Titanis Walleri: Bones of Contention
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Terror Birds on the Run: a Mechanical Model to Estimate Its Maximum Running Speed R
Proc. R. Soc. B (2005) 272, 1769–1773 doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3133 Published online 26 July 2005 Terror birds on the run: a mechanical model to estimate its maximum running speed R. Ernesto Blanco1,* and Washington W. Jones2 1Instituto de Fı´sica, Facultad de Ingenierı´a, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay 2Departamento de Paleontologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Repu´blica, Igua´ 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay ‘Terror bird’ is a common name for the family Phorusrhacidae. These large terrestrial birds were probably the dominant carnivores on the South American continent from the Middle Palaeocene to the Pliocene– Pleistocene limit. Here we use a mechanical model based on tibiotarsal strength to estimate maximum running speeds of three species of terror birds: Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, Patagornis marshi and a specimen of Phorusrhacinae gen. The model is proved on three living large terrestrial bird species. On the basis of the tibiotarsal strength we propose that Mesembriornis could have used its legs to break long bones and access their marrow. Keywords: palaeobiology; phororhacids; biomechanics; maximum running speed 1. INTRODUCTION other limiting factors have been proposed, such as risk of The phororhacids, which consists of five subfamilies and falling (Blanco & Mazzetta 2001; Farlow et al. 1995) and 13 genera (Alvarenga & Ho¨fling 2003), were large leg extensors muscle mass (Hutchinson 2004; Hutchinson terrestrial birds that thrived in the ecosystems of the &Garcı´a 2002). There are studies of locomotor American continents from the Middle Palaeocene to the capabilities in birds (for example: Alexander et al. 1979; Pliocene–Pleistocene limit. -
The Asymmetry in the Great American Biotic Interchange in Mammals Is Consistent with Differential Susceptibility to Mammalian Predation
Coversheet This is the accepted manuscript (post-print version) of the article. Contentwise, the accepted manuscript version is identical to the final published version, but there may be differences in typography and layout. How to cite this publication Please cite the final published version: Faurby, S. and Svenning, J.-C. (2016), The asymmetry in the Great American Biotic Interchange in mammals is consistent with differential susceptibility to mammalian predation. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 25: 1443–1453. doi:10.1111/geb.12504 Publication metadata Title: The asymmetry in the Great American Biotic Interchange in mammals is consistent with differential susceptibility to mammalian predation Author(s): Faurby, S. and Svenning, J.-C. Journal: Global Ecology and Biogeography DOI/Link: https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12504 Document version: Accepted manuscript (post-print) This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [Faurby, S. and Svenning, J.-C. (2016), The asymmetry in the Great American Biotic Interchange in mammals is consistent with differential susceptibility to mammalian predation. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 25: 1443–1453. doi:10.1111/geb.12504], which has been published in final form at [https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12504]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. General Rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. -
Functional Relationship Between Skull Form and Feeding Mechanics in Sphenodon, and Implications for Diapsid Skull Development
Functional Relationship between Skull Form and Feeding Mechanics in Sphenodon, and Implications for Diapsid Skull Development Neil Curtis1*, Marc E. H. Jones2, Junfen Shi1, Paul O’Higgins3, Susan E. Evans2, Michael J. Fagan1 1 Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom, 2 Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom, 3 Hull-York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom Abstract The vertebrate skull evolved to protect the brain and sense organs, but with the appearance of jaws and associated forces there was a remarkable structural diversification. This suggests that the evolution of skull form may be linked to these forces, but an important area of debate is whether bone in the skull is minimised with respect to these forces, or whether skulls are mechanically ‘‘over-designed’’ and constrained by phylogeny and development. Mechanical analysis of diapsid reptile skulls could shed light on this longstanding debate. Compared to those of mammals, the skulls of many extant and extinct diapsids comprise an open framework of fenestrae (window-like openings) separated by bony struts (e.g., lizards, tuatara, dinosaurs and crocodiles), a cranial form thought to be strongly linked to feeding forces. We investigated this link by utilising the powerful engineering approach of multibody dynamics analysis to predict the physiological forces acting on the skull of the diapsid reptile Sphenodon. We then ran a series of structural finite element analyses to assess the correlation between bone strain and skull form. With comprehensive loading we found that the distribution of peak von Mises strains was particularly uniform throughout the skull, although specific regions were dominated by tensile strains while others were dominated by compressive strains. -
Download Vol. 11, No. 3
BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 11 Number 3 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) Pierce Brodkorb M,4 * . /853 0 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1967 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are pub- lished at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 800 pages and are not nec- essarily completed in any one calendar year. WALTER AuFFENBERC, Managing Editor OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JA, Editor Consultants for this issue. ~ HILDEGARDE HOWARD ALExANDER WErMORE Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. 82601 Published June 12, 1967 Price for this issue $2.20 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 ( Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) PIERCE BRODKORBl SYNOPSIS: The third installment of the Catalogue of Fossil Birds treats 84 families comprising the orders Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, and Charadriiformes. The species included in this section number 866, of which 215 are paleospecies and 151 are neospecies. With the addenda of 14 paleospecies, the three parts now published treat 1,236 spDcies, of which 771 are paleospecies and 465 are living or recently extinct. The nominal order- Diatrymiformes is reduced in rank to a suborder of the Ralliformes, and several generally recognized families are reduced to subfamily status. These include Geranoididae and Eogruidae (to Gruidae); Bfontornithidae -
71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas. -
Onetouch 4.0 Scanned Documents
/ Chapter 2 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS Storrs L. Olson Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. I. Introduction 80 II. Archaeopteryx 85 III. Early Cretaceous Birds 87 IV. Hesperornithiformes 89 V. Ichthyornithiformes 91 VI. Other Mesozojc Birds 92 VII. Paleognathous Birds 96 A. The Problem of the Origins of Paleognathous Birds 96 B. The Fossil Record of Paleognathous Birds 104 VIII. The "Basal" Land Bird Assemblage 107 A. Opisthocomidae 109 B. Musophagidae 109 C. Cuculidae HO D. Falconidae HI E. Sagittariidae 112 F. Accipitridae 112 G. Pandionidae 114 H. Galliformes 114 1. Family Incertae Sedis Turnicidae 119 J. Columbiformes 119 K. Psittaciforines 120 L. Family Incertae Sedis Zygodactylidae 121 IX. The "Higher" Land Bird Assemblage 122 A. Coliiformes 124 B. Coraciiformes (Including Trogonidae and Galbulae) 124 C. Strigiformes 129 D. Caprimulgiformes 132 E. Apodiformes 134 F. Family Incertae Sedis Trochilidae 135 G. Order Incertae Sedis Bucerotiformes (Including Upupae) 136 H. Piciformes 138 I. Passeriformes 139 X. The Water Bird Assemblage 141 A. Gruiformes 142 B. Family Incertae Sedis Ardeidae 165 79 Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll ISBN 0-12-249408-3 80 STORES L. OLSON C. Family Incertae Sedis Podicipedidae 168 D. Charadriiformes 169 E. Anseriformes 186 F. Ciconiiformes 188 G. Pelecaniformes 192 H. Procellariiformes 208 I. Gaviiformes 212 J. Sphenisciformes 217 XI. Conclusion 217 References 218 I. Introduction Avian paleontology has long been a poor stepsister to its mammalian counterpart, a fact that may be attributed in some measure to an insufRcien- cy of qualified workers and to the absence in birds of heterodont teeth, on which the greater proportion of the fossil record of mammals is founded. -
Sistemática Y Filogenia De Las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae)
SISTEMÁTICA Y FILOGENIA DE LAS AVES FORORRACOIDEAS (GRUIFORMES, CARIAMAE) Federico Agnolín1, 2 1Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Av. Ángel Gallardo, 470 (1405), Buenos Aires, República Argentina. fedeagnolí[email protected] 2Área Paleontología. Fundación de Historia Natural “Félix de Azara”. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropolo- gía. CEBBAD - Universidad Maimónides. Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB), Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae). Federico Agnolín. Primera edición: septiembre de 2009. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropología CEBBAD - Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Universidad Maimónides Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Teléfono: 011-4905-1100 (int. 1228). E-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.fundacionazara.org.ar Diseño: Claudia Di Leva. Agnolín, Federico Sistemática y filogenia de las aves fororracoideas : gruiformes, cariamae / Federico Agnolín ; dirigido por Adrián Giacchino. - 1a ed. - Buenos Aires : Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, 2009. 79 p. : il. ; 30x21 cm. - (Monografías Fundación Azara / Adrián Giacchino) ISBN 978-987-25346-1-5 © Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Sistemática y Filogenia de las aves fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae) Resumen. En el presente trabajo se efectúa una revisión sistemática de las aves fororracoideas y se propone por primera vez una filogenia cladística para los Phororhacoidea y grupos relacionados. Se acuña el nuevo nombre Notogrues para el clado que incluye entre otros taxones a Psophia, Cariamidae y Phororhacoidea. Dentro de los Notogrues se observa una paulatina tendencia hacia la pérdida del vuelo y la carnivoría. -
The Largest Fossil Rodent Andre´S Rinderknecht1 and R
Proc. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1645 Published online The largest fossil rodent Andre´s Rinderknecht1 and R. Ernesto Blanco2,* 1Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropologı´a, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay 2Facultad de Ingenierı´a, Instituto de Fı´sica, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay The discovery of an exceptionally well-preserved skull permits the description of the new South American fossil species of the rodent, Josephoartigasia monesi sp. nov. (family: Dinomyidae; Rodentia: Hystricognathi: Caviomorpha). This species with estimated body mass of nearly 1000 kg is the largest yet recorded. The skull sheds new light on the anatomy of the extinct giant rodents of the Dinomyidae, which are known mostly from isolated teeth and incomplete mandible remains. The fossil derives from San Jose´ Formation, Uruguay, usually assigned to the Pliocene–Pleistocene (4–2 Myr ago), and the proposed palaeoenviron- ment where this rodent lived was characterized as an estuarine or deltaic system with forest communities. Keywords: giant rodents; Dinomyidae; megamammals 1. INTRODUCTION 3. HOLOTYPE The order Rodentia is the most abundant group of living MNHN 921 (figures 1 and 2; Museo Nacional de Historia mammals with nearly 40% of the total number of Natural y Antropologı´a, Montevideo, Uruguay): almost mammalian species recorded (McKenna & Bell 1997; complete skull without left zygomatic arch, right incisor, Wilson & Reeder 2005). In general, rodents have left M2 and right P4-M1. body masses smaller than 1 kg with few exceptions. The largest living rodent, the carpincho or capybara 4. AGE AND LOCALITY (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), which lives in the Neotro- Uruguay, Departament of San Jose´, coast of Rı´odeLa pical region of South America, has a body mass of Plata, ‘Kiyu´’ beach (348440 S–568500 W). -
Testing the Hypothesis of an Impoverished Predator Guild in The
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 554 (2020) 109805 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Testing the hypothesis of an impoverished predator guild in the Early Miocene ecosystems of Patagonia: An analysis of meat availability and T competition intensity among carnivores ⁎ Guillermo Rodríguez-Gómeza, , Guillermo H. Cassinib,c,d, Paul Palmqvista, M. Susana Bargoe,f, Néstor Toledod,e, Jesús A. Martín-Gonzálezg, Nahuel A. Muñoze, Richard F. Kayh, Sergio F. Vizcaínod,e a Departamento de Ecología y Geología, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain b División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina c Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y Av. Constitución s/n, Luján 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina e División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Unidades de Investigación Anexo Museo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Av. 60 y 122, 1900 La Plata, Argentina f Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC) provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina g Departamento de Matemáticas y Computación, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain h Department of Evolutionary Anthropology and Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Durham, United States. -
Terror Birds “Phorusrhacidae”
Terror Birds “Phorusrhacidae” TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY ORIGINS OF FLIGHTLESSNESS IN BIRDS ADAPTATIONS ● Named in Diet and Hunting: (3) 1887 by The graphic to the left compares the skulls of Florentino Origin: (5) three species of terror birds including Ameghino, A theory commonly accepted by scientist is that all Andalgalornis steulleti, Haliaeetus albicilla and after the first birds that cannot fly today descended from birds that Cariama cristata. Each skull is placed under member of could fly. Some scientist argue that the birds that can different load cases. the group no longer fly lost that ability because there wasn’t any discovered, evolutionary advantage to flying in their environment. If Andalgalornis steulleti hunted small prey: Phorusrhacos Relation to Phorusrhacidae: (9) ● Less precision necessary ● Upon naming, Phorusrhacidae evolved to be menacing predators ● Easier to kill no precedent despite not having the ability to fly. Part of what made ● More safe to consume for a large them such a formidable predator is their small wings. If Andalgalornis steulleti hunted large prey: carnivorous bird had existed in South America (6) The size of the wings of Phorusrhacidae allowed for ● More precision ● SIlhouettes in the above diagram indicate body size, them to make quick maneuvers while moving at top ● Avoiding high lateral loads and dark silhouettes indicate a body mass over 70kg. speeds. This ultimately enabled them to out maneuver ● Used attack-and-retreat strategy ● Easily identified in the tree is the divergence from their prey more often than not. ● Possible use of talons to hold down prey smaller terror birds to those that are very large, the 3 ones we are familiar with, like Phorusrhacos. -
34º Jornadas Argentinas De Paleontología De Vertebrados
34º JORNADAS ARGENTINAS DE PALEONTOLOGÍA DE VERTEBRADOS 34º JAPV 2021 - Mendoza ii 34º JAPV 2021 - Mendoza 34º JORNADAS ARGENTINAS DE PALEONTOLOGÍA DE VERTEBRADOS LIBRO DE RESÚMENES 26, 27 y 28 de mayo 2021 Instituciones Organizadoras Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael (MHNSR) y Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas “Juan Cornelio Moyano” (MCNAM). Auspiciantes Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Asociación Paleontológica Argentina (APA), Dirección de Patrimonio Cultural y Museos, Ministerio de Cultura y Turismo, Mendoza. Auspiciantes Simposio de Patrimonio Paleontológico ICOM Argentina y Fundación Azara. Financiadores Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET) y Fundación Balseiro. iii 34º JAPV 2021 - Mendoza iv 34º JAPV 2021 - Mendoza COMITÉ ORGANIZADOR: Dra. Cecilia Benavente (Coordinadora), Sr. Jorge L. Blanco, Dr. Alberto Boscaini, Sr. Marcelo Bourguet, Dra. Evelyn Luz Bustos, Dra. Esperanza Cerdeño (Coordinadora general), Dr. Marcelo de la Fuente (Coordinador general), Lic. Susana Devincenzi, Dr. Marcos Fernández García, Dra. Analía M. Forasiepi (Coordinadora referente), MSc. Charlene Gaillard, MSc. Pablo González Ruíz, Lic. Silvina Lassa, Dra. Adriana C. Mancuso (Coordinadora general), Dr. Ignacio Maniel, Lic. Alejandra Moschetti, Dr. Tomás Pedernera, Dra. Elena Previtera, Dr. François Pujos, MSc. Cristo O. Romano Muñoz (Coordinador) y Sr. Cristian Sancho. COMITÉ EDITOR: Dr. Alberto Boscaini, Dra. Esperanza Cerdeño (Coordinadora), Dr. Marcos Fernández García, Dr. Marcelo de la Fuente, Dr. Ignacio Maniel, Dra. Elena Previtera, Dr. François Pujos y MSc. Cristo O. Romano Muñoz. COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO EXTERNO: Dr. Fernando Abdala, Dra. Alejandra Abello, Dra. Andrea Arcucci, Dra. Susana Bargo, Dra. Paula Bona, Lic. Mariano Bond, Dr. -
The Pliocene Demise of the Giant Volant Birds
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 4 March 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0164.v1 Article Into Thinner Air: The Pliocene Demise of the Giant Volant Birds Alan Cannell 1 1 Istituto Italiano Di Paleontologia Umana; [email protected] Simple Summary: All very large flying birds with a mass greater than 20 kg became extinct about 3 million years ago. One possible reason for this is bio-mechanical stress during takeoff in less dense air. This possibility is examined using a bird flight simulation model and a paleo-air density value derived from two different proxies. Takeoff airspeed and power requirements for the three known species at this value are found to be similar to those of large extant birds, but at present air density, takeoff speed is significantly higher. The escape of lighter isotopes of nitrogen during long periods of weak geomagnetic fields could be a possible explanation for this loss in atmospheric mass and how this would appear in the geological record and how it would affect the climate in terms of cooling is discussed. Abstract: Three genera of very large volant birds existed for most of the Pliocene: the Pelagornithi- dae seabirds; the large North American Teratornithidae and the stork Leptoptilos falconeri in Africa and Asia. All became extinct around 3 Ma. The reasons for their demise are puzzling, as the Pela- gornithidae had a world-wide evolutionary history of more than 50 Ma, smaller teratorns were still extant in the Holocene and smaller stork species are still globally extant. Extant large birds have a common critical takeoff airspeed suggesting a biomechanical limit in terms of power, risk and launch speed, and simulations of the flight of these extinct species suggest that at 1 bar they would have exceeded this value.