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Archaeological Objects Through Reverse Engineering Processes

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Archaeological Objects Through Reverse Engineering Processes Towards Functional Analysis of Archaeological Objects through Reverse Engineering processes Ph.D Thesis Vera Moitinho de Almeida UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA FACULTAT DE FILOSOFIA I LLETRES Departament de Prehistòria DoctoraDo oficial D’arqueología Prehistòrica Towards Functional Analysis of Archaeological Objects through Reverse Engineering Processes by Vera da Silva Dias Moitinho de Almeida Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor in Prehistoric Archaeology Supervisor Doctor Juan Antonio Barceló Álvarez, UAB 2013 to Pedro and Tomás, to Ana, I haven’t been everywhere, but it’s on my list. susan sontag 8 Towards functional analysis of archaeological objects through reverse engineering processes | Aknowledgements This cross-disciplinary research would not have been possible without the support and contribution of several people and institutions. I would first and foremost like to thank my supervisor Juan Antonio Barceló. I am very grateful for his inspir- ing guidance and ability to truly think out of the box, which helped me a lot to push my own level of exper- tise. As well as his encouragement and great support during the writing process. I owe him much of chapter two. It has been really stimulating to work with him during these years! I would also like to acknowledge to my colleagues and friends at UAB, especially to Florencia del Castillo, Giacomo Capuzzo, Hendaya Serrano, Igor Bogdanovich, Katia Achino, Laura Caruso, Laura Mameli, and Teresa Badia, for support and for creating a pleasant and inspiring atmosphere. Many thanks to the following people and institutions for their kind availability and support (in alphabetical order): Àngel Bosch, Antonio Nadal Gisbert, David Ortega, Edgard Camarós, Emili Bassols, Esteban Galindo Gali, Fátima Vaz, Hans Nottelmann, Helena Cruz, Ignacio Clemente, Igor Bogdanovich, Irene García, Jean Gau- joux, Jean Gerard, João Appleton, João Tereso, Joan Montserrat Reig, Joaquín Montón, Jordi Jürgens, José António Macedo, Josep Tarrús, Juan José Jiménez Iglesias, Juanjo Ibañez, Juan Serrahimas, Júlia Chinchilla, Laura Caruso, Lawrence G. Straus, Luís Afonso Carvalho, Luis Teira, Manuel Gonzaléz-Morales, Marco 10 Towards functional analysis of archaeological objects through reverse engineering processes Ansaloni, Maria Saña, Marian Cueto, Matías Monzó Pérez, Mercedes Farjas Abadía, Mériem Fournier, Mil- lán Mozota, Montse Cucurella, Rafel Rosillo, Ramon Buxó, Raquel Piqué, Toni Palomo, Xavier Terradas. A2P Consult; AgroParisTech Centre de Nancy: Laboratoire d’Etudes des Ressources Forêt Bois (LER- FoB, UMR 1092 AgroParisTech INRA); Arqueolític; Atelier Afonso Carvalho; Centre d’Arqueologia Sub- aquàtica de Catalunya (CASC); Cimworks, Barcelona; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Département Performances des Systèmes de Production et de Transformation Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche Production et Valorisation des Bois Tropicaux et Méditer- ranéens, Montpellier; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catalonia: Institución Milà y Fontanals (IMF), Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Litoteca de Referència de Roques Silícies de Catalunya (LitoCAT); Digital Surf, Besançon; Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Lisbon: Departamento de Estruturas, Núcleo de Estruturas de Madeira; Museu Arqueològic Comarcal de Banyoles; Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya; Oficina Tècnica de Parcs Naturals de la Diputació de Barcelona; Parc de Montesquiu; Parc Natural de la Zona Volcànica de la Garrotxa, Àrea de Patrimoni Natural; Parcs i Jardis de Barcelona, del Ajuntament de Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB): Departament of Prehistòria, Laboratori d’Arqueologia Quantitativa (LAQU), Laboratorio de Arqueobotánica; Universidad de Cantabria (UC): Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (IIIPC); Universidade de Lisboa (UL): Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica; Universidade do Porto (UP): Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO); Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM): Departamento de Ingeniería Topográfica y Cartografía; Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Alcoy campus: Departament d’Enginyeria Mecànica i de Materials. I’m extremely grateful to Lawrence G. Straus and Manuel Gonzaléz-Morales, for giving me the opportunity to include archaeological materials from El Mirón Cave in this research. Rafel Rosillo and Antoni Palomo, from the Serra del Mas Bonet. And Àngel Bosch, Antoni Palomo, Josep Tarrús, Júlia Chinchilla, Maria Saña, Ramon Buxó, Raquel Piqué, and Xavier Terradas from La Draga. IMF-CSIC for kindly providing the 3D scanner. Antonio Nadal (UPV) for the interesting discussions on the mechanics of bows, and for providing invaluable training and technical guidance whilst undertaking the ma- terial properties tests. Esteban Galindo Gali and Juan José Jiménez Iglesias (CimWorks), for their technical support and interesting discussions on the computer simulation of bows. And Digital Surf for their technical support. Antonio Nadal (UPV); Lawrence G. Straus, Manuel Gonzaléz-Morales, and Luis Teira (IIIPC-UC); Rafel Rosillo (Arqueolític) and Antoni Palomo (UAB, Arqueolític); and Raquel Piqué (UAB), for their helpful comments and valuable criticism on different parts of the manuscript. My family and friends, for being there. Especially my father António; Teresa and Carlos Madeira; André Moitinho, Maria Filipe, André and Diego; Natacha Moitinho; João Madeira; Rita Madeira, Rui and Alice; Tiago Madeira, Maria João, André and Mariana; Nuno Moitinho, Sofia, Joana, Vicente and Luísa. As well as Aknowledgements 11 Alexandra Ribeiro Simões and Leonor; Ana Mota and Raúl; Ana Raposo and Nelson; Gero Hollberg, Babett, Helene and Alma; Isabel Aranda and Francisco; Isabel Vieira and Inês; João Paulo Simões; Luís Afonso Car- valho, Martim and Sebastião; Margarida Andrês; and Paulo Freitas. Last and by no means least, I owe a very special thank to Pedro and our son Tomás, the Stupendous Man, for being understanding, supportive, and patient with me on this long journey. And for bringing lots of inspira- tion and joy to my life! If I have, in any instance, failed to make proper acknowledgement, I offer my apologies. This research has been financially supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, co-funded by the European Social Fund, through my Ph.D. grant [SFRH/BD/47609/2008], which I grate- fully acknowledge; and by the Obra Social la Caixa and the Asociació d’Universitats Catalanes [Program RecerCaixa, RECER2010-05], through the funded project “PADICAT: Patrimoni Digital Arqueològic de Catalunya”. It has also been supported by the following agencies and projects: • “Experimentation and Development of Advanced Artificial Intelligence Techniques for the Compu- ter Simulation of Social Dynamics and Historical Evolution” [HAR2009-12258, Spain]; • AGREST Research Group (UAB, IMF-CSIC), “Arqueología de la Gestió dels Recursos Socials i el Territori” [project 2009SGR734, Catalonia]; • “Ocupaciones lacustres y gestión de recursos en las primeras sociedades agrícola-ganaderas del NE peninsular: Tecnología de las producciones materiales y usos instrumentales. Estrategias agrofore- stales y ganaderas” [HAR2009-13494-C01 and C02, subprogram HIST, Spain] (project collaborator); • “ETNOSIM: Etnicidad en el pasado. Un analisis causal de la etnogenesis en sociedades prehistoricas por medio de tecnicas avanzadas de simulacion computacional”, Laboratory for Simulating Social and Historical Dynamics, UAB [HAR2012-31036, Spain]. • “Social and Environmental Transitions: Simulating the past to understand human behaviour (Simul- Past)”. CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 program by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [CSD2010-00034, Spain]. http://www.simulpast.es 12 Towards functional analysis of archaeological objects through reverse engineering processes Aknowledgements 13 14 Towards functional analysis of archaeological objects through reverse engineering processes | Abstract Archaeology seems to be a quintessentially ‘visual’ discipline, because visual perception makes us aware of such fundamental properties of objects as their size, orientation, form, colour, texture, spatial position, distance, all at once. I assume that human behaviour in the past can be asserted on the examination of ar- chaeological observables in the present. In any case, I take into account that there are also non visual features characterizing ancient objects and materials. Information that should make us aware of many functional prop- erties of objects is multidimensional in nature: size, which makes reference to height, length, depth, weight and mass; shape and form, which make reference to the geometry of contour, surfaces and volume; texture, which refers to microtopography (roughness, waviness, and lay) and visual appearance (colour variations, brightness, reflectivity and transparency); and finally material composition, meaning the combining of dis- tinct elements to form a whole, and the manner in which such parts are combined. This research is based on the more global idea of Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio), usually defined as the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. It should be understood not as the passive receipt of these signals, but the integration of learning, memory, and expectation. This research explores different ways of understanding
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