as snow trillium {Trillium tends from then on until April. If brought Another noted visitor to this department nivale). It is quite rare in Illinois and is into the Chicago region, it blooms in March was Dr. Paul Wingert, anthropologist and found only in a small number of counties in and is often ahead of the skunk cabbage. expert on primitive art at Columbia Uni- the central and northwestern parts of the Thus this shrub often has the honor of versity. state. However, if grown in the vicinity of being the first harbinger of spring in the Dr. B. of at Chicago, it emerges above the ground in Chicago region, although not native here. Sahni, professor paleobotany of in India and March at the first indication of warm Some of the pussy willows open their buds the University Lucknow director of the Institute of at weather and rapidly produces its dainty and expose their silky white catkins very Paleobotany visited the Museum as the of white blossom. It is ahead of what is early. One of the pussy willows native to Delhi, guest Colonel Clifford C. Director. He was usually considered the first wild flower of this area, Salix discolor, is found in swamps Gregg, conducted the of the Chicago region, namely liverleaf or and wet groimd but is perhaps not as well through Departments and Dr. Theodor Just hepatica, though the skunk cabbage is known as the other type of pussy willow, Botany Geology by and Dr. Sharat K. Chief Curators actually the first native wild flower to bloom. Salix caprea, a native of Europe commonly Roy, of these Commonly both start to bloom about the planted in parks and around homes and respectively departments. middle of March or a little later. The often referred to as "pussy willow." These Mr. B. V. Gharpure, curator of the Lord delicate shades of pink, lavender, purple, willows may open their buds in March, but Reay Maharashtra Industrial Museum at orchid, and rose as well as the white petals their flowers do not appear before those of Poona, India, made a survey of museum of the hepatica are represented in two dif- the Ozark witch hazel. methods under the guidance of Deputy ferent species, H. americana and H. aculiloba. Elsewhere, for instance in the West and Director Millar and the heads of several They are found in our rich woods, usually Southeast, the seasons are quite different scientific departments. May, 1H8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

LIFE OF THE COCHISE, EARLIEST INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWESTERN U. S. AREAS By JOHN RINALDO sites of these people. The charcoal from improvements can be noted, such as finer ASSISTANT IN ARCHAEOLOGY these hearths is particularly significant be- chipping in the latest periods wherein smaller An exhibit recently installed in the Mu- cause that from the earliest levels is of chipts were thrown off with a different seum's Hall of American Archaeology (Hall Cottonwood and hickory trees, which no technique (called pressure flaking) as dis- B) presents a visual story of one group of the longer grow in this area and which indicate tinguished from the large, crude, roughly very earliest inhabitants of southeastern a more wooded, more humid, and colder flaked implements of the earlier periods. Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. environment, quite different from that pre- In the same space we have shown a part This new exhibit illustrates the way of life vailing in the arid desert region this area of the cycle of climate and the progressive of a people known to archaeologists as the has become today. Further evidence of drying up of the area that took place. Be- Cochise Indians. this change in climate and environment is cause this is roughly correlated with the The earliest evidences of these people are offered in the association in these same changes in culture, it brings up once more found in the banks of steep-sided gulleys levels of the bones of extinct animals such the unsolved problem of the relationship and in the beaches of dried-up lake beds as the mammoth, an extinct form of camel, between culture and environment. located in the basin and range area of the the dire wolf, an early form of bison, and A third panel of the exhibit consists of

SAN PEDRO PERIOD -COCHISE OULTURE 3X>00-»00».C- W*«H, OI^T CLtHATI ARCHAEOLOGISTS EXCAVATE A COCHISE SITE IN HEW MEXICO « • ..*:^^ -..rfw*2^.«to,- if

CH'fiiCANLA ?ER*OD- COCHISE CULTURE «.ooc-3.acc a ; • f #

FOR ABOUT 12,000 YEARS SULPHUR SPRING PERIOD -COCHISE CULTURE 15.000-^000 9.C. THE GOCHISE INDIANS COOL.MOII1 CLIHA1I GATHERED WILD SEEDS TO E^' A • • • • i

EXHIBIT ILLUSTRATING CULTURE OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO INHABITANTS OF ABOUT 13,000 B.C. southwestern United States. Dr. Ernst other fossils which suggest that the lake photographs and a specimen showing how Antevs, Research Associate in Glacial Geol- beds date from the last pluvial (rainy) the tools are found by the archaeologist. ogy on the Museum staff, has studied the period—the correlative in that area of the For example, a milling stone is shown in soil levels in which the Cochise implements latest ice age. place in the banks of a gulley in one photo- are found and he estimates that the earliest Thus we have depicted these people as graph and the actual specimen is shown on levels of this culture date from 12,000 to living on the lightly forested shores of lakes the screen close by. 13,000 B.C. That is to say, the tools found and practicing a food-gathering economy— The details set forth in this account are earliest in the Cochise deposits are 14,000 that is, gathering and grinding nuts, seeds, shown in the exhibit by means of a painting, or 15,000 years old. roots, and berries—rather than hunting, photographs, stone tools, and two replicas The implements most frequently found in which they practiced to a lesser extent. of stone tools. The exhibit was designed by these deposits are milling stones or grinding This is clear from the small number of dart Mr. Gustaf Dalstrom, Artist in the Depart- stones. These are flat or concave stone slabs points and the small quantity of split bone ment of Anthropology, Mr. George I. used as nether milling stones and smaller found in contrast to the great number of Quimby, Curator of Exhibits, Anthropology, stones closer to hand-size that were held in milling stones and the variety of types. and the writer. the hand and rubbed over the seeds or nuts In the other half of this exhibit we have placed on the grinding slab. Other tools illustrated the progressive development in Harris Extension Display discovered are flaked implements (blades and the Cochise way of life as shown by changes cutting edges), scrapers, and hand axes. A in types and methods of manufacture of A series of cases typical of the traveling few dart points have also been found, as their stone tools. For example, changes exhibits circulated among the schools of well as some charred and split bone. in the size and shape of their milling stones Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School are shown. Here an increase in size and a Extension of the Museum has been placed REVELATIONS IN CHARCOAL development from a small slightly concave on display in a ground-floor corridor in the The tools are sometimes uncovered near slab to a large-basined implement with a north end of the building, east of the hearths of fire-cracked rocks and charcoal, specially prepared grinding surface can be Children's Lunchroom and north of Hall J which mark the locations of ancient camp noted. In the flaked implements, similar (Egyptian Archaeology). Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1H8 COLLECTIONS FROM INDIA DEPT. FOR GEOLOGY Visiting Hours Change May 1 The Department of Geology has recently received from India a shipment, considerably delayed in transit, of about 4,000 inverte- brate fossils and a series of ores and minerals relating to economic geology. The fossils were collected in the fall of 1945 by Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, from three localities in the Salt Range of the Punjab. The economic geology speci- mens were collected from various localities in eastern India. Dr. Roy was at that time on a month's leave from the United States Army Air Forces in the India-Burma theater. The fossils just received are almost en- tirely productid brachiopods. Although much of our knowledge of the form and evolution of these brachiopods at the close of the Paleozoic comes from studies of Salt Range collections, relatively few fossils from this classic locality are to be found in American institutions. The specimens are in a fine state of preservation, representing about 50 species. They are in sufficient quantity to permit their study as "series," a technique usually applicable only to col- lections of modern forms and essential to an understanding of variability in any species. With the accession of these fossils, the Museum gains an invaluable reference col- lection for the study of Permian brachiopods and of invertebrate evolution.

First Aid for Fathers and Mothers When Children Ask What or Why?

You know, of course, that a whale is not a fish. But if the children ask "Why?" or "How do you know?" would you be ready with a convincing answer, or would you find yourself floored? In case the data are not at the tip of your tongue, here is some ammu- nition to prove your point: Fishes do not have hair, but whales do— inspection reveals a few bristles around the mouth. Fishes have scales; whales do not. Whales nurse their young with milk, but young fishes seek their own food from the beginning of their lives. Whales breathe by means of lungs, just as do other mammals; but fishes breathe with gills. The bones in a whale's flipper show it is really a five- fingered hand, related to the hand or fore- foot in other mammals; fishes are not thus equipped. Two hind legs are visible on a whale's skeleton showing that its ancestors were once four-legged animals. And, if the children are sufficiently precocious to war- rant getting slightly technical, you can finally point out that the "hammer-anvil-stirrup bones" found in the ear of man and all other mammals are present in whales, whereas in fishes these bones are represented by part of the lower jaw and gill apparatus. But maybe they'll tell you instead of asking! B U LLETI N hJ Vol. 19, No. 6 June, 1948 Chicago Natural History Museum

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SOUTHWEST ARCHAEOLOGY history of the Mogollon Indians through THIS MONTH'S COVER- EXPEDITION RESUMES time and each floor represents a period of The Museum in soli- By PAUL S. MARTIN time, then the history of the Mogollon majestic CHIEF DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOOY tude— in the be- CURATOR, culture thus far known is as follows: early morning, fore the of In June, the Southwest Archaeological Deep down, several hundred feet below throngs summer-day visitors begin the north Expedition will again take to the field to the basement of our building, is the founda- mounting steps. This striking picture was continue the archaeological researches in- tion of the Mogollon culture. We call it made Mr. John Bayalis of the stituted by the Museum in 1939 in western the Cochise level. The people of the by staff of the Museum's Division of New Mexico. Cochise period made no pottery, planted no FMeld researches during the last four corn, ate seeds, nuts, and meat, and made Photography. seasons have been concerned with the origin and used stone tools so crude that they and development superficially resemble river rocks or cobble- of a newly discov- stones. These people lived about 6,000 the Museum's Research Associate ered culture called years ago. Arizona, in Glacial In the the ex- the Mogollon. For The basement and first floor of our build- Geology. field, will recruit a crew of about ten local the purposes of this ing represent the Pine Lawn Period (a.D. pedition laborers for assistance in excavations. article, culture may 300-500); the second to fifth stories, the be defined as the Georgetown and San Francisco Periods sum total of tools, (a.D. 500-900); the sixth story, the Three GEOLOGY EXPEDITION pottery, houses Circle Period (a.D. 900-1000); the seventh TO NEW MEXICO — the material story, the Reserve Period (a.D. 1000-1100); belongings of a and the eighth story, the Tularosa Period Mr. Harry E. Changnon, Curator of particular people (a.D. 1100-1200). Exhibits, Geology, and Mr. Robert Kriss in a given area. That is the sequence of development of Wyant, Curator of Economic Geology, will S. MARTIN PAUL When we speak of the Mogollon culture in western New Mexico spend several weeks collecting geological Leader of Expedition the "Mogollon Cul- as we have reconstructed it. Some of this specimens in the Black Range and adjacent ture" we really history is based on our own digging, e.g., areas in New Mexico this summer. The mean the Mogollon tribe of people, just as the Cochise, Pine Lawn, and Three Circle material collected will be added to the we might refer to the Apache tribe. Periods. The remainder is conjectural and Geology Department's systematic study col- At the present time, three separate "cul- rests, not on our digging but rather on our lection of physical geology and ores. Special

tures" are recognized in the Southwest: archaeological survey—that is, a planned eff'ort will be made to obtain typical speci- (1) the Anasazi, (2) the Hohokam, and (3) search for ancient habitations and villages. mens for economic geology exhibits now the Mogollon. A vast amount of informa- being installed in Hall 36. THIS season's program tion is available for the Anasazi culture, a En route to the Southwest it is planned lesser amount for the Hohokam, and still This summer, we hope to be able to dig to collect a complete series of rocks and ores less for the Mogollon. out (literally) information on the people who from Arkansas to show the origin of bauxite. lived in the Georgetown, San Francisco, Considerable time will be spent in the Black KEY TO MANY PROBLEMS Reserve, and Tularosa Periods. This is a Range of New Mexico to obtain representa- Since so little work has been done in this large order and calls for much intensive tive ores and physical geology specimens last-named culture and since the solution to work. In other words, our "building" as of from various mining camps. On the return other cultural and archaeological problems now is merely an open framework, and much route, mining areas in Colorado and the in the Southwest hinged on information finishing needs yet to be done. Black Hills of South Dakota will be visited. derived from the Mogollon culture, we One interesting phase of our problem is chose to investigate it as thoroughly as the interconnection between the Mogollon Wyoming Paleontological Expedition possible. The results of our previous field and the Anasazi or Pueblo tribes. We work have proved fruitful beyond our feel fairly certain that the Pine Lawn A paleontological expedition to west-cen- fondest hopes and have enabled us to set Valley was abandoned about A.D. 1200. tral Wyoming will leave on June 1. The forth much new information and to correct Where then did the people move to? They objective is to investigate the middle-upper some older guesses. One thing that our did not evaporate. They must have gone Triassic formations of that area and to work has done is to help establish the fact somewhere, and there must have been some undertake an excavation in the Alcova lime- that there was such a thing as a Mogollon reason for leaving their homeland. stone formation if a suitable place can be culture! We have suspected for some time that located. The party will stay in the field for Archaeological field work really means there had been trade relationships between three months, and the participants are Dr. obtaining history by means of excavations. the Mogollon and Anasazi Indians. We also Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, In western New Mexico in the Pine Lawn feel fairly certain that some cousins of the and Mr. William D. Turnbull, Preparator. Valley we have the record of part of the Mogollon Indians were independently work- Mogollon tribe. It takes special training, ing out a slightly different way of life in an Scope of Geology Exhibits much patience, time, and expense to recover area just north and west of us in Arizona. the history of the Mogollones and to piece Answers to these problems may not be The most important branches of geology, it together bit by bit. forthcoming this season, but we expect to all of them illustrated in Museum exhibits, What have we been able to "read" con- trace the exodus of the Mogollon Indians are: mineralogy; petrology—the origin and cerning the Mogollon culture in the reddish, and to determine what their fate was. description of rocks; economic geology; struc- dry soil of western New Mexico? The expedition will remain in the field tural geology—deformation of the earth's until about the middle of September. The crust by folding and fracturing; geomor- SIXTY CENTURIES BACK personnel will include, besides the writer as phology—the study of landforms carved by The answer to this question is best given leader. Dr. John B. Rinaldo, Assistant in surface agencies; stratigraphy—the order and by comparing the historical periods that we Archaeology; Mr. Donald Collier, Curator distribution of rock formation laid down by have reconstructed to an eight-story build- of South American Ethnology and Archae- water and wind; and paleontology—fossil ing. If this building represents the total ology; and Dr. Ernst Antevs, of Globe, plants and animals entombed in rocks. June, 1H8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S BERMUDA DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION TO BEGIN PROBING OCEAN FLOOR MYSTERIES By KARL P. SCHMIDT each other the sexes. The vessel to be used is the a 98-foot CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOUXiY by opposite Caryn, development of light organs of the most ketch-rigged yacht with auxiliary power. The lightless depths of the sea afford one diverse each character- arrangement, type The staff assembled under the leadership of the last strongholds of the unknown istic of a species, reflects the same difficulty. of Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower In- for descriptive zoology. Remarkable and These of represent some the particular vertebrates, will be based at the Bermuda bizarre creatures had been known long from matters that are to be in the presented laboratory. It will consist of Dr. Haas, occasional corpses washed ashore in regions Museum's proposed exhibits of deep-sea Mrs. Marion Grey, Associate in the Division of currents and from the food of upwelling animal life. In for such drawing up plans of Fishes, and Mr. Ronald J. Lambert, deep-diving whales, when the first systematic an exhibit, paintings made by Staff Taxi- Assistant Taxidermist. Mr. Loren P. Woods, trawling at great depths in the last half of dermist Leon L. were found to be of Pray Curator of Fishes, at present "on loan" to the 19th century brought to light a whole such evident were interest that they placed the United States National Museum, will of fauna previously unknown creatures. on exhibition in a case at the temporary join the expedition for the first three weeks Deep-sea dredging also disclosed the fact end of the Hall of Fishes (Hall O). of its operations. Dr. Lyell J. Thomas, of that the lightless zones of the sea are illumi- The extreme novelty in inland Chicago the Department of Zoology of the Uni- nated not only by pinpoints of light from of the creatures of the sea to be searched deep versity of Illinois, will be the guest of the the light organs of fishes and crustaceans for the by Museum's Bermuda Deep Sea Bermuda Station during the last six weeks and squids, but by whole masses of diffuse of the inevitable Expedition 1948, plus aspect of operation of the Caryn and, in co-opera- light from the bacterially lighted bodies of of the of chance in the world greatest game tion with the Museum party, will engage sea fans and types of animals' with the a trawl net at represented by hauling great in the examination of deep-sea fishes, of plant-like habit being fixed to the bottom. in the ocean or on depths open dredging crustaceans, and squids for their as yet The life of the deep sea is remarkable sea-bottom a mile beneath the has surface, largely unknown parasites. among the great faunas of the world for lent an air of more than usual excitement Dr. Haas' life-long studies on mollusks its state of unbalance. Since there is no and to the for anticipation preparations and other invertebrates include examination plant life, other than bacteria, green plants engaging in this activity. of the coral-reef fauna of Bermuda in 1947, being completely dependent upon sunlight, Oceanographic research and collecting while studying at the Bermuda Station; Mrs. the animals of the lightless depths are would ordinarily be beyond the scope of Grey is qualified especially for the work dependent on the rain of falling bodies Chicago Natural History Museum. The envisaged by ten years' study of the litera- from the rich life of the lighted surface offer of co-operative participation in a zone. ture of deep-sea fishes; and Mr. Lambert Thus the deep-sea animals must be program of deep-sea collecting from Dr. has had broad in of scavengers or must prey voraciously upon Dugald E. S. Brown, Director of the experience preparation of marine creatures both for each other. Bermuda Biological Station for Research, specimens study and on the Leon Mandel The remarkable discovery of male para- at St. George's West, Bermuda, in which exhibition, gained of in which sitism in the deep-sea angler fishes, in which the Museum could sponsor a new oceano- Galapagos Expedition 1941, Mr. Woods also It be a minute male becomes permanently at- graphic vessel, provided and equipped for participated. may tached at .some point on the body of the deep-sea collecting by the Woods Hole pointed out that the operations of the Caryn female and is fed through her blood circula- Oceanographic Institution, affords a unique and the studies of the party will be greatly tion, reflects the fact that a major problem opportunity and this was cordially accepted facilitated by the opportunity of working for deep-sea creatures lies in the finding of by the authorities of the Museum. The from a shore base.

SOME OF THE DEEP-SEA FISHES TO BE SOUGHT BY THE BERMUDA EXPEDITION DEPARTING THIS MONTH

Represented now only by a temporary exhibit in the form of a painting by Stafi bizarre angler fish (Reganula gigantea), which carries its own fishing rod and Taxidermist Leon L. Pray, it is hoped that the Museum will acquire actual bait to lure the smaller fishes that it consumes. The fishes shown are all condi' specimens of the above grotesque creatures and many others when this sum- tioned by nature for life in the face of intense pressures, frigid water, and mer*s work on the research ship Caryn is completed. At the lower left is the complete darkness in the sub-depths of the seas. New species await discovery. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 19i8 'TERROR BIRD' OF ELEVEN MILLION YEARS AGO RESTORED By ELLEN T. SMITH southern and these birds became of a life-sized skull ASSOCIATE^ DIVISION OP BIRDS continent, miniature model. Next, extinct. and wing and leg bones were carved in wood 1890 the scientific world was The first restoration of Mesembriornis and assembled on a pine body core, or ABOUTstartled by the report from Argentina ever shown in any museum and displayed center-board, cut from the outline of the of the discovery of fossil remains of several in Ernest R. Graham Hall—Hall 38 (see skeleton, with heavy iron rods used for enormous birds, entirely unlike anything previously known to man. Some were eight feet in height. They were obviously carniv- orous and must have presented a terrifying appearance in life. The range of the period in which members of this group lived was estimated at between eight and thirty million years ago, varying with different species. Although the largest of these enormous flesh eaters was the eight-foot Brontornis, the smaller Mesembriornis was perhaps even more formidable. It must have been a nightmarish terror to the animal life of its day, upon which it preyed, according to Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator of Birds, and Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Fossil Mammals. Mesembriornis was only five feet high, but it was much better equipped as a bird of prey than the more cumbersome Bron- lornis. Built for speed, it must have been a phenomenally fast runner, probably using its proportionately small wings to help maintain its balance, for it was incapable of flight. Strong feet and big curved claws combined with its huge head and powerful hooked beak to make it probably the most dangerous bird ever to have existed. Thus equipped, it could easily tear apart, crush, and cut the bones of mammals, lizards, snakes, and other animals, which it devoured voraciously. It was restored recently at the Museum in all its frightful mien, and when pictures of it were released to the newspapers they at once labeled it in "headlinese" fashion with the name "Terror Bird." There was a unique gap in the Tertiary fauna of South America, caused by its complete isolation at the beginning of, possibly even before, the Age of Mammals. No true carnivorous mammals developed on that continent, and the huge carnivorous birds filled this gap. Shortly after North and South America became joined, about four million years ago, true carnivorous mammals made their way all over the June, 19U8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages

tree wood (commercially known as Carolina poplar) because it is strong and tough and does not split. Eyes always present a problem and are subject to never-ending experiment. Mr. Pray thinks that the eyes of this reconstruction are the best he has ever made. They were carved from thick plexiglas, sanded down smooth, and then glazed with clear liquid plexiglas. The iris was colored with tube oil colors mixed into fluid plexiglas. The cariama of present-day Brazil and Argentina, with its marked tendency toward ground-dwelling habits, its insectivorous- carnivorous diet, and its weak powers of flight, is the closest living relative of Mesem- briornis. It is from the cariama that the clues for coloration and feather formation in Mr. Pray's model are derived. The life- like result obtained makes one wonder whether to regret never having seen this wonderful bird in action ten to eleven million years ago or to be glad that there is no possibility of meeting it face to face.

Bird Collecting in Mexico

About July 1, Mr. Melvin Traylor, Jr., Associate, Division of Birds, will leave for a two-month collecting trip in southern Mexico. He expects to establish his head- quarters near Cordoba, Vera Cruz, and to collect at various elevations on the eastern slope of Mt. Orizaba. This is probably the BASIS OF RESTORATION best known historical collecting site in of new exhibit is this actual skeleton of Mesembriornis incertus in the Complementing Department Zoology's Mexico, and fresh ornithological material Department of Geology's Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38). The skeleton formed the factual and scientific from the region will be a welcome addition basis for Mr, Pray's life-like reproduction. In making the restoration, Mr. Pray first synthesized a skeleton to the Museum's research collection. The modeled after this as a framework. Shown here also is the skeleton of a golden eagle to provide a comparison in size with Mesembriornis. collection will also afford an opportunity to study the vertical distribution of many of birds are from bird's superficial anatomy. Then when this forms were made by sawing the wood in species that known only since in a of surface was dry, the plumage was modeled curved planes on a band saw and then the general area, distance only miles Mt. Orizaba rises from an over it, partly just with the casein paint splitting and whittling them into individual thirty composition, partly with balsa-wood feathers shapes. elevation of less than 2,000 feet in the imbedded into it. The balsa-wood feather The feet and claws were carved from tulip- tropics to 18,000 feet and perpetual snow.

— GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Joplin, Mo.—8 by-products of lead and zinc, Bullock, Angol, Chile 18 bats {Myolis Missouri. chiloensis), Chile; Dr. Arthur D. Hasler, is a list of some of the — Following principal Department of Zoolofly: Madison, Wis. 11 fresh-water fishes, Wis- received the month: Ross 111.—7 gifts during past Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, consin; Tarrant, Wilmette, Walker B. Dr. Mich.—567 specimens of land and fresh- fishes, Key, W. I.; Henry Department of Anthropolo^: D. 100 fresh-water water shells, Puerto Rico and Michigan; Field, Washington, C— From: Mrs. Alice H. Gregory, Chicago— Mrs. Lucile B. St. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111.— shells, Egypt; Harris, four costumed dolls and groups of dolls, Fla.—one a Philippine tarsier and a python; Mr. Petersburg, amphisbaenid (lizard), Guatemala. Charles M. Los — and Mrs. Frederick Greeley, Madison, Wis. Florida; Miller, Angeles — and 3 limbless lizards (Anniella), California; Department of Botany: 2 snakes and 2 land shells, Wisconsin Brother Niceforo Colombia Point Pelee Island, Lake Erie; Major Maria, Bogotfi, From Prof. M. M. Lac&s, Laredo, Texas— — Howard T. Wright, U. S. 3 lots of 3 bats, Colombia. 56 phanerogams and 38 cryptogams, Texas; Army— isopods, 6 fresh-water crabs, and 262 lizards, Luis Augusto Grandvaux Barbosa, Lourenco Library : salamanders, tadpoles, and a snake, Marques, Africa—28 herbarium specimens, frogs, From: Mafalda Brugger, Ba.sel, Switzer- Japan; Loren P. Woods, Washington, D. C. Mozambique, Africa; Jens E. Nielsen, Chi- land; Col. Clifford C. Gregg, Valparaiso, —9 Lawrence Curtis, cago—31 diatoms; Dr. T. A. Stephenson, frogs, Maryland; Ind.; and Miss Marie Wilson, Northwestern Dallas, Texas—7 copperheads, Texas; J. C. Aberystwyth, Wales— 15 specimens of algae, University, Evanston, 111. Dickinson, Jr., Gainesville, Fla.—a coral Florida and California; Colin C. Sanborn, snake and 5 blind Florida; Paul Dirlslon of Motion Pictures: Chicago—20 cryptogams, Arkansas; Dr. lizards, La Grange, 111.—3 salamanders From: Mr. Boulton, Washing- Eula Whitehouse, Dallas, Texas—27 speci- Springer, Rudyerd and 2 Illinois; Prof. E. McCallan, ton, D. C.—film taken on numerous expedi- mens of algae, Texas. frogs, St. Augustine, Trinidad, B. W. I. —4 lizards, tions to Panama and Africa: expedition Department of Geology: Trinidad; Roger Conant, Philadelphia—9 activity, birds, mammals, insects, native From: Eagle Picher Research Laboratory, frogs, Maryland and Delaware; Dr. D. S. industry, dances, and other scenes. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 19U8

Chicago Natural History Museum ciation of this inter-relationship and balance of Science, meeting at Benton, Illinois, on Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 that will help persons who are to supervise the subject of "Some Major Features of the Roo«evelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 camp activities in acquainting their charges Earth's Crust." Following the meeting he Telephone: WABash 9410 with the out-of-doors. One phase of the and Mr. Alan Jager, Antioch student, work- counselors' course will consist of information ing in the Department of Geology, spent THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES available in the Museum—how to find it three days collecting fossils in southern Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. and use it; suggested books, magazines, Illinois. Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field W. McCoRHicK Blair Samuel Insull, Jr. pamphlets, etc.; films, pictures, and other Leopold E. Block Henry P. Ishaii visual aids and their in Boasdhan Conovbr HUGHSTON M. McBain place camp. Walter J. CinniiNGS William H. Mitchell DESLOGE EXPEDITION Brief information will be presented in Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Howard W. Fenton George A. RicHARoeoN the following categories: Plants, insects, BACK FROM PERU Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith birds and their Marshall Field Albert H. Wbtten snakes, mammals, calls, The Desloge Peruvian Botanical Expedi- John P. Wilson and earth stories. Outlines will be fossils, tion, 1948, has returned after studying for activities and OFFICERS given suggested techniques cultivated plants in the highlands and in nature from insects Stanley Field Pretident making collections, valleys of Peru. The three members of the Marshall Field Pint Viee-Pretideni to rocks, developing hobbies in nature, and Albert B. Dick, Jr. Seeottd Viee-Pratdmt expedition. Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-Pretident organizing games for developing interests. Economic at the and Mr. Solomon A. Smith Treaturer Botany Museum, Cupford C. Gregg Dirtetor and Seerelary All recreational leaders are welcome to Joseph Desloge and Mr. Arthur Hoskins of John R. Millar Atnstani Seerelary attend, and there is no admission fee. For the St. Louis Academy of Science, investi- further information call the Raymond gated the plants grown by the Indians of the THE BULLETIN Foundation at the Museum (WABash 9410). highlands and those plants of the lower EDITOR Application forms for the course are available altitudes that were brought to the market mail. for sale and CurroBD C. Grbgo Director of On Mtuium by places exchange. One of the studied CONTRIBUTING EDITORS interesting plants yields the cocaine used in medicine (and as a Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany narcotic by some drug addicts). The cocaine Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geolosy STAFF NOTES or coca as it is called in Peru and Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology plant, Bolivia, is grown in terraced valleys about MANAGING EDITOR Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Curator of 5,000 feet above sea level. The leaves are H. B. Hartb Public Relationt Counsel Mammals, will leave early in June for a picked by hand, dried, and pressed into second collecting trip in Arkansas, in con- bales for shipment. Members are requested to Inform the Museum tinuation of a of field in that program study Indians of the central Andes are promptly of changes of address. The state. . . . Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief rarely ever without a quid of coca leaves in Curator of Zoology, and Mr. Robert F. their cheek. The custom of chewing coca MONTANA Inger, Assistant in the Division of Reptiles, BABY-SITTERS leaves is so common that most large ha- have returned from a brief trip to Texas. EARN TRIP TO MUSEUM ciendas pay part of their wages in leaves. They were more than usually successful in An alkali, usually ashes or lime mixed with An unusual of visitors to the group obtaining interesting specimens of frogs, is added to the for without it Museum was an unit of clay, quid, recently organized salamanders, lizards, and snakes. . . . The there is little effect. This practice is strik- more than a hundred boys and girls of high- Museum's Guatemala Expedition led by ingly similar to the use of ashes or lime with school age from Miles City, Montana. They Mr. L. Assistant Curator Rupert Wenzel, betel nut in the western Pacific Islands. their for a to paid own way trip Chicago of Insects, reports a most cordial reception The most valuable collection of material to see this institution attractions and other from entomological colleagues in Guatemala made in Peru is a series of unusual ears of of the city, from money saved out of their and initial success in on the collecting slopes corn to be used in an exhibit of this in odd of lawn- purely earnings jobs baby-sitting, of the Volcan F\iego. . . . Dr. R. M. American plant. mowing, helping householders with their Strong, Research Associate in Anatomy, spring cleaning, etc. Mr. Sanborn, and Mr. Schmidt, attended From the Allegan County, Michigan, a hearing before the Cook County Board NEW MEMBERS county school system brought by special of Commissioners relative to a program of The became Museum train a group of 1,200 rural school children fox hunting by sportsmen in the Cook following persons for a Nnsit to the Museum. These children Members between April 16 and May 15: County Forest Preserves, to testify in behalf 115 schools and represented elementary of the foxes. ... Mr. Donald Collier, Associate Members eight high schools within an area of 834 Curator of South American Ethnology and Jared Gage Danley miles. square Archaeology, has been appointed representa- Sustaining Members tive of the American Anthropological Asso- Chester G. Moore, Lyman M. Simpson ciation on the National Research COURSE IN NATURE STUDY Council, Annual Members for a . . . Mr. FOR CAMP COUNSELORS three-year period. Collier, Hugo A. Anderson, Lyman Barr, George I. Curator of Mr. George Quiniby, Ex- Berner, James H. Clark, Leslie H. Cook, A one-day course in nature study for hibits, Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Dr. William J. Dvonch, George H. Glade, camp counselors will be given at the Museum Oceanic Ethnology, and Dr. John B. Jr., John L. Graham, C. I. Gustafson, L. S. by the staff of the James Nelson and Anna Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology, all at- Haynes, Carl Hilker, Raymond J. Hurley, Julius James H. D. Louise Raymond Foundation on Saturday, tended the joint meetings in Milwaukee last Jesmer, Kennedy, Hugh Dr. William Kirby, C. Lange, June 12. The group will have an all-day month of the Central States Branch of the Kenney, Hugo Dr. William H. Lange, Reuben J. Liffshin, session, beginning at 9:15 a.m. and ending American Anthropological Association and Mrs. Clarence J. Loftus, Herbert J. Lorber, at 4:30 P.M. the Society for American Archaeology. Mr. H. G. Mesirow, Norman M. Mesirow, C. R. The theme of the session is: "The world was elected secretary of the latter Quimby Miller, Wendell O'Neal, Owen N. Price, out-of-doors a . . . forms natural unit whose society. Mr. Eugene S. Richardson, L. F. B. Reed, Mrs. William M. Scudder, parts are interdependent." The course will Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, gave an Kenneth S. Templeton, George C. Thiele, aim to furnish an understanding and appre- address before the Illinois Junior Academy Richard F. Uhlmann. June, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

FOUR-LEAF CLOVERS growing in its natural environment and later By EMIL sella re-examined. Within a few weeks of cool Books cubator of exhibits, botany fall weather, both plants began to unfold new leaves of normal form and continued Most of US have heard time and again (AH books renewed in the Bulletin are further on the radio and elsewhere the current song to do so until frost came to arrest available in The Book Shop of the Museum. The indoors Mail orders accompanied by remittance are hit "I'm Looking Over A Four-Leaf Clover growth. potted plant, kept —The Book the for the time is still the promptly filled Shop pays That I Overlooked resur- being, producing Before," recently postage on shipments.) three leaves. rected after a prolonged period of dormancy. regular earlier instances convinced me Not many listeners, however, may have had Repeated THE GREEN WORLD OF THE NAT- some time that it was more difficult the good fortune of finding four-leaf clovers. ago URALISTS. By Victor Wolfgang von to find four-leaf clovers in the summer But June is here, and four-leaf clovers, early Hagen (Editor). Greenberg, New York, than in and or after an without music, should soon appear. August September 1948. 392 pages. Price $5. extended heat wave. Have you ever taken the time to look The world of the naturalists" is for and find a four-leaf clover? If so, you SIDEWALK INCUBATOR "green South America. Mr. von has made will agree it is not a very profitable occupa- Hagen In addition, I recall distinctly that for an of selections from tion. Nevertheless, for a number of years interesting anthology several years, while tending our lawn, I the travelers who have contributed to the I have been in the habit of looking into an could occasionally pick a four-leaf at the growth of knowledge about South America edge of a patch adjacent to the cement from the time of the discovery of the con- walk, the heat of which was reflected onto tinent by Europeans to the present decade. the nearby plants. His introduction makes the clever point On the strength of the findings of last that South America was kept hidden behind summer, I am more than ever inclined to a "green curtain" by the Spanish and believe that excessive heat is an important Portuguese for a century after the discovery, factor in developing abnormal variations, and that the final drawing aside of the especially since these plants produced the • curtain took place so lately as the nineteenth regular three leaves with the return of century. The sketches of the twenty-five normal seasonable weather. authors represented are held to a proper These observations agree with the ac- brevity, after which they are allowed to 'GOOD LUCK- IN ABUNDANCE cepted knowledge of many abnormalities, speak for themselves. as a herbarium the factors for which be in a A clover plant, pressed for use speci' may present The merit of an anthology lies in the men, reveals an unusual number of abnormal leaves until the plant but remain dormant plant to renewed attention and avail- — four-leaf and even some five-leaf clovers. bringing many is to circumstances or environments exposed ability something of the half-forgotten, long that allow these same factors to develop. out-of-print, or rare, and Mr. von Hagen occasional patch of clover with the intention in this anthology (essentially his second for of spotting this often elusive variation of Palau Returns South America) presents some naturalists the common three-leaf {Trifolium spp.). Expedition of great merit, like Felix de Azara and this Mr. S. Assistant Curator Originally prompted by curiosity, Henry Dybas, Alcide d'Orbigny, who are quite forgotten can easily be recommended of has returned from a six-month acquired practice Insects, to the general public though well-remem- for certain occasions such as hot afternoons to islands in the Pacific, sponsored expedition bered by that esoteric group of zoologists similar to some we had to endure last the Pacific Science Board of the National by (now mainly confined to museums) who summer. All that is needed is a comfortable in which Natural Research Council, Chicago know animals by their Latin names. Azara on a shaded lawn or meadow. While Museum Mr. spot History co-operated. Dybas' and d'Orbigny both named animals and one is for four-leaf clovers, the efforts were concentrated in the Palau busy looking group had animals named for them. The strictly heat is and one's and in the Caroline the momentarily forgotten Islands, particularly scientific naturalists are preceded by the of observation is not suffering from Isle of While the larger part of the power Ponape. early travelers, like Amerigo Vespucci, collections will to the United States inactivity. go Oviedo, and Carvajal, and by Lionel Wafer in the National Museum Washington, and William of the buccaneer FIVE LEAVES, TOO! Dampier, museum will share in the material. Chicago century. The era of scientific exploration It was exactly in such a setting that I begins properly with Condamine and Hum- happened to find a whole plant of clover with the names Fossil boldt and continues great with at least three-fourths of its leaves other Pennsylvania Expedition of Darwin, Wallace, Bates, and Spruce to the three-leaf. In fact Curator of than customary Mr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., their successors of the twentieth century. of them were yi»e-leaved. Fossil Invertebrates, will be in the field from many The literary men whose writings exhibit the I about the middle of June until the end of My curiosity being quickly aroused, background of sea and forest and plains decided to look for He will collect fossils from immediately carefully July. primarily and desert are represented by Melville and If time possible similar plants. To our surprise, several localities in Pennsylvania. Hudson and Tomlinson. my companion and I soon found two more permits he will visit several eastern museums Altogether this is an excellent book to with the same abnormal variations. to examine invertebrate exhibits with refer- provide the casually interested reader with Although it is quite possible that such ence to the reinstallation of Frederick J. V. a comprehensive introduction to its subject. have been observed by others, it was Skiff Hall (Hall 37). plants The serious reader will find some guidance the first time I had ever seen anything like to and background for the further explora- them. Believing they were rare enough, Technical Publications Issued tion of those cla.ssics of natural history two of these plants were pressed for her- travels that should be on the shelves of barium specimens and later photographed. Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs, Vol. 3, Nos. 1 every naturalist and likewise of every would- For the of further observation, and 2. The Vertebrate Fauna of the Selma purpose be naturalist. part of one of these plants was potted and Formation of Alabama. Parti. Introduc- P. Schmidt kept most of the time in the shade of a tion. Part II. The Pleurodiran Turtles. Karl Curator garden shrub. The third plant was left By Rainer Zangerl. April 30, 1948. Chief of Zoology Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 19J,8

THE COBRA PLANT, hooded snakes about ready to strike. Part WHAT IS IT? of the inner surface of the pitchers of Sar- By JULIAN A. STEYERMARK racenia is lined with glandular cells capable ASSOCIATE CURATOR OP THE HERBARIUM of absorbing animal proteins directly from During the Chicago National Flower the fluid contained in the lower part of the Show held at the Coliseum recently, the pitcher. In Darlingtonia and Heliamphora, supposedly South American "cobra plant," on the other hand, the proteins of insect and also known as "cannibal plant," received other invertebrate bodies in the pitcher considerable attention and publicity. In- liquid are not absorbed directly by digestive vestigation by the writer proved that this cells but are first acted upon by bacteria. was none other than the California pitcher The latter apparently provide the proteins and other nutrients passing through the pitcher walls. No evidence is available indicating that the flowers can "eat the insects," for absorption of animal remains is limited to the lower part of the pitcher.

EXOTIC PITCHER PLANTS OLD WORLD PITCHER PLANT

Other "pitcher plants" have different The pitchers in this species (Nepenthes) hang down from modifications of leaves. Of these, the best the tips' of the leaves. known is the genus Nepenthes. In this type the leaf has a slender attachment that the "cobra plant" is "nothing new under the ends in an erect pitcher covered by a lid. sun" but is well known. Special glands in the pitchers digest animal Two of the illustrations on this page— bodies. Species belonging to this group those of the American and the Old World occur wild from Australia and New Guinea pitcher plants—show reproductions on ex- west to Ceylon and Madagascar. Borneo hibition in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson appears to be the center of distribution of Hall (Plant Life, Hall 29), where they may the genus, as more occur there than else- be seen in their natural colors. PITCHER CALIFORNIA PLANT where. A drawing of the leaves and Hovvers. One-fourth The West Australian natural size. pitcher plant (Cepha- LECTURE TOURS IN JUNE, lotus follicularis), although belonging to DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAYS another family, may also be mentioned plant (Darlingtonia californica), native in here. This plant from southwest Australia Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of California and Oregon and a well-known has pitchers in the form of lids protruding staff lecturers, are conducted every afternoon plant since its discovery in 1841 by Mr. above cup-like structures. These are ar- at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain J. D. Brackenridge. holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- Although in the West it may locally be days, and Saturdays, general tours are given, called "cobra plant," most people know it covering all departments. Special subjects either as California pitcher plant or Darling- are offered on and Fridays (the tonia. The latter commemorates the sur- Wednesdays Friday tours open with an introductory name of an early Pennsylvania botanist, lecture and slides or films in the Meeting Darlington, for whom it was named. Room on the second floor of the Museum); Standardized Plant Names, a compsndium a schedule of these follows: intended to standardize common and scien- tific names of plants, gives "California Wed., June 2—Games of Chance (June pitcher plant" as the proper name. Buchwald). Fri., June 4—Color in Nature. Illustrated NEW WORLD PITCHER PLANTS introduction in Meeting Room {Jane The name "pitcher plant" refers to the Sharpe). pitcher-like structure of the leaves. In the Wed., June 9—What to Wear—Unusual Western Hemisphere three types are found: Materials Used in Clothing {Marie (1) Darlingtonia californica, or California Svoboda). pitcher plant, discussed above, a native of Fri., June 11 —Toys—From Aleut to Zuni. Illustrated in California and Oregon, (2) Heliamphora, a introduction Meeting Room group of rare pitcher plants from isolated {Harriet Smith). table mountains of Venezuela, and (3) Sar- Wed., June 16—Summer Hobbies—Explor- the well-known of ing the Out-of-Doors {Miriam Wood). racenia, pitcher plants AMHRICAN PITCHER PLANT the eastern half of the United States and Fri., June 18—Baby Animals. Illustrated The leaves in this species (Sarracenia purpurea) arc Canada, represented by nine distinct species introduction in Meeting Room (Lorain modified into pitchers. and two varieties. One of the species, Farmer). Sarracenia purpurea, growing in sphagnum Wed., June 23—Adventures of A Fossil in a rosette at the base of the plant, bogs in the Chicago region, ranges north- ranged Hunter (Lorain Farmer). cluster of leaves without to and the below a ordinary ward Labrador Hudson Bay Fri., June 25—Your Vacation in the country and south to Florida and Louisiana. pitchers. Rockies—The Story of the Mountains. The pitchers of Darlingtonia are provided The public can be interested in unusual Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room with fishtail-like structures pointing down- plants without recourse to new or fanciful {Winona Cosner). ward from the inner sides of the hood-like names, or misinformation, as the facts con- Wed., June 30—Your North Woods Vaca- tops. These structures faintly resemble cerning them are exciting enough. Actually, tion (June Buchwald).

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS BULLETIN fi LJ Vol. 19, No. 7 July, 1948 fl Chicago Natural Wi History Museum ft Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 191,8 STUDIES OF THE VARIED PALMS IN CUBA BY B. E. DAHLGREN western end of the island and the Isle of CURATOR EMERITUS, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Pines, with near-by Yucatan and Central In the days of West Indian travel by- America, where they are represented by amphibian planes, I had had glimpses of closely related species. One predominantly Cuban palms strikingly suggestive of certain South American genus has a single species South American ones with which I was in the mountains of eastern Cuba, while the familiar, from the air as well as from the largest genus of Cuban palms, with about ground. In efforts somewhat later to reach thirty species, has some twenty-five of these the I had noted and then tried to spots in Cuba,- with one in near-by Haiti and the with reference to small harbors on the log remaining four in South America, one in north coast of the island, I had made two Paraguay, one in northeastern Brazil, and to Cuba. plane trips two in Venezuela. of brief and Those trips were, necessity, It was palms of this kind that have con- insufficient for observations, but satisfactory stituted my particular objective in Cuba— were rewarded some results in the form by also, more recently, that of Dr. Hugh C. of and desirable collec- photographs highly Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany, whose at least to me and to the Museum. tions, new, interest has been enlisted in a cytological determined to if for more I return, possible, study of the group. The unusual distribu- extensive observations. the most Perhaps tion of the genus, the relative uniformity of result of those was that important early trips the few species over large areas in South led to the of the well- they acquaintance America, contrasted with the great concen- known Cuban Brother Leon, who botanist. tration and variety exhibited within the COPERNICIA PALM during a lifetime of study of the plants of limited space of Cuba, raises many questions Brother Leon, who aided Dr. Dahlgren, is seen the island had special attention to its given of why and how. inspecting tree of a species discovered and described In the first volume of his Flora hiiti. and to the Scene is on a palms. of By courtesy of the Atkins Institution and by peculiar locality. about 80 and 16 varieties of large ranch, Sabanalamar near Sabalo. Cuba, species Harvard University, some experimental plots these are a considerable number for listed, have been started at its garden at Soledad, an island no than the state of Illinois larger near Cienfuegos, and arrangements made for Besides, what usually confronts a collector, within the and situated barely tropics. their care in intervals of our attention. especially of cytological material, at any one time or place is as likely as not to be material RELATED SPECIES OBSTACLES TO COLLECTING too far advanced, meaning postponement to the advice and in Many of these palms are strictly Cuban Thanks company until next year, or not far enough advanced of Brother it has been and are found nowhere else. Some have many places Leon, —calling for one or more repetitions of the their nearest relatives only in other West possible to visit, with a minimum of effort, visit within a few weeks or months. But Indian islands. One was formerly included many type localities that otherwise would for reasons of economy of time and money, in a Pacific genus, with its nearest allies. have been difficult to find or to reach. Even one cannot always proceed so systematically, A very few extend northward to form a part with his aid, all attempts have not always and instead takes what can be had, if at all successful. and of the West Indian element of the vegetation been Water, mud, impass- acceptable, trusting to next time or another able roads were real obstacles. flower- of southern Florida, the Keys, and Everglade Also, trip to supply what is lacking; that is, unless so from hammocks. A few connect, by way of the ing and fruiting times vary much indeed the plant desired happens to be en- one to another that even with the species tirely sterile, as is often the case, when a utmost in a full work would — THIS MONTH'S mobility year's photograph or a leaf may be all that can be COVER of not suffice to gather a full representation obtained until it becomes possible to make the of scattered as are Did you know, or guess, what palms Cuba, they another visit at the proper season. over the 700 miles of length of the island, it is? (Editor's Note: Late in June Dr. Dahlgren many in out-of-the-way places on one coast visit at the The cover on this BULLETIN is left for Cuba to "make another or the other. from a photograph obtained by proper season.") using the central part of a fan- Japan— 14 fresh-water fishes, 87 sala- shaped Isle-of- Pines Copernicia GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM manders, 5 lizards, 8 crabs, and a shell, palm leaf as background for the is a list of some of the Following principal Japan; Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Harvey, 111.— and branches of an im- curving tip gifts received during the last month: 936 specimens of shells, Switzerland and flower-stem of the mature same France; Chicago Zoological Society, Brook- of Botany: palm. Photographs of such leaves, Department field, 111. —a tree shrew, a black bear cub, J. 117 which cannot be preserved in their From: Prof. Soukup, Lima, Peru— a mole snake, a hinge-backed turtle, and herbarium Peru. — entirety, and of flower clusters, specimens, 21 birds; Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago a are necessities for the research Chinese turtle and a mammal. Department of Geology : collections of the of Department From: Eagle Picher Research Laboratory, Library : as in this — Botany. Occasionally, Joplin, Mo. 8 by-products of lead and zinc, From : Colorado Scientific Society, Denver; case, the two objects can be com- Missouri; A. A. Bakewell, Solon Springs, Dr. Henry Field, Washington, D.C.; Col. bined on one film. The specimen Wis.—47 specimens of fossil shells, Caloosa- Clifford C. Gregg, Valparaiso, Ind.; Miss is one of many brought back by hatchie Canal, Florida. Thora Riley, Washington, D.C.; Kari P. Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Schmidt, Homewood, 111.; and Spanish Em- Department of Zoology; Emeritus of in the collec- bassy, Washington, D.C. Botany, From: Arthur H. Moeck, Milwaukee—2 tions he made on his recent ex- butterflies (paratypes). New Mexico; C. H. to Cuba The anatomical characteristics of birds are pedition (see accompany- Seig, U. S. Navy—25 frogs, Palau Islands; in an exhibit entitled ing article on this page). Roger Conant, Philadelphia— 10 snakes, graphically illustrated Maryland; Major H. T. Wright, Nagasaki, "What is a Bird?" in Hall 21. July, 19h8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S 'BIRDS AS SOLAR MACHINES'—THE SUN'S PLACE IN BIOLOGY By AUSTIN L. RAND are one removed from which alone can utilize the two CURATOR OF BIRDS seeds, leaves) stage vegetation, the source of raw materials. A great many directly. The with which birds and energy hop fly, birds live largely on other animals; the diet In the first column are some plant products and build their nests, comes from the sing, may vary from plant lice to dead mammals. utilized by animals: seeds, fruit, grass, sun. The materials that the bird's compose But if you follow the chain back, sooner or leaves, and algae. Opposite each is one the materials of which each new coat body, later it will come to a plant eater. A vulture kind of animal that eats them —the sparrow of feathers is and the substance composed, may feed on a cat that ate a shrike that ate eating seeds, the cedar waxwing eating fruit, that into the all come from the goes eggs, a grasshopper mouse that ate grasshoppers the mouse eating grass, the caterpillar eating earth thou art and unto dust shalt ("Dust that ate plants. The dependence on plants leaves, and the tadpole eating algae. These thou return"). is inescapable. Though the plants are a depend on plants and are one stage away But not directly. Plants are the only necessary link in the chain, the final depend- from the raw material. that can use the sun's living things directly ence on the sun for energy is also inescapable. In the next column are birds two or more energy and combine it with raw materials The use of the term "solar machines" in stages removed from the raw material, birds from the earth. Through the green stuff, reference to birds is based on this dependence that feed on plant-eating animals —the hawk chlorophyll, in their leaves, plants use the on the sun for energy as well as on the earth eating a sparrow, the owl a mouse, the oriole to sun's energy photosynthesize carbon for material, and the bird as an organism a caterpillar, and the heron a frog (frogs in dioxide and water into carbohydrates, and takes in the material, its food or fuel. This adult life eat insects, but when young, as be with mineral these may then combined is changed in the bird so that energy stored tadpoles, eat such plants as algae). the matter into other compounds, com- in the plant material is released and used in At the extreme right is the digestive pounds that form roots, stems, leaves, activity and heat production, and the system of a grouse, part of the bird's ap- flowers, and fruit. material is changed into bird tissue or waste. paratus for using the bird's food (or fuel). We would have no birds at all if it were This simple but basic principle, true for The bill is used in seizing the food, as birds not for the mantle of green vegetation that most other animals as well as birds, is set have no hands. The food goes down the covers the earth. The dependence of birds forth in a new exhibit in Hall 21, devoted gullet into the crop, where it can be stored on plants is more than a habitat preference to the systematic exhibits of birds. The until needed. Then it goes into the glandular and more than a need for shelter or nesting sun appears at the upper left, yellow in stomach where gastric juices are secreted. sites. Plants are the necessary converters color, with the words "Energy from the In birds that eat grain or other hard food, that make energy and material available Sun" across it. The earth at the lower the stomach may have thick muscular walls

in a form birds can use. Without plants, left, in blue and green, is labeled "Minerals, and be a gizzard, whose muscular activity all birds, with all animal life, would starve. Water, Carbon Dioxide from the Earth." helps to break down the food by mechanical Birds eating these plant substances (fruit, Between them stands a tree symbolizing {Contitiuei on page 6, column S)

BIRDS AsSOLAR MACHINES

ALL ENERGY COMES FROM THE SUN ENERGY ALL MATERIAL COMES FROM THE EARTH FROM THE SUN

SOME ANIMALS GET THESE SOME ANIMALS GET THESE FROM PLANTS FROM PLANT EATING ANIMALS

'lahts alone •0«>« •I'AIMMr Can use this

raw material HE bird's and energy DIGESTIVE SYSTEM directly IS THE MECHANISM FOR UTILIZING THESE RAW MATERIALS

MINERALS WATER CARBON DIOXIDE I FROM THE EARTH

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF GROUSE

THE SUNLIGHT-EARTH-FGOD STORY OF BIRDS APPLIES EQUALLY TO ALL OTHER FORMS OF LIFE — The chain could be simiUrly charted (or insects, reptiles, fishes, mammals, and other members of the Animal Kingdom including, of course, Man. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 19i8

TRAIL OF THE TEXAS has made in southern California in the course it seemed to the one of us who carried the BARKING FROG of the last twenty years, recording each bar that the one we had must be the heavier. Bv ROBERT F. INGER specimen seen along the road. Using such We tried swapping crowbars with Ed from DIVISION OF REPTILES ASSISTANT, data, he has been able to make valuable time to time but that didn't seem to make a number of years Mr. Karl P. estimates of the reptile and amphibian much difference. FORSchmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, has populations of southern California and draw 'BIGGEST ONES GET AWAY' been spending several weeks each spring in exact maps of their distributions. Usually Texas. This spring I was privileged to make such specimens are found dead on the road, The day's collecting was not profitable so the trip with him. In planning our destina- and it is now customary to refer to such far as the number of specimens collected was tion, we decided it would be a good idea to specimens as "dead on road." Final con- concerned; however, a day in the field with get specimens from the southwestern escarp- traction of this term has led to the use of Ed Johnson is not without its rewards. ment of the Edwards Plateau, a limestone DOR. By traveling on the least-frequented Some of the stories of his own experiences formation that occupies west-central Texas. roads our opportunities for spotting DORs with which he regaled us are worthy of The collections of the Division of Reptiles were increased and we found the scenery, note. As I said before, Ed has been collect- contain specimens from only the northern minus billboards, much more beautiful. ing around Waco for many years. In Texas parts of the escarpment, particularly from Our route carried us along the north bank the western diamondback rattler is a much the region around Waco, where Mr. J. E. of the Illinois River, through the Ozarks discussed and prominent feature of the Johnson, Jr., a frequent contributor of region of Missouri and Arkansas, through fauna. Ed has collected his share of this specimens, has been an active collector for snake. As is usual with most human beings a number of years. The selection of the where snakes are concerned, Texans are southern part of the Edwards Plateau, a quite apt to exaggerate both as to the size part of Texas not previously explored and the number of rattlesnakes in their own herpetologically by Mr. Schmidt, fitted in bailiwicks. Ed has had to put up with this with his study of the fauna of the state. minor irritation for a long time. He says That region is also the home of the that if you get three Texans together and "barking frog," Eleutherodactylus latrans. show them a big rattler at least one of them This frog has a remarkable call that some- will tell you, "Why, that's just a small one!" what resembles the barking of a dog. Ed was particularly annoyed one time when This frog is interesting for a number of he got a rattler that measured five feet reasons. First of all, it represents the eight inches, a remarkable length, by the northernmost member of a tropical American way. Ed showed this snake to some of the genus. As far as is known, species of this men who saw him on his way in and was genus, Eleutherodactylus, have breeding met with the usual, "That's just a small habits that are quite different from those one." Some of the men even claimed that of the familiar frogs. Instead of the usual if he would come around their ranches he FROG frog pattern of laying large numbers of BARKING could get specimens that were eight feet His call sounds like a bark small eggs in water, of passing through an dog's long. That irked Ed, so he said that, al- active tadpole stage, and then transforming though he wasn't a rich man and although into the adult land form, the species of this the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma, and he gave all the specimens he collected to genus lay a small number of large eggs on into Texas. We stopped in Waco to say institutions, he would be willing to pay five land, do not have a tadpole stage at all, "Hello" to Mr. Ed Johnson, who is comp- dollars for every specimen over six feet long. but develop directly into a land form within troller of that city as well as a reptile col- Ed said he has never heard from one of those the egg. We hoped to get information on lector. Our seeing him resulted in more men since. As he pointed out, there's the breeding habits of the barking frog, than just a "hello." When he saw our nothing like a steel tape to shrink a rattle- which are still largely unknown. Of addi- vehicle and us in our collecting clothes, the snake. tional interest is the habitat of the barking temptation was more than he could with- To obtain some precise information as to frog. The home of this frog is in horizontal stand, and he decided to take the day off where we might get the barking frog, we rock crevices and under large flat blocks of from work if we could be persuaded to stopped to talk to Mrs. Roy Quillin, limestone. Apparently each individual has collect with him around Waco. The oppor- directress of the Witte Museum in San its own crevice into which it retreats at the tunity to collect with the veteran Ed Antonio. She suggested that we try the slightest disturbance. Johnson was far too interesting to miss. Prade Ranch, located on the headwaters of Ed has developed the collecting of snakes the Rio Frio in Real County. The Prade COLLECT HIGHWAY VICTIMS to a high point of technical skill. His Guest Ranch occupies about 10,000 acres Mr. Schmidt, his son John, and I made up equipment, though simple, is unique. It on the southern limits of the Edwards the field party. We traveled in the Zoology consists of two crowbars and an old leather Plateau. Mr. Earl Prade very kindly Department's new carryall and slept along glove. The crowbars need further comment. allowed us to stay on the ranch that night the road each night. We tried to take the Around Waco, which is on the edge of the and directed us to an old cabin at a point least-traveled highways and, wherever we Edwards Plateau, there are many large about eight miles from the ranch house thought it advisable, we even drove over slabs of limestone under which snakes are where he thought we might be successful gravel and dirt roads, because one of the fond of retiring. Turning over some of in getting the frogs. The eight miles from interesting and profitable observations to be these rocks would be an impossible task the ranch house were the most interesting made on such a trip is the frequency with without the aid of a good lever. Drive miles traveled on the entire trip. For about which different species of reptiles and am- shafts from old Fords, beveled at the ends, six of these the road runs in the stream bed phibians are seen on the road. This type serve this purpose. Of course, when one of the Rio Frio itself. The Rio Frio is a of observation has been developed into a spends the entire day collecting, these crow- spring-fed stream that has cut vertically highly accurate and useful study by Dr. bars are apt to become pretty heavy. Ed down through the limestone so that it runs Lawrence M. Klauber, of San Diego, Cali- insists that one of the crowbars is lighter between sheer canyon walls of about 100 feet. fornia. Dr. Klauber has kept detailed than the other and that he always gives Since the stream has now begun to cut notes on hundreds of auto trips that he the lighter one to the visitor. However, sideways, the lower 25 feet of the canyon July, 19U8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 walls are undercut. This undercut portion A QUICK PEEK INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH nests is plastered with the globular mud By SHARAT K. ROY in volume of rock caused the of cliff swallows. CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY surface-type by tremendous at The actual business of collecting barking pressure existing great depths. The earth has a radius of nearly 4,000 this has an effect in frogs didn't start until after dark when they Doubtless, pressure miles. Of this, no more than five or ten the but from first began to call. Although none of us compressing deeper material, miles has been seen by direct observation. the behavior of waves it is un- had any previous experience with this earthquake What lies beyond? What are the materials that the rocks can be species, there was not the slightest doubt likely surface-type and conditions that exist at in our minds as to what animal was the great depths? compressed sufficiently to give the high the of If the entire author of that call. The first one we heard Does density and composition rocks average density of the earth. earth were was across the main canyon, but we decided composed of such the to try a small branch first. After about rock, speed of transmission of ten minutes of walking up the bed of the waves branch, we were rewarded by hearing two earthquake should increase with barking frogs calling within 50 feet of each at a uni- other. The method of stalking the barking depth nearly form so as frog is the same as that used for stalking rate, long the material remains any frog except for the details of the actual capture. What we did was to concentrate rigid. This is not the on one voice and approach it until the frog case, however. There are stopped barking. At that time we stopped, in the turned out our flashlights, and waited irregularities rate at which the quietly. After a few moments, and some- of times after a more considerable wait, the speed earthquake waves increases down- frog began to call again. We advanced a that little farther. The frog stopped; we did ward, indicating at and around the too. This process was repeated about six center there is a con- or seven times until finally Mr. Schmidt siderable amount of caught sight of the frog in the beam of his heavier material, pre- flashlight. It was sitting at the opening of metal a crevice about ten feet from the branch sumably some such as meteorites, the canyon rim. As soon as the light hit it, of which are the frog backed into its crevice. majority of iron and We had learned that afternoon how deep composed nickel with an some of the crevices in the canyon walls average of about 8. could be by trying to catch lizards that had density The sum of evidence ducked into them. Consequently we were the view that afraid that we were in for a hard and supports the earth has a "den- possibly fruitless task of prying and digging. We scrambled up to the crevice and looked sity stratification," with the heaviest in. Squatting in the beam of the flashlight material near the was our clay-colored barking frog with its 220 MILES TO THE INCH center and the broad flat head and very prominent eyes. That's the scale of model illustrating the principal features of the interior of lightest the on exhibition in Clarence Hall Miss near the We were relieved to see that the crevice earth, Buckingham (Hall 35). Joanne surface. Neher of the Department of Geology stafi is shown inspecting it. Instead of a thin was only about two feet deep. A little crust over a molten maneuvering and we had him! In about change with depths? Is any large part of interior as was once believed, the model, half an hour, by repeating this process, we the interior in a liquid state? which is made on a scale of 220 miles to one were able to get the other frog. shows an earth of several Although securing the barking frog was To illustrate what is known of the answer, inch, composed concentric of rocks of really the highlight of our stay at the Prade a new model of the interior of the earth has layers increasing Ranch, Mr. Prade aided us in obtaining been constructed and placed on exhibition density. The outer layer consists of lighter, quite a few species of other amphibians and in Clarence Buckingham Hall (Hall 35) of granitic and related rocks. This is underlaid the of reptiles. Of these the most noteworthy was Department Geology. by a dense rock zone composed of rocks, a species of neotenic salamander. Neotenic Our chief sources of knowledge concerning such as gabbro and peridotite. Beneath salamanders are those that retain certain the interior of the earth are the average this is the pallasite zone, a mixture of com- larval characteristics, such as external gills, density of the earth and the varying veloci- pounds of metallic and stony materials. The and are consequently obliged to spend their ties with which earthquake shocks are trans- core or the innermost layer, as has been entire in water. life-cycle This locality mitted through the earth at different depths. stated, is composed of an alloy of iron and represents an extension of the known range The average density of the earth as a whole nickel. of these salamanders 100 miles westward. is 5.5. No surface rock with which we are The problem of the earth's interior has The barking frogs we obtained represented familiar has a density much above 3, and not yet been conclusively solved. The mod- the first of that species in the collections of the average density of surface rocks, using el shown here presents only the informa- the Division of Reptiles. Although we were rocks of all kinds, is only 2.7. As this is tion known to us. Farther advances in the unable to make any observations of their less than half the density of the whole earth, field of geophysics provide a more breeding habits, we hope to be successful the interior must consist of much heavier may satisfactory and accurate conception. in future trips. The distribution of the material than the outer part. The density neotenic salamanders represents another change from the surface to the center is due The model was made by Mr. Joseph B. problem for further study in the region of either to the presence of intrinsically heavier Krstolich, Museum artist, and Mr. John the Edwards Plateau. material toward the center or a diminution Janacek, former staff illustrator. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 19k8

Chicago Natural History Museum know what courses to take or what univer- Guatemala Expedition Progress FOUNDBO BY Mabshall Fikld, 1893 or to attend. The Museum's sity college Mr. Rupert L. Wenzel, Assistant Curator RooseTelt Road and Lake Shore Drlre, Chicago 5 curators have special knowledge of what the of Insects, returned recently from the Guate- Telbfhone: WABash 9410 possibilities are, depending on the student mala Zoological Expedition. Until that time and his particular interest. Later on, the expedition worked chiefly in the vicinity THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES temporary or volunteer work is sometimes of Volcan Fuego and Volcan Acatenango, Lbstbk Akmour Marshall Field, Jb. found in the Museum for especially worthy Sbwell L. Avbry Stanley Field with headquarters in San Pedro Yepocapa. individuals, which gives them further train- W. McCoRHicK Blair Samuel Iksull, Jr. The remaining members of the party— Mr. LaopoLo E. Block Hbnry P. Isham ing and background. BOAKDHAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBAIS Luis de la Torre and Mr. Rodger Mitchell— WALTBB J. CUJOilNCS WiLUAll H. MiTCllKLL The Museum is, of course, an educational Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall are at present living and working in the institution with a broad and its services Howard W. Fbnton George A. Richardson field, cave at in Alta Vera Paz. A. Suith large Lanquin JoesFH N. Field Solomon extend help in a great variety. of interests. Mabsbau. Fislo Albbbt H. Wbtten There has been considerable speculation as Jobs P. Wilson Actually, the field of systematic studies of to whether or not this cave suppiorts a true plants, animals, and fossils, is basic to the OFFICERS cave fauna; preliminary reports from the whole science of biology. Staklby Field Pmident field indicate that it does not. To date, Marshall Field Fint VUt-Prttident Colin Campbell Sanborn Albert B. Dick. Jb. Stcond Vict-Praidtnt the collections of mammals and insects have Samuel Jr. Third Viet-Pretidtni Curator Insull, of Mammals been gratifying. Included are a number of Solomon A. Smith TreanreT CUFFORD C. Gregg Dirtelor and Seertlam mammals that were either previously un- John R. Millar Araisiani StertUirg known from Guatemala or known from only STAFF NOTES one or two records. THE BULLETIN EDITOR Mr. Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Am- Birds as Solar Machines Clipfobd C. Gbbgo Dirtdor ofOu Muttum phibians and Reptiles, left late in June for (Continued from page S) ' Mountain where he will CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Lake, Virginia, action. In many birds the stomach walls Paul S. Martin Chitf Curalor o/ Antliropolott make his at the Mountain headquarters are thin and the is not Thbodor Just Chit/ Curalor of Botany stomach thickened Suarat K. Rot Ckitf Curalor of Geolon Lake Biological Station of the University into a Karl P. Schmidt gizzard. Chit/ Cu(alor of Zoolojn of Virginia to continue his researches on the From the stomach the food passes into remarkable salamander fauna of the southern MANAGING EDITOR the intestine where the usable portions are H. B. Habtb Pubtie RtUaiont Countel Appalachians. Mr. Pope began these in- extracted, and waste material is expelled vestigations, of the richest and most varied through the anus. The resulting nutritive Members are to Inform the Museum salamander fauna in the two requested world, years substances are used by the bird either for promptly of changes of address. ago at Highlands, North Carolina. . . . Mr. its growth or for the production of the John W. Winn, Assistant Curator of Fishes, energy required for its daily life. from the Museum staff as of June 16 SOME LITTLE-KNOWN resigned The exhibit was planned by the Division to a as MUSEUM SERVICES accept position Aquatic Biologist of Birds and executed by Staff Taxidermist with the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Leon L. Pray and Mr. Kenneth Woehlck. Chicago Natural History Museum repre- U. S. Department of Interior. He will be sents a source of information that is almost engaged in Missouri River Basin studies, unique in this city. Publishers, advertisers, with headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri. NEW MEMBERS radio artists, and writers draw Mr. Gustaf Dalstrom, artist. Depart- stations, The following persons became Museum on the Museum for information ment of was awarded the constantly Anthropology, Members between May 17 and June 15: or sources of information on zoological, Mr. and Mrs. Frank G. Logan Art Institute Contributors botanical, geological, or anthropological sub- medal and $500 for his "Portrait of a Dr. Jose Cuatrecasas, Harry Hoogstraal, jects that they are to to Woman" entered in the 52nd Annual Ex- preparing present Kari P. Schmidt. the public in various forms. The Museum hibition by artists of Chicago and vicinity. is rather widely known among a limited This was the top prize of all those offered Associate Members group for this type of ser\ice. for this exhibition. The exhibition opened Bryan B. Biggers, Frank M. Opeka, P. Robinson, Thomas A. Schutz, Besides supplying information, the Mu- at the Art Institute June 16 and will Sanger Joseph G. Sola, George P. Torrence. seum acts in a training capacity for foreign remain on view through August 15. ... students. In recent years the Department Mr. George I. Ou««nby, Curator of Ex- Annual Members of Zoology has trained in museum methods hibits in the Department of Anthropology, Mrs. M. Lee Alberts, John Ashenhurst, students from Egypt, British Guiana, and has been elected as the Vice-President of Dr. E. H. Blair, Edson M. Brock, Frank J. Chester J. Wilford R. Peru, all sponsored by their respective the Central States Branch of the American Calvin, Clark. Diercks, Alex Nathan governments. They return to their countries Anthropological Association. Elson, Fisher, Egington Franklin, Charles V. Gary, John N. Giblin, better able to present, through modern Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Curator of Theodore B. Gudis, Frank M. Haynes, methods of taxidermy and by their knowl- Peruvian Botany, returned from his leave Charies I. Horowitz, Elbridge Keith, Paul G. of the of natural of absence to work at the Museum for a edge literature, phases Kimball. O. N. Koenig. Maxwell Landis, short in connection with his The Flora history of both popular and economic time, Joseph S. Langer, Edward M. Loeser, Peru. . . . Dr. C. Curator interest. of Hugh Cutler, Edward C. Logelin, Jr., Vincent P. Manno, of Economic a lecture on Another service, minor perhaps, but of Botany, gave Creighton S. Miller. Charles A. Mortimer, "Plants of Bolivia" at the Headden William R. extreme importance, is that of advice to and People Walter Ogden, Prada, Club of the of Dr. FYed A. Replogle, Milton Reynolds, young students of natural history. Some Anthropology University on June 14. Harold F. Scovel, A. T. Seaholm, Joseph L. boys and girls, many still in grammar Chicago Sheppard, Gaylord C. Whipple. school, feel that unexplainable urge to learn more about birds, mammals, reptiles, insects, Some of the most curious forms of animal fishes, or invertebrates. They feel that they life are those that may be seen in Hall M— In Hall 32 is an exhibit showing Chinese want to devote their Uves to some study of the marine invertebrates: sponges, sea school children, their books, and samples natural history but are often at a loss to urchins, sea stars, corals, etc. of their drawing and painting. July, 1H8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 FOSSIL FACTS AND FANCY: SOME CARPENTERS' TOOLS SIMULATED IN NATURE

By EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, JR. where there is room for a CURATOR OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS (Figure 5) large one. while Frederick J. V. Skiff The Endoceras is the shell of an Ordovician Hall (Hall 37) is temporarily closed for PERHAPS, nautiloid; its modern relatives, such as the remodeling, occupied by carpenters and pearly nautilus, are coiled, but Endoceras their diverse tools, we may be pardoned a represents the primitive form of these shells, into fantasy regarding its usual oc- lapse before coiling became the fashion. the invertebrate fossils. It couldn't cupants, Ranging from the Ordovician to the be that the workmen are using some of those Jurassic, Conidaria is a puzzle to paleon- strange-looking remains that seem so little tologists, some believing it to be a gastropod, like the more familiar modern animals, others a scyphozoan, and others a worm- could it? tube. It is the only four-sided cone-shaped On this are of some of the page pictures shell in the animal kingdom, and a right fossils that are to have left the supposed good plumb bob. The Apiocrinus specimen room to into retirement during the go quiet consists of the calyx and enlarged upper construction of their new cases. At least, stem-plates of a Jurassic crinoid (see "The we they had left the room. But Ihoughl Ubiquitous Crinoids, Layman's Fossils," there Take maybe they're right in helping. Bulletin, March, another look at those Don't the pictures. 1948). forms of many of these fossils bear striking To go with plumb resemblances to various tools and items bobs, chains might be used in carpentry? needed. Among the There seem to be several kinds of screws Silurian invertebrates in our small, and middle- collection, big, we have a fine chain- sized. One is Daemonhelix, six feet high— coral, Halysites cale- like a huge lag screw used in building a nularia (Figure 6), bridge or a pier. According to the label, it whose name comes is the of a cavity left where a curly filling from the Greek oXucrts stemmed tropical vine, a liana, was buried (halysis) and the Latin in a river flood-plain and rotted away. catena, both words meaning "chain." Each Timid little animals lived small link in this animal-built chain is the for a while in the hollow; cavity once occupied then more river-borne by a coral polyp. sand filled it and turn- up When Superin- ed into sandstone over tendent of Main- the centuries. Finally tenance James Shouba this accumulation weath- drafted the plans for -i ered out of a hillside as the new construction, a screw-shaped column ^^^ he probably needed a ^^ of and was stone brought French curve. He hereforexhibition. Many almost have 1 might F'g- varieties of pitch and F'g- 2 used our specimen of thread, diameter and the small, curiously length, such as are found in steel and brass wrought Monograplus (Figure 7). This is a screws, occur also in specimens that once Silurian graptolite, the delicate protective 1 named were snails (Figure ) ; and the aptly Archimedes (Figure 2), a bryozoan of Missis- sippian age, looks as if it could hold any- thing together firmly. Numerous specimens seem to be potential plumb bobs that would assure us the walls of the new hall would be admirably vertical, if they were to be used. The carpenters

ig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5

could take their choice, from an Endoceras (Figure 3) for use in tight quarters to a

Conidaria (Figure 1,) or an Apiocrintis Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 19J,8

FOSSIL FACTS AND FANCY some archaeological excavations and some SUMMER MOVIE PROGRAMS of the mode of life of modern (Continued from page 7) investigations FOR CHILDREN Indians, Mrs. Lothrop found out that grub- (Figure 10), tucked in among the Ordovician The annual Summer Series of motion bing around old refuse heaps (the delight sponges, should be a good sieve to use with picture programs for children will be given of archaeologists) was not at all like dis- the funneh A flattened ball-shaped sponge, on Thursday mornings during July and covering King Tut's tomb. Furthermore, with radial pores and August beginning July 8. The series, con- the daily existence of the archaeologist is spicules through the sisting of six programs, is presented under not a picnic but is carried on from a simple outer wall arranged the auspices of the James Nelson and Anna camp or a mediocre hotel without any of like the seeds of a sun- Louise Raymond Foundation. On one the so-called modern conveniences. flower, this animal program, that of July 29, in addition to In Guatemala, the Lothrops excavated a that lived like a sieve films there will be a demonstration of the site in spite of the hostility of the Indians should serve as one to use of puppet figures with a story told by and under many difficulties. perfection now. June Buchwald; likewise, on the August 12 Panama, where the Lothrops excavated a The collection of program, Harriet Smith will tell a story to series of graves containing many gold orna- fossil invertebrates in- accompany the films of an African animal ments as well as quantities of pottery and cludes many other hunt. Two programs, July 22 and August 5, Fig. 10 tools, is probably the high spot in the re- will have animated cartoons as well as odd-looking things author's narration. Because of her experi- feature sembling utilitarian objects, such as wash- pictures. ences on other field trips, she was most useful boards, swords, daggers, pincushions, war The entertainments will be given in the to the expedition. James Theatre of the clubs, ash trays, and needles. But all are Simpson Museum at Mrs. Lothrop's story is told with great 10:30 A.M. Children are invited to "direct traces of prehistoric life," whose come vigor, a vast amount of penetrating humor value to us lies in the wealth of information alone, accompanied by parents or other and sarcasm, and an informal but most or in from clubs they can give about what the world was adults, groups and various readable style. like before man. When the exhibition hall centers. Admission is free. Following are The author completely debunks the the dates and titles of the films: is again opened, it is expected that the glamorous side of archaeology (and it is story they tell will be clearly shown, in — high time!) and purposely wishes to shock July 8 Chata terms of life rather than of tools. the dreamer who sits in an armchair and Story of a little Mexican girl and yearns for adventure. She emphasizes the her family in the tropical paradise of point that "archaeology is wonderful." She Tehuantepec, Mexico. might well have added that archaeology July 15—The Open Road is not concerned with Books today merely finding A vacation in our State Parks of specimens but that it is an attempt to Illinois. social behavior the books reviewed in the Bulletin are understand and me- (All July 22—Through the Grand Canyon available in The Book the Museum. chanics of social in less Shop of change simpler, BY Boat Mail orders accompanied by remittance are complex societies that left no written records. —The Book the Also a cartoon. promptly filled Shop pays I enjoyed this book and would recommend postage on shipments.) it to anyone who is thinking of going into July 29—The Littlest Theatre because he thinks it is an THROW ME A BONE. By Eleanor archaeology Puppets and Shadow Plays, old and "adventure." The layman who is genuinely new. Lothrop. Whittlesey House, New York, interested in archaeology will also find the Story told June Buchwald. 1948. 234 pages. 22 full-page illustra- by book absorbing; and the professional archae- tions. Price $3. August 5—Thundering Waters ologist will derive many a chuckle from it. Niagara Falls. Some years ago in preparing a popular Paul S. Martin Also a cartoon. lecture on our excavations in southwestern Chief Curator of Anthropology — Colorado, I wrote: "Many people think August 12 SiMBA that archaeology is a treasure hunt. Actu- African pictures taken by the Martin ally, it consists of very hard labor done under SUMMER LECTURE TOURS Johnsons. a blazing sun, with plenty of dust and bugs TWICE A DAY Story told by Harriet Smith. thrown in." conducted tours Mrs. Lothrop, also, apparently thought During July and August, of of that archaeology is a lark, but she was the exhibits, under the guidance staff Too Many Species! soon disillusioned. lecturers, will be given on a special schedule, Although it possesses one of the most This the subtitle of which is What as follows: book, comprehensive zoological collections ever Happens When You Marry an Archaeologist, Mondays: 11 a.m.. Stories in Stones (survey assembled and is continually adding to it, is concerned with the author's own experi- of fossils, rocks, minerals, and gems); this (or any other) Museum could never ences in Chile, and Panama as 2 General Tour all Guatemala, P.M., (exhibition halls, hope to display an actually complete repre- an wife. As she was archaeologist's such, departments). sentation. The reason is readily apparent imbued (at least on her honeymoon trip Tuesdays: 11 A.M., Our Living Plants when it is considered that there are more to Chile) with a burning desire to help her (survey of all kinds of plants); 2 p.m.. than 50,000 species of mammals, birds, husband become a famous archaeologist. General Tour. reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, while the By bungling and by breaking so many of and other 11 Animal Tales insects, mollusks, crustaceans, the rules of the she soon found that Wednesdays: a.m.. (general "game," invertebrate types run into hundreds of survey of animals) ; 2 p.m.. General Tour. her most useful role was in out of staying thousands. No museum could show all. her husband's way. Helping an archaeolo- Thursdays: 11 a.m. and 2 p.m., General Tours. gist requires skill and training, and without these a is a nuisance—a There are no tours on greenhorn positive Fridays: 11 A.M., World Neighbors (general given Saturdays fact that the author makes amusingly clear. survey of people and places); 2 p.m., and Sundays, or on Monday, July 5 (cele- In Chile, where her husband undertook General Tour. brated as July Fourth holiday).

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATUKAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Vol.19, No.8-August Chicacjo Xatiin ^ Ifisfori/ Milsel Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 19lt8

'gigantic Spark' . . . other. The time that elapses between the -THIS MONTH'S COVER- lightning and the thunder can be used as —one of nature's THUNDER — LIGHTNING: a gauge to measure the distance to the Lightning most beautiful phenomena— is a EFFECTS nearest point of the flash. Roughly, the CAUSES AND difficult for distance is a mile to every five seconds. subject photog- By SHARAT K. ROY raphers. Speed and skill are re- CHIBT CimATOR, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 'PETRIFIED lightning' quired to catch it at the climactic a and instant of the flash. more spectacular, The heat of the flash is indeed very great, Among than 90,000 negatives of nature LIGHTNING,not infrequently a frightening as evidenced by destructive fires, and by subjects at the Museum, only phenomenon of nature, is but a the formation of fulgurites or "lightning tubes" The term comes one lightning picture couid be electric It is most (see illustration). gigantic spark. found. It is an from the Latin fulgur, meaning lightning. especially good fitting that the cover photograph of the more so when When lightning strikes the surface of the one, however, should be it is considered it was made about this month's Bulletin earth and encounters rock or sand, portions 1908 before the of that of a magnificent flash, for of the encountered material are fused by development modern photographic equipment August is a month when one may the heat of the flash into a mass of pointed, form such as can be used today. Un- hear thunder crack and rumble and irregular glassy rock, usually in the the is some- of a tube, at times with a bead-like struc- fortunately, picture see big bolts of lightning shimmer of a —no record ture. The tube begins at the surface and thing mystery across the sky. continues downwards until the power of exists as to who made it or what is the of the scene. The resemblance between lightning flashes the lightning stroke is dissipated through locality and electric sparks was recognized almost the surrounding material. 200 years ago, when Benjamin Franklin Fulgurites are especially frequent on ex- performed the celebrated experiment of ob- posed crags, mountain tops, sand dunes, thus neutralizing the excess electric charge taining electric charges by means of a kite. trees, and the like, for electric charges overhead. If lightning does strike, it is One day in June, 1752, at the approach of induced on the earth by passing thunder- conducted to the ground without destructive a thunderstorm, Franklin sent up a kite clouds are greatest in tall, projecting objects. discharge, providing the rod is not defective which was provided with metal points. To Usually, the leaves of trees conduct the and contact with the ground is good. the lower end of the kite-cord, he fastened charge from the earth and prevent the a key. The cord was insulated from the "striking" of lightning. earth. When the cord became wet . so that This suggested to Franklin that a pointed— LIGHTNINO AS A HAZARD it could conduct electricity, Franklin ob- conductor—the now familiar lightning rod several in the tained sparks from it. The sparks were may serve the same purpose for homes and During July, persons found to be similar in character to the elec- barns. The rods are seldom struck, for Chicago area were injured by lightning and at least one of those struck tricity produced by friction. during a thunderstorm, they discharge an died, according to accounts in the local in abundant supply of ions from the points press; Connecticut, ACTIVATING FACTORS the Associated Press locomotives connected to the ground in moist earth. reported, Observations indicate that the under sur- of two commuter trains were struck, but no one was face of a thunder cloud has a negative injured. charge, while the top is positive. When lightning takes place the current is from earth to cloud. Under several million volts "True, lightning is not one of our major for all hazard of potential difference between the earth hazards, but, that, enough to command —400 lives and and clouds, a relatively small flash, or a respect 1,000 a in the United States "leader" flash, plunges earthward, and then injuries year alone, and around in dam- a bigger flash moves up from the earth to $20,000,000 property the clouds. This growth of the flashes is age. . . . believed to be due to ionization by collision. "If one is caught in a thunderstorm, then Though of short duration, the total ion what? Come in out of the rain, if you can, current may attain hundreds or thousands or get in a canyon, or under a cliff, or in a of amperes. cave (best of all); in any case keep away from isolated trees in open spaces, avoid THEORIES NOT CONCLUSIVE the crest of a hill, and never get closer than The cause of the great difi'erence of 100 feet, at least, to any wire fence, as you potential between the clouds and the earth might be struck by lightning that hit the during thunderstorms is not clearly under- fence half a mile away." stood. Some hold that it be due to may From Ways of the Weather. By W. J. Humphreys, evaporation, some to condensation, others Ph. D., Sc. D., U. S. Weather Bureau. Jacques Cattell Press. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 400 pages. 75 illus- to friction between air and water particles. trations. Price $4. (On sale at The BOOK SHOP of the Museum.) None of these theories, however, has been conclusively proved by experimentation. Thunder is caused by sudden expansion Scientist from Norway of the air due to great heat occasioned by the flash. The continued rumbling of Dr. Erling Sivertsen, Curator at the thunder after the usual sharp, sometimes Zoological Museum of Trondheim, Norway, initial is due not to and Mrs. Sivertsen were Museum visitors deafening, report only 'PHTRIFIED LIGHTNING' echoes from hills and clouds but also to the in July. Dr. Sivertsen examined and listed Fulgurites or "lightning tubes" composed of sand fact that often one end of the flash is many the Museum's collection of South American or rock fused by the heat of a flash. On exhibition hundreds of feet seal skulls. further away than the in Clarence Buckingham Hall (Hall 35). August, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S CHAMELEONS—A STUDY IN ADAPTATION AND IN ORNAMENT By KARL P. SCHlSlDT systems, zoologists could not fail to think animal behavior. The Museum's interest CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT or ZOOLOGY of the new facilities for the acquisition of lies in making use of its knowledge of the before a World War II, living strange small creatures from the far corners world fauna to fertilize and vary the studies of the remarkable lizard known SHORTLYspecimen of the earth, and by way of setting an of the specialists in this relatively new field as the common chameleon, native to the example, the Museum had obtained a few of study, and in maintaining a contact of borders of the Mediterranean, reached the West Indian reptiles by this means in 1944. its staff of naturalists with such researches. Museum as a gift from Dr. Georg Haas, Remembering our chameleon especially, no The chameleons now available are being my colleague in herpetological studies at traveler to Africa who had any contact with studied by Dr. Bernard Greenberg of Roose- the Museum escaped the velt College, whose training has the back- request to try a ship- ground of studies with the late G. K. Noble ment of chameleons by of The American Museum of Natural History air express to Chicago. in New York and with Professor W. C. AUee The first successful of the University of Chicago. He is assisted shipment, marked by the by Miss Mary Weaver, of Glen ElljTi, a safe arrival of 27 chame- student at Carleton College, who is a leons at the Museum on volunteer at the Museum for the summer June 25, 1948, resulted months. from a request to Mr. As to the chameleons themselves, they Harry Hoogstraal, who represent the subspecies Chameleo bitaeniatus is attached to the staff hoehneli of the mountains of Kenya Colony, of the Naval Medical East Africa, one of a series of forms found Science Group of the Uni- on high mountains from Abyssinia to the versity of California Ruwenzori. Almost identical in scale African Expedition. Mr. characters and head-form from specimen Hoogstraal, of the Mu- to specimen, there were no two alike in seum staff and recently coloration when they were removed from leader of the Museum's their shipping crate. PORTRAIT Philippine Expedition of — The East African Mountain Chameleon, Chamaclco bitaeniatus hoehncli. EMOTION LIKE A BLUSH 1946-47, is on loan to the Naval Medical Science Mottled brown, plain brown, solid livid the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. The Group to conduct certain special projects. green, gray with yellow stripes on each side, chameleon of North Africa and Palestine is The chameleons were desired for critical almost black, boldly red spotted, and various colors the spiecies known to classical antiquity and studies of behavior such as have proved combinations of these patterns and is the typical chameleon in the sense that extraordinarily fruitful in university research were represented. Still more remarRable, it was the first of the numerous species to programs, but they do not represent an each chameleon may change its color from become known to the learned world. engagement of the Museum in the field of hour to hour and from day to day. It is Our specimen lived for nearly two years in the laboratory of the Division of Reptiles. Its structure and behavior were so extremely interesting that it served the peculiar func- tion of arming us against such Philistine visitors as are unable to understand the lifelong interest of the zoologist in animals, and think of him as being in some way abnormal. In the chameleon are combined a marvelous capacity for color change, goggle eyes focusing separately on the proffered spider and on the visitor, slow motion stalk- ing of prey as it moves along a twig with tong-like feet, and the contrast of the light- ning shot of the projectile tongue that picks up a spider at 10 inches' distance when the lizard itself is only 6 inches long. Our laboratory chameleon proved, in fact, to be as interesting to the casual visitor from any walk of life and any age as it was to the zoologist himself. We were often rewarded, after a demonstration of the chameleon, with the remark, "No wonder you are interested in studying such creatures." Our Jerusalem chameleon had been six weeks en route by ordinary mail, and in Photo countty Chicago Daily Tribune spite of the ability of reptiles to survive PHENOMENAL TONGUE arrived in so emaciated a condi- long fasts, when crosses Chameleons are "dead shots." and "quick on the trigger" with their projectile tongues prey tion that we were fortunate to be able to Mr. Robert who instan- their otherwise slow path. Just as quick was a newspaper photographer, Mackay. by the in the nurse it back to normal activity. With taneous action was able to make this remarkable picture before the end of the jifly which body-long establishment of world-wide air transport tongue vanished with its quarry. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 19^8 thought that these color changes (from which by reason of their rough soles and sharp ornamentation, sometimes found in both the word "chameleon-like" in the sense of incurved claws. sexes, sometim»s only as male structures, "changeable" is derived*) are governed in and often variously recombined from species SLOW MOTION AS NORMAL PACE part by background resemblance and in to species. Thus there is variation in the which be part by emotional reactions such as anger The tendency to develop extreme slowness size of the scales of the sides, may remains to be or or and fear. Actually, much of movements is found widespread among uniformly granular plate-like mixed; learned and recorded about the factors that arboreal mammals like the sloths and certain the scales along the middle of the back may color be low or raised or and the govern such elaborate change. lemurs; in the chameleons it is developed sculptured, along mid-line of the chin and likewise One of the most evident features of living into a fixed mode of locomotion that is belly they often are found to organisms is their adjustment for particular extraordinarily effective in the animal's

Variation in the Fundamental Chameleon Type Has Oone to These Extremes Drawings by Margaret G. Bradbury

Cfaamaelio dilepis of West Africa Chamaeleo fischeri of Tanganyika Chamaeleo jacksoni of Kenya Chamaeleo calyptratus of Arabia

modes of Hfe, and one of the principal modes principal activity, namely its search for vary greatly—being elongate and beard-like of evolution has been the hereditary fixation the often wary insects and spiders that form in the Kenya chameleon. High finned crests of such adjustments in whole groups and its food. Any last-minute rush to secure may be developed either on the back or on their progressive further improvement and its prey is made unnecessary by the ex- the base of the tail. There are very charac- elaboration. Secondarily, any great evolu- tremely effective projectile tongue, which teristic head shapes, from concave above to tionary adjustment may be the starting has a sticky tip. This organ may be shot fantastically helmeted. Most striking of all point for a whole new series of species that out, with a motion too rapid for the eye to is the development of forwardly directed run the gamut of minor variation on the catch, to a distance considerably greater horns—there are one-horned, two-horned, theme of the major adaptation. than the length of the chameleon's body, three-horned, and even four-horned chame- with almost The chameleon group supplies an elabo- and unfailing accuracy. leons, most with smooth horns, but some rate yet extremely clear example of these To what extent the separate operation of with scaly horns. two of evolution. The whole the eyes is an adaptation to the chameleon's principles FIELD FOR RESEARCH chameleon organism is focused in sharp mode of life is not clear, but their large It is that when the behavior of adjustment to its place of life, to the availa- size and apparently binocular use, evidenced expected is studied bility of abundant insect food, and to its by the accuracy of measurement of the chameleons by modern methods mode of feeding. Entry into bushes and distance to which the tongue is to be shot that these "ornamental" characters will be trees commonly carries with it striking ad- out, are clearly correlated with daylight found to have some significance in the life justments, such as grasping hands like our hunting in which eyesight is the principal of the species, in species recognition, sex- in males. own, or prehensile tails, like those of the sense employed. recognition, or, combat between spider monkey. Sure enough, here in the All these characters apply completely to Behavior studies of our Kenya chameleons at little chameleon we find the neat combina- every one of the 80-odd species of chame- may begin an appropriate beginning, at after their tion of a flexible tail (too valuable to be leons, and even to the curious little Rham- namely birth. Two days arrival in and while we were fragile and easily lost like that of so many pholeon of central Africa, in which color Chicago, the of suitable sand or lizards) and the most curious grasping hands change is largely given up in favor of discussing provision earth for one of the and feet. Each foot has five digits, and dead-leaf "protective resemblance," and possible egg-laying, females birth to these are firmly united into bundles respec- to the two bizarre Madagascan genera, gave thirteen living young. tively of two and three. In the interest Brookesia and Leandria. Madagascar, by Less than a minute after birth, each had out of its foetal and apparently of symmetry, the two-toe bundle the way, has about half the species of the wriggled membranes climbed the nearest ob- is on the outside in the front foot (i.e. in genus Chameleo including a two-foot long immediately upon often its own mother. the "hand") and on the inside in the hind giant form. Arabia has two species. ject, Unfortunately, the mother seems to lack instincts foot. These two bundles of toes oppose Peninsular India one, and Africa the rest. parental for she promptly detached her clinging each other as a most effective pair of tongs Equal in interest to the functional adapta- babies with vigorous swipes of the hind legs. for grasping a twig or small branch. They tions for a specific mode of life, from the of the of are the Although of edible size, the young aren't are effective for climbing on larger branches standpoint origin species, eaten or even when over characteristics by which the species of so harmed, climbing of older At compact a group are found to be distin- the very jaws the chameleons. are with the The uae of the name "chameleon" for the little guished. The useful characters above out- birth, they fully equipped lizards from the southern United States iguanid (and patterns of locomotion and sometimes for a species from Cuba) is of course simi- lined are those of the family Chamaeleon- extraordinary derived from the to but to larly ability change color; be tidae. The characters that the feeding typical of this remarkable lizard, and "chameleon-like" is scarcely to be a chameleon. Zoolo- distinguish are able to fend for themselves without a gists much prefer to use the term "anole" for these separate species seen to be mainly "useless" American lizards which often have been sold for a few — in a cents apiece at pet shops, circuses, county fairs, etc they consist bewildering array of . (Continued on page 6, column S) August, 19J,8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

COCAINE IN SOUTH AMERICA learn about the use of the leaves and made SUMMER MOVIE PROGRAMS SOLD LIKE CHEWING GUM it easier to secure them. On the other hand, FOR CHILDREN an increasing number of natives abandon By HUGH C. CUTLER Two more of the Raymond Foundation's CURATOR OF BCONOUIC BOTANY the habit after they are educated or after free summer programs of motion pictures they work awhile in the larger towns. In- Drug plants and narcotics are usually for children remain to be given on the first creased labor costs and the spread of plant associated with the Orient, yet a large two Thursday mornings of August. diseases in the cocaine plantations have of the people living in the Andes of The entertainments will be given in the part raised the cost of the leaves. The increased Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and near-by coun- James Simpson Theatre of the Museum at cost often discourages the habit. But since tries of South America use cocaine daily. 10:30 A.M. Children are invited to come chewing the leaves deadens the pangs of The cocaine plant is one of the New World alone, accompanied by parents or other hunger, workers buy less food and become cultivated plants which were studied by the adults, or in groups from clubs and various weak and susceptible to disease. Museum's Desloge 1948 Peruvian Botanical centers. Admission is free. Following are Expedition. 'magical uses' the dates and titles of the films: Most of the species genus Erythroxylon Most of the leaves grown in the New August 5—Thundering Waters are natives of South America, while a few World are chewed. Only a limited amount Niagara Falls. others in Africa and southeastern grow is devoted to extraction of cocaine used in Also a cartoon. Asia. However the drug is obtained from medicine, especially as a local anesthetic. the Peruvian and Bolivian species, Ery- August 12—SiMBA throxylon coca, cultivated for this purpose. African pictures taken by the Martin Like rubber, tapioca and cashews, cocaine Johnsons. is now grown in the East Indies from New Story told by Harriet Smith. World seed. By careful handling and by selection of high drug-yielding varieties, the amount of cocaine alkaloids in the leaves lime and ashes are alkaline and help to of the East Indian plants has been increased release the drug. Using an alkali in this so that they now yield nearly twice as much fashion is a very old trick, for it was practiced as leaves taken from average plants in in South America long before Columbus South America. This case is similar to the arrived. We know this because in pre- history of rubber in the Orient. Improve- historic burials of coastal Peru we often ments in culture methods and plant-breeding find small gourds with ashes or lime asso- in rubber made in the Far East now yield ciated with the bags which contain the larger quantities of more uniform and cocaine leaves. In northern Peru some of cheaper rubber than the methods in use in the pottery figures of men are shown wearing the New World. these bags or taking cocaine leaves. The use of an alkali with a drug plant is PROCESSED LIKE TELA not restricted to South America. Betel nut The coccaine plant is cultivated and chewers of the Orient usually chew lime harvested much like tea. Nursery-grown with their nuts. When the Spaniards con- seedlings are transplanted to terraces on quered Mexico, the Indians chewed tobacco the moist slopes of semi-tropical valleys. mixed with lime to keep them from feeling The leaves are picked when they are fully hunger and thirst on long journeys. And grown. Unlike tea, the terminal clusters in northern South America and the West of leaves and the very young ones are not Indies, ground seeds of a mimosa-like tree, taken. After picking, the leaves are spread Piptadenia peregrina, are mixed with ashes out to dry in the sun and are turned every social commentary and snuffed. hour. In parts of the Andes, a barefooted As shown in this cocaine leaves arc sold picture, FORBIDDEN TO WOMEN worker stamps on the leaves when they are openly like any other commodity in all the Andean market This scene is in Cochabamba, fresh. This flattens the leaves and bruises places. The use of cocaine leaves is a male Bolivia, Also sold are pellets of lime or ash to them slightly so that they dry quickly. While the common Indian of chew with the leaves— the alkaline helps to release prerogative. During the rainy season the leaves are the drug. the Andean highlands is rarely without a dried in special sheds on bamboo racks quid, the women rarely ever enjoy the pain- below which a low fire is kept burning. Some leaves are used in making tea and and fatigue-dulling solace of the leaves. the leaves are a rule for When completely dry they in the preparation of soft drinks. An "For men only" was common are in sacks or in tightly packed homemade interesting use of the leaves in the area drug plants many regions. pressed into small bales. visited by the Desloge Peruvian Botanical The black drink or cassine tea of our Most of the cocaine leaves produced in Expedition is in divining the location of southeastern United States Indians which South America are used locally. A large lost or stolen property. A medicine man is shown in Case 54 of Hall 25 could not part of any marketplace is occupied by casts the leaves onto a smooth piece of be imbibed in some tribes if a woman even vendors of the leaves. So general is the ground or on fiat stones and then tells, saw the pot in which it was prepared. In use of the leaves that many big farms from the pattern in which the leaves fall, the jungles of the upper Amazon, women pay a large part of wages with such leaves. where the property can be found. The were put to death if they saw the ceremonies The leaf-chewing habit is spreading in South medicine man is usually paid in leaves. surrounding the drinking of a solution of America. During the recent Chaco War To chew the leaves several are placed in caapi, the narcotic containing Banisteria between BoHvia and Paraguay, leaves were the mouth and a small piece of lime or Caapi. And even among our own people distributed to the Bolivian soldiers and now ashes mixed with clay is added. The in the United States, one realizes upon the Indians of the Chaco have learned the leaves are moved slightly with the tongue reflection, only certain forms of nicotine can habit. Improved transportation, by trains and teeth but usually are kept as a quid be enjoyed by women, for social custom and trucks, has allowed many workers to between the teeth and the cheek. The limits the use of pipes and cigars to men only. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 19i8

Natural Museum new to but interest when Chicago History science, quickened STAFF NOTES Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 it was found that fifteen of the birds had Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 not previously been reported from the Telephone: WABash 9410 Mexican state of Guerrero. Mr. Miguel Covarrubias, one of Nine of these were migrants. They serve Mexico's most noted artists, who is also THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES to emphasize both the need for continued an ethnologist and archaeologist of note, has field work in been elected to the staff of the Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr, southwestern Mexico and the Department Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field extent to which various races of North of Anthropology as Research Associate in Wm. McCoRMinc Blair Samuel Insuix, Jr. Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham American species are brought together in Primitive Art. Mr. Covarrubias recently BOARDMAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBaIN winter the effect of the Isthmus was in Chicago and spent considerable time Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell by funneling Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall of Tehuantepec. An in conference and studies with me-nbers of Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson interesting by-product the In Joseph N. Field Solomon .\. Smith of this study was the accumulation of data Museum department. addition to Field Albert H. Wetten Marshall his other he is John P. Wilson suggesting that the pre-breeding activity of accomplishments especially well-known as an female reproductive organs lags far behind expert in primitive art, OFFICERS and as writer . . . that of males in spring but finally a and teacher. Mrs. Stanley Field Pregident undergoes Marshall Field First Vice-President much more rapid development. Clues to Dorotiiy Foss of the Department of Zoology Albert B. Dick, Jr. Second Vice-President an of the of has been promoted from Assistant, Division Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President explanation phenomenon migra- C. Director Clifford Gregg and Secretary tion eventually be found in the refine- of Anatomy, to Osteologist. . . . Mr. John Solomon A. Smith Treasurer may * John R. Mn,I.AR Assistant Secretary ment and elaboration of similar correlations W. Meyer, Chief of the Division of Motion between physiological development and Pictures, is the contributor of the illustrated various aspects of the seasonal cycle. article on taxidermy in the recent new THE BULLETIN edition of the Encyclopedia Americaria, and BEARING EDITOR ON EVOLUTION is a contributor also to the latest edition of CUPFORD C. Gregg Director the Museum of Collections from areas inhabited by inter- the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Britan- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS mediate populations, or birds that combine nica Junior. The articles are illustrated with Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology the characters of two or more related photographs taken in this Museum. . . . Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany Suarat K. Roy Curator Chief of Geology varieties, are of special interest to the zoo- Mr. Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Reptiles, Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology geographer and student of evolution. The reports favorable conditions for salamander MANAGING EDITOR Guerrero collection repeatedly reflected the studies at Mountain Lake, Virginia, the H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel influence of elements from the diverse summer station of the University of Vir- Mexican faunas and those of Central ginia. He is actively engaged in examina- Members are requested to Inform the Museum promptly of changes of address. America. For example, analysis of the tion of salamander distribution as governed range and affinities of Godman's Euphonia, by altitude in drainage systems in this

. . . Dr. Sharat K. Chief RANK-AND-FILE a colorful little tanager never before reported region. Roy, BIRDS Curator of and Mr. Arthur G. DOMINATE RESEARCH in Guerrero, shows that it is intermediate Geology, between the white-vented and Lesson's Rueckert, Staff Artist, made a survey of The occasional discovery of species new to Euphonia and that it is actually a geographi- eastern museums in connection with projects science adds zest to the museum researcher's cal variant or sub-species of the latter rather for the Department of Geology. work, but more frequently his enthusiasm is than a distinct species, as has been supposed jogged when least expected by less spec- since its discovery in 1889. CHAMELEONS— tacular though often more important dis- A study of Guerrero roadrunners produced {Continued from page I,) coveries. For an ornithologist, it may be evidence, by inference, that an intermediate learning period. At their first feeding at- the receipt of specimens in a phase of population exists in the adjacent state of tempt, the babies were able to project the plumage either proving or disproving the Oaxaca. Similarly, two distinct races of a full inch and a a existence of a previously described form. burrowing owls, and those of several other sticky tongue quarter, greater distance than their body length, and Sometimes a single specimen collected far species, were found to merge in Guerrero, hit the Small beyond the known range of its kind opens resulting in a population that can be allo- target accurately. spiders, flies and tiny insect larvae form their up unexplored avenues of research that may cated to either race with equal justification. present diet. lead to an entirely new concept of its rela- Information such as this—which increases are being made for more tionships. And not infrequently the routine our understanding of bird distribution and Preparations such broods, from several other process of studying a general collection in genealogy, the extent of individual variation expectant female chameleons. the course of its identification discloses bits and modification of populations by related Viviparous production of is well- of information that collectively add much forms—attracts no headlines but is one of young known in several species of chameleons in to our knowledge of the bird life of a region. the more important products of museum research. temperate South Africa, and is reported for A MEXICAN COLLECTION Emmet R. Blake montane species in East Africa, presumably for the species in question. Most Such was the case with a collection of Associate Curator of Birds very chameleons, however, lay eggs, depositing 342 birds from the state of Guerrero, in them in excavations in the soil. Needless southwestern Mexico, which is the basis Gift to Museum Library to say, the production of tiny replica of a report soon to be published by the chameleons adds to the combination of Museum. Since the birds of Guerrero have The Library of the Museum has received interest and charm of the first received the attention of competent in- a collection of several hundred books, fascinating Chicago chameleon colony. vestigators for many years past, this small pamphlets, and periodicals on entomology, collection was at first regarded merely as as a gift from the family of the late Charles a desirable though not particularly interest- V. Riley, through his daughter. Miss Thora Brief survey tours of the Museum, suited ing addition to the Museum's representation Riley, of Washington, D.C. Mr. Riley to a visit of one or two hours but possible of Mexican bird life. Methodical identifica- died in 1895. The collection has a high in thirty minutes for those who have to skim tion of the 109 species and geographical historical value and makes a notable addi- through in a hurry, are outlined, with charts, varieties in the collection revealed none tion to the resources of the Library. in the latest Museum General Guide. August, 191,8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

AMAZON REGION INDIAN The favorite weapon is a heavy wooden SUMMER LECTURE TOURS COLLECTION ACQUIRED club. Dead enemies were, and probably TWICE A DAY still eaten at a dance a By DONALD COLLIER are, celebrating conducted tours of the CURATOR OF SOUTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY victory. During August, AND ARCHABOLOGY exhibits, under the guidance of staff lec- BRILLIANT HEADDRESSES FEATHER turers, will be given on a special schedule, The Indians of the northwest Amazon as follows: The Museum is fortunate in having area, a vast tropical rain forest cut by many acquired recently from Mr. Paul H. Allen rivers, have been less affected by modern Mondays: 11 A.M., Stories in Stones (survey a collection from civilization than the Indians of any other representative ethnological of fossils, rocks, minerals, and gems); the the Cubeo 2 General Tour all major area in South America. One of the Vaupes tribes, particularly P.M., (exhibition halls, departments). most isolated parts of the northwest Amazon is the region of the Rio Vaupes, a western Tuesdays: 11 A.M., Our Living Plants tributary of the Rio Negro, in southeastern (survey of all kinds of plants); 2 p.m.. Colombia. The Vaupes region is inhabited General Tour. by about 8,500 Indians grouped into some Wednesdays : 1 1 A.M., Animal Tales (general twenty tribes, each speaking a different survey of animals); 2 p.m.. General Tour. dialect. Most of the dialects belong to the Thursdays: 11 A.M. and 2 P.M., General Tucanoan but a few fall in the stock, Tupi Tours. and Arawak stocks. As in other parts of 11 the tropical forest. Lingua Geral, a language Fridays: A.M., World Neighbors (general of and 2 based on Tupi-Guarani, serves as a lingua survey people places); p.m., General Tour. franca. Most of the commonly known names in the are derived geographical region There are no tours given on Saturdays from Geral. Lingua and Sundays. During the last 100 years the only con- AMAZONIAN CEREMONIAL HEADDRESS tacts of the Vaupes Indians with the out- Worn by the young men of the Desano tribe. The side world have been through sporadic Lewis E. — lower part of the crown consists of a string of ana- Long, Bluefields, Nicaragua visits of traders, explorers, missionaries, conda vertebrae. herbarium specimens and a large collection rubber gatherers, and scientific collectors. of seeds, Nicaragua; Colin C. Sanborn, of these tribes have been Chicago—61 herbarium specimens, Arkansas. A good many and Desano. Mr. Allen, who is a botanist, visited but one briefly by ethnologists only made the collection during a three-years' Department of Geology: has been studied. The first systematically stay in the Vaupes region while working on From: Republic Steel Corp., Massillon, account of the tribes of the general region the rubber program during the war. The Ohio—a collection of economic geology was published by the naturalist, A. R. collection includes weapons, baskets of specimens; Anaconda Copper Mining Com- in 1853. close to the few New York—a collection of economic Wallace, Except various types, pottery, toys, musical in- pany, mission few have geology specimens; American Brass Com- stations, very changes struments, personal ornaments, and a great — taken in the Indian cultures as a pany, Waterbury, Conn. a collection of place variety of .ceremonial paraphernalia, in- result of contact with the economic geology specimens; Reynolds Whites, although cluding equipment used by medicine men Metals Co., Richmond, Va.—a collection in recent years the Indians have come to in ceremonies for Most curing. spectacular of aluminum samples. on such white trade as depend goods are the brilliantly colored headdresses con- and firearms. Department of Zoology : machetes, fishhooks, structed of toucan, macaw, and egret Robert R. Wis.— feathers. The headdresses are of two types, From: Kohn, Madison, WOMEN FARM, MEN HUNT 6 Hobart M. 111.— one worn by young men and the other by lizards; Smith, Urbana, a lizard (paratype), Florida; William H. These Indians live by farming, which is tribal elders. Each headdress is con- Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela— a bird study done by the women, and fishing and hunting structed of about a dozen separate parts skin {Penelope granti), Paraguay; Dr. Ross carried out by the men. The staple crop ingeniously fitted together. When not in H. Arnett, Jr., Washington, D.C.--3 Oede- is bitter manioc, from which is prepared use the headdress is stored disassembled in merid beetles (paratypes), Florida; Dr. a fermented and bread, drink, farinha, a special feather box or trunk constructed C. A. Reed, Tucson, Ariz.—5 Salamanders, which is a dry flour stored or used in trade. of palm leaves. Oregon; Maj. H. T. Wright, U. S. Army Fish are with hook and — 14 William S. caught line, spears, Mr. Allen was able to furnish a quantity lizards, Japan; Street, nets, and in traps; shot with barbed arrows; Seattle, Wash.—an Alaska brown bear, of valuable information concerning the speci- and stupefied with barbasco poison. Spears, Alaska peninsula; J. E. Johnson, Waco, mens and their use, as well as photographs — with bows Tex. 32 reptiles and amphibians, Texas; blowguns curarS-poisoned darts, color slides various and illustrating aspects C. B. San Calif. — 17 and snares and are used in Perkins, Diego, geckos, arrows, traps of life the Indian on Vaupes. California; Harry Hoogstraal, Chicago -30 hunting. chameleons, Africa; Roger Conant, Phila- The Indians live in settlements of Vaupes delphia—20 snakes (1 type and 19 para- 50 to 75 persons. Generally the village is GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM types), Louisiana; Boardman Conover, Chi- housed in one multi-family dwelling. These cago—5 bird study skins, Sadiya, N. E. Following is a list of some of the principal palm-thatched houses, called malocas in Assam; Dr. Don C. Lowrie, Las Vegas, N.M. gifts received during the last month: —31 New Kenneth S. Lingua Geral, measure as much as 60 x 75 bats. Mexico; Norris, of Los Angeles—6 lizards, California; Chicago feet and may be 30 feet high. They hold Department Botany: Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111.—3 mam- up to twelve families. A maloca lasts from From: Dr. Paul C. Mangelsdorf, Cam- a and a turtle. — 11 ears of Mexico mals, bird, three to five years, and then is abandoned bridge, Mass. corn, and Dr. William L. because of soil exhaustion in the near-by Guatemala; Brown, Johnston, Iowa— 10 ears of old varieties of fields or because the house falls into dis- Motion pictures of the Museum, its corn. United States; J. Francis Macbride, repair. and the scientific within Stanford University, Calif.—87 cryptogams, activities, subjects the Warfare was formerly common, and is California; Dr. Chester S. Nielsen, Talla- its scope are being made by recently still carried on in the remoter districts. hassee, Fla.—101 specimens of algae, Florida; established Division of Motion Pictures, Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 19^8

LATE BURIAL MOUND ERA rather than to show the details of any one CULTURE ILLUSTRATED culture belonging to the period. Toward Books that the new exhibit illustrates the By GEORGE I. QUIMBY end, CURATOR OF EXHIBITS, ANTHROPOLOGY type of stone projectile points, pottery, {All books reviewed in the Bulletin are stone knives, stone axes, tobacco pijjes, stone available in The Book the Mwseum. A new exhibit recently installed in the Shop of ornaments, and shell as well as the Mail orders accompanied by remittance are hall of American dippers Museum's archaeology —The Book the mound building activities of some of the promptly filled Shop pays (Hall B) deals with the late Burial Mound postage on shipments.) Indians of the late Burial Mound period. period in the southern United States. This The new exhibit is the work of Artist Gustaf period lasted from perhaps a.d. 900 to 1300 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN RELIGION. By Dalstrom assisted the writer. or even 1400. by H. Frankfort. Columbia University Press, New 1948. 172 16 full- During the late Burial Mound period York, pages. there seems to have been a climax of FISHES OF BERMUDA page illustrations. Price $3. Indian civilization. This climax was mani- GIVEN TO MUSEUM The things that to most of us mean fested of trade and by evidence widespread While were laid for the plans being ancient Egypt were the physical manifesta- commerce, the construction of large and Bermuda Deep Sea Expedition, Mr. Loren tions of the to his the Egyptian's response elaborate burial mounds, and manu- P. Curator of a Woods, Fishes, suggested religion. The great stone monuments still of fine facture tools, weapons, utensils, and for renewed of the long-range project study standing in Egypt were temples of worship ornaments, probably made especially for Bermuda shore with the fishes, especially or homes for the dead; the objects in museum burial with the dead. idea of use of such times of making rough halls of Egyptology were offerings propitia- Burial mounds were dome-shaped heaps weather as sea might prevent deep opera- tory to the gods, accoutrements of the dead, of earth erected over especially prepared tions the Mr. by Caryn, expedition ship. or they are the dead themselves. funeral areas and graves. Although burial Woods' studies on the Bikini collections at The Egyptian religion concerns itself with mounds had appeared earlier in the southern the United States National Museum have perhaps a hundred gods, all seemingly inex- United States, the largest and most elaborate convinced him of the for the necessity using tricably mixed in fancy. To think like an were built during the late Burial Mound new of coral reef and techniques collecting, ancient Egyptian is an impossibility for us. period. In Louisiana, for example, a burial of the fruitful and sound results obtainable Yet without an understanding of the beliefs mound of the Marksville Indians was 90 from of collections so made. study that colored the Egyptian's mind, we are feet in diameter, 21 feet high, and contained The enthusiastic interest of the Museum bewildered by the maze of gods and unable more than a thousand skeletons. Accom- now in Bermuda has led Mr. Louis party to see clearly the culture that was Egypt. panying the skeletons were tools, weapons, Director of the Bermuda Mowbray, Jr., Professor Frankfort, through his special utensils, and ornaments, probably made to his father's collection Aquarium, present interests and years of study, is well equipped especially for burial purposes. of Bermudian and fishes other to the to make his way through the maze and In this mound there were many examples Museum. The made Mowbray collection, arrive at the basic underlying concepts. of fine pottery with made, incised over a of is rich in carefully period forty-odd years, Approaching Egyptian beliefs from five and stamped designs; plain and effigy plat- the rare forms that even a scientific fisher- different aspects, he interprets for us the form pipes of fired clay; figurines of clay or man luck to It thus forms may require get. apparently conglomerate theological doc- beads of and stone; copper galena; copper a most desirable nucleus for Jhe renewed trines and arrives at what he considers to ornaments of and ear bracelets; coal; copper collecting by Mr. Woods. be the fundamental Egyptian conviction: spools. One of the activities of Curator principal that only the changeless is ultimately Sources of and coal do Associate Marion and galena, copper, Woods, Grey, Prepa- significant. He believes that this concept not occur in Louisiana; therefore the raw rator Ronald Lambert during their first of a static universe was the oar that steered materials or the finished made of weeks in Bermuda has been the products packing Egypt for three thousand years. these materials must have been for transmittal to the Museum of this imported Of greatest interest for the average reader from elsewhere. Chemical and collection. This with physical large job, together is perhaps the chapter devoted to a discus- of the ornaments showed shore was carried analyses copper preliminary collecting, sion of divine kingship and the Egyptian that the came from in on while the was copper deposits Museum group waiting state. The entire book is a scholarly con- northern the for the which had been at Michigan. Probably beads, Caryn, delayed tribution to the study of religious philoso- and bracelets were manu- Woods Hole for essential First earspools, actually refitting. phies. factured in the north, Ohio or Illinois for hauls of dredge and trawl will be made Richard A. Martin, Curator instance, and reached Louisiana by means under the direction of Mr. WilHam C. of trade. Copper, or objects made of copper, Schroeder, of the Oceanographic Institution one of was only the many classes of objects at Woods Hole. J. Brady, David S. Brown, Albert R. traded over the eastern United States during Brunker, Joseph Z. Burgee, Miss 0. M. the Burial Mound period. Other raw NEW MEMBERS Clark, Allen G. Coriiss, W. DeO. Davis, Jr., materials bartered about at this time were DeWitt Emery, Frank J. Foley, Louis L. The following persons became Museum Ga Theodore S. Dr. Edmund galena, coal, obsidian, rare flints, fossil Mache, Gary, Members between June 16 and July 15: M. Moulton B. William sharks' teeth; Gulf Coast and Florida marine Glavin, Goff, Contributors Haddow, Harold L. Hoefman, M. J. Keller, shells, mica, alligator teeth, quartz crystals, Mrs. Charles V. E. E. Krogh, Sten J. Lundgren, Miss Blanche and fish jaws. Riley* Martin, H. T. McAnly, J. O. McClintock, In addition to the Marksville culture of Associate Members William E. Mell, Fred Nemer, Dr. Fredus Louisiana, the following cultural groups are Harrison B. Barnard, Master J. Patrick N. Peters, M. Hudson Rathburn, John M. representative of the Burial Mound period Hieber, Mrs. M. K. Maclntyre. Rau, Morris Rauh, Charles M. Rhodes, in the southern United States: the Copena Sustaining Menil>ers F. W. Ryder, John Schmidt, Walter S. A. J. C. Gustave culture of Alabama, the Crystal River cul- William G. Caples Shafer, T. Smith, Starbuck, Treffeisen, Raymond F. Thiel, Ivan L. ture of Florida, and the Swift Creek culture Annuai Meml>ers Willis, Allen B. Wilson, Mrs. Frederick O. of Georgia, to mention only a few. Maxwell Abbell, John Albert Appleton, Windchy. The new exhibit attempts to capture the E. T. Baroody, Ray F. Basten, John essence of the late Burial Mound period Sprague Bauman, Walter J. Bauman, Earl Deceased

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS No.9- 19 18 Vol.19, September, Viiccujo yatupdl History Museum

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^. Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 191^8

Chicago Natural History Museum Public School and Children's Lectures, is -THIS MO\TH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 well known to children, teachers, and schools the traditional Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chlcafio 5 in the Chicago region and for hundreds of September, Telephone: WABash 9410 miles around. In direct contact by pro- going-back-to-school month, a of scene to the grams, lectures, and films not only in the brings change too. virtu- THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Museum but also in the schools, the Ray- Museum, Functioning ally as an extension of the campus Lestek Armour Marshall Field, Jr. mond Foundation contributes to the educa- Stanley Field of and Sewell L. Avery tion of around 200,000 children each year; many universities, colleges, Wm. Mccormick Blair Samuel Insull, Jr. schools of and near- Leopold E. Block Henry P. Ishau by indirect contact through radio stories and high Chicago Boardhan Conover Hughston M. McBain stories the by areas, and practically as an Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell published by Museum, many of Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall additional thousands of children benefit integral part the Chicago public Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson and educational Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith from this service established by Mrs. parochial sys- Marshall Field .\lbert H. Wetten tems, the autumn brings, in place John P. Wilson Raymond. of the summer's recreation-seek- In earlier years, when her health per- OFFICERS of mitted, Mrs. Raymond was a frequent ing young people, many groups Stanley Field President serious students like those Marshall Field First Vice-President visitor to the Museum. She followed the depict- .\LBERT B. Jr Second Vice-President Dick, of the ed on the cover. This picture, re- Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President progress activities, watched the C. Director and of the Clifford Gregg Secretary children in the halls, and listened to their produced by permission Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Sun-Times, was made John R. Millar AsxiBiani Secretary comments. She knew which exhibits they Chicago by Mr. Al a staff liked best. One of the many halls especially Mosse, photographer of that enjoyed by the children was The Hall of newspaper. THE BULLETIN American Indians (Hall 4). In her honor EDITOR the Board of Trustees designated this hall CuproBD C. Gregg Director the Museum of The James Nebon and Anna Louise Ray- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS mond Hall. with 454 illustrations, of which 330 are in Paul S. Martin Curator of Anthropology Chief for Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany The original endowment the Raymond full color. Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Foundation was $500,000; but Mrs. Ray- Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology By comparing one's capture with the con- mond watched the growth of the division MANAGING EDITOR tained illustrations, a reasonably accurate and gave smaller annual contributions total- H. B. Habte Public Relations Counsel identification of the family to which an almost $100,000. At her death, a ing large insect belongs may be secured. Approxi- bequest was left to be shared by the Museum Members are requested to inform the Museum mately one-third of the families of insects of of address. promptly changes and Northwestern University. found in North America north of Mexico Mrs. will be remembered by Raymond are represented here in pictorial form. These thousands of friends as one who has left a include the ones that the average collector living memorial in service to children through is most likely to encounter. the Museum. material is included for each ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND Miriam Wood Descriptive order and for each family illustrated, and The Board of Trustees of the Museum Chief, Raymond Foundation each group bears a number that corresponds the death of a friend and deeply regrets to a numbered illustration. In this way one benefactor of this Mrs. Anna institution, may readily find information about insects Louise She died in on Raymond. Chicago that are apparently similar to his capture after a at the of August 1, long illness, age 94. and thus gauge the accuracy of his com- Mrs. Raymond Books parison, which, in the absence of highly first became in- technical, detailed works, is often only terested in Mu- (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are approximate. General, easily recognizable seum activities in available in The Book Shop of the Museum. characters are described, and such details 1925 when she ex- Mail orders remittance are accompanied by as growth and development and biological — the pressed particular promptly filled The Book Shop pays on or economic importance are treated at some interest in work for postage shipments.) length for each family representative con- children that had THE INSECT GUIDE. By Ralph B. sidered. been started in a Swain. Doubleday & Co., New York, An introductory section answers questions very small way two 1948. 261 pages. 454 illustrations, 330 of the "What is an insect?" type and in- years earlier. In in color. Price $3. cludes relationships of insects with plants, this work she saw other animals, and man. An illustrated to This book well be used as an intro- opportunities may discussion of the structure of these animals aid thousands of ANNA L. RAYMOND duction by anyone who manifests a primary is made, and a detailed chapter on collecting, children in enjoy- interest in the multitudinous insects of our preserving, and studying is added to con- and the world around environment. It fills the needs of the ing understanding young clude the volume. them through use of Museum exhibits and and old who ask such questions as: "What Eugene Ray materials. With keen foresight of growing is it?" "Where does it live?" and "What needs in this field and appreciation of its does it do?" To the tyro it will prove to usefulness to the children of Chicago and be a good introductory volume to a study On-the-job training for adult life is ex- surrounding area, she established an endow- of the living world's most prominent and tended by the Museum to students of ment for a Museum division to provide widespread major class. Since experience Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. They tours and other programs. This endow- has shown us that the usual technical, hard- alternate periods of study on the college ment was dedicated as a memorial to her to-use keys of the average scientific book are campus and periods of employment at the husband, James Nelson Raymond, who died almost impossible for beginners below the Museum (as at many other institutions and in 1919. The division, The James Nelson college level, it is pleasurable to find that business organizations) as a regular part of and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for these keys have been replaced in this volume the Antioch educational method.

^•^fe September, 19U8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages RED FOXES IN THE CHICAGO AREA—CASE FOR THE DEFENSE Bv COLIN CAMPBELL SANBORN In these are the reasons lated areas, falls to its enemies, or CURATOR OP MAMMALS general, probable prey for the return and increase of foxes in the starves. Foxes naturally feed on the most area is any sparsely populated Chicago area in the last few years. In 1912 abundant and easy-to-catch species, be it to settlement or colonization WHENopened there was a record of a red fox from Joliet mouse or bird, and so act as a natural check the newcomers live for a time off the country and in 1936 another was recorded from or balance. until routes become established and supply Wilmington. Always fairly common in The red fox appears to be more abundant can more of their needs. they buy everyday southern Illinois, the red fox had never in at the present time than the gray fox though Hunting and trapping usually continue until the past been anything but rare near no survey has yet been made of the individ- most of the game and fur-bearing mammals Chicago. Today, however, it has increased uals per square mile. A pair usually hunts are either driven out or exterminated. Game to such numbers that a local sportsmen's over an area of not more than four to five laws are enacted, but usually too late. organization petitioned the Forest Preserve square miles and, unless hunted with dogs, stays in that area as long as the food supply is adequate. CACHE SOME FOOD

When food is plentiful, more prey is killed than may be necessary for the immediate needs. This is lightly cached for later use. Sometimes skunks, opossums, hawks, or crows find it before the fox, as when it is buried in snow and the first thaw exposes it. The red fox mates in late winter and is monogamous and this season is usually the only time at which foxes are seen together. The period of gestation is 51 days and the young are born in late March or April. A large hollow tree or an enlarged woodchuck hole is used for a den. Dens in the ground generally have more than one exit and may be up to 15 feet long and 3 feet below the surface. The nest consists of a little dried grass. The earth from the den is usually scattered as a protection against discovery. The four to nine young are blind for a week to ten days after birth and do not leave the den for about a month, which continues as their home for about three months. The dog fox, their father, is kept away from the den for a couple of weeks after their birth by the vixen, their mother. He continues to watch the den however COOK COUNTY VS. RED FOXES-THE DEFENDANTS and brings food, which he leaves near-by. The remarkable here Witnesses for the prosecution at recent Forest Preserve Board hearings included sportsmen who charged the flashlight photograph foxes menaced pheasants. The defense included members of the zoology staff of the Museum who contended reproduced shows young red foxes about the foxes' depredations had been exaggerated, and that their right to live was equal to that of the game birds five weeks old at the entrance to their den. —who would have as good a chance to survive the foxes as they would the shotguns of the hunters. (This It was taken in May by Mr. Tappan Gregory photograph is by Tappan Gregory and R. R. Sturgis. and appears in (he book. "Eyes in the Night." by the and Mr. R. R. It has in former. It is reproduced here by permission of the publisher. Thomas V. Crowell Company.) Sturgis. appeared Mr. Gregory's book Eyes in the Night and of the Later on, generally when the colony has commissioners for permission to have fox is here reproduced by courtesy become a large established settlement, per- drives in the Forest Preserves as it was publisher, Thomas Y. Crowell Company. a some citizens believed that the foxes were off the haps big city, progressive killing SOME STALK THE HOUND arouse sympathy and a feeling of responsi- introduced English pheasants. of the red fox is bility among their fellows for the local flora It is undoubtedly true that the foxes are The cunning proverbial. behavior and fauna. Forest preserves, game refuges, eating some of the pheasants, but exhaustive Most of the stories of his intelligent and parks are established, and these, in surveys in many states have shown that the are true, though in some cases, perhaps, individuals. Fox connection with private estates, golf clubs, food of the red fox is about 50 per cent they refer to exceptional is custom and undeveloped subdivisions, provide the rabbits and injurious rodents. In summer, hunting with hounds an age-old fox to live ten food, protection, and quiet that attract berries and fruits make up a large part of and it is certain that for a to elude the birds and mammals. Even species that had its diet. Foxes also feed upon insects, years it would have to be able certain foxes become rare or had been exterminated in snakes, lizards, frogs, and carrion. Birds hounds. There are stories that when he the area may then return. eaten are, on the average, only about 10 per have returned to find the hound individuals In the case of fur-bearers and predators cent of their entire diet, when any extensive had lost their scent; so with some such as mink, skunk, raccoon, and the foxes, study is made. it seems to have become an exciting game a low bounty or none at all and a low price Any habitat will support only the number rather than a terrifying persecution. for fur that does not stimulate trapping of individuals for which there is an adequate The English red fox was introduced into 1650 are factors in their increase once given some food supply. The population over that the eastern states for hunting between protected habitat. maximum emigrates to less densely popu- (Continued on page U, column 2) Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 19i8

BOTANICAL EXPEDITION Geology Expedition in East 'OPERATION SHOREFISH'

AMERICA By J. TO CENTRAL Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of MARGARET BAUER The Museum's sixth botanical expedition Geology, will spend approximately five weeks A collateral objective of the Museum's to Central America is scheduled to leave in the field starting early in September. He 1948 Bermuda Deep Sea Expedition was to Chicago early in September. It will be con- will make studies of and collect igneous rocks get a representative collection of the ducted by the Curator of the Herbarium, in the eastern states, and he expects to spend Bermuda shorefishes for critical comparison Mr. Paul C. Standley, who has led three a good part of the time in the Adirondack with the related or apparently identical previous Museum expeditions to that region. region. The field work will be a continua- species of the West Indies. He will sail from New Orleans and land tion of the project he began in 1946. The The use of rotenone, a commercial in- at Tela or Puerto Cortes, on the north rock specimens are needed to fill existing secticide, offered by far the simplest method coast of Honduras, proceed to the capital, gaps in and augment the systematic rock of fishing for this purpose. In recent years Tegucigalpa, and to the Escuela Agricola collection of the Department of Geology. its use for fishing has been found extremely Panamericana, where he had headquarters Dr. Roy's field studies are confined to basic effective. Rotenone is made from cube or during the ten months spent in middle igneous rocks, as he is especially interested derris root, long used by the natives of Central America during 1946-47. The ob- in olivine-rich rocks and rocks having a South America and of other regions to catch ject of the expedition is the collection of composition somewhat similar to stony fishes for food. The Navy had used it on a herbarium specimens for further study of meteorites. grand scale during the "Crossroads Opera- Central American flora. tions" at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific. It is Most of the months the expedition is in CHICAGO AREA FOXES not poisonous to human beings. the field will be devoted to work in Hon- Although other expeditions of this Mu- duras and Nicaragua, the least known (Continued from page 3) seum have used the method, no one in the of the Central American re- at the time had had much botanically and 1750. This fact has led to the specula- party personal unknown few with this of and publics. For some reason, tion that the small eastern red fox spread experience type collecting, collected in the the members had was a set plants ever have been Nicaragua. west as the country was cleared and opened only guide It is the of the and a of printed directions. The first venture was largest republics, great up and is the descendant of introduced deal is needed. In 1946-47 undertaken with no little With more collecting English stock. It seems certain that if trepidation. discovered there 45 new our Borgia's in one hand and Mr. Standley species native foxes had been present, English Compleat Angler of plants in little more than two months of foxes would not have been introduced. snatches from 100 f)ounds of rotenone in the 25 of them in one small humid other, members of the set out work, valley Also, while bones of gray fox have been party bravely in the of In richness to collect shore fishes. Department Jinotega. found in ancient Indian deposits, no remains of flora, the Nicaraguan valleys compare of the red fox have been found. The red The collecting proved to be a success from the start. The first alone favorably with any part of Central America foxes of northern and western North trip brought El Salvador. in more than 200 and greatly excel America are undoubtedly native; but the fishes, representing approxi- The same collected in the mately 28 species. expedition origin of the eastern fox is still in some mountains and lowlands of Honduras two doubt. The pictures on the opposite page tell the new and 52 new Most parts story. > genera species. The gray fox was said by Kennicott in of Honduras never have been visited by a 1855 to have been not uncommon formerly and much more field work is botanist, in Cook but in 1936 there was County, Meet at Museum necessary before the flora is at all well Geologists only one positive record, based on a speci- known. The Museum was host to the men, from the Chicago area. In the winter eighth annual convention of the Midwest of 1946-47 two were trapped in southern Federa- tion of 21-23. MEXICAN BIRD COLLECTING Lake County and others have been reported, Geological Societies, August of PROVES TOUGH JOB but its numbers have not reached those of Use the lecture hall was extended to the the red fox. organization. A special exhibit of geological The Mexican Zoological Expedition, with material and hand-worked was The fox is more of a woodland animal jewelry Mr. Melvin Traylor, Jr., Associate, Division gray the in the of is red fox. It makes its den in staged by organization foyer of Birds, in charge, had its first headquarters than the the James Theatre. Mr. Paul G. trees and and Simpson on the of a sugar plantation hollow or logs among rocks camp edge the Its food is the same as that of Dallwig, Layman Lecturer, participated among low hills covered with virgin forest boulders. in the program by giving one of his lecture near Cordoba, Vera Cruz. the red fox, consisting of rodents, rabbits, some tours of geological exhibits for the group. "This is a peculiar place, and one of the birds, fish, reptiles, berries, nuts, toughest to hunt that I've seen," Mr. fruit, insects, and sometimes green corn. to be in the Three to five young are born in mid-April Traylor writes. "It's supposed Change in Visiting Hours and the fox with the tropical zone, only 1,500 feet in elevation, dog stays family, On September 7, the day after Labor Day, but so far I've seen no ant-birds, one oven- watching the den and bringing food, but 9 A.M. to 5 does not enter it while the kits are autumn visiting hours, p.m., go bird, two species of wood-hewer, and few very into effect at the Museum, continuing until flycatchers. Also, I haven't even heard, young. October 31. much less a and if seen, parrot; they're REFUGE IN TREES around you're almost sure to know it. fox Nevertheless, it's the best-looking jungle for The gray soon tires when chased by these wild animals can find protection and miles around. hounds and often takes refuge in a tree. It sanctuary at the door of a big city where "The otherwise is fair. I've can climb trees, either "shinning" up them collecting can be studied or of them branch they glimpses gotten 150 birds so far, but sometimes it's or leaping from to branch. From enjoyed by those who appreciate nature tough to find even ten birds in a day. The here it may leap to the ground and run on, and the beauty of wild creatures. undergrowth is so thick that you can't see may stay to defy the dogs, or curl up and at all except in the coffee plantations, which hide in a crotch or old crow or hawk nest. are fairly clear, and when you shoot birds Although an over-abundance of foxes, Among habitat groups of birds of many out of the treetops, which is about the only opossums or any other mammal would have parts of the world exhibited in Hall 20 are place to see them, they're difficult to find." to be controlled, it is gratifying to know that three showing birds of the Chicago region. September, 19U8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 'OPERATION SHOREF/SH'—1948 EXPEDITION TO BERMUDA

h LANDING PARTY. Once the collecting site has BEACHHEAD. View o£ the bay or cove to be CLOSING IN. To keep the fishes from escaping been chosen, a small motor launch transports the worked. The parly has landed with the equipment, into the open ocean, a long seine is stretched from collectors and equipment to their base. and each individual begins the job assigned to him. one end of the bay to the other.

MIJDPIES. The fish poison, rotenone in pow- ONE MALTED COMING UP. The poison is IN OPERATION. After a few minutes the poison dered form, is mixed with water to the consistency poured at likely spots, around coral outcroppings, takes effect. The fishes come to the surface, floating and color of a chocolate malted milk. in tide-pools, and wherever fishes may be hiding. on their sides. They arc gathered with hand nets.

LANDING A MORAY EEL. This is a dangerous INTO THE PICKLE. The collector waits until THE CATCH. An ordinary haul. The Bermudian fish fauna has an shore animal. It recovers rapidly from the effects he has several fishes in his net before returning to especial interest because the islands to in formalin. are an of the West Indies. of the rotenone and puts up quite a fight. shore put them outpost tropical

Phoiographt by Ronald J. Lambcrc Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 1 9U8

BIRDS AS BRIGANDS Certain long-winged birds of the tropical COLA NUTS By AUSTIN L. RAND seas, such as Fregata magnificens, are known By LLEWELYN WILLIAMS CURATOR OF BIRDS popularly as man-o'-war birds or frigate ASSOCIATE IN FOKEiT PR0DUCT3 BRIGAND, according to my desk dic- birds, reflecting their well-known character Recently the Department of Botany is one who takes force as and free hooters. The A tionary, by pirates tyrannical received from Mr. Stewart J. Walpole, of is his. is a term for "man-o'-war birds a of their what not Brigandage glean portion Park Ridge, Illinois, several cola nuts. it finds its livelihood host of creatures human behavior, of course, but from the which They are of singular interest because of the live at the of but parallel in the bird world. surface the ocean," they importance this forest product has long had also The bald eagle meets the definition most get much of their food by forcing terns, as an article of trade in tropical Africa and, is fond of fish and to deliver aptly. The eagle and, although cormorants, boobies, pelicans lately, its increasing use in the United States itself their catch. it is capable of capturing one upon up in* the preparation of refreshing summer it is a common for the fish occasion, practice — In a tropical bay a school of small beverages. eagle to take a fish from the osprey a fish comes to the surface, perhaps driven by large The tree producing this nut, also known fish below. From far and near terns gather, as Kola, Guru-kuru, Nangu6, etc., belongs darting down to seize the fish that jump to the genus Cola, of the Cacao family into the air. Above them circle the frigate (Sterculiaceae). There are about 40 species birds ready to dive down and chase and throughout tropical Africa, but the one harry a successful tern until it drops its considered superior to all others is Cola fish and leaves its prey to the freebooter. acuminata Schott & Endl., a medium-sized tree with a dense crown, its branches, BOOBIES ARE VICTIMS reaching almost to the ground, covered Frigate birds also may sail about where a with dark green leaves and yellowish-white colony of nesting brown boobies is located, flowers. It is native in the deciduous forest waiting for the birds laden with food to of the coastal zone between Sierra Leone return home. When such a food-laden booby and the Congo or Lower Guinea, at altitudes returns, the frigate bird then dashes down below 1,000 feet, and flourishes in low, at it, buff'ets it with its wings, and snaps humid areas. From its native habitat it is at it with its long hooked bill until the booby reported to have been introduced by slave finally drops its fish for the man-o'-war bird ships in the early 18th century to the to enjoy. American continent and is now well estab- Cartoon by Peggy Ceilings Brown The skua, a big dark relative of the gull, lished and naturalized in several of the is also known as a pirate. Its chief food is islands in the Antilles, as well as in parts that the osprey has just caught from the fish but it also eats many other foods from of the mainland of tropical America. It water. The osprey, with a fresh-caught the sea. It rarely takes the trouble to fish has also become acclimated in some of the fish, flies heavily. The watching eagle for itself but watches until some other bird, islands in the Indian Ocean. quickly overtakes the smaller heavily laden perhaps a gull or a tern, has been successful Harvesting.—The tree begins to bear bird and forces him to drop his prey. Then in its hunting. Then it gives chase, forcing fruit after four or five years, although it the eagle swoops down and usually catches the unfortunate hunter to relinquish its food. does not attain full development until it is the fish before it can strike the land or Several of the skua's smaller relatives, the ten years old. The mature fruit is a yel- water. Rarely does the osprey escape with jaegars, have similar unpleasant habits. lowish-brown, warty pod, somewhat egg- its food under such an attack. It is recorded It is written of the Pomerine jaegar off our shaped and two to four inches long, and is that an eagle made several dives at one fish- New England coast: "They are the notorious harvested twice a year, in May through laden osprey and, when it wasn't successful pirates and freebooters among sea birds, the June and again in October through Novem- in making the osprey loose its hold on the highwaymen that persecute their neighbors ber. A few hours after falling from the tree fish, the eagle dived under the smaller bird, on the fishing grounds and make them stand the fruit splits open, exposing the seeds, turned over on its back with talons out- and deliver." The jaegar gives chase to the so-called cola nuts of commerce. The stretched, snatched the fish from the grasp the lucky tern that "has caught a fish, number of seeds in each pod varies from of the osprey, and flew away with it, as following every twist and turn in its hurrying one to five, but usually is three. These successful a pirate as ever sailed the seas. flight as it tries to dodge or escape, close at seeds are irregular in size and shape, as well its heels as if attached by some invisible as in the manner in which they are tightly NEMESIS OF VULTtmES string. At last in desperation the harassed wedged one against the other within the Besides taking fresh-caught food from the tern drops its fish and the relentless pursuer shell. They are surrounded by a cream- osprey, the bald eagle has been seen pursuing seizes it before it can strike the water." colored pulp, of a sweet, agreeable taste. vultures and making them disgorge their When fresh they vary from white, most meal of carrion. The eagle, if unsuccessful highly valued by the natives and known as in catching the disgorged food in the air, "King cola," to a pale pink with brown may land on the ground and eat the food STAFF NOTES wavy lines. When stored for a long period there. We know, also, that the aerial flights and allowed to dry, they turn dark brown. that the eagle uses to frighten the vulture Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of After removing the pulp, the seeds are into relinquishing its food are not idle Geology, spent several days in Washington, placed in baskets and covered over with threats, for an eagle has been seen striking D.C., and New York, negotiating exchanges leaves, which are sprinkled frequently with and killing a bird that refused to disgorge. of meteorites and studying certain falls of water to keep them moist. After about 30 Not only does our American eagle carry out meteorites in connection with publications days they are washed in fresh water, such practices, but related species in other in preparation. . . . Mr. Bryan Patterson, repacked, re-covered with moistened leaves, parts of the world behave in similar ways. Curator of Fossil Mammals, and Dr. Rainer and are ready to be sent to the market. The New Guinea sea eagle harries the osprey Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, at- Upon reaching the market, they are dried in the area it inhabits, and on the west tended the 1948 field conference of the further by exposure to the sun and are coast of Africa a sea eagle robs pelicans and Society of Vertebrate Paleontology held in retailed either whole or ground into powder. cormorants of their prey. northeastern Wyoming in August. The consumption within the country is September, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 great, in addition to large quantities sent times of scarcity of other food plants. NEW MEMBERS by caravans to centers in the north and to To what substances can these stimulating The following persons became Museum ports for export to the United States and and therapeutic properties of the cola nut Members between July 15 and August 14: Europe. be ascribed? Chemical analyses of the seeds Associate Members f7ses.—Although the tree is limited in its reveal that the active principles causing Adam Hefner, W. Smith distribution, its seed has long been known these physiological and stimulating proper- Lynwood to the natives throughout the vast continent ties are similar to those found in coffee, tea, Sustaining Members of Africa, not only as an article of trade, as and cocoa—namely, caffeine, the alkaloid Mrs. Helen Horton a medium to consummate contracts and present in coffee, and theobromine, the active Annual Members sales, and for use in civil and religious principle in cacao beans—or represent other Aaron L. Baiter, Mrs. Marion Herbert ceremonies, but also for the superlative constituents not found among these, such Barker, James E. Burke, Theodore M. stimulating and medicinal properties attrib- as kolatine and betain, a non-toxic alkaloid Caiazza, Glenn A. Clark, Dr. James Wilson uted to it. To the African Negro, the white found in beet and other plants. Clark, George J. Cullinan, Charles S. seed signifies peace and friendship; the red The present uses of cola nuts in the Downs, James J. Fitzpatrick, Clarence E. denotes war or He believes United States and elsewhere are As opposition. many. Fox, Fred M. Friedlob, Edward G. Gantner, that the seeds possess properties capable of is well known, cola nuts are used on an S. M. Guthenz, Carroll Rede Harding, R. G. purifying contaminated water, and the pulp increasing scale, in admixture with cocoa Haynie, Benjamin Keach, Victor R. Kendall, and ground seeds are used to clarify turbid and other ingredients, to prepare an extract D. H. Kinnett, Wilson O. Koehnlein, Lazarus water. It is claimed that on a daily ration for refreshing drinks. They are also used Krinsley, Harry W. Krotz, Jr., Harley B. Francis L. Mrs. Walter G. of 40 grams of powdered seeds a man is able in the manufacture of tonic wines and Langan, Lundy, Maddock, Michael H. Mannion, George J. to climb steep mountains or perform strenu- liqueurs, confectionery, and certain medici- McDufiie, Mrs. Howard C. Meadors, ous menial work exposed to the intense nal preparations. Morgan F. Murphy, Christopher D. Norton, tropical sun and to live for long periods on Specimens of cola nuts are on exhibition, Frederick J. Price, M. D. Reber, G. B. meals without with other materials used for frugal suffering any feeling along plant Rockafellow, Dr. Edwin S. Sinaiko, Albert of hunger or exhaustion. The natives are stimulating beverages, in Case 54 in the H. Singer, Bernard H. Traut, Dr. James M. known to subsist entirely on these seeds in Hall of Food Plants (Hall 25). Wall, Earl J. Witt.

U. S. LEAD AND ZINC consume the largest amounts of zinc. There All possible modem technical methods SINCE THE WAR are few economical substitutes for lead and should be used to alleviate future shortages. By ROBERT KRISS WYANT zinc. Such methods are: CURATOR OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY The United States produces annually A. Improved metallurgical methods in- In spite of the termination of wartime approximately one-third of the total world's cluding better grinding and im- demands there remains an increasing need supply of lead and zinc. The Tri-State proved furnace design and efficient for many of our natural resources. This is District—Oklahoma, Missouri, and Kansas electrolytic refining; particularly true of lead and zinc. Before —leads in production in the United States. B. Retreatment of tailings and scrap; World War II the annual production in Other domestic production is derived from C. Use of lower grade ores; the United States of lead and zinc was smaller deposits in twenty-one other states D. Development of substitutes, such as greater than domestic consumption, thus and Alaska, but all of these do not produce the use of titanium oxide in pig- making exportation possible. During the both lead and zinc. Foreign deposits are ments; war, however, demands far exceeded the located in Australia, Canada, Mexico, India, E. Improved mining methods. resources available and large importations Burma, Germany, Belgium, and Russia. were necessary. Present-day consumption of these metals Although opinion differs widely as to the is high. If the United States is to retain a length of time required for the depletion of high degree of freedom from importation of any particular resource, it is agreed that these metals, it is expedient that additional many of our lead and zinc ore deposits are sources of lead and zinc be found by geologic nearing exhaustion. In view of this fact, exploration. Also these resources must be new and enlarged ore bodies must be dis- developed by the best technical methods, covered for future use or we shall be in part rather than by uneconomical procedures dependent upon foreign sources for our post- used at times in the past. war needs of lead and zinc. Intelligent geological exploration for lead Man has used lead for a very long time. and zinc should be encouraged. Because The Chinese used it for coins as early as the more obvious deposits have been found, MISSOURI LHAD-ZINC MINE clue in effort 2000 B.C. Metallic zinc was unknown until every must be examined an to The Oronogo deposit near Webb City. The under- mediaeval times. locate entirely new deposits. Detailed ground workings ol this mine extend several miles. Geologically, lead and zinc deposits are geologic examination of known deposits often similar and the minerals are com- with a view to extending present ore bodies Examination of present reserves indicates monly associated with each other. The and locating new ones is also necessary. that a partial dependence upon foreign bulk of the world's supply of these metals The "tools" of such exploration, in addi- resources soon may be necessary. is derived from the sulfides, galena (lead tion to conventional geologic methods in- Zinc production in Mexico, Canada, Peru, sulfide) and sphalerite (zinc sulfide) or their clude the use of: Australia, and Bolivia has been expanded oxidation products. The economic geology A. Geophysical methods; in the last few years. Many factors, such section of Hall 36 contains a systematic B. Surface and underground exploration as operating costs, taxes, and political situa- lead and zinc exhibit. with diamond drills; tions, of course affect this production. On Modern uses of lead and zinc are very C. Geochemical investigation of the oc- account of wartime construction of zinc numerous. The principal uses of lead are currence of traces of lead and zinc refineries, the United States is in a favorable for storage batteries, cable covering, and in outcrops, soils, ground water and position to refine most of the domestic and pigments. Galvanizing and brass making in vegetation. foreign zinc concentrates required. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 19lt8

NEW CURATOR APPOINTED York Times to classify and catalogue its SEPTEMBER LECTURE TOURS, FOR FOSSIL FISHES library on science and technology. DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAYS Also effective September 1, Mrs. Mary W. Dr. Robert Howland Denison has joined Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of Baker, who joined the .staff in 1930, will the staff of the Department of Geology as staff lecturers, are conducted every after- retire as Associate Librarian. Curator of Fossil noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain Fishes. Dr. Denison holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- did his undergraduate ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAYDIRT days, and Saturdays, general tours are given, work at Harvard Uni- By LEONARD G. JOHNSON covering all departments. Special subjects versity and received (MEMBER OF THE MUSEUM'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays; a BXPE3ITION TO THE SOUTHWEST, 1948) his Ph.D. from Co- schedule of these follows: lumbia The Southwest Archaeological Expedition, University. Wed., Sept. 1 —Buried Treasure—Story of under the leadership of Dr. Paul S. Martin, He was Assistant Gem Stones {Winona Cosner). Curator at Dartmouth Chief Curator of Anthropology, resumed Fri., Sept. 3—Animals Without Back- Museum from digging at Turkey Foot Ridge in south- College bones (Lorain Farmer). western New Mexico the summer of 1937 until his appoint- during Wed., Sept. 8—Dry Region Plants (Marie ment here. Immedi- 1948. Svoboda). By midsummer, three pit-houses had ROBT.H. DENISON ately before joining been and Fri., Sept. 10—Lake of the Woods—Ani- the Museum staff, he already excavated, photographed, Two more were com- mals at the Water (June Buchwald). spent a year (1947-48) as a member of the surveyed. nearing the Dr. Wed., Sept. 15— Giants in the Animal University of California African Expedition. pletion. Literally by shovelful. his and a crew of local World (Lorain Farmer). Dr. Denison is interested in primitive fishes Martin, assistants, workers on research to the 17—Autumn Trails and has published several papers on the carry original Fri., Sept. (Miriam thud of and the metallic Wood). subject. His appointment, in addition to rhythmic picks of other tools. — — continuing necessary expansion of the staff ring Wed., Sept. 22 Dogs and Men An Early The finds have been of the Department of Geology, provides a particularly fruitful, Partnership (National Dog Week) for Dr. Martin, in his search (Harriet Smith). specialist in a field of paleontology that conducting toward the and San — formerly was not covered. locating Georgetown Fri., Sept. 24 Indian America (Indian Francisco phases, is now digging in the pit- Day) (Harriet Smith). houses of Three Circle the — NEW MUSEUM LIBRARIAN times, period Wed., Sept. 29 Plants and Animals the San BEGINS DUTIES directly following Francisco period. Through the Ages (Jane Sharpe). He is close to his objective, for if he manages There will be no tour on Saturday, Mrs. Meta Pauline Howell has been ap- to locate the Georgetown and San Francisco September 4, and Monday, September 6, pointed as Librarian of the Museum, effec- phases it will fill a gap of 300 years—from on account of the Labor Day week-end tive September 1. A.D. 600 to 900. Thus, another piece of the holiday, but the Museum will be open. She fills the post left chronological jigsaw puzzle would be fitted vacant by the resigna- into place. tion of Mr. Carl W. E. The houses that have been excavated GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM a little too late on the horizon. Hintz, who has ac- appear time Following is a list of some of the principal But these excavated houses raise cepted a position as problems gifts received during the last month: Librarian at the Uni- of their own. Department of Botany; and when was Pit-house C reoc- versity of Oregon, at Why From: Colin C. Sanborn, Chicago—61 its entrance converted into a Eugene. cupied, venti- herbarium specimens, Arkansas; Dr. M. Mr. Hintz has been lator shaft, and niches in the walls stoned up? Acosta Solis, Ann Arbor, Mich.—49 micro- Museum Librarian Why was the male skeleton in Pit-house scope slides of sections of Ecuadorian woods and a wood since July 1, 1946, and D strewn about in a haphazard fashion, a specimen; Tasmanian Forestry Tasmania—a in the little more than META HOWELL good share of it missing, when there were Commission, Hobart, speci- men of William Tasmania. two years of his service no rodent holes or any type of evidence to King pine, its has made many innovations that have im- account for disarticulated condition? Department of Geology : proved the value of the Library to Museum Why in Pit-house E, an unusually large From: R. T. Thompson, Phoenix, Ariz.— staff and general public alike. He takes and shallow house, were there a great a specimen of fluorescent chalcedony. number of metates tools used for with him the best wishes of the Museum (stone Department of Zoolof^: Can we staff and Museum administration. grinding corn, berries, etc.)? From: Dr. Nelson G. Hairston, Ann Mrs. Howell has been an assistant librarian postulate a communal corn-grinding house? Arbor, Mich.—522 specimens of salamanders, at the Museum since March, 1947. Before These are but a few of the questions that representing 16 species, southern Appalach- that she served succes- arise through field excavation. ians; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Mass.— 11 sively on the staffs of The archaeologist will never have all the Cambridge, beetles, including 2 Museo de Historia the Buffalo (N.Y.) answers for he will never have all the evi- paratypes, Australia; Natural "Javier Prado," Lima, Peru—9 Public Library and dence. But as each house is uncovered, rodents, Peru; Sgt. Aloysius V. Lyons and Grosvenor in each stone tool measured, and each piece Library Patrolmen Edward Ohlen and William Buffalo; four years at of pottery washed and classified, new in- McNulty, Chicago— 1 specimen of American the Public formation is added to the existing stock and Chicago bittern. South Chicago, 111.; Boardman for the of the be- Library; and a archaeological picture past Conover, Chicago—443 bird .study skins number of years as comes clearer. The Rosetta stones of and 19 mammals, Mexico and Paraguay. assistant librarian at archaeology are few and far between. In Library : the Museum of Science the meantime the work of the Southwest From Rafael Larco Hoyle, Trujillo, Peru; and continues steadi- Industry, Chicago, Archaeological Expedition Dr. Carlos Monge, Baltimore, Md.; H. full well that it CARL HINTZ and then, from 1940 ly, its members knowing Schuser, London, England; Col. Clifford C. to 1947, as librarian. takes a lot of patient plodding before a Gregg, Valparaiso, Ind.; and Dr. Henry For a time she was employed by the New significant landmark is reached. Field, Washington, D.C.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS BULLETIN UP Vol.19, Na 10- October, 194.8 Chicago Natural History Museum

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Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 19i8

Chicago Natural History Museum behavior is encompassed by the term "cul- -THIS MONTH'S COVER- FOUKDBD BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 ture." The"Car>n"atsea. This RooaeTcIt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 After a suitable introduction to orient photo- Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 graph was taken aboard a small the reader. Dr. Herskovits discusses the boat, bouncing in the choppy nature of culture, the materials of culture, waters ahead of the mother ship, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES the structure of culture, the aspects of by Mr. Ronald J. Lambert, of the Lbstes Arhous Marshall Field, Jr. culture, cultural dynamics, and cultural Sbwbll U Avery Stanleii- Field Museum's taxidermy staff, who Wm. McCobmick Blair Saihjel Insull, Jr. variations. In his final, summary chapter. E. Henry P. Isham was a member of the Bermuda Lbofold Block Dr. Herskovits develops a theory of culture Boardkan Cono\'ER Hughston M. McBais Deep-Sea Expedition. The yacht, Walter J. Cummings Williau H. Mitchell composed of the following propositions: ALB^rr B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall a 98-foot ketch especially equipped Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson 1. Culture is learned. 2. Culture derives Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith for scientific work, was assigned to from the biological, environmental, psy- Marshall Field Albert H. Wbttbn joint operation by Chicago Nat- John P. Wilson chological, and historical components of ural History Museum and the hiunan existence. 3. Culture is structured. OFFICERS Bermuda Biological Station for Stanley Field Pmident 4. Culture is divided irjto aspects. 5. Cul- Marshall Field Fini Vice-Pmid»nt Research, Inc., from the Oceano- ture is dynamic. 6. Culture is variable. Albert B. Dick, Jr. Second Vie»-Pmideni graphic Institution of Woods Hole, Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Viet-Pmident 7. Culture exhibits regularities that permit Cuffobd C. Gregg Dirittor and SecnUtrt Massachusetts. Solomon A. Smith Tnamnr its analysis by the methods of science. 8. John R. Millar Aautant Secrttani Culture is the instrument whereby the in- dividual adjusts to his total setting and THE BULLETIN gains the means for creative expression. EDITOR Dr. Herskovits' new book will be of in- OCTOBER LECTURE TOURS, Clifford C. Gregg Direeior of the Mtueum terest to all students of anthropology and DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAYS EDITORS to all laymen seriously interested in anthro- CONTRIBUTING Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Aniltnpoiogy pology. This book is adequately and pleas- staff lecturers, are conducted every after- Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botanjf illustrated. K. Roy Curator ingly Sharat Chief of Geolon noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and Karl P. SCHMiiyT Curator Zootogn Chief of George I. Quimby certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, MANAGING EDITOR Curator of Exhibits, Anthropology Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours H. B. Harts Public Relation* Coumet are given, covering all departments. Special subjects are offered on Wednesdays and Memb^v are requested to inform the Museum Museum Great Books Exhibit promptly of changes of address. Fridays (the FViday tours open with an The Library of the Museum is participat- introductory lecture and sHdes or films in ing in the Great Books Week celebration, the Meeting Room on the second floor of sponsored by the Great Books Foundation, the Museum); a schedule of these follows: Books with an exhibit in Stanley Field Hall. This Fri., Oct. 1 —Adapt or Become Extinct! exhibit, entitled "Great Books of Natural Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room History," began on September 24 and will {All books reviewed in the Bulletin are (Jane Sharpe). available in The Book Shop of the Museum. continue until October 4, inclusive. It in- Wed., Oct. 6—Smoke Tales—Unusual Uses Mail orders accompanied by remittance are cludes selected outstanding scientific works of Fire Prevention filled—The Book pays the (Fire Week) (June promptly Shop from the shelves of the Museum Library, postage on shipments.) Buehwald). among them rare, old, and historic Fri., Oct. 8—Migratory Birds. Illustrated AND HIS The Science of volumes. Among other institutions partici- MAN WORKS, introduction in Meeting Room (Miriam in the Great Books activities with Cultural Anthropology. By Melville pating Wood). similar exhibits are the Art Institute of J. Herskovits. Alfred A. Knopf, New Wed., Oct. 13—Animals of the Seashore 1948. 678 66 text Chicago, Chicago Historical Society, Mu- York, pages, figures, (Lorain Farmer). seum of Science and 18 plates. Price $6.75 (text edition, $5). Industry, University Oct. 15—Nature's Sweet Tooth— of Chicago, Chicago Public Library, John Fri., Story of Sugars. Illustrated introduction Ethnologists, archaeologists, and other Crerar Library, and Newberry Library. in Meeting Room (Mane Svoboda). kinds of anthropologists are always talking Oct. 20—Animab of the Six Conti- about culture. This is a perfectly natural Wed., Technical Publication Issued nents (Jane state of affairs because culture is the central Sharpe). Fri., Oct. 22—The of Illus- core of the vast subject of anthropology. Zoological Series, Vol. XIII, Part I. No. 2. Story Writing. trated introduction in Meeting Room However, the concept of culture is difficult Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. By (Harriet Smith). to define in a way that makes sense to the Charles E. Hellmayr and Boardman Con- Oct. 27—Plants with Romantic beginning student and educated layman in- over. August 18, 1948. 434 pages. Wed., Stories— Stories Behind Some terested in anthropology. Strange Well-known Plants (Marie Svoboda). For such people, the new book entitled Gulf Coast Botanical Expedition Oct. 29—Masks—Not for Halloween. Man and His Works by Professor Melville Fri., Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room Herskovits provides more than 600 pages Sometime during the first half of October (June Buehwald). of information about the anthropologists' a botanical expedition will leave for explora- concept of culture. A short and useful tion along the Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana definition according to Dr. Herskovits is: to Florida. General collections of algae, One of the most uniasual exhibits in the "Culture is the man-made part of the en- mosses, lichens, and fungi will be made, Department of Botany is the habitat group vironment." Thus buildings, tools, gardens, especially those growing in marine and of Welwitschia showing this remarkable assembly lines, legal systems, religious be- brackish waters. Dr. Francis Drouet, plant amid a reproduction of its natural liefs, customs, art, morals, and the like are Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, is leader environment, a scene in a west African part of the man-made enNironment that is of the expedition. He wiU return to the desert. The exhibit is in Martin A. and called culture. In fact, almost all of human Museum in January. Carrie Ryerson Hall (Plant Life—Hall 29). October, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages DEEP-SEA TRAWLING OFF BERMUDA ISLES ON THE *CARYN* By LOREN p. woods AND MARION GREY

{This is the story of the deep-sea operations of the Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition, 19US, conducted jointly by the Museum and the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.—the shorefish collecting operations were the subject of an article in the September BULLETIN. The writers, Mr. Woods, Curator of Fishes, and Mrs. Grey, Associate in Fishes on the Museum staff, were both members of the expedition. The photographs are by Assistant Taxidermist Ronald J. Lambert. The expedition, largest sponsored by the Museum in recent years, was under the leader- ship of Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates. It has now completed its work in the field, and the long tasks of sorting and identifying study specimens, research, and preparation of exhibits are beginning. This article winds up those on collecting operations, but further articles on the results of the work will appear in future issues.)

auxiliary ketch-yacht Caryn, used those used in commercial fishing operations. THEduring the summer of 1948 by the Into the end of each of these nets had been Museum's Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition, sewn a soft cone-shaped cloth supported by has been found to be admirably suited for rings and capped at the apex with a straight- deep-sea fishing because of its size (98 feet) sided can. This modification of the nets has and easily managed fore-and-aft rig. In resulted in bringing soft-bodied fragile fishes ordinary seas towing can be carried on at a and invertebrates to the surface in cold speed of about four or five knots. Owing sea-water, protected from the mashing and to the ease with which the ship may be rubbing effects of the net. PRIMARY OCEANOGRAPHIC TOOL handled, few men are required to handle On most ships the winch would be used chiefly for TRAWLING NEAR ABYSS on hawsers or the anchor, but on the gear. straining weighing the ''Caryn" its principal purpose is to haul in the The most essential piece of equipment During the first month of operations the trawls with specimens of deep-sea life desired for used in deep-sea exploration is a large sturdy work was exploratory, with fishing in the expedition's scientific purposes. winch. The one on the Caryn, located scattered localities off the southern and amidships, carries slightly more than 12,000 western parts of Bermuda. Less than ten southwest of the islands are two extensive feet of steel which is led over miles off the southern shore the bottom ?-i-inch cable, dips banks, lying only twenty-three to twenty- a series of three constructed to more than 1 fathoms of more heavy, specially ,000 (a depth six fathoms below the surface, surveyed to relieve the strain both than a and it is in this puUies, arranged mile) near-by deep seventy-five years ago by the famous on net and winch. The nets used were area that most of the previous deep-sea Challenger Expedition. These banks have 7- and 12-foot nets and 35- and 65-foot around Bermuda has been carried ring fishing precipitous slopes dropping off to abyssal otter all small nets to on. Less than miles to the trawls, compared twenty-five depths. The outlying position of these banks, combined with complicated currents surrounding them, makes them fishing grounds likely to be of considerable interest. Trawling by the Caryn was about equally divided between these two general areas and was carried on well above bottom be- tween the depths of 250 and 800 fathoms. The usual procedure was to leave St. George's Harbor in the afternoon, arriving in the area to be fished just before dark, thus allowing time for two or three hauls during the night. Night fishing in deep water is more productive than daylight work owing to the migration towards the surface of many kinds of animals during the dark hours. When the ship arrived over sufficiently deep water, we chose a course over which the net was to be hauled, giving due consideration to the bottom con- tour, the currents, so far as known, and the wind. After the net has been carefully inspected at its attachment to the cable and the end where the fishes gather has been tightly tied, it is thrown overboard and subsequently dragged in a large circle until free from twists. At a signal from the captain, the winchman slowly pays out a few fathoms of cable and when the net is seen to be clear and in proper fishing position it is slowly lowered away. One to two hours are involved in lowering the net and it is hauled at its maximum for about the same TWELVE-FOOT RING NET GOING DOWN depth length of time, while the ship labors and Each time the net was hauled up, the scientific persontiel aboard the "Caryn'* had the prospect of surprises wallows with the increasing strain and pull in the way of possible species hitherto unknown to science or at least of types of abyssal marine animals very much needed for the Museum's collections. of such a cumbersome sea-anchor. At least Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 19US

Dr. Ralph Dennell of Manchester, England. Haas, leader of the expedition and Curator Dr. Dennell, who has previously been work- of Lower Invertebrates at the Museum, ing on luminescence in insects, has come to for special treatment and study. Specimens the Bermuda Biological Station to study the both of these and of fishes are set aside for luminescence of deep-sea crustaceans. Light photographing by Mr. Ronald J. Lambert, production in many deep-sea animals is taxidermist, who will later take part in accomplished through association with lumi- providing models for the projected new Hall nescent bacteria. Thus there has developed of Deep-Sea Life. a symbiotic "mutual benefit" association of The collections are further sorted, tenta- animal host with luminous guest bacteria tive identifications made, and more detailed that affords biological problems of intriguing notes taken before the specimens are bottled interest. up in containers of appropriate size for or Dr. Lyell J. Thomas, of the University hardening in alcohol formalin. Later BERMUDA BIOLOGICAL STATION are in of Illinois, engaged in examination of speci- they loosely packed cotton-stoppered This research institution at St. in the George^s vials, wrapped in cheesecloth, some braced islands was joint sponsor with the Museum of the with light strips of wood, and are stored in Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition. Its laboratories and other facilities were of utmost usefulness to large containers until time to ship them to members of the Museum party. Chicago Natural History Museum for de- tailed study and description. The results of the have been another two hours are required to raise the collecting gratifying, particularly in regard to variety gear back to the surface. Two or three of and the excellent condition of the hauls were usually made. species specimens obtained. Each net haul brought QUICK-FREEZE FOR SPECIMENS up species not previously caught by us, and all are new additions to the Museum's The end of the net in which the specimens nearly which until now has con- collect must be kept suspended upright and study collection, tained very few deep-sea animals. carefully untied so that neither the water nor its contents are spilled, an accomplish- MOSTLY TINY CREATURES ment sometimes presenting the handlers The outstanding difference between an with considerable difficulty on the rolling, ordinary catch of fish and a haul brought tossing deck. When the can is removed from water is in the individual size from the net it is held down in a large enamel up deep of the nets capture • specimens. Deep-sea tray while the catch is briefly inspected. mostly tiny, slow-moving, or young fishes Living material is placed in iced sea-water and over 6 inches long to be examined while the next haul is being any specimen may be considered Nevertheless the made, at which time luminous organs are "large." collection contains a number of fishes examined and colors noted. Certain fishes Caryn 9 or 10 inches to 3 feet several and invertebrates are selected for bacterial long, including gulpers (Eurypharynx), deep-sea snake studies, luminous bacteria being collected mackerels a fish named Echio- by scraping the skin and squeezing out the (Thyrsitops), stoma, which is equipped with a variety of contents of the intestines into nutrient A DEEP-SEA DENIZEN luminous and several kinds of eels. solution. These bacteria are investi- organs, being The luminous from stalk-eyed squid great depths. Color is another characteristic of E. R. and Martha of striking gated by Baylor, Most of its tentacles are greatly reduced in length a haul of deep-sea fishes, particularly when Princeton University and Rockefeller In- compared to those of its relatives inhabiting the stitute. When the rest of the material has waters nearer the surface. It is about 3 inches long. been preserved or otherwise cared for, the animals left in the soft bag in the net are mens for parasites, both external and in- washed into a pail and placed in preserva- ternal and co-operated in the work of the tive. The net is then searched from end to Museum party. His field of interest end by all hands for any animals that may promises to be especially fruitful of novel have become tangled in its meshes. results. Back in the laboratory the living animals, SORTING AND TAGGING chiefly prawns, which have been kept at a temperature of about 40 degrees, are re- Preserved specimens are poured into flat- turned to the refrigerator to be used in bottomed bowls and trays, and the inverte- physiological and morphological studies by brate animals are sorted out by Dr. Fritz

FISH THAT LIGHTS ITS WAY

The spiny-mouth. Ecliiostoma, has luminous fins, a luminous cheek light, luminous teeth, and two rows of luminous organs on the body. It ranges up to a length of 12 inches.

contrasted to a catch of reef fishes such as those found in the waters of Bermuda. In- of the of color A STRANGE CREATURE IS THE GULPER stead array bright patterns, from the depths display an all- Its scientific name is Eurypharynx, Greek for wide-throat. Another good descriptive name is pelican fish. specimens It grows to lengths of about 2 feet. over black, drab gray, or silver hue; or they October, 1H8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages are transparent or translucent white, the STEWARTIA—SHE'S 'MISS AMERICA' OF THE SHRUBS color found in larval and latter usually By JUUAN a. STEYERMARK ing dogwood. Unlike the dogwood, however, young forms. Bizarre form and luminous associate curator of the hbrbariuh the flowers appear when the leaves are fully organs are characteristio of deep-sea animals, people appreciate and love beauti- developed. whether fishes, crustaceans, or squids. MOSTful objects in nature, but frequently By keeping a close watch along some of the invertebrate animals brought Among don't know where to find them. Sometimes the roads in the Great Smoky Mountain up by the trawl, crustaceans predominate; they gain the impression that they must National Park at elevations between 1,000 and these creatures are as unlike their travel to distant lands or to inaccessible and 1,500 feet, or at similar elevations in shallow-water relatives as are the deep-sea mountain tops in the hope of locating un- parts of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont fishes. Deep-sea squids are especially re- usual plants and animals. They will, there- Plateau, travelers are likely to find this markable, a notable example being the fore, be pleasantly surprised to learn that beautiful shrub in the forests, generally near luminescent form with eyes at the ends of some of the most beautiful plants can be streams and in rich woods. A closely related retractile stalks and with greatly modified found in the United States, and only about species, known as silky camellia or Virginia tentacles, shown in one of the accompanying 650 miles by auto roads from the heart of Stewartia (Stewartia Malachodendron), grows illustrations. Chicago. at lower elevations near and in the coastal work of the Bermuda The Deep-Sea In this instance, I refer to a shrub, native plain from Virginia southward and west- has been assisted and Expedition, 1948, in the southern Appalachian Mountains. ward. Four other species are known from Dr. E. S. expedited by Dugald Brown, Although its relatives, camellia and tea, eastern Asia, principally Japan. The latter of the Bermuda Director Biological Station, are well known, camellia for its prominence country, incidentally, is the home of some has been interested in the who long physi- as an ornamental plant, and tea for the species of the true camellia, although that of animals. in an ology deep-sea Acting drink prepared from its leaves, the shrub of genus is represented in other parts of the Dr. Brown has advisory capacity. helped the southern Appalachians is relatively Orient and some of the Philippine and of with the planning each cruise, supplied little known. Like most of the members of Celebes Islands. miscellaneous to increase the equipment the tea family (Theaceae), it has large showy It is most fitting that a great patron of and contributed scope of the collecting, flowers. This beautiful shrub, called moun- botany, John Stuart, the Marquis of Bute, information about much deep-sea fishing tain Stewartia (also spelled Stuartia) or should be commemorated by such a striking in and conditions general oceanographic mountain camellia, its scientific name being plant. When people rave about the camellia around Bermuda in Mr. Noel particular. Stewartia pentagyna, easily ranks as one of gardens of the southern states, they should Burland, of Bermuda, rendered invaluable the showiest and most attractive of native remember that camellias were introduced assistance in all of the operations of the shrubs in the United States. Caryn. Mr. Howard Taylor, of New York, Growing to a height of nearly 15 feet, an student at Yale, worked undergraduate this shrub is covered during the months of faithfully as a volunteer and later joined June to August with large blossoms about the crew of the Caryn. 3 inches across. The five to six spreading cream-colored or white petals have a lavender or pinkish tinge on the outside SATURDAY MORNING and surround a central mass of numerous CHILDREN'S MOVIES purple stamens. From a distance they The James Nelson and Anna Louise Ray- resemble a large white rose or even a flower- mond Foundation will present its autumn series of free motion-picture programs for children on Saturday mornings, beginning October 30—The Four Seasons October 2 and continuing through November Also a cartoon 27. All of these programs will be given at 10:30 A.M. in the James Simpson Theatre November 6—The Peiping Family of the Museum. In addition to motion A middle-class family in China five of the pictures, lecturers will appear on Also a cartoon nine programs. — Children njay come alone, accompanied November 13 Backyard Adventure by adults, or in groups from schools, etc. Lecture by Allan Cruickshank, National No tickets are needed. Audubon Society Photo by CoTi Steyrtmark is an outline of the Following programs: November 20 —Jekry Pulls the Strings •MOUNTAIN CAMELLIA' October 2—MIDNIGHT Movies in Ani- The story of coffee told by puppets in a Otherwise known as Stewartia pentagyna. Picture shows a branch with flower. The are MALAND color motion picture petals creamy white and surround a mass o( purple filaments. Lecture Howard Cleaves by November 27—Backyard Safari October 9—Rugged Road to Cape Horn Animals close to your home into horticulture from the Old World and that they actually have a rival, belonging Auto adventuring down South America Lecture by Murl Deusing, Milwaukee to the same family, but less known, in the Also a cartoon Public Museum mountain camellia or Stewartia, a plant native in the United October 16—Strange Neighbors States. the Museum Lecture by William G. Hassler, Nashville Growing year by year, Children's Museum Library now contains approximately 128,000 volumes, all covering phases of the sciences Four paintings of modem whaling methods October 23—Fun with Friends of Fur within the scope of the Museum. It is the and a large mural of whaling in the days of and Feather largest library in its specialized field west "Moby Dick" are features in the Hall of Lecture by Cleveland P. Grant of the Alleghenies. Whales (Hall N-1). Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 19US

EXHIBIT OF PRE-INCA creation of complex political structures that Fourth Nature Photography CULTURES OF PERU culminated in the formation of the Inca Exhibit Scheduled By DONALD COLLIER empire. Plans are under way for the Fourth CiniATOB or SOUTH AUEKICAN ETHNOLOGY One of the outstanding achievements of International Nature AND ARCHAEOLOGY Chicago Photography the Peruvians was in weaving. Their Exhibition to be held at the Museum under installed exhibit in the Hall of textiles of A recently cotton and wool, which included the sponsorship of the Nature Camera Club deals with American Archaeology (Hall B) tapestries, brocades, embroideries, gauzes, of Chicago. The deadline for entries will be the cultures of This exhibit pre-Inca Peru. and lace, were the finest in the New World. January 17. The exhibition will be held an alcove on Peruvian For this the central in the completes archaeology reason, panel from February 1 to 28, inclusive, with two that includes an exhibit on the Incas and a is new exhibit devoted to displaying speci- screenings of colored slides to be presented diorama showing daily life in an Inca village mens of this art and tools used in it. Ex- on February 13 and 20. about A.D. 1450. Rules and arrangements will be approxi- Peru was one of the mately the same as those for the last exhibit two great pre-Colum- (as outlined in the December, 1947, Bulle>- bian culture centers TIN), Mr. H. J. Johnson, chairman, an- in the New World. nounces. Entry forms and details of the in Peru and in Only rules may be obtained by application to Middle America did Mr. Johnson, whose address is 1614 West Indian culture attain Adams Street, Chicago 12. Further in- that level of develop- formation on this contest and exhibition ment and complexity will be published in later Bulletins. that historians call civilization. The greatest achievements GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM of the ancient Peru- Following is a list of some of the principal vians were in technol- gifts received during the last month: ogy, political organi- of zation, and social Department Anthropology: From: Museum of Anthropology, Uni- planning. In contrast, versity of California, Berkeley, Calif. — 10 the Mayas excelled pottery sherds, Fiji Islands. in abstract thought (mathematics, astron- PRE-INCA WEAVING Department of Botany: From: Dr. Cesar Vargas C, Cuzco, Peru— omy, philosophy), art, Detail of new Peruvian archaeology screen in Hall B. The panel displays speci- 50 herbarium Museo and architecture. mens of the art and the tools used in it. specimens, Peru; San Costa Rica—350 her- One of the most im- Nacional, Jose, barium specimens, Costa Rica; Brother portant and absorbing problems in American amples of the following weaving techniques Leon, Havana, Cuba—30 herbarium speci- is the of the Indian are shown: archaeology tracing plain weave, tapestry, plaiting, mens, Cuba. civilizations in Middle and South America double-face twine plaiting, under-fioat warp, Department of Geology : back to their earliest beginnings. As yet and needle-knitting. Ajoining this panel is From: Robert M. Hawk, Denver—5 frag- this search in Middle America has carried an enlarged reproduction of a weaving scene ments of nephrite, Colorado; Roy O. us back only a little more than 2,000 years taken from a painted vase of the Mochica Plummer, San Diego, Calif.—a slab of to the archaic and a.d. farming pottery-making period (about 900). Pliocene fossils and a concretion with snail cultures that were the forerunners of the CERAMIC STYLE SEQUENCE shell, California. high cultures of Mexico and the Maya area, Department of Zoology: and were on about the same level of com- A panel at one end of the exhibit illustrates From: Juan A. Rivero, Mayaguez, Puerto plexity as the prehistoric Pueblo culture of by means of typical examples of pottery the Rico— 16 frogs, Puerto Rico; Walter L. Arizona and New Mexico. sequence of ceramic styles on the north Necker, Chicago—2 lizards, Switzerland and coast of Peru over a span of 2,000 years — BEGINNINGS OF AGRICULTURE Italy; Roger Conant, Philadelphia 9 snakes from the Cupisnique period to the Incas. and 2 frogs, Del-Mar-Va Peninsula; Jay But on the coast of Peru it is now This ceramic is and better possible sequence longer Thomas, Ogden Dunes, Ind.-, and T. W. to carry history back 3,000 years or more to known than that of any other region in Pape, Jr., Chesterton, Ind.—a left mandible a simple fishing culture with the beginnings Peru. The perfection and better under- of Canada porcupine, Indiana;— Chicago of farming and weaving but no pottery or standing of this sequence was the chief Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. an adult bactrian camel and a Charles F. metal. Farming may turn out to be older objective of the Museum's 1946 Archaeo- gibbon; Hilder, Pacific Grove, Calif.—4 snake skins. in Peru than in Middle America, since logical Expedition to Peru (see "Peruvian East Africa and Brazil. present botanical evidence suggests that Archaeological Expedition Returns; 1,500 the two basic New World crops, corn and Years of History Uncovered," Bulletin, Library: manioc, were first cultivated in South February, 1947). It is of interest to note From: Luis E. Pena Guzman, Santiago, Dr. America. Pottery was first made on the that knowledge gained on that expedition Chile; C. Kim, Seoul, Korea; George Mrs. Winona Cosner, and Paul C. coast of Peru about 500 B.C., or possibly made it possible to identify in the Museum's Langford, Standley, all of Chicago; and Mrs. Charles earlier, at the beginning of the cultural collections the Cupisnique pottery vessel V. Riley, Washington, D.C. (posthumous period called by archaeologists Chavin or displayed at the bottom of the sequence gift). Cupisnique. From this point on it is possible panel. This pot had been incorrectly re- to follow in considerable detail the evolution stored by the Argentine collector who sold it of Peruvian culture through the develop- to the Museum, and it had lain unrecognized weapons, utensils, musical instruments, and ment of a highly efficient irrigation agricul- in the storeroom for thirty-five years. It is ornaments. ture utilizing more than forty species of one of the few examples of this type in the The new exhibit was designed by Gustaf cultivated plants, the perfection of pottery- United States. Dalstrom, Artist in the Department of making, weaving and metallurgy, and the In the remainder of the exhibit are shown Anthropology, and the writer. October, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

EXPEDITION DISCOVERS veniently placed in the walls. The long 'MISSING' INDIANS history of plain, undecorated, ugly brown SPECIAL NOTICE was broken and for the first time By PAUL S. MARTIN pottery CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY in Mogollon Indian history delicate and Members who have changed their well-executed decorated pottery appears. residence, or are to do From western New Mexico we bring im- planning so, The designs consist of rectangular elements are urged to the Museum of portant archaeological news—four centuries notify set forth with restraint in red on a pleasing, their new so that of of missing Indian history has been restored addresses, copies warm, brown background. the Bulletin and all other communi- by the excavations of the Museum's 1948 From a preliminary survey of the civiliza- cations reach them Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest. may promptly. tion of the period it is possible to state that For some years the writer, as leader of it shows distinct advances over previously the expedition, has been investigating the discovered ones in this area. And of greater little-known culture of the Mogollon Indians interest is that it spans the time between a in Pine Lawn Valley near Reserve, New period of just crude, plain living to the Collects Fossil Invertebrates Mexico. In past summers I discovered that beginnings of a groping civilization. the founders of the Mogollon culture settled Several hundred specimens of fossil inver- in Pine Lawn Valley 6,000 years ago. tebrates have been added to the Museum's collections as the result of the recent field A LONG BLANK PERIOD STAFF NOTES trip by Mr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates. He visited As I laid in supplies early this summer will be The Museum represented at the several well-known localities in the Paleozoic for the 1948 expedition into the rough, Midwest Museums Conference at Minne- rocks of from mountainous country of southwestern New Pennsylvania, which the apolis this month by Colonel Clifford C. Museum's had Mexico I held some doubts as to the success representation been inade- will deliver address Gregg, Director, who an the fossils sent back to we would have in reaching our objective. quate. Among on "The Museum and its Relation to the the most are The time period from a.d. 500 to 900— Chicago, probably important Community." . . . Mr. John R. Millar, some marine about from the fall of Rome to the beginning well-preserved ostracodes, tiny Deputy Director, attended the education crustaceans related to crabs but with a two- of the Middle Ages, a period as important symposium and other sections of the meet- valved shell like the clams. Also included to the history of the New World as it was of the for ings American Association the are shells and to be used in a to the Old World—was a complete blank clay recon- Advancement of Science in Washington, of a of one for this area in New Mexico. struction part of the famous last month. . . . her official D.C., Following cliffs of the shore of where True we had been successful in Chesapeake Bay, enough, retirement Mrs. W. September 1, Mary certain beds are composed almost entirely tracing the Mogollon Indians from the Baker has been retained on the staff of the of Miocene moUusk shells. roving, hunting bands of 6,000 years ago Library to give her attention to the im- to the pit-house (a cellar with a roof) portant work of reclassification. . . . Mr. of a.d. 500. What had become of villages H. Curator of Clifford Pope, Amphibians Visiting Scientists these Indians since a.d. 500? The Mogol- and Reptiles, has returned to the Museum lones had hidden all traces of Dr. Misael Aeostd Mu- successfully after two months at the Mountain Lake Solis, Director, themselves until the Museum expedition seum of Natural Sciences, Quito, Ecuador, (Virginia) Summer Biological Station, where entered the field in the summer of 1948. is spending six weeks at the Museum, in he continued his studies of several years on The thrills of archaeology are few and the Department of Botany, pursuing his salamanders of the Southeast. . . . Dr. far between, but this summer, following studies on tropical timbers, in preparation up Earl E. Sherff, Research Associate, Syste- a few slender the struck for his Woods Ecuador. clues, expedition matic Botany, Dr. Jos£ Cuatrecasas, book, of Dr. Walter Kiener, of the "paydirt." Curator of Colombian Botany, and Dr. biologist Game, little as first one and then an- Forestation and Parks Commission, Lincoln, Little by Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, was uncovered and the Nebraska, September in the other pit-house attended the meetings of the Botanical spent Museum, it became working in the cryptogamic herbarium. pottery analyzed statistically, Society of America in Washington, D.C., apparent that one of the goals of the ex- in September. . . . Dr. Paul S. Martin, pedition had been achieved. of Mr. Donald Chief Curator Anthropology, NEW MEMBERS We hesitated to announce this discovery Collier, Curator of South American Eth- until we were certain that our interpretation nology and Archaeology, and Dr. John B. The following persons became Museum of the work was correct. Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology, attended Members between August 16 and Sep- the recent Southwestern Archaeological tember 13: THE GAP FILLED IN Conference at the University of Arizona Annual Members Now without doubt a "lost" period has Archaeological Field School, Point of Pines, H. D. Arneson, Mrs. Emil Borman, John been discovered—the tremendous gap in Arizona. Dr. Martin presided at a session on M. Budd, Charles S. Cadwell, Phillip R. time from a.d. 500 to 900 has been filled. the Mogollon culture of the Southwest. . . . Crippen, Jr., Mrs. Robert F. Dick, New- of Oceanic The analysis of the results of the dis- Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator comb W. Diehl, R. W. Fitzgerald, Mrs. coveries of the expedition have not proceeded Ethnology, has returned from Harvard Uni- Lee Frank, Mrs. Neneen R. Frothingham, far enough yet to warrant saying too much versity, where he taught social anthropology Harry Kaye, Mitchell Kilanowski, Wilfred at this time, but a few facts can be released during the summer. He was recently ap- J. King, Eugene C. Lang, Dr. Clayton J. C. E. C. E. McKittrick, now. The pit-houses of the now partially pointed review editor of the American Lundy, McCoUum, Keith B. McKy, Mrs. James W. Merricks, filled time-gap, called in archaeological Anthropologist. . . . The Chicago Historical Mrs. George Michels, Harry J. Owens, jargon "Georgetown" and "San Francisco" Society has featured an exhibition of paint- Howard I. Potter, L. M. Rasmussen, Hugh phases, are very different from others found ings, "In Lincoln Park," by Mr. Gustaf J. Reichert, A. I. Rivenes, J. A. Rivera, in this area. tend to be and Artist in Anthropology, and his They deep Dalstrom, J. G. Roseland, Harry Schulman, Nathan rectangular with long, stepped passage- wife, Frances Foy. . . . Mrs. Winona H. Schwartz, D. O. Severson, Dr. Jacob B. entryways facing the east. Foodstuffs are Cosner, guide-lecturer, has resigned from Shaykin, Joseph H. Staller, J. Paul Stanley, no longer stored in pits dug into the floor; the Raymond Foundation to live in Charles- Marvin J. Welfeld, Charles H. Westbrook, now fashion dictates cupboards more con- ton, West Virginia. Walton Wetten, John A. Wincher. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 19i8 SATURDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES OFFERED IN NOVEMBER RESERVED SEATS OCTOBER, FOR MEMBERS Nine lectures on science and travel will be given on Saturday afternoons No tickets are necessary for ad- throughout October and November in the annual Autumn Course to be mission to these lectures. A sec- presented in the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. All but one of the tion of the Theatre is reserved for Members of the Museum, each of lectures will be illustrated with motion pictures in color; that lecture will use whom is entitled to two reserved slides. The lectures begin at 2:30 p.m. Because of the limits of accommoda- seats. Requests for these seats tions, the lectures are restricted to adults. Morning programs of free motion should be made in advance by pictures for children will be given on the same Saturdays by the James Nelson telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in and Anna Louise Ravmond Foundation. writing, and seats will be held in the Member's name until 2:30 Subjects of the lectures in the Autumn photography, and lectures. A favorite with o'clock on the lecture day. Course range from big-game hunting in Museum audiences, he brings this time a Africa to human evolution. There are lec- delightful nature film that includes slow- tures on the natural history of the various motion studies of nesting birds, ducks in parts of the United States, on Peru from flight, and running deer. There are also and charm of a travelogue and the absolute Inca days to the present, and on journeying recurring sequences on the growth of an authenticity of a documentary. Victor, the across British Guiana to the Amazon, and orphaned fawn. Mr. Grant stresses the boy, lives in a tiny village of southern Utah there is a motion picture showing how the need for conservation of wild life. near Zion and Bryce canyons, the Kaibab Museum prepares its elaborate habitat Forest, and other great scenic areas. He groups of animals and birds. October 30—The Pageant of Peru visits the Indians in remote J. Hopi working The dates, subjects, and lecturers booked Clifford Kamen villages; he observes the Zunis threshing for the Autumn Course are as follows: Peru's fabulous Inca ruins and its gold wheat by primitive methods; he sees the and silver mines are explored in Mr. Kamen's October 2—Animals Unaware Spanish-Americans of New Mexico harvest- films and narrative. He the life of presents their Howard Cleaves ing crops. today's "prehistoric" Indian cultures in Mr. Cleaves is a specialist in making scenic sequences that range from the mag- November 27—Safari in Africa close-up views of camera-shy subjects in nificence of the Andes to the source of the Murl Deusing nature, using special photographic equip- Amazon. Dense jungles are penetrated and Mr. a member of the staff of ment that he devised for the purpose. Thus lost cities brought to life. Deusing, the Milwaukee Public the his motion pictures show animals that, not Museum, presents November 6—Human EvoLxrrioN of American of knowing they are under observation, act picture story the Museum with Dr. Sherwood L. Washburn Natural History's recent Central African complete naturalness. . under the of Dr. — Dr. Washburn, a member of the faculty Expedition, leadership October 9 Rivals of Nature James L. Clark. Three trucks, two hunting of the University of Chicago, where he John W. and a make a cross-cut Moyer teaches physical anthropology, will present cars, power wagon trek into the of the Masai Mr. Moyer, for a number of years a staff a discussion of the highlights of human game country Reserve in southwestern After col- taxidermist and now in charge of the Mu- evolution based upon extensive research and Kenya. the of the and seum's Division of Motion Pictures, takes a new approach to the study of man through lecting game region filming an battle between two bull his audience behind the scenes in a museum. observation of animals. He applies labora- exciting giraffes the His films and his narrative show details of tory methods to the field of evolutionary explorers proceed through primitive sections of the and some of the strangest professions of modem research. The lecture is illustrated with Uganda, Belgian Congo, French Africa. climb the times as well as the techniques whereby slides. Equatorial They Ruwenzori Mountains into the and birds and animals are made to "live" in — lovely museum exhibits. November 13 From Coast to Crest weird cloud forest, descend into the jungle Alexander Sprunt of rain forests in the Belgian Congo, and October 16—British Guiana to the visit a of lively pygmies. Since Mr. has been a field camp Amazon 1934, Sprunt investigator for the National Audubon William G. Hassler Society. His lecture and films are described Ores Collected in Southwest Mr. Hassler presents in story and film as "a vertical survey of wild life and the highlights of a remarkable journey of scenery." He begins with studies of birds Mr. Robert Kriss Wyant, Curator of 1,000 miles through jungle and savanna and of the Gulf coast of Texas; he then carries Economic Geology, and Mr. Harry E. down unmapped rivers to collect zoological his audience inland to the land of the Changnon, Curator of Exhibits, Geology, and botanical specimens and visit primitive Navajos in Arizona, the Grand Canyon, recently returned from a highly successful Indian tribes. Some of the Indians had Colorado's Mesa Verde, and Wyoming's geological collecting trip to the southwestern never seen white men before. The expedi- Grand Tetons and Yellowstone National United States. Ores and their associated tion was sponsored by The American Mu- Park. minerals, to be used as exhibit and study seum of Natural History and the New York material, were collected in several leading November 20—A Southwest Story Botanical Garden. mining districts of the Southwest. Included Francis R. Line were collections from the bauxite district of October 23—Spring and Summer on the Mr. Line uses a new idea in film technique. Arkansas, the copper and zinc district of Prairies Against a background of some of the most Santa Rita, New Mexico, the Petaca pegma- Cleveland P. Grant colorful country in America, he has filmed tite district of northern New Mexico, the Mr. Grant, former member of the staff the life story of a small boy. The result is molybdenum deposits at Questa, New of this Museum, in recent years has become a production with all the drama of a regular Mexico, and several of the lead, silver, and noted for his explorations, motion-picture narrative movie but with the scenic beauty gold districts of Colorado.

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Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 19U8

Chicago Natural History Museum our familiar wild flowers in their spring glory. "natural habitat." Then again, transplant- FoiwDBD BY Marshall Field, 1893 The alpine zone of the Rocky Mountains ing wild flowers to man-made habitats or Rooaevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 and the giant water lily, the Victoria regia wild animals to confinement where they are Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 of the tropical swamps of South America, grown or bred under artificial conditions are idealized scenes typical of regions. does not give one the same satisfaction as THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES seeing them in their natural habitats. Nor, GOVERNMENTAL CONSERVATION at does it extinction. Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jb. best, always prevent L. Avery Stanley Field Sewell Intensive various In the United with the increase in Wm. McCobmick Blair Samuel Insull, Jb. agriculture, grazing, States, Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham commercial interests, together with power population and the destruction of many Boardhan Conover Hughston M. McBain Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell dams and irrigation projects, are constantly habitats through dams, drainage, real-estate B. Randall Albert B. Dick, Jb. Clabence the areas native commercial and Howard W. Fenton George A. Richabdson reducing occupied by many developments, and varied A. Smith Joseph N. Field Solomon species by destruction of their natural private enterprises, combined with large- Marshall Field Albert H. Wbtten John P. Wilson habitats. Thanks to national parks, national scale state and national projects, our natural and state forest habitats are more than ever in need of OFFICERS forests, game refuges, pre- wild life and wilderness and conservation. The Stanley Field Presidml serves, sanctuaries, protection problem Marshall Field Firtt Viee-PToident areas, the United States and many other of saving certain plant or animal species Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Vice-Prtsidmt Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President countries have had the foresight to preserve turns out to be the problem of saving the Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary some areas of habitats that habitat itself. For if all natural habitats Solomon A. Smith Treasurer typical might John R. Millar Amistant Secretary otherwise have been wholly destroyed. But are destroyed and supplanted by man-made despite these efforts, many natural areas are cornfields, overgrazed deserts, lawns, build- and few remain un- and other THE BULLETIN gone forever, relatively ing sites, sidewalks, phenomena touched. of civilization, the last opportunity to study EDITOR The governments of some tropical coim- and enjoy our native animals and plants in CurroRD C. Gregg Director of the Museum tries, in the Americas, in Africa, and in the their natural settings disappears. Conserva- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS East Indies, have had the wisdom to set tion of natural habitats in sufficient areas Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany aside natural areas as national parks or to preserve their wild plants and animals Sbarat K. Roy Curator Geoloty Chief of forest that the and in numerous areas to be Kabl p. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology preserves, foreseeing spread- sufficiently influence of man would have the same all is means which MANAGING EDITOR ing accessible to the only by effect as in countries with a for H. B. Habte Public Relaiions Counsel temperate we can safeguard posterity our priceless climate. Destruction of such habitats with heritage of natural beauty. the increase in human and with Members are requested to Inform the Museum population ^Julian A. Steyermark of changes of address. promptly the impact of civilization in lumbering and AssocitUe Curator of the Herbarium road building threatens such beautiful birds artd Museum Representative, Conservation Council Chicago CONSERVATION OF HABITATS as the cock-of-the-rock, rare orchids, and of thousands of other animal and plant species. One of the accepted aims of a natural In the United States, real-estate develop- history museum is the dissemination of ments for cottage sites are threatening many -THIS MONTH'S COVER- knowledge of animal and plant life. The localities where the showy lady slipper, one To Americans in every walk of important role of the "habitat group" in of the most beautiful of North American life the has museum exhibition is demonstrated by its wild orchids, is still found. As it often grows turkey long sym- bolized the season wide use and popularity. Such combina- in similar habitats with other beautiful wild Thanksgiving and all that it Early tions of terrain with characteristic plants flowers, such as the fringed gentian, all of implies. colonists the eastern sea- and animals approximate most closely the them disappear together. Not only the along board as well as the natural habitats in nature, which fall into plants growing in these places but the birds, Pilgrim fathers in New held it in notably distinct types. A habitat group insects, salamanders, and other animals England esteem as an important, may convey information regarding vegeta- found there are also affected. At the highest if wary, source of food. Today, tion, type of topography, and climatic area moment, the ivory-billed woodpecker is centuries later, the wild turkey as well as food, family, and other relation- believed to be near extinction, already the has from most of its ships between animals and plants and their fate of the heath hen and the passenger disappeared now re- surrounding environment. The visitor sees pigeon. Its last stronghold is found in original range. Although on the table objects in their natural settings, often repre- virgin woods, where it still finds its charac- placed Thanksgiving the domesticated descendant senting scenes thousands of miles away. teristic food (insects living within the wood by of a Mexican variety, the wild And he has an opportunity to study and of large trees growing in virgin forests). lives on in American tradi- enjoy these scenes at his leisure. Habitat The dwindling acreage occupied by virgin turkey tion and folklore of this season. groups thus introduce the visitor to the forest has forced this bird to its last retreat The wild turkey, of synthetic sciences of ecology and biogeog- in the Singer tract in Louisiana. Even here examples which in a Museum raphy. it may already be extinct or doomed. appear habitat in Hall of Many of the habitat groups on exhibition group 20, part 'TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE' which is on this month's in Chicago Natural History Museum are pictured BULLETIN cover, was last known replicas of actual scenes still in existence in One may say, "Well, then, let us propagate in the Chicago area about 1878. actual places. Among those in the Depart- such rare species and save them from extinc- It still occurs locally as a game ment of Botany (in which animals are the tion." Such efforts may have real success, bird in isolated areas along the "accessories") are the tidal pools of the as was the case with the American bison. middle and southern of North Atlantic Coast, inhabited by sea Unfortimately, in the case of both animals parts the eastern seaboard, the Gulf anemones and star-fish, surrounded by green, and plants, it has often been a case of "too Coast, and in the Southwest. The red, and brown seaweeds; the South African little and too late" to save a particular Museum the desert scene, with its portrait of one of the species. The only way to prevent extinction group represents birds in a Louisiana scene. most extraordinary of plants, the Welwit- of many types of both plants and animals schia; and the Illinois woodland scene with may be to save an extensive area of their November, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages

PEACE FROM 4000 B. C. TO A. D. 1000 IN INDIAN UTOPIA Southwest Expedition Fills in Time-Gaps in American Prehistory It is by work of this sort that we are able to reconstruct the of ancient Ameri- BY PAUL S. MARTIN AND LEONARD G. JOHNSON picture can Indians, a people that must have been The Mitseum's 19lt8 Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest returned to Chicago from similar to the the New Mexico in early October. Under the leadership of Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of very Neanderthalers, Anthropology, for whom it was the fifteenth season of operations in this district, the work of other Stone Age race of the Old World. Both concerned years was continued. The expedition was with investigating further the history of were roving, hunting bands, constantly Pine Lawn Valley—located in west central New Mexico about 100 miles north of Silver City. moving in search of food and water, living Besides Dr. Martin, the scientific staff included Dr. John B. Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology, at the bare subsistence without the Dr. Ernst Antevs, Research Associate in Glacial Geology, Mr. Leonard G. Johnson, Mr. W. T. level, Egan, Mr. Irving Wood, and Mrs. Martha Perry. In the field a corps of local laborers was re- leisure required to develop any of the cruited to aid in excavations. The work of the expedition was begun in the middle of June. niceties that we term "civilization."

A world threatened with the with trained eyes and years of experience THE FIRST HOUSES it is a to determine of the TOnp. of problem which necessity building underground There is a large, empty time-gap between rocks may be Indian artifacts. Each to escape from atomic bombs, bac- the roving, houseless Cochise Indians and probable tool has to be dug out of the terial and other the first houses of the Mogollones. The warfare, predicted cement-like arroyo walls at least to the point first pit-house (a cellar with a roof) in this horrors, the 1948 where one can determine definitely whether area is tentatively dated at a.d. 500. The Archaeological Ex- the stone is an Indian tool or only a piece pit-house tradition retains its dominance to the of rock. pedition for the next 500 years. Southwest brings AGE DETERMINED One of the last and certainly one of the news of Americans most houses is Pit-house In Wet Leggett, embedded in the arroyo grandiose K, nine miles south of Reserve on a low who in very early walls at depths down to twelve feet below located with oak and times gave up a the earth's surface, the expedition located ridge sparsely sprinkled pinyon trees. It is the Indian house un- the only remaining evidence of the ancient largest free life of living Cochise Indians. covered during the 1948 season, measuring under the stars to approximately 28 by 28 feet and about Dr. Antevs, well-known student of cli- themselves in 4 feet in depth. It was the last word in dig matic history, by studying the different pit-houses, for it probably had to compete for approximately geological strata was able to determine the ^ PAUL S. MARTIN with the new-fangled surface houses, the of the stone tools. close of 500 years, age By study emerg- Expedition L«der pueblos. Thus, after 400 years of pit-house the stone tools themselves, we were able to ing then to build dwelling these ancient American Indians identify them as belonging to the Chiricahua themselves homes above the — began to emerge from their underground ground period of the Cochise culture. The archae- houses to construct surface buildings. all this without signs of chaos or ologist has placed this period of the Cochise There were innovations in Pit- warfare. culture as dating from 10,000 to 5,000 years many and this estimate has been confirmed house K. For example, the older type pit- About an ancient Indian ago, 6,000 years ago, houses had had tunnel and strengthened by the careful and long entryways people, known now as the Cochise Indians, thorough work of Dr. Antevs. {Continued on page 5, column 2) roamed the ridges of southwestern New Mexico in quest of water. Then, as now, water was scarce in the Southwest. Then, as now, men and animals camped near sources of the precious water. The pre- historic and little-known Cochise Indians of 6,000 years ago wandered afar in search of the few springs from which water seeped. Their trail apparently led them from south- eastern Arizona into New Mexico, and there they found an arroyo into which a small spring flowed.

TOOLS UNEARTHED

Here, at the same flowing spring, named Wet Leggett, 6,000 years later, members of our expedition found the stone tools left by the Cochise Indians. Time has hidden almost all skeletal traces of these Indians, and we are indeed grateful to have located at least the grinding tools of stone (manos and metates) and remains of the ancient fires and hearths left the Cochise Indians. -J*^- V by iT.- The of is process discovery interesting, 'j«V' laborious, and tedious. It consists of walk- ing for days up and down the ancient 6,000-YEAR-OLD IMPLEMENTS UNEARTHED stream bed, which is eight to ten feet below The camera finds Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology and leader of the Archaeological Expe- dition to the Southwest, beside an old stream-bed twelve feet below the surface level of the surrounding the earth's present surface. Jutting from terrain, where he has discovered ancient grinding stones and other tools of the prehistoric Cochise Indians. the arroyo walls in great profusion are rocks The 1948 season's work of the expedition was especially successful in breaking through the veil of mystery of all shapes and sizes. Even for the expert that has obscured knowledge of this loog-extinct tribe. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 19If8

EVERY BIRD IS DIFFERENT FROM EVERY OTHER BIRD phrase for the over-all effects that weed out the weaker individuals, whose physical By AUSTIN L. RAND blackbirds, nor starlings with deformed bills, CURATOR OF BIRDS and mental equipment is at the extreme of but rather the normal "run of the mine" variations of those less well adapted to their is rule in nature. the To variations, which are connected other by environment, and allow only the stronger, demonstrate this to yourself the sim- individual variations with a "normal" or VARIATION better adapted, to survive and perpetuate plest is to try to find two maple leaves bird of the species. way "average" the species. In other words, we conclude or oak leaves that are exactly alike. It DISPARITY IN TRAITS that selection, acting on variation, operates can't be done. The most similar you can to "improve the species and make it better find will still difi'er in details. Another Variation occurs not only in physical equipped to carry on its life." way to have variation within a species appearance. There is reason to believe impressed on you is to stand at the corner that variation exists in every attribute: in CHANGE NEVER CEASES

This implies that every species is contin-

INDIVIDUAL VAUAIIOK IS THE HAW HATEHIAI. ually, slowly changing. And this is just OF EVOLUTIO". THROUGH SELECTION POPULATIONS VARIATION IS THE RULE IN NATURE what is It so BECOME OlfFERENT, HESULTINC IN CEOCRAPHICAL happening. happens slowly VARIATION. that our collection of bird skins and our WIHVIOUAL VARIATION written records cannot detect it. But when we turn to the paleontological record, the story gathered from a study of fossils, we find this is just what has happened.

CEOCRAPHICAL VARIATION :<(^^^ The gradual change from an early form through successive stages to the one we ^^^ know at the present day is perhaps best known for the horse. But it's probably true of all forms we know. And there's no indication the process has stopped; it is still going on. The present, which we know, is just a thin section through endless time.

. "">. We have another line of evidence that serves to establish the fact that selection acts on variation. Every place differs at least slightly from every other place, and thus selection differs in each place, choosing ;^ the birds most fitted. Gradually the birds from one area become different from those in another; the different populations come \ to have differences you can easily see. This is geographical variation and is shown by the hairy woodpeckers on the right-hand COLOR, PATTERN AND SIZE VARIATIONS IN BIRDS OF SAME SPECIES side of the new exhibit. With these wood- Miss under the direction of Dr. Austin L. Curator of The exhibit, prepared by Norma Lockwood Rand, peckers, the differences are great enough so with the assistance of Mr. Kenneth Woeick, illustrates its with familiar kinds of birds such as Birds, subject that most of the individuals from con- Canada warblers, towhees, downy woodpeckers, barn swallows, purple martins, and ruffed grouse. siderable areas can be recognized and re- ferred to their populations on examination. of State and Van Buren and note how wildness; in agressiveness; in agility; in When this degree of differentiation has been in of in in different are the individuals of the human activity; acuity senses; short, attained, the various populations are said species that go by. every aspect of the bird. to form different subspecies. As is evident, In birds it is the same. No two are This variation is of fundamental impor- the subspecies is a human concept; it is a exactly alike in appearance. They differ tance in the scheme of things. The little matter of naming populations when they in size, in color, and in pattern. Sometimes differences that make one bird more attrac- have differed enough so that human eyes even in a casual aquaintance with the birds tive as a mate, or slightly quicker to catch can recognize a considerable proportion of on your lawn, there will be a few you can a worm, or slightly less conspicuous to an the individuals as alike. Biologically they recognize individually: an especially bright enemy, or better able to withstand the long still all belong to the same group of indi- bluejay, a robin with an unusually red winter nights or long migrations, may mean viduals in the species, and the variation is breast, or a yellow warbler with extra-heavy the difference between surviving and leaving just as real whether dignified by name or chestnut breast markings. But even the progeny, and perishing; in fact, between not. The subspecific names for the more sparrows that look exactly alike to a casual life and death. readily recognizable forms are a convenience glance will, on closer study, turn out to be When we realize that only a part of the in talking about variation. recognizable as individuals. birds hatched each year can possibly reach EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT A new exhibit has been installed in Hall 21 maturity and breed (else we would be to show this sort of variation. Familiar overrun with birds, and have a condition Variation sometimes tends to follow be types of birds, such as Canada warblers, of overpopulation in which there would certain trends in certain environments; in towhees, downy woodpeckers, barn swallows, no room for them), we begin to see the an arid country birds (and other animals) purple martins, and ruffed grouse of the implications of variation. tend to become pale in color and those from same age and sex, have been chosen from Only a part of the population will survive humid areas to be dark in color, perhaps our series of study skins. Variations in in this "struggle for existence." Which one in part to harmonize better with their color, in pattern and size are shown. Those will survive is determined by a principle background and so be more protectively shown are not freaks; there are no albino called "survival of the fittest." This is our colored. Birds from more northern areas November, 1 9^8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 tend to be larger than their closest relatives PEACE, 4000 B. C. TO A. D. 1000, IN THE SOUTHWEST in more southern areas, perhaps an adapta- (Continued from page 3) tion to conserve heat; the larger birds, having surface to proportionately less body bulk, while the occupants of Pit-house K entered that had been dug. Backfilling, an essential thus lose less heat. through the roof by means of a ladder. The part of the archaeological season, is required a few Song sparrows, of which examples obsolete pit-house had no indoor firepit, by the government permit. The hot and are shown in the bottom of the case, are but in the center of Pit-house K a pit con- constant sun beat down on the windless well known as a plastic group, becoming so taining gray ashes was discovered. Around ridge as six men wielded shovels. Huge modified and adapted to their particular the north wall there was a good-sized adobe dirt mounds had to be moved back into local environment that many subspecies can bench and in the center of the house, form- the ancient Indian pit-houses that had been an be recognized. Those shown represent ing a square around the firepit, were four excavated. Fourteen Indian houses had to area from arid, hot Arizona to the humid, long grooves. As charcoal was found in be reburied. cool Alaska coast and show both the trends these contained grooves, they presumably But as the houses were refilled, one outlined darker and in that had been thus above, being larger logs plastered over, thought of the knowledge scooped from and smaller and the humid northwest paler forming a cozy bench around the fire. New Mexico's hard-baked earth—the double in the hot arid country. A house the size of Pit-house if it was K, occupation of Pit-house C (its entrance had We have traced the of change a must have been the chief's process family unit, been converted into a ventilator), the mys- variation in individuals in a for the of from popula- house, most certainly man-hours teriously scattered male skeleton of Pit- to variation between within needed to it have tion populations digging construct must house D, and the curious wall cupboard of a species. We have seen that populations been enormous and the entire tribe would Pit-house E. Pit-house F had led us into with well-marked differences are called sub- have been to on it. It is more required work an unknown and later period of Indian that Pit-house a species. probable, however, K was prehistory, and Pit-house G filled in another ceremonial chamber and that its construc- time the from a.d. 500 SPECIES FROM SUBSPECIES gap, period to 900. tion was a male communal for it is project, Pit-houses F and G had revealed the begin- The next is when these known that in later times women were not progressive step nings of decorated pottery along with many to be subspecies become different enough permitted to have anything to do with the additional discoveries. Pit-house H had But to the called species. up subspecies ceremonial chambers or kivas. provided more needed evidence for the be in the bird's level the differences may above-mentioned time and Pit- TWICE-BURIEa) INDIAN HOUSES periods, they are of degree physical appearance; house I, dated a.d. 900-1050, had provided birds are still of It took an crew of five only. Biologically capable expedition husky a nicely completed time sequence. Pit- even they workmen steel and interbreeding freely though may using good sharp picks house K, the huge rectangular house, pro- look different. For two to shovels almost two weeks to excavate Pit- quite subspecies vided an exciting contrast to the ordinary become different to be considered It must have taken the Indians enough house K. Indian family dwellings. true species there must develop a difference twice as long to build it, not counting the Pit-house L was a shapeless house because of another kind, a biological difference. The time consumed in cutting and hauling the of numerous pits dug into the walls, but two individuals of two different species do not huge logs used to support the roof (six logs, of these pits were so dug as to form a perfect interbreed freely. Subspecies replace each each 1-1 J4 feet in diameter) and in con- figure 8. Pit-house M had a short, stubby other geographically. A species can have structing the roof itself. entryway and Surface House No. 1 proved only one subspecies living and breeding in At the end of the season's excavations, a lucky find because of the wealth of pottery an area. But many species can breed in the expedition crew had to refill the houses and stone tools it yielded. Pit-house N was the same area. A biological factor prevents a small, deep, perfectly formed house while them interbreeding. It may be physical, or Pit-house O was irregular with an are little over extremely it may be mental. new species made, by little, rough floor. This sort of difference, the difference a long period. Viewing the collected evidence growing up between two populations that Such conclusions as this are the result covering a span of time from 4000 B.C. to a.d. results in the two populations becoming of studies of large numbers of specimens, 1000, section end- we find the broad outlines of a fully distinct species, seems impossible of representing the "thin through fascinating of ancient American Indians. First attainment while the subspecies are spread less time," the stage at which we now stand story these Indians in of continuously over an area. It is only when in the continuing process of evolution. The roved, houseless, quest water food. of populations are isolated, in a physical sense, studies on birds in museum collections have and Thousands years later as on islands, that species evolve from sub- had an important place in reaching such they dug into the earth and for 500 years It is species. This aspect of speciation is dia- widely applicable conclusions. perhaps developed and stylized their cellars with exhibit the birds grammed on the exhibit "Species Evolve fitting that in this new roofs, only to emerge again into the bright birds are the Only in Isolation" in the alcove adjacent shown are not mounted but sunlight, but this time to build on the earth's to the one housing this new exhibit (and conventional study skins such as are used surface. was discussed in the February in museums for carrying on such research. Bulletin, It is the story of man's past development, to a 4). They are made resemble dead bird, page sketchy to be sure, but a story that will be The two exhibits "Variation is the Rule lying on its back, with the legs, to which a better filled out and better understood with in Nature" and Evolve Only in label is tied, crossed. Specimens such as "Species further excavation. Isolation" actually show different parts of these form the bulk of the research material the the the same thing, the course of evolution of of a bird collection. From label, To individuals date and place of capture and sex, and species. recapitulate, vary; Radio Programs for Children selection acting on them causes populations perhaps other data, can be read, and a study staff of the to vary; when populations are isolated they of the characters of the specimen yields Stories prepared by the James Louise Founda- may vary enough to become species. further data. Nelson and Anna Raymond The new case was prepared by Miss tion are presented Saturdays at 5:15 P.M. RAW MATERIAL OF EVOLUTION Norma Lockwood of the Museum art staff, and Sunday mornings at 9 on the "The Thus individual variation is the raw under the direction of the Curator of Birds Children's Corner," a program broadcast material of evolution, the stuff of which and with the aid of Mr. Kenneth Woelck. by radio station WCFL. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 19^8

A 'GI' REVISITS PACIFIC chief of the village had the very un-Palauan NOVEMBER LECTURE TOURS, TO COLLECT INSECTS name of Charlie Gibbons, which he had in- DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAYS herited from his grandfather, a Jamaican By henry S. DYBAS Tours of exhibits, imder the guidance of assistant curator of insects Negro who had jumped ship in the last staff lecturers, are conducted every afternoon century and married a chieftain's daughter. One of the by-products of the recent war at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain By all accounts, the old Charlie Gibbons was an increased interest in the people and holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- was a man of parts and his descendants are the natural history of many previously little- days, and Saturdays, general tours are given, now prominent persons in the community. known Pacific islands. Hundreds of thou- covering all departments. Special subjects Remnants of the old Palau life were con- sands of Americans in our armed forces are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays (the spicuous in the area. A few of the carved visited many island groups that had been Friday tours open wijh an introductory men's clubhouses were still standing but seen before by only a handful of travelers. lecture and slides or films in the Meeting were in bad repair. Old stone trails and Together with so many others, I was a Room on the second floor of the Museum); hut platforms, made of smooth, closely recipient of one of the "traveling fellow- a schedule of these follows: placed stones, were all through the area then so our ships" liberally provided by and evidence of a gave much greater popula- Nov. 3—Life Unseen— to men in uniform. And the Wed., Usually government with a tion, stronger social organization, Plants and Animals in the islands of Micronesia was Microscopic (Marie period spent than now inhabits the The region. ridge Svoboda). a rich experience, at least from the natural- of hills behind the village had been cleared history standpoint. and partly terraced in past times, and hut- Frl., Nov. 5—Activities of a Museum. Il- When in the fall of 1947 the opportunity sites and bits of pottery lying on the ground lustrated introduction in Meeting Room arose to revisit I looked forward Micronesia, suggested the former presence of a village {Lorain Fanner). to certain islands I not visiting had previ- on the summit. Remnants of the old Palau and I also had some as Nov. 10—Cats—Wild and Tame ously seen, curiosity handicraft, in the form of tortoise-shell Wed., to what had to some of the Cat {Harriet Smith). happened busy spoons and carved platters with mother-of- (National Week) bases two after the war. This military years were still to be found in various pearl inlay, Nov. 12— and 'Rith- time the the of Fri., Readin', 'Ritin', trip was under auspices the homes in the The courteous village. yet metic— the World Pacific Science Schooling Throughout Board of the National Re- of the contributed friendly dignity villagers Education Illustrated search Council and was for the of (American Week). purpose much to the impression of charm and beauty introduction in Meeting Room {June studying the interesting and rather unusual of the village. insect life of the Palau Islands in Micronesia. Buchwald). I remained until late 1948. COLLECTING IS VARIED spring, Wed., Nov. 17—Natural History Facts The Palaus are a of islands group lying From this pleasant base, daily trips were and Fallacies (Lorain Farmer). about 600 miles to the east of the Philippines. made, in search of insects, into the various The Nov. 19— of the Dunes. Illus- two southern islands, Peleliu and kinds of vegetation associations in the Fri., Story in the news the war trated introduction in Meeting Room Angaur, figured during vicinity. A typical day's collecting trip as scenes of hard-fought invasions. The would take me, in company with my Palau {Marie Svoboda). occupation of Peleliu involved a massive the of the terraced boy, up grassy slope Wed., Nov. 24—Origins of Modern Dress military assault that virtually destroyed the behind the After a short but ridge village. (June Buchwald). original vegetation over most of the island hot climb we would reach the top and pause and left a reminder of its intensity in such to get the fresh breeze from the sea and to Frl., Nov. 26—Harvest Festivals. Illus- names as After the Bloody Nose Ridge. enjoy the view of the village below and the trated introduction in Meeting Room occupation, the construction of roads, air sea and the reef beyond. Then we would (Harriet Smith). and installations strips, supply depots, troop dip down into the valley behind the ridge further the of the changed appearance and spend the day collecting leisurely along island. At the height of this activity, the some forested stream-side. At times we island was a and crowded busy military would follow an old stone trail, whose stones and not to continental areas. Of prime base and had little of the typical atmosphere were worn smooth by generations of bare importance, among these special conditions, of a South Sea island. feet, to some unusually attractive glade. is the sea barrier. All of the island inhabit- One such spot, near a deep pool in the stream, ants somehow had to cross this expanse of NATURE COVERS WAR SCARS must have once impressed some aboriginal salt water in order to colonize the island. Today the roads are quiet and the quonset Palau natives as well, for a stone platform In examining the insects of an island, it is huts lie empty, with their screens rusting marked the site of a hut now long gone. evident that many major groups of insects were unable to cross the or were and broken through. Grasses, shrubs, vines, These trips, as well as those elsewhere sea, only successful. Those that did and small trees are beginning to cover the in the island group, gradually disclosed the partially manage to cross carried on a air strips, roadsides, and bare spots. In interesting insect fauna of the Palaus. In by being accidentally raft of or blown time, the air of desolation lying over the general, the insects were similar to those of driftwood, by being by high or some other form of accidental island can be expected to disappear as the other island groups in Micronesia, but there winds, by often found favorable native vegetation conceals the scars of war. were many local developments that occurred dispersal, conditions, free from the for which Babeldaob, the northernmost and largest nowhere else, as far as is known. Despite struggle existence, island in the group, was by-passed and the uniformly warm climate, the large and permitted rapid development along special suffered little damage except to military showy insects one usually associates with lines. installations. I selected the quiet and the tropics were largely absent. Most of These are the special features of animal picturesque village of Ulimang on the north- the insects in Palau were small and obscure life on oceanic islands that interested the east coast as a base for insect collecting. types. Moreover, many of the groups of young Charles Darwin on the voyage of the The village was situated on the seashore in insects that are dominant in continental Beagle more than a century ago. And the an old coconut grove planted during the areas were absent or were represented by questions posed, particularly during his visit time of the German occupation before World few forms. All of these distinctive features to the Galapagos Islands, contributed much War I. The houses were connected by neat of the insects of oceanic islands are a result to the thinking that led later to the formula- sandy trails, which were swept daily. The of special conditions that apply to islands tion of his theory of evolution. November, 19^8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page?

SATURDAY LECTURES Native Uprising Halts Expedition EXPEDITION TO COLLECT

THROUGH NOVEMBER The projected Rush Watkins Expedition MAMMALS IN COLOMBIA to to have Mr. Four more lectures on science and travel Malaya, been conducted by Assistant Curator Philip Hershkovitz of Rush Dr. Austin L. Curator will be given on Saturday afternoons Watkins, Rand, the Division of Mammals will leave in

• of and Stafif Taxidermist Frank C. throughout November in the annual Autumn Birds, November as head of the Museum's first has been Native Course presented in the James Simpson Wonder, postponed. up- zoological expedition to Colombia. Ap- in the British to Theatre of the Musexun. All but one of the risings territory have been proximately two years will be spent in col- caused the State to explored Department lecting and in studying the factors involved withhold permission for departure of the in the distribution of mammals. expedition. The leader of the expedition is no stranger to the Latin-American republic. As the MORE SATURDAY MORNING Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholar CHILDREN'S of the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. Hersh- MOVIES kovitz investigated the mammalian fauna The James Nelson and Anna Louise of the northern part of the country for Raymond Foundation will present the final nearly two years between 1941 and 1943. four of its autumn series of free motion- His experience in South America includes picture programs for children on Saturday four years of explorations in Ecuador and mornings in November. All of these pro- the upper Amazonian region. grams will be given at 10:30 a.m. in the Now it is planned to make a survey of James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. In each of the major geographical subdivisions addition to motion pictures, lecturers will of Colombia. The areas covered will range appear on two of the programs. from the humid tropical forests of the Choc6 Children may come alone, accompanied on the Pacific coast to the cold grasslands in above timberline in the and HOPI INDIAN DRYING APRICOTS by adults, or groups from schools, etc. Andes, from No tickets are needed. the grassy plains and gallery forests of the The sun beating on his house-top makes an ideal is an outline of the Orinoco River region to the vast virgin place for the purpose. This is a scene from the film Following programs: to be shown at the Museum on November 20 by — forests of the Amazonian region. Francis R. Line in connection with his lecture **A November 6 The Peiping Family Rich as the Museum collection is in speci- Southwest Story.*' middle-class in China A family mens of South American mammals, the Also a cartoon representation from Colombia is negligible. lectures will be illustrated with motion Special attempts will be made to secure November 13—BACKYARD ADVENTURE pictures in color; that lecture will use slides. some of the rare species, such as the hairy Lecture Allan National The lectures begin at 2:30 p.m. Because by Cruickshank, mountain tapir, the pudu, a dwarf deer that Audubon of the limits of accommodations, the lectures Society stands about 12 inches high, and a variety are restricted to adults. of from the red Morning programs November 20—Jerry Pulls the Strings monkeys, howler, the of free motion pictures for children will be largest of American simians, down to the The story of coffee told by puppets in a given on the same Saturdays by the Ray- pygmy marmoset, which measures barely color motion picture mond Foundation. 6 inches in length exclusive of its tail. The dates, subjects, and lecturers booked November 27—Backyard Safari The effort to collect as large a representa- for the Autumn Course are as follows: tion as of Colombian Animals close to your home possible mammals does not mean that other classes of animals Lecture Murl Milwaukee 6— Evolution by Deusing, November Human will escape the attention of the expedition. I*ublic Museum Dr. Sherwood L. Washburn External parasites, whether from a mouse, a vampire bat, or a spectacled bear, will be November 13—From Coast to Crest catalogued and preserved in alcohol. Frogs, Alexander NEW MEMBERS Sprunt lizards, and snakes captured and "pickled" The following persons became Museum some consolation to the mammalo- November 20—A Southwest Story provide Members between September 14 and gist for trapless nights and gameless days. Francis R. Line October 12: Even the bird destined for the dinner pot November 27—SAFARI IN AFRICA Life Members must first contribute its feathered skin to the expedition's collecting chest. Murl Deusing Ernest A. Dahl Associate Members No tickets are necessary for admission John H. Galgano, Paul M. Hammaker, Taxpayer's Complaint to these lectures. A section of the Justin Kaufman, Laurence E. Schwab. Theatre is reserved for Members of the The Washington Biological Survey, which Annual Metnbers metal bands on wild birds to their Museum, each of whom is entitled to puts study ordered new two reserved seats. Requests for these Otto E. Bull, Edward G. Chase, Henry P. migratory habits, recently seats should be made in advance by Draper, Paul Dudak, DeWitt Endicott, bands with different wording. Thomas W. Edwin P. Mrs. now read: Fish and Wild- telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in writ- Evans, Fifelski, They "Notify Katrinka Fisher, Paul G. Hensel, Jr., Carl life D.C." ing, and seats will be held in the Mem- Services, Washington, Formerly W. Koehn, Victor A. Kos, Joseph Lowitz, ber's name until 2:30 o'clock on the the bands said simply, "Wash. Biol. Surv." Miss Caryl A. Lowry, O. O. Mallegg, C. R. lecture Unofficial explanation of the change: An day. McEldowney, James V. McGuigan, Daniel irate taxpayer's letter complained, "Sirs, I E. Noble, Edward E. Novak, W. H. Noyes, shot one of your pet crows and followed Jr., M. B. Osbum, Robert Piatt, Theodore On visits to the instructions. I washed I boiled and your Museum, pause Revzan, Martin C. Rhodes, Earle H. Ritz- it, it, midway and relax while having lunch in woUer, Miss Inez M. Schick, Dr. Bertha I surved it. It was terrible. Stop fooling the cafeteria. VanHoosen, R. B. Weaver. the people." —Chicago Daily News Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 19i8

ZOOLOGICAL EXPEDITION Visiting Hours Change PANEL OF JUDGES NAMED

TO MEXICO RETURNS Museum hours, which have been 9 a.m. FOR NATURE PHOTOS to 5 P.M. in the to the The Zoological Expedition to Mexico, autumn, change Preparations are going forward for the winter schedule—9 A.M. to 4 November with Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Associate in PJI., Fourth Chicago International Nature Pho- the Division of Birds, in charge, returned 1 to February 28. tography Exhibition to be held at the* September 20 to the Museum after a success- Museum under the sponsorship of the ful six weeks of collecting in central Vera- Nature Camera Club of Chicago. cruz. A total of 523 birds, twelve mammals, STAFF NOTES The camera club is now ready to receive and four snakes was brought back. entries from both amateur and professional first Dr. A. The collecting station was near Julian Steyermark, Associate photographers. The deadline for entries is Curator of the conducted a Potrero Viejo, just outside of Cordoba, in Herbarium, January 17, 1949. Judging will take place the tropical zone. This was a particularly botanical field trip for graduate students in on January 22. Selected photographs will valuable region in which to collect, as systematic botany last month. The trip be exhibited at the Museum during the the hadenda at Potrero Viejo was the home was in areas of southern Missouri, where entire month of February. of the famous naturalist F. Sumichrast for explorations were made to illustrate certain The contest and exhibition will be in two and was the features of The students were many years undoubtedly locality vegetation. divisions, prints and color transparencies. at which he took of his from the Shaw School of many type specimens. Henry Botany, There will be three classifications of pictures The owner of the Mr. connected with and present hacienda, Washington University in each division: Animal Life, Plant Life, McH. of the the Missouri Botanical St. Louis. Dyfrig Forbes, manager Garden, and General—the last including scenery, extended kindness Dr. is an research Engenio Potrero, every Steyermark honorary geolog^ical subjects, clouds, and other nature to the and it his associate for the Botanical Garden. . . . expedition, was through manifestations outside the two specific assistance that 270 birds were collected Mr. a Rodger Mitchell, temporary ap- classifications. First prize silver medals, there in three weeks. on the staff of the Division of pointee ribbons, and other awards will be made in has From Cordoba the expedition moved to Insects, returned from the field; he was each classification of each division. Teziutldn, and a was established about a member of the Guatemala Zoological camp The judges will be: Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, miles out of the at an Mr. Luis de la mam- eight city elevation Expedition. Torre, the Museum's Curator of Economic Botany; of 5,000 feet, in the subtropical zone. Be- malogist, is still in Guatemala. . . . Dr. Mr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of cause of the nature of this Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthro- precipitous region Fossil Invertebrates; Mr. G. E. Dahlby, it is seldom hunted, and were pology, told of his recent expedition to the many species photographer; Mr. Ralph Graham, Assistant found there that are no longer found around Southwest on the "20th Century" radio Director, Chicago Zoological Park; and Mr. Jalapa and Orizaba, localities at the same program over station WENR. . . . Dr. J. Philip Wahlman, photographer and associ- altitude but in heavily cultivated Austin L. Rand, Curator of Birds, repre- regions. ate of the American Photographic Society. Two weeks were spent at TeziutlSn where sented the Museum at the meeting of the All persons interested in submitting en- 160 birds were collected. American Ornithologists' Union held in tries are urged to commimicate with the The final camp was made in the pine Omaha, October 11-14. . . . Mr. Donald Museum or Mrs. Louise Broman Janson, forests on the slopes of the Cofre de Perote Collier, Curator of South American Eth- 6252 South Kedzie Avenue, Chicago 28, for at 8,500 feet. At this locality the expedition nology and Archaeology, lectured recently entry forms and further information. had the luxury of having for its sole use an at the Cranbrook Institute of Science, abandoned tuberculosis sanitarium, one that Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, on the Tairona the Mexican government had begun but culture of Colombia. . . . Mr. Patrick GOLDEN BERYL EXHIBITED never finished, abandoning it in favor of a Walsh, pensioner, died recently. He was A large Brazilian golden beryl of excellent more modem building a half-mile away. pensioned on January 1, 1941, after nearly gem quality and high intrinsic value was Here a week was spent in collecting 90 forty-seven years of service. Mr. Walsh recently received as a gift from Dr. J. specimens of temperate-zone birds to round was employed in the Maintenance Division Daniel Willems, of Chicago. Weighing out an altitudinal cross-section of Vera- in 1894. In 1905 he joined the Guard 34 '2 carats, the stone is beautifully cut to cruz bird life. Force, where he remained until retirement. bring out all the natural brilliance for which berjis are so well known. The is not of size GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM and Colorado; James M. DuPont, Chatham, gem only exceptional but is because it was cut and N. J. —2 specimens of silicified wood. New unique polished is a list of some of the Following principal Jersey. by Dr. Willems himself, who has, as a gifts received during the last month: hobby, develop)ed many techniques for of Zoolo^: Department cutting and polishing gem stones. It has Department of Anthropology : From: Walter Buchen, Mombasa, Kenya been added to the exhibits in H. N. Higin- From: Percy W. Jr., Chicago—a Africa—77 bird Africa; Cump, Colony, study skins, botham Hall (Hall 31). model of a canoe, Trobriand Island. Dr. Charles L. Remington, New Haven, Conn.— 1,149 insects, chiefly beetles, New Department of Botany : — Caledonia; Ross Allen, Ocala, Fla. a snake, Modern Exhibit Technique From: Prof. T. A. Stephenson, Abery- Mexico; Walter L. Necker, Chicago—5 bats. the most modern trend of stwyth, Wales— 500 specimens of algae, New Mexico; Dr. Hans Schlesch, Copen- Typifying eastern Canada. hagen, Denmark—5 lots of land and fresh- museum methods in simplifying and \ital- water shells, Paraguay; Chicago Zoological izing exhibits are the displays in the Hall of Department of Geolo^: — — Society, Brookfield, 111. a boomslang; Maj. the Archaeology of the New World (Hall B), From: New Jersey Zinc Co., N. Y. 19 Howard T. Wright, U. S. Army—5 lots of in which a minimum of artifacts is combined rare mineral specimens; H. R. Straight, invertebrates, Japan. by graphic techniques with easily compre- Redfield, la. —a variscite specimen; Dr. DiTision of Motion Pictures: hended illustrative material and presented J. Daniel Willems, Chicago—a golden beryl, in striking color schemes with the latest step cut (rectangular), Minas Geraes, From: Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Co., effects. These exhibits contrast Brazil; Dr. and Mrs. R. H. Whitfield, Chicago— 125 feet of color print of the lighting with earlier of rows Evanston, 111.— fossil collections, including groups in the Hall of the Stone jAge of the sharply displays long plants, invertebrates, insects, and fish, Iowa Old World. of pottery objects, weapons, implements.

WUNTBD BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS 7-^

Chicago Natural IJistorij Museum Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 19i8

Chicago Natural History Museum opportunities arose for the fullest develop- Then follows a visit to the trading jjost Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 ment of his many talents as artist and where all business is transacted. RoowTelt Road and Lake Shore DrlTe, Chicago 5 technician, and also as collector on field 2. Ritual. This sequence includes the Telbphonb: WAbash 2-9410 trips and expeditions, the principal one of impressive puberty ceremony, which lasts which was the Second Rawson-MacMillan five days and in which a young girl prepares THE BOARD OP TRUSTEES Sub-Arctic Expedition of FMeld Museum in for the ceremony that makes her a woman. 1927-28. Also included is a of the purification- Lister Armour Marshall Field, Jb. picture Sbwbll L. Avery Stanley Field It was characteristic of Mr. Rueckert to by-sweating ceremony. The photographs in Wm. McCormick Blair Samuel Insull, Jr. Leopold E. Block Henry P. Iskam apply himself wholly to the task at hand this latter sequence were made under great Boardman Conover Hughston M. McBain and first and to himself difficulties, the only light coming from an Walter J. Cummings Wiluam H. Mitchell always acquaint Jr. Clarence B. Randall Albert B. Dick. thoroughly with the subject matter of a intensely hot wood fire in the center of the Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith proposed exhibit before executing plans and hogan. H. Wbttbn Marshall Field Albert 3. Between Two Worlds. The John P. Wilson beginning construction. All his work was young conspicuous for its conscientious attention English-speaking Navahos are faced with OFFICERS to detail and the clean-cut accuracy of its the painful necessity of choosing between Stanley Field Pretident their culture that of the Marshall Field Firtt Vict-President portrayal. Taxidermy in all its categories own and whites. Albert B. Dick, Jr. Steond Vice-Prexident of and the The panels in this sequence are concerned Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, C. Gregg Director and Secretary of the of CurroRD making of sketches of many kinds, were with some problems these transi- Solomon A. Smith Treasurer tional John R. Millar Assittant Secretary but some of the elements of his versatility. Americans. Mr. Rueckert's talent for drawing and which he school- THE BULLETIN painting, developed through Photo Exhibit Deadline Near ing at the Art Institute of Chicago, qualified EDITOR The Nature Camera Club of Chicago him as an understudy of the late Charles Clifford C. Gbbgg Direelor of the Mtueum calls attention to the fact that the deadline Abel Corwin. In 1939, shortly after the CONTRIBUTING EDITORS for entries in the Fourth Chicago Inter- latter's death, Mr. Rueckert was appointed Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Antkrovolofy national Nature Photography Exhibition is Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany as his successor as Staff Artist. Many of K. Curator 17. The exhibition will be held in Sharat Roy Chief of Geolofiy the in habitat and a January Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology backgrounds groups Chicago Natural History Museum from number of large mural paintings that were MANAGING EDITOR 1 to inclusive. done Mr. Rueckert February 28, H. B. Hartb Public Relations Counsel subsequently by compare favorably with the best of their kind. Al- he his status as Members are requested to Inform the Museum ways modest, deprecated Distinguished Foreign Visitors promptly of changes of address. an artist and claimed only to be a painter. The Museum was recently visited by Mr. The loss to the Museum by his death is Richard T. M. Pescott, Director of the great. Valued workers like Mr. Rueckert GEORGE RUECKERT National Museum of Victoria, at Melbourne, ARTHUR are the product of a peculiar concomitance Australia, and Mr. Wang Shih-Hsiang, 1891—1948 of circumstances that are not likely to recur Curator of the Department of Antiquities, in the history of a museum. The total of The unexpected death of Staff Artist at The National Palace Museum of Peiping. their skill is based on native talent and Arthur G. Rueckert on October 28 came as interests nurtured a variety of a shock to his friends and associates, by through over a of time and The results of natural selection in wild whom he was held in high esteem for his experiences long period covering a stage in Museum development pigeons and artificial selection in domestic many admirable traits of character and un- that, once will not occur varieties are shown in an exhibit in Hall 21. questioned ability as having passed, artist and museum again. technician. His death marks the passing of THE NAVAHO—AN ESSAY -THIS MONTH'S COVER- another of the never IN PHOTOGRAPHS numerous individuals Winter in the Chicago area is In recent the Navahos have been of a retiring genera- months, perhaps best typified by the flocks the of certain tion who, by reason of subject investigations by of gulls and certain hardy water- their native interest members of Congress and newspapers and fowl that appear along the lake in natural history news agencies. A picture-story of the life front with the advent of severe of the is in a coupled with a com- Navahos presented special weather. Thousandsof gulls, both exhibit on in Field Hall bination of craftsman to be view Stanley herring and ring-billed, congre- of the Museum from December 3 to skills and ability as 31, gate to scavenge near the water under the of A. G. RUECKERT an artist, were admir- inclusive, auspices Life Maga- front from September onward. ably fitted to con- zine. Flocks of mergansers, old-squaw tribute much to the development of exhibi- The photographs shown are selected from and golden-eye ducks, or other tion work in natural history museums. among hundreds taken by Mr. Leonard northern visitors commonly form was to rafts offshore in Mr. Rueckert received early training and McCombe, who assigned spend many great floating weeks in studies this of the December and the practical experience in his chosen vocation, — among people linger beyond first with a firm of commercial taxidermists, Southwest a "nation" of some 61,000 ice floes all winter. exhibit is divided into three of bird life on then with the Illinois Department of Agricul- persons. The A scene typical ture and the Chicago Academy of Sciences. general sections: the Chicago lake front in winter is in a habitat He joined the staff of the Museum in 1923 1. Family Life. The first series of panels reproduced group in 20 of the of as taxidermist-preparator in the N. W. is devoted to the Yellowsalt family, a family Hall Museum, part Harris Public School Extension. In the that lives 161 miles from the nearest white which is shown on the cover of this issue of the BULLETIN. division of taxidermy of the Department of town. There are pictures of herding, butcher- Zoology, to which he was soon transferred. ing, baking, and other scenes of home life. December, 19i8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S DIVING INTO UNDERSEA GARDENS OF BERMUDA CORAL REEFS Bv LOREN P. WOODS CURATOR OF FISHES

members of the Bermuda Deep- THESea Expedition, 1948, although devoting the greater portion of their time to fishing Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 19^8 the surface appeared to be only a few feet vantage, it is snapped up and swallowed in fishes drifting on the outer edge of the Gulf high now tower above the diver, who, already the most matter-of-course manner. Four Stream have been carried north every year confined, is likely to feel even more hemmed or five kinds of gliding, darting, twisting for tens of thousands of years. A few of in. Added to all this strangeness is the com- "slippery dicks" and other small wrasses are these, sheltered by floating sargassum weed, parative quiet. The only sound is the everywhere. All are colorful. They con- have been brought close enough to the spicuously feed on the Bermuda reefs to find shelter in the holes top of the banks or or among the branching reef growths before along its sides, ap- being gobbled up by the large cruising off- proaching the diver or shore fishes or perishing for lack of proper allowing his dip-net to food. It is fairly certain that successful come within inches be- emigrants of many of the species are few fore swimming away. because the Bermuda populations of these They are seldom species show average differences in number frightened more than of fin rays and in color when a sufficient momentarily, and im- series of specimens from Bermuda is care- mediately resume fully compared with a like number from their busy, active their ancestral home in the West Indies. lives. A few kinds have undergone sufficient change The diver in his to be named as distinct species. Others, helmet or face mask whose differentiation is less complete, are has little to fear from regarded as subspecies. large fishes but must Shore-fish collections could be made by keep a constant watch the personnel of the Bermuda Deep-Sea for long-spined black Expedition only during intervals of inac- sea urchins, whose tivity in the trawling operations, and a full needle-sharp spines season's concentrated collection of shore penetrate the skin fishes may be indicated. It is expected that CORAL HEAD WITH ASSOCIATED FISHES readily, breaking off careful studies of the considerable series after in a of various blennies, porgies, halfbeaks, and This assortment of coral and fishes, photographed through the port of a carrying other fishes obtained the 1948 bathysphere in the Bahama area by the Field Museum-Williamson Undersea poison that is ex- many during Expedition of 1929. matches the varieties found along the Bermuda reefs. tremely painful. For- season's collecting will make it possible to tunately, sea urchins define more clearly and more exactly the intermittent swish of air being compressed most often settle themselves deep in a relationships of the Bermudian shore-fish into the helmet or the gurgle of bubbles crevice, under an overhanging ledge, or in fauna to that of the West Indies. escaping. some other obscure comer, and so they are Fishes are everywhere. At first frightened not especially bothersome. Stinging corals NEW MEMBERS by the noise and shadow of the boat, they are out in open places, however, and easy to The following persons became Museum dart into holes, hide amongst the sea fans brush against as the uninitiated visitor Members between October 13 and No- and sea feathers, or head for deeper water wanders about watching more obvious living vember 15: between the banks. Later, after the boat creatures than these anchored colonies of Contributors has been anchored for some time, even with polyps. George Langford, Dr. J. Daniel Willems several swimmers splashing and diving and Conspicuous and ever present are the Life Members a helmet-diver with trailing hose invading yellow and black barred "sergeant majors," Arthiu- L. Myrland their realm, their curiosity overcomes their always quick to dart at any small floating .\ssociate Members fear and most of them resume their normal object that looks like food, quite different Mrs. Alfred L. Eustice, John V. Farwell activities close to the boat or under it. in behavior from the boldly marked butter- III, Mrs. Arthur S. Kahn, E. J. T. Moyer, F. fly fishes, which usually swim in pairs and Joseph Ross, H. A. Treadwell. QUEEN ANGEL FISHES are easily frightened away by any unex- Sostaining Members L. Hunt Large queen angel fishes with their bright pected movement. In the imbelievably George powdery-blue bodies and golden-yellow fins dark submarine caves and under dark ledges .\iuiual Members are certainly the most conspicuous as they lurk the eels known as morays, celebrated R. Jl. Adam, Edward D. Augustiny, Carl feed lazily along the edges of the banks, turn- for their pugnacious tempers. They are not G. Bjorkman, Mrs. Frank J. Blaise, Robert L. E. J. ing on their sides, stopping to nibble on a likely to attack unless a hand, stick, or Burrows, Yager Cantwell, Condon, S. Robert Cooper, Worth C. Coutney, Ben L. slight projection or in a crevice. Down in spear is thrust at them, disturbing their Crew, Arthur C. Engh, Mrs. Evelyn F. Hall, the deeper valleys between the coral escarp- day-long siesta. Also hiding under the Edward K. Hardy, Dr. Thomas E. Hardy, ments the didl-red squirrel fishes are seen ledges, usually near the entrance, are large Charles Webster HajTies, G. B. Henderson, to move in and out of their with their stiff tentacles warily holes, spiny lobsters, long A. M. Houser, Hulburd Johnston, Dr. Fred as always keeping close to the rocks, staying protruding, waving and shaking, they A. Kennedy, L. B. Kidwell, Dr. Z. C. Koenig, as much in the shadows as possible. These try to capture an unsuspecting passing fish. Ray Langen, Harold Lockett, John M. Low, large-eyed fishes are chiefly nocturnal and, These and the morays are nocturnal, leaving Walter H. Lowy, Miss Margie McNamee, although they do move and feed during the the safety of their holes at night to forage Robert V. Mehaffey, Parker Mellinghausen, Gilbert O. day, they seldom wander far from their in the shallows on the tops of the coral H. Miller, Harvey Miller, Milton T. Miller, Marvin D. Miller, Fred J. hiding places. banks. O'Connor, Russell V. Puzey, Mrs. Philip J. Schools of gray snappers, active predace- The reef fish faima of Bermuda and indeed Reddy, Edward Reticker, Michael J. Sawicki, ous fishes, trail in and out between the banks, the reefs themselves are very like those of Ralph J. Scheu, William F. Schultz, Mrs. no attention to of the the Bahamas and of the West Indies in pajing apparent any Marion R. Scott, William H. Short, George small which hide or undersea scene of a Bahama fry, always quickly general. (An E. Siebel, M. J. Sporrer, Alfred Sylvanus, press Ao'v.-a against the growth. If, perhaps, coral reef with typical reef fishes may be Alan W. Vaughan, Mrs. Leslie H. Vogel, one of these fry is injured or at a disad- seen in the Hall of Fishes, Hall O.) Larval Russell V. Williams, C. Lloyd Yohe. December, 19^8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

BIRDS BATHING the to vibrate fanwise, wings continuing STAFF NOTES By AUSTIN L. RAND slowly. In a few moments the bird rises CURATOR OF BIRDS into the air and then repeats the whole performance. Staff Taxidermist Leon L. toilet of most birds includes wetting Pray resigned In wet it is from the staff of the Museum, effective THEtheir feathers in water and shaking the tropical forest probable that of the November 19, to take a position with the feathers and preening them with the bill. many tree-top birds bathe in the water that collects on the surface of the Natural History Mu- This bathing probably helps remove foreign their seum in Balboa Park, matter from the birds' plumage and helps leaves, pushing way through clusters of wet leaves and over wet surfaces of others San Diego, California. them keep it in good condition. In addition, until are as wet as if had For the present, the it is probable that in summer the birds they they actually been in water. This is not restricted west-coast museum derive enjoyment from the coolness resulting bathing to for even in our latitudes will use his services from bathing. But birds bathe in cold tropical birds, to reinstall weather as well as warm and have been towhees have been recorded as bathing thus, especially and thrushes flickers disrupted zoological recorded doing so when the temperature was and have been seen to rub themselves over the and then exhibits that were re- only 10 or so degrees above zero. wet grass the actions of followed moved from the halls The sparrows and robins that come about go through bathing by preening. to facilitate use of the a bird bath usually hop right into the water. building as a naval They squat down, fluttering their wings, BATHING WHILE FLYING hospital during the and duck their heads into the water, splash- war. Mr. had LEON L. PRAY Watching swifts or swallows coursing low Pray ing and rolling it over their backs. They over the surface of a lake and been a member of the may become quite drenched. Then they occasionally Museum staff since 1907 and was touching it leaves one with the impression Chicago fly to some perch to sit and preen and dry sometimes that the birds are bath- the inaugurator of several new taxidermic their soaked feathers. perhaps rather than insect food or and exhibition techniques. His Museum But some birds take shower baths. Dur- ing picking up With some other birds the habit exhibits include habitat groups of fishes, a shower in late marsh hawks drinking. ing summer, and individual of bathing from the wing is more definite. mammals, birds, many can be seen sitting in the rain with wings Sometimes that are mounts or reproductions. Most of the ex- the the drongo-shrikes sitting spread, apparently enjoying wetting of on a near the of a will tensive exhibits in the Hall Fishes (Hall shower and a buzzard has been up perch edge pool gives them, are his and these include .several fly out over the water, drop directly into O) work, recorded as deliberately flying to an open undersea scenes, most spectac- it with a little splash, and then rise and fly outstanding in a rainstorm and sitting there with perch ular of which is the Bahama coral reef and back to their perch, where they either repeat its wings spread, sometimes shaking its shark . . . Dr. Fritz Curator the performance or sit and preen their group. Haas, wings until the shower was over, when it feathers. of Lower Invertebrates, recently was elected flew to a sheltered place. vice-president for 1949 of The American POST-PRANDIAL ABLUTIONS SPRINKLERS A BOON Malacalogical Union at its meeting in Pitts- Mr. Karl P. Chief Ospreys have been recorded as bathing burgh Schmidt, The artificial showers of lawn sprinklers while on the in a rather manner. Curator of Zoology, attended the meeting an to birds about our wing striking provide opportunity of the for the of Evolution They have been seen flying along just above Society Study in New York He the the surface of the water, then descending City. pre.sented treasurer's annual report and made an into it, adopting a sort of vertical American "Modes of Evolution Discernible eagle attitude while flapping the wings, address, in the Classification of Snakes," at a sym- then rising a little, flying on, and repeating with the the process. It has been suggested that the posium paleontological societies, which with the of the osprey is washing its feet in this manner met jointly meetings

. . . Mr. after finishing its meal. One observer makes Geological Society of America. this still more definite. He says that the D. Dwijjht Davis, Curator of Vertebrate osprey finishes its meal of fish on a perch Anatomy, attended the same meeting, pre- in a tree and then flies low over the lake. senting an address under the title "Evolu- Dropping both its legs, the osprey drags tion Without Selection in the Dentition of

them through the water, flapping its wings Bears.". . . Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator all the time. Then it immerses its beak of Fossil Reptiles, Dr. Robert H. Denison, and head into the water while still flying Curator of Fossil Fishes, Mr. Robert Kriss along, apparently washing off' the scales Wyant, Curator of Economic Geology, and and slime that it had gotten on itself while Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Fossil its meal of fish. making Mammals, attended the meetings of the of America in New York |U#.W«^ Geological Society

last month. . . . Dr. Paul S. Cartoon by Emily Rofciiheiir City Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology, and Mr. Donald Collier, Curator of South American gardens to take a shower bath in fine weather. and MERRY CHRISTMAS Ethnology and Archaeology, will leave for A robin or a flicker may hop into the shower HAPPY NEW YEAR Mexico City late in December to inspect and squat there and indulge in bathing The Museum will be closed both archaeological material offered for po.ssible antics on the wet grass. Hummingbirds Christmas and New Year's so exchange by the National Museum of have been seen to fly into the dense spray Day Museum Mexico. Expenses of the project, which of a lawn sprinkler and hover there for a employees may spend the with their families. will three to five weeks, have been moment, gradually assuming a vertical posi- holidays require These are the only days in the year contributed the Fund tion and spreading the tail, then slowly generously by Viking when the Museum is not of York Mexican settling to the ground, and finally "sitting" open. New City. representatives have material here. on the grass, body erect and tail spread out already inspected Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 19U8

RHODODENDRONS, AZALEAS the floras. As these continents became (Ericaceae), the two genera are only dis- —PLANT ARISTOCRATS separated, the areas held by such genera tantly related. were likewise divided. most rhododendron plants are By JULIAN A. STEYERMARK Although ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM Prior to the Ice Age, parts of the United small shrubs with a bushy growth, a few States were being subjected to continental reach tree-like proportions, which range, in Although comparisons of interesting and flooding and mountain making. Large areas the case of some of the Himalayan species beautiful objects or scenes are always futile, of desert and plain topography became like R. barbatum and R. grande, from 30 to it is obvious that some things attract features of the western United States. Sub- 60 feet in height. more attention than others by their sheer sequently, as the ice sheets covered large Many people become acquainted with beauty. Such are the rhododendrons and areas of North America and Europe, many rhododendrons and azaleas through flower azaleas, among the most beautiful shrubs habitats were destroyed and new climates shows or florists' displays or on tours known to man. Getting its name from the replaced those previously existing. New through the southern, eastern, or north- Greek rkodon, rose, and dendron, tree, types of plant life followed the glaciers and western states. Many of the displays seen rhododendron was the ancient Greek desig- replaced the former occupants of the areas on such occasions feature well-rounded sym- nation for oleander {Nerium Oleander). metrical bushes thickly covered with masses When seen under the best condi- growing of bright-colored blossoms ranging in hues rhododendrons and azaleas in full tions, of magenta, deep rose, orange, scarlet to bloom present an unforgettable sight. Dis- white. The leaves of these varieties are all shades of playing practically color, except usually small and semi-evergreen or ever- blue and the flowers the green, covering green. These horticultural types generally branches are generally of an open bell-shaped are referred to the so-called Indian azalea or funnel-form with or without a type and are usually of Japanese origin, belonging slender tube, bearing from five to ten lobes. to R. indicum or varieties of R. obtusum, or The flowers be or lack may fragrant any to hybrids of these species with other Asiatic odor. perceptible types. In addition to these our native People often regard rhododendrons and North American species of rhododendron azaleas as two distinct types of plants. and azalea from the eastern half of the Actually, both belong to one and the same United States are commonly cultivated genus. Rhododendron. For the sake of con- throughout the southern, eastern, and north- venience, horticulturists call the ones with western states and may be purchased from evergreen leaves rhododendron and those local nurserymen. with deciduous leaves azalea. The genus MAGNIFICENT NATURAL STANDS consists of more than 400 different species scattered over the cooler temperate portions A TYPICAL AZALEA Visitors to the native haunts of the of the northern hemisphere in both the Old Close-up of one of the Azaleas found in Great American species at the height of their Park. It shows the and New World. Although not occurring in Smoky Mountains National flowering season are rewarded with an un- general features of flowers of this type. the New World south of the United States, forgettable experience. Here in the southern many Old World species are found in the Appalachians and Piedmont plateau numer- is that high mountains of southern Asia and the invaded. The outcome such plants, ous species thrive in the relatively mild and Malay Archipelago and extend southward as mentioned above, survived in eastern moist environment and vie with each other were into New Guinea, Australia, and the Philip- North America and in eastern Asia, but for rich color effects. Fortunately large the pine Islands. The greatest diversity of mostly exterminated in Europe and natural stands of azaleas and rhododendrons species is encountered in China and the western United States. Today in the eastern are preserved in various state and national of these Himalaya region. About 26 species are United States many surviving genera forests, national parks, and private estates known in the United States and Canada. are found in the southern Appalachian and of the Atlantic coastal states. Particularly Piedmont area and also westward into the conspicuous and well represented are these SURVIVORS OF ICE AGE where have the Ozark plateau, they escaped plants in the Great Smoky Mountains The geographical distribution of the genus vicissitudes of glaciation and other events National Park of Tennessee and North befallen their less rela- is highly interesting. It aids in shedding that have fortunate Carolina. From the middle to the end of of light on the relationships of the flora of the tives elsewhere. Nevertheless some the June thousands of visitors come from all eastern United States with that of eastern species of rhododendron managed to survive parts of the United States to enjoy the Asia, the two main centers of distribution, even in parts of the northwestern United magnificent sight of these beautiful shrubs where the greatest number of species is States (R. californicum) and central Europe while in flower. the of the found. Other genera, such as the tulip tree (R. ferrugineum), but great mass The large sprangly shrubs of two species is now centered in eastern Asia and, (Liriodendron) , witch hazel (Hamamelis), genus with beautiful dark leathery evergreen skunk cabbage (Symplocarpos), ginseng to a lesser extent, in the eastern United leaves, the rose bay or great laurel (R. (Panax), golden seal (Hydrastis), sassafras States. maximum) and mountain rose bay or purple shrub laurel cover thousands of (Sassafras), strawberry (Calycanthus), TROPICAL RELATIVES (R. catawbiense), mayapple (Podophyllum), yellow wood (Clad- acres in this park and adjacent region, In the mountains of Central and rastis), and twin-leaf (Jeffersonia), are repre- Mexico, forming almost impenetrable thickets on in sented by one or more species in eastern South America, especially the Andes some of the mountain slopes. Another one of and North America and by others in eastern Venezuela to Peru, rhododendrons of the evergreen species, with smaller leaves, azaleas are shrubs Asia, or in a few cases, as in Magnolia, are replaced by very showy often brown beneath, and with dense clusters also found far southward into Central and with white, pink, rose, or red flowers be- of smaller rose-purple flowers is R. caro- South America. They have been considered longing to the genus Befaria. One species linianum. This occurs on the higher slopes by botanists as survivors of an earlier geo- of this genus is found in the southeastern and summits of these mountains and the logical period when Asia and North America United States. Befarias are often referred Blue Ridge, from South Carolina to North were connected in some way, permitting to as the rhododendrons of the tropics. Carolina. These evergreen rhododendrons free migration and intermingling between Although members of the same heath family should not be confused with mountain December, 19US CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 laurel, which also has evergreen leaves but methods of taxidermy. The use of these GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM belongs to the genus Kalmia. The laurel materials, originated and developed by Following is a list of some of the principal festivals held in the southern Appalachian Leon L. Walters of the Museum staff, has gifts received during the last month: region celebrate the time of year in June since been adopted by many other museums. when both the evergreen rhododendron and Department of Anthropolo^: kalmia are in bloom. From: Joseph N. Field, Lake Forest, 111.— with their deciduous reach 2 Azaleas, leaves, beaded yokes and 2 pairs of beaded cuflfs, their finest display on the so-called grassy Books for women's costumes, Greenland. "balds" of the Great Smoky Mountains Department of Botany : National Park. These balds are found From: Dr. C. of Hugh Cutler, Chicago— 10 either on some the mountain slopes or on Museum are available at the publications and 50 of crests of cryptogams specimens grasses, certain or tops ridges, which are North Entrance the Mail orders of Museum. Texas, Bolivia, and Mexico; Dr. Chester S. mostly open and devoid of trees. Some of will be filled promptly if accompanied by re- Nielsen, Tallahassee, Fla.—192 specimens of the finest of flower abundance and displays mittance, including postage {in this instance algae, northern Florida; Dr. Eula White- color can be seen in such sunny spots. Here It cents domestic; 6 cents foreign). house, Dallas, Tex.—60 specimens of algae, only a few species intermingle, but the Texas; Dr. J. L. Blum, Buffalo, N. Y.—74 number of plants is so great that many PREHISTORIC MEN. By Robert J. specimens of algae, Pennsylvania; Dr. shades of color are exhibited. Particularly Braidwood. Chicago Natural History Francis Drouet, Chicago—275 miscellaneous striking is the brilliant variety of orange, Museum, Popular Series, Anthropology, cryptogams, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland; Dr. L. J. Mo.— yellow, crimson, or red masses afforded by Number 37, 1948. 117 pages, 38 drawings Gier, Liberty, 52 specimens of algae, Missouri; Dr. Rafael the flame azalea (R. calendulaceum). Hues by Susan T. Riche.rt. Price 50 cents. Romero Castaiieda, Bogota, Colombia—77 of pink, rose, white, and various combina- as encountered in herbarium specimens, Colombia. tions of these colors are contributed by the Prehistory, reports written for the profession, is a formidable other species of azalea present. Department of Geology : subject that seems to consist of unpronounce- From: T. C. Phillips, Tippecanoe, Ind.— DIFFICULT TO CULTIVATE able names for unfamiliar objects, places, a specimen of Stegmaria ficoides, Indiana; and periods. Yet this need not be so, as Although rhododendrons and azaleas are Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Winnetka, 111. — demonstrated by Dr. Braidwood's simply cast of a Middle Cambrian favorite plants of many flower-lovers, they trilobite, British written small book. The story of man's Columbia; Standard Oil New York— are among the most difficult to grow and Co., earliest cultural beginnings is a fascinating 10 panels 30 x 40 inches, telling the story of respond only if given soil and climatic con- and it is remarkable how much has oil. ditions favorable to their development. one, been learned of those dim millennia when are to in They comparatively easy grow Department of Zoolo^ : men first to invent tools, to the southern states where the climate is began experi- From: Dr. Walter Biese, Santiago, Chile— ment in the arts, and to evolve new ways less rigorous, but in the northern states 306 specimens in 13 lots of fresh-water of life. they are grown with difficulty, and some of moUusks, comprising 10 of paratypes, Chile; the tender Asiatic species cannot be grown Braidwood's Prehistoric Men is a clear, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. — female outdoors the year around. In the North condensed account of the period prior to adult gorilla; Robert Burton, Chicago 3000 B.C. This date —2 ivory-billed the evergreen species often suffer from wind- about marks approxi- woodpeckers, mounted, Arkansas; Robert H. Hagey, Chicago—a burn in the winter and drought in the mately the beginning of writing in the Near red fox skeleton, Illinois; Jerry summer. East and the opening of the historic period. Cordell, Savannah, Ga.—a legless lizard, Georgia; the difficulties What falls before this date is prehistory, Despite mentioned, many Dr. Alfred E. Emerson, Chicago—a lizard the time before written history began. As flower enthusiasts of the northern and cen- and 7 snakes, Belgian Congo. Braidwood more than 99 tral states cannot refrain from trying to points out, per cent of man's is Library: grow these plants, giving them special acid story actually prehistory. Prehistoric Men therefore covers a lot of soil and protection from winter winds. In From Dr. Henry Field, Washington, D.C.; Col. Clifford C. the southern and New England states, as ground. Gregg, Valparaiso, Ind.; Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Winnetka, 111.; well as in the milder moist parts of the Commencing with the early part of the Rupert L. Wenzel, Oak Park, 111.; Dr. Northwest in Oregon, Washington, and Ice Age, the book carries the reader through Cesar Vargas C, Cuzco, Peru; and Mrs. northern California, rhododendrons and the thousands of years of the Paleolithic, Henry Nelson Tuttle, New Haven, Conn. azaleas can be grown under optimum con- or Old Stone Age, and in simple language ditions, and it is here that the bulk of the delineates the main trends in the culture species may be seen to great advantage. growth of those early times. The finds of to see in their natural this are at re- But them beauty period present undergoing the Near East about 8000-6000 B.C. It in this one should east- and this little book actually country, journey interpretation, occurred in the New World independently, ward to the Great Mountains. There contains one of the clearest syntheses in the Smoky probably sometime during the firs), millenni- in June colorful vistas, unlike others seen literature. After the Paleolithic, Braidwood um B.C., and may possibly have happened will fill the describes the Neolithic, or New Stone Age. before, eye. separately in China about 3000 B.C. The These are holdovers stone-age designations Near Eastern occurrence is the first of these from early writers and continue to be used Plastics in and paved the way for the civilizations of Taxidermy for for the mostly convenience, important Egypt and Mesopotamia. Many years before modern plastics events of the Neolithic were not in connec- Prehistoric Men is attractively illustrated achieved the prominent place they now hold tion with stone but rather with the domes- with a large number of drawings, many of in fabrication of countless industrial prod- tication of plants and animals. With the them in two colors. The book is recom- ucts, the Department of Zoology of the domestication of cattle, sheep, and goats, mended particularly to Museum visitors Museum was employing them for the and the cultivation of grains, there followed intending to see Hall C, the Hall of the preparation of lifelike exhibits of certain a revolution in man's way of life fully as Stone Age of the Old World. kinds of animals and parts of animals, the important as the industrial revolution of original specimens of which are not suscep- more recent times. Food-producing, as Alexander Spoehr tible to satisfactory preservation by usual against food-collecting alone, first began in Curator, Oceanic Ethnology Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 19i8

has thus far secured 500 skins of deer, DECEMBER LECTURE TOURS, FIFTY YEARS AGO carnivora, and rodents. . . . This collection DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAYS AT THE MUSEUM is exceedingly valuable, coming as it does Tours of under the of from hitherto unknown localities where no exhibits, guidance staff are conducted afternoon naturalist has ever penetrated. There are lecturers, every " at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain probably species new to science. . .' In of the keen interest recognition holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- of in the of many persons early history days, and Saturdays, general tours are given the Museum, the Bulletin herewith MT. KENYA BIRDS covering all departments. Special subjects a Years inaugurates column, "Fifty are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays (the at the Museum." research The Museum has just received a small Ago The Friday tours open with an introductory into records for but collection of birds from Mt. past significant events important lecture and slides or films in the Meeting as well as the of is in Africa. It is the of Mr. reporting them being Kenya gift Room on the second floor of the Museum); Walther Buchen of done by Miss Margaret J. Bauer, of the Chicago. a schedule of these follows: Department of Zoology. Mt. Kenya stands nearly on the equator 1— the but rises to more than 17,000 feet, so high Wed., Dec. How Animals Spend that snow falls on its summit and there is Winter (Jane Sharpe). "The Library at present contains 9,003 glacial ice there. Its interest hes in its being books and 9,630 pamphlets . . ." Fri., Dec. 3—Fibers, Feathers, and Furs— last in our an isolated mountain and also one [On count, 1948, rapidly growing library where, Materials Used in Clothing. Illustrated has reached 130.000 volumes.) compressed into an altitude of 17,000 feet, introduction in Meeting Room (Marie a climatic transition from tropics to eternal Svoboda). snow can be studied. • "In Geology, the gift of Mr. L. W. Wed., Dec. 8—The Largest and Smallest To the ornithologist, Mt. Kenya is in- Reese, of Chicago, of the Schmidt- Animals (Lorain Farmer). teresting from both points of view. Mr. Dickert relief model Buchen's collection contains samples of Fri., Dec. 10—Trees in Winter. Illustrated of the moon is a some of the brilliant, metallic sunbirds that introduction in Meeting Room (Miriam notable acquisition. in East Africa are found only high up on Wood). This great model, the various mountains. Also included are — 19 feet in diameter, Wed., Dec. 15—Gift Customs When and specimens of the hadada ibis, a rare sparrow Give Presents . . . was Why People (Harriet prepared a francolin restricted to hawk, Mt. Kenya, Smith). with grea t care a snipe, the strange plantain eaters (relatives from the charts of Dec. 17—Sacred Animals. Illustrated of our cuckoos), tiny barbets, paradise fly- Fri., MOON MODEL Beer and Madler introduction in Room (Jane catchers, mountain thrushes, an ox-pecker Meeting and of Dr. Schmidt that climbs over cattle as a woodpecker over Sharpe). of the Athens Observatory, undoubtedly a tree, and weaver birds noted for their Wed., Dec. 22—^^Christmas Greens—Mis- the greatest authority upon the topog- long flowing tails or their seasonal plumage tletoe, Holly, and Evergreens (Marie of the moon. ..." raphy from a brilliant to a dull [The exhibit may now be found in Clarence Buck- change breeding Svoboda). ingham Hall— Hall 35.) off-season plumage. One of the most in- Fri., Dec. 24—Adventures of a Fossil teresting species is a dull, streaked seed- Hunter. Illustrated introduction in Meet- eater, a kind of sparrow; as one goes the up ing Room (Lorain Farmer). "Mr. George A. Dorsey, Curator of the mountain the birds encountered are progres- Dec. 29—Indian Art in the Americas Department of Anthropology, accompanied by sively different in color, presumably a Wed., Mr. F. B. Melvilh, visited the province of response to the change in environment. As (June Buchwald). in December and further work is done on the Tysayan, Arizona, January. collection, Fri., Dec. Sl^New Year's Celebrations. The object of the expedition was to make casts probably other interesting discoveries will Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room of a number of Hopi Indians." be made. —A.L.R. (Harriet Smith).

"Notwithstanding his three months' absence on expeditions in the North- west, Mr. Carl E. Akeley, the Chief CHRISTMAS SHOPPING NEED BE NO BURDEN— Taxidermist, has created two more striking groups from the material ob-— Christmas shopping and preparing of many packages can be eased by tained on the African expedition using services Chicago Natural History Museum offers: Waller's Gazelles and the oryx group. The same of the appreciation high (1) Christmas Gift Memberships (2) Museum Book Shop Gifts purpose of his work, the same skillful to the the has books endorsed blending of nature and of art, the same Send Director name and The BOOK SHOP of the wish for of conspicuous care in detail, distinguish address person to whom you scientific authenticity by members these groups as marked the other crea- to give a Museum membership, together the Museum staff, for both adults and tions of which he has been the author." with your remittance to cover member- children. ship fee or dues. Where desired, the BOOK SHOP will An attractive Christmas card notifying handle mail and telephone (WAbash the recipient that through your generosity 2-9410) orders and will undertake all "Mr. Daniel Giraud Elliot, the Curator he has been elected a Member of the details of wrapping and dispatching gift of the Department of Zoology, and his Museum will be sent, together with purchases to the designated recipients, assistant, Mr. C. E. Akeley, were com- membership card or certificate and in- together with such personal greetings as missioned upon an expedition to the North- formation on membership privileges. the purchaser may specifiy. west in July. . . . Mr. Elliot writes: 'The

expedition to the Olympian Mountains . . . PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS